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WITH    COMPLIMENTS  OF 

.  F.  G-UNTST, 

Pacific  Coast  Agent  for 

Ivison,  Blakeman,  Taylor  &  Co. 


ADDRESS  CARE  OF 


CUNNINGHAM" 

327,   329   AMI 


1 


John  Swett 


W  - 


MANUAL   OF  THE  BOTANY 


OF   THE 


ROCKY   MOUNTAIN   REGION. 


MANUAL  OF  THE 


(PMNOGAMIA  AND   PTERIDOPHYTA) 


OF   THE 


ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  REGION, 


FROM    NEW   MEXICO   TO   THE    BRITISH 
BOUNDARY. 


BY 


JOHN    M.  COULTER,  PH.D., 

PROFESSOR  OF  BOTANY  IN  WABASH  COLLEGE,  AND  EDITOR 
OF  THK  BOTANICAL  GAZETTE, 


IVISON,   BLAKEMAN,    TAYLOR,   AND  COMPANY: 
NEW  YORK  AND  CHICAGO. 

1885. 


Copyright,  1885, 
BY  JOHN  M.  COULTER. 


J  CATION  U^ 


PREFACE. 


THIS  manual  is  intended  to  do  for  its  own  range  what  has 
been  for  a  long  time  so  admirably  done  for  the  Northeastern 
States  by  Dr.  Gray's  Manual.  About  ten  years  ago  it  was  the 
writer's  privilege  to  assist  Professor  Porter  in  the  preparation 
of  the  Synopsis  of  the  Flora  of  Colorado,  a  first  attempt  to  bring 
together  in  convenient  shape,  for  a  restricted  region,  the  scat- 
tered material  of  our  Western  collectors.  The  demand  even 
then  for  a  book  by  no  means  complete  or  conveniently  arranged 
was  unexpected,  and  in  the  wonderful  development  of  the 
decade  since  then  lies  the  confidence  that  a  more  convenient 
book  covering  a  greater  range  will  be  welcome  to  many.  The 
difficulties  attending  the  naming  of  Western  plants,  owing  to 
the  fact  that  descriptions  are  scattered  through  numerous  and 
often  inaccessible  publications,  can  only  be  appreciated  by 
those  who  have  attempted  it.  From  this  fact,  a  great  stimulus 
to  the  study  of  systematic  botany  has  been  lacking,  collectors 
have  been  almost  entirely  professional,  and  a  thousand  possible 
streams  of  information  have  been  reduced  to  a  score. 

West  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  prairie  region,  which  is  but 
the  continuation  of  more  eastern  conditions,  there  are  three 
well-defined  floras.  One  is  that  of  the  Pacific  slope ;  another 
is  Mexican  in  character,  extending  from  the  Great  Basin  to 
Arizona,  New  Mexico,  Western  Texas,  and  southward  into 
Mexico ;  the  third  is  the  Rocky  Mountain  region,  extending 
eastward  across  the  plains  to  the  prairies. 

The  first  region  is  well  provided  for  in  the  two  volumes  of 
the  Botany  of  California.  The  second,  in  the  Great  Basin,  has 

54!840 


VI  PREFACE. 


Sereno  Watson's  Botany  of  the  40tfA  Parallel,  and  in  its  Ari- 
zona and  New  Mexican  section,  Dr.  Bothrock's  Botany  of  the 
Wheeler  Survey.  The  third  region  is  that  which  this  manual 
attempts  to  provide  for,  its  only  predecessor  being  the  Synop- 
sis of  the  Flora  of  Colorado,  already  referred  to.  Essentially, 
therefore,  the  range  includes  Colorado,  Wyoming,  Montana, 
Western  Dakota,  Western  Nebraska,  and  Western  Kansas, 
the  hundredth  meridian  representing  very  nearly  the  eastern 
boundary.  While  this  is  true,  the  larger  part  of  contiguous 
floras  also  will  be  found  described,  so  that  the  western  part 
of  the  Indian  Territory,  Northwestern  Texas,  Northern  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona,  and  Eastern  Utah  and  Idaho,  may  be 
included  for  all  except  their  own  peculiar  plants.  In  Utah, 
our  range  is  naturally  carried  westward  by  the  Uinta  and  Wah- 
satch  Mountains,  whose  plants  are  intended  to  be  included. 

This  edition  only  claims  to  be  a  compilation,  an  orderly 
arrangement  and  sifting  of  scattered  material.  The  chief 
reason  is,  that  first  editions  are  necessarily  incomplete,  and 
that  materials  for  the  satisfactory  presentation  of  a  flora  most 
quickly  come  from  the  provocation  of  an  incomplete  edition. 
The  author  will  therefore  esteem  it  the  surest  evidence  of 
the  usefulness  of  this  book,  if  in  the  abundance  of  correc- 
tions called  forth  a  more  complete  edition  may  be  attempted 
at  an  early  day. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  give  all  the  sources  of  descriptions  and 
information,  as  it  would  simply  be  a  catalogue  of  the  very 
numerous  contributions  to  western  botany.  The  professional 
botanist  will  notice  that  descriptions  have  been  chiefly  obtained 
from  the  Botany  of  California,  Botany  of  King's  Expedition, 
and  Eaton's  Ferns  of  North  America,  all  constantly  influenced 
by  Gray's  Manual  ;  and  that  the  presentation  of  Gamopetalse 
is  little  more  than  a  culling  from  Dr.  Gray's  recent  volumes  of 
the  Synoptical  Flora  of  North  America.  As  in  most  cases  de- 
scriptions and  synoptical  arrangement  could  be  obtained  from 
the  writings  of  Dr.  Gray,  Mr.  Watson,  and  Professor  Eaton, 
little  more  is  attempted  in  this  edition  than  to  adapt  these 
descriptions  to  the  spirit  of  the  work  with  as  little  change  as 


PBEFACB.  Vll 

possible.  To  Dr.  Gray  is  due,  not  only  the  thought  which 
grew  into  this  book,  but  also  a  constant  encouragement  and 
patient  criticism  which  have  developed  anything  of  merit  it 
possesses.  Mr.  Watson  has  also  responded  generously  to  ev- 
ery demand  made  upon  him ;  while  to  Messrs.  M.  S.  Bebb  and 
L.  H.  Bailey,  Jr.  is  due  the  relief  of  some  original  work,  the 
former  being  our  well-known  authority  in  the  difficult  genus 
Sal-ix,  and  the  latter  an  ardent  and  most  successful  student  of 
the  perplexing  genus  Car  ex.  At  the  time  of  his  death,  Dr. 
George  Engelmann  had  in  preparation  the  groups  with  which 
his  name  is  so  closely  connected,  and  their  presentation  shows 
the  lack  of  his  master  hand. 

In  general,  the  ordinal  sequence  adopted  by  Bentham  and 
Hooker's  Genera  Plantarum  has  been  followed,  but  Gymno- 
sperms  have  been  transferred  to  the  end  of  Phsenogams, 
and  Monocotyledons  and  Dicotyledons  subordinated  to  Angio- 
sperms.  This  change  has  been  made  simply  because  it  better 
expresses  relationships  which  have  long  been  recognized.  The 
term  "Cryptogam"  has  been  discarded  as  the  correlative  of 
Phaenogam,  and  Pteridophyta  (Vascular  Cryptogams)  is  used 
as  the  name  of  the  second  great  series  of  plants.  The  orders 
and  ordinal  sequence  of  the  Pteridophyta  are  thought  best  to 
express  their  relationships. 

Introduced  plants  are  placed  in  foot-notes,  that  they  may  be 
separated  as  far  as  possible  from  our  native  plants,  and  their 
relation  to  the  flora  thus  emphasized. 

To  save  space,  there  is  no  attempt  to  give  any  but  the  most 
important  references  and  synonymy,  while  geographical  range 
is  reduced  to  its  lowest  terms,  and  collectors7  names  almost 
entirely  omitted.  For  the  most  part  no  characters  have  been 
repeated,  and  the  student  is  warned  that  generic  characters 
especially  must  be  sought  for  through  analytical  keys.  The 
professional  botanist  will  note  a  glaring  inconsistency  in  this 
respect,  the  genera  of  some  families  being  grouped  by  means 
of  a  few  very  salient  characters,  while  those  of  others  are 
presented  with  almost  full  descriptions,  only  certain  supple- 
mentary statements  being  left  to  head  the  descriptions  of 


Vlll  PREFACE. 

species.  It  is  sufficient  to  say  that  the  two  methods  hold  the 
relation  to  each  other  of  former  and  latter  in  the  preparation 
of  this  book. 

In  groups  of  species  certain  contrasting  characters  have  been 
italicized,  according  to  the  method  of  Gray's  Manual.  This 
is  done  to  facilitate  the  work  of  the  student,  but  with  the 
mental  reservation  that  its  abuse  may  more  than  offset  its 
advantage.  Ten  years'  experience  as  a  teacher  has  shown 
that  the  ordinary  student  will  fix  his  attention  upon  the  itali- 
cized characters  to  the  neglect  of  the  description  as  a  whole. 
The  student  is  here  warned  that  the  specific  descriptions  in 
this  book  have  been  so  much  reduced  that  no  unimportant 
characters  are  intended  to  be  given. 

JOHN  M.   COULTER. 


WABASH  COLLEGE,  CfeAWFORosviLLE,  INDIANA, 
January  1,  1885. 


ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  ORDERS. 


SEMES  I.    PH^ENOGAMIA  OR  FLOWERING  PLANTS.    Those 
with  flowers  and  seeds. 

CLASS  I.     ANGIOSPERMJ3.     Pistil  a  closed  ovary  containing  the 

ovules. 

SUBCLASS    I.      DICOTYLEDONS.      Embryo  with  two  cotyledons. 
Leaves  netted- veined.     Flowers  usually  4  or  5-rnerous. 

DIVISION  I.     POLYPETAL^E.     Calyx  and  corolla  both  present:  the 
latter  of  separate  petals. 

A.    Stamens  numerous,  at  least  more  than  10,  and  more  than  twice  the  petals. 
1.    Stamens  on  the  receptacle,  free  from  the  ovary  and  calyx. 

Pistils  few  to  many  distinct  carpels RANUNCULACE^E,  1 

Pistil  compound  :  cells,  placenta,  or  stigmas  more  than  one. 
Petals  more  numerous  than  sepals, 

Very  numerous,  small  and  persistent :  aquatic.  .  .  NYMPH^ACE^S,  3 
Twice  as  many  (4  or  6),  and  both  usually  caducous.  PAPAVERACE.E,  4 
Five  to  sixteen  :  sepals  persistent.  .  .  .  PORTULACACE^E,  12 

Petals  same  number  as  sepals, 

Four,  and  both  deciduous.  CAPPARIDACEJE,  7 

Five,  and  the  calyx  persistent. 

Sepals  valvate  in  the  bud:  stamens  monadelphous.        MALVACEAE,  15 
Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud :  leaves  entire  and 

pellucid-punctate.  HYPERICACEJE,  14 

2.    Stamens  on  the  (  free  or  adnate)  calijx. 

Leafless  mostly  prickly  fleshy  plants  :  ovary  1 -celled.  .       .  CACTACE^E,  34 

Leafy  fleshy  plants  :  ovary  3  or  more-celled.          .  .         .       FICOIDEJE,  35 

Leafy  fleshy  herbs :  ovary  1 -celled PORTULACACE^E,  12 

Not  fleshy. 

Leaves  opposite,  simple  :  sepals  and  petals  4  or  5.  .     SAXIFRAGACEJE,  27 

Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules ROSACES,  26 

Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules,  rough.           .  .         .      LOASACE^,  32 


X  ANALYTICAL   KEY. 

B.    Stamens  1 0  or  less,  or  at  most  not  more  than  twice  the  petals. 
1.    Ovary  or  ovaries  superior  or  mainly  so. 

#  Pistils  more  than  one,  and  distinct. 

Pistils  same  number  as  petals  and  as  sepals :  leaves  fleshy.    CRASSULACE^E,  98 
Pistils  not  same  number  as  petals  or  sepals. 

Stamens  on  the  receptacle RANUNCULACE^E,  1 

Stamens  on  the  calyx. 

Stipules  persistent :  leaves  alternate ROSACE^E,  26 

Stipules  none  or  indistinct SAXIFRAGACE.E,  27 

*  *  Pistil  only  one. 

•t-  Pistil  simple,  as  shown  by  the  single  style,  stigma,  and  cell. 
Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves  or  transversely.         .     BERBERIDACEJE,  2 
Anthers  opening  lengthwise  or  at  the  top. 

Flowers  irregular,  or  leaves  twice  pinnate :  fruit  a  legume.   LEGUMINOS^E,  25 

Flowers  irregular :  leaves  simple POLYGALACE.E,  9 

Flowers  regular :  leaves  mostly  stipulate :  fruit  a  drupe 

or  akene ROSACES,  26 

H-  •«-  Pistil  compound,  as  shown  by  the  number  of  cells  or  placentce,  styles  or 

stigmas. 

Ovary  1 -celled,  with  (2  to  4,  rarely  more)  parietal  placentae. 
Petals  (long-clawed)  and  teeth  of  long-tubular  calyx  4 

or  5. FRANKENIACEJE,  10 

Petals  and  sepals  or  lobes  of  the  cleft  calyx  5. 

Corolla  irregular :  lower  petal  spurred.  .         .         .       VIOLACE^E,  8 

Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so :  styles  or  stigmas  entire.    SAXIFRAGACETE,  27 

Petals  4  :  bract-like  sepals  2  :  flower  irregular.        .         .       FUMARIACEJE,  5 

Petals  and  sepals  each  4  :  stamens  6.          .        .        .       CAPPARIDACE.E,  7 

Ovary  and  pod  2-celled  :  2  parietal  placentae :  stamens  tetra- 

dynamous CRUCIFER.E,  6 

Ovary  and  capsule  1-celled,  several  to  many-seeded  on  a  central  placenta, 
Truly  so ;  the  partitions  wanting  or  very  incomplete. 

Sepals  2 :  leaves  often  alternate.  .        .     PORTULACACEJE,  12 

Sepals  or  calyx-lobes  5  or  4  :  leaves  all  opposite.     CARYOPHYLLACE^E,  11 
Apparently  so ;  the  partitions  at  length  vanishing. 

Stipules  between  the  opposite  leaves.       .        .        .         ELATINACE.E,  13 

No  stipules. LYTHRACE^E,  30 

Ovary  and  fruit  1-celled,  with  a  single  seed  on  a  stalk  from  the  base. 

Shrubs :  styles  or  stigmas  3  :  fruit  drupe-like.  ANACARDIACE^E,  24 

Herbs :  style  at  most  2-cleft :  fruit  a  utricle.  ILLECEBRACE^E,  63 

Ovary  more  than  1-celled  :  seeds  attached  to  the  axis,  or  base,  or  summit. 
Flowers  very  irregular :  ovary  2-celled  :  cells  1 -seeded.       POLYGALACE.E,  9 
Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. 

No  green  foliage.     ....     Monotropeae,  etc.,  in  ERICACEAE,  45 
Foliage  pellucid-punctate :  strong-scented  shrubs.        .        RUTACE^,  19 
Foliage  not  pellucid-punctate. 
Anthers  opening  by  terminal  chinks  or  pores.       .        .   ERICACEAE,  45 


ANALYTICAL  KEY.  XI 

Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  opposite  them. 
Calyx-lobes  valvate  in  the  bud.      .        .        .         RHAMNACE^E,  21 
Calyx-lobes  small  or  obsolete  :  petals  valvate.       .       VITACE^J,  22 
Stamens  when  just  as  many  as  petals  alternate  with  them. 
Strong-scented  shrub  :  leaves  opposite,  2-folio- 

late. ZYGOPHYLLACE^J,  17 

Strong-scented  herbs :  leaves  lobed  or  compound.    GERANIACE^J,  18 
Herbs,  not  strong-scented. 
Ovules  1  to  4  in  each  cell. 

Leaves  all  simple  and  entire.         .        .        .        LINACE^E,  16 
Leaves  all  opposite,  compound,  and  leaflets 

entire. ZYGOPHYLLACE^E,  17 

Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  the  latter  with 

divisions  or  leaflets  not  entire.          .        GERANIACE^E,  18 
Ovules  numerous. 

Stamens  on  the  calyx  :  styles  2  or  3.  SAXIFRAGACE^J,  27 

Stamens  on  the  receptacle :  leaves  opposite,  simple. 
Cells  of  the  ovary  as  many  as  the  sepals, 

2  or  5. ELATINACE^E,  13 

Cells  fewer  than  the  sepals,  3.         Mollugo,  in  FICOIDEJE,  35 
Shrubs  or  trees  with  opposite  simple  leaves. 
Leaves  pinnately  veined,  not  lobed.    .       .       CELASTKACE^:,  20 
Leaves  palmately  veined,  lobed.      .        .        .     SAPINDACE^,  23 
Shrubs  or  trees  with  opposite  compound  leaves. 

Stamens  4  to  8. SAPINDACE.E,  23 

Stamens  2  or  rarely  3 OLEACE^E,  47 


2.    Ovary  and  fruit  inferior  or  mainly  so. 

Tendril-bearing  herbs :  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.        CUCURBITACEJE,  33 
Aquatic  herbs :  flowers  dioecious  or  monandrous.  HALORAGE^E,  29 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  not  tendril-bearing  nor  dioecious,  nor  umbelliferous. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  small  or  unguiculate  petals  and 

opposite  them. RHAMNACE^J,  21 

Stamens  if  of  the  number  of  the  petals  alternate  with  them. 
Styles  2  to  5,  distinct  or  united  below. 

Fruit  a  few-seeded  pome ROSACES,  26 

Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule SAXIFRAGACEJE,  27 

Fruit  a  1 -celled  many-seeded  berry.      .     Ribes,  in  SAXIFRAGACE^E,  27 
Style  1,  undivided  :  stigmas  1  to  4. 

Flowers  in  cymes  or  a  glomerate  cluster.  .     CORNACE^E,  38 

Flowers  racemose,  spicate,  or  axillary. 

Ovary  1 -celled  :  herbage  scabrous.        .         ,         .          LOASACEJE,  32 
Ovary  2  to  5-,  mostly  4-celled.  .         .        .  ONAGRACE^E,  31 

Herbs :  flowers  in  umbels :  styles  2  :  fruit  dry.  .         .  UMBELLIFER^B,  36 

Herbs  or  shrubs :  flowers  in  umbels :  styles  4  or  5 :  fruit 

berry-like ARALIACEJE,  37 


xii  ANALYTICAL  KEY. 


DIVISION  II.    GAMOPETALJ3.    Petals  more  or  less  united  into  one 

piece. 

A,      Ovary  inferior,  or  mostly  so. 

Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  8  or  10,  dis- 
tinct  ERICACE^J,  45 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  5  (or  4),  syngenesious. 

Flowers  in  an  involucrate  head. COMPOSITE,  42 

Flowers  separate,  racemose  or  spicate LOBEEIACE^S,  43 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla  lobes  (at  least  4),  distinct, 
Nearly  or  quite  free  from  the  corolla :  leaves  alternate : 

no  stipules. CAMPANULACE^E,  44 

Inserted  on  the  corolla  :  leaves  opposite  or  whorled, 

With  stipules,  or  else  in  whorls,  quite  entire.       .         .        RUBIACE^E,  40 

Without  stipules,  opposite CAPRIFOLIACE.E,  39 

Stamens  only  3,  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

Leaves  opposite :  stamens  distinct.          .        .        .        VALERIANACE.E,  41 
Leaves  alternate  :  stamens  often  united.     .        .        .     CUCURBITACE^E,  33 

B.    Ovary  superior  (free),  or  mostly  so. 
1.  Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  tlie  corolla. 

Pistil  single  and  simple  :  leaves  compound.        .        .        .    LEGUMINOSJE,  25 
Pistil  compound,  with  one  undivided  style ERICACEAE,  45 

2.    Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  them. 
Style  1  :  ovary  and  capsule  several  to  many-seeded.    .        .    PRIMULACE.E,  46 

3.    Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  alternate  with  them,  or  fewer. 

*  No  green  herbage. 
Corolla  regular :   stamens  free :   seeds  very  many  and 

minute. Monotropese,  in  ERICACE^,  45 

Corolla  regular :  stamens  on  the  tube  :  fruit  2-celled. 

Cuscuta,  in  CONVOLVULACE.E,  54 
Corolla  irregular :  stamens  didynamous :  capsule  1 -celled, 

many-seeded OROBANCHACE^,  57 

*  #  With  ordinary  green  herbage. 

•t-  Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so :  stamens  not  didynamous. 

Corolla  scarious  and  veinless :  stemless  herbs.     .        .      PLANTAGINACEJE,  61 
Corolla  more  or  less  veiny. 

Stamens  2  or  3 :  parts  of  the  corolla  4  or  5.         .        .        .      OLEACE^E,  47 
Stamens  5  (or  4),  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes. 
Pollen  in  solid  waxy  masses  :  fruit  a  pair  of  folli- 
cles  ASCLEPIADACE.E,  49 

Pollen  powdery. 
Ovaries  2 :  fruit  a  pair  of  follicles.  .        .        .    APOCYNACE^,  48 


ANALYTICAL   KEY.  Xlll 

Ovary  4-lobed,  forming  4  separate  or  separable  seed- 
like  nutlets.  BORRAGINACEJE,  53 

Ovary  single  and  entire. 

Style  3-cleft  at  apex  :  capsule  3-celled :  corolla 

convolute POLEMONIACE.E,  51 

Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  1 . 
Ovules  and  seeds  at  most  4,  large,  with  large  embryo  and 

little  or  no  albumen  :  peduncles  axillary.    CONVOLVULACE.E,  54 
Ovules  few  or  numerous  :  embryo  small,  in  albumen. 
Leaves  all  opposite  or  whorl ed  and  entire :  capsule 

1-celled :  corolla  convolute.      .        .          GENTIANACE.E,  50 
Leaves  various,  mainly  alternate. 

Styles  2  (or  1  and  2-cleft) :  capsule  1  to  2- 

celled HYDROPIIYLLACE.E,  52 

Style  1 :  stigma  usually  1  :  capsule  or  berry 

2-celled,  rarely  more •     SOLANACE^:,  55 

See  also  Limosclla,  in      ...      SCROPHULARIACE.E,  56 

H_  H_  Corolla  irregular:  stamens  (with  anthers)  4  and  didynamous,  or  2:  style  1. 
Ovary  and  capsule  2-celled  :  seeds  small,  mostly  indefi- 
nite  SCROPHULARIACE^),  56 

Ovary  and  capsule  1-celled,  with  many-seeded  placentas 

in  the  axis LENTIBULARIACE^E,  58 

Ovary  4-parted,  in  fruit  as  many  seed-like  nutlets.  .  .  LABIATE,  60 
Ovary  undivided  :  fruit  splitting  into  2  or  4  one-seeded 

nutlets. VERBENACE.E,  59 


DIVISION  III.    APETAL^E.    Corolla  (and  sometimes  calyx)  wanting. 
A»     Flowers  not  in  aments. 

1.    Ovary  and  fruit  superior,  l-celled  and  l-ovuled,  or  carpels  distinct  if  more 

than  one. 

Stipules  sheathing  the  stem  at  the  nodes.     .        .        .        POLYGONACE^J,  66 
Stipules  not  sheathing  the  stern  or  none. 
Shrubs  or  trees. 
Leaves  alternate :  flowers  perfect :  fruit  a  tailed  akene. 

Cercocarpus,  in  ROSACEJE,  26 

Leaves  alternate :  flowers  unisexual :  fruit  a  utricle.    CHENOPODIACE^E,  65 
Leaves  opposite. 

Fruit  an  akene :  leaves  small  and  narrow.     Coleogyne,  in  ROSACES,  26 
Fruit  a  simple  samara :  leaves  pinnate.          Fraxinus,  in  OLEACE.-E,  47 
Herbaceous,  or  sometimes  woody  at  base. 

Fruit  a  utricle  :  seed  lenticular :  embryo  annular  or  spiral. 
Flowers  with  scarious  persistent  sepals  and  bracts :  no 

stipules AMARANTACE^E,  64 


XIV  ANALYTICAL  KEY. 

Bracts  herbaceous  or  none :  no  stipules.         .        CHENOPODIACE.E,  65 

Stipules  scarious ILLECEBRACEJE,  63 

Fruit  a  more  or  less  triangular  akene :  embryo  curved. 

Flowers  perfect,  on  jointed  pedicels,  involucrate.       POLYGONACE^E,  66 
Akene  not  triangular :  embryo  straight. 

Flowers  unisexual :  filaments  incurved  in  bud  :  leaves 

simple URTICACE.&,  73 

Submerged :    flowers    axillary,   naked :  leaves  sessile, 

filiformly  dissected CERATOPHYLLACE.E,  72 

Carpels  several  and  distinct,  1  to  several-ovuled  :  calyx 

usually  corolla-like.  ....         RANDNCULACE.E,  1 

2.    As  in  (I),  but  ovary  and  fruit  enclosed  by  the  calyx  and  apparently  inferior. 

Shrubs,  with  scurfy  opposite  entire  leaves  :  flowers  dio3cious  : 

fruit  baccate. EL^EAGNACE^E,  67 

Herbs :  calyx  corolla-like  :  fruit  an  akene. 

Leaves  simple,  opposite,  entire,  without  stipules:  flowers 

involucrate NYCTAGINACE^J,  62 

Leaves  compound,  alternate,  stipulate ROSACES,  26 

3.    Ovary  and  fruit  superior,  of  2  or  more  carpels. 

Fruit  2  to  4-celled,  usually  lobed  :  cells  1  to  2-ovuled. 
Capsule  3-celled,  3-lobed  :  juice  milky:  mostly  herbaceous. 

EUPHORBIACE,E,  70 

Fruit  4-celled,  4-lobed,  compressed,  indehiscent :  styles  2 : 

small  aquatic,  with  opposite  entire  leaves.  CALLITRICHACE^E,  71 

Fruit  fleshy,  3-celled,  3-lobed  :  shrubs  with  alternate  simple 

leaves RHAMNACE^E,  21 

Fruit  a  double  samara :  trees  with  opposite  pinnate  leaves.     SAPINDACE^E,  23 
Cruciferous  herb :  pod  small,  obcompressed.       Lepidium,  in  CRUCIFER^,  6 
Fruit  capsular,  1-celled  or  more,  several-ovuled:  low  herbs 
with  opposite  leaves. 

Capsule  3  to  5-celled :  succulent FICOIDE.E,  35 

Capsule  1-celled  :  placentae  central. 

Style  and  stigma  1 :  stamens  alternate  with  the  sepals. 

Glaux,  in  PRIMULACE^J,  46 

Styles  or  stigmas  3  or  more:   stamens   opposite  the 
sepals CARYOPHYLLACE^E,  11 

4.    Ovary  and  fruit  inferior. 

Fruit  many-seeded:   capsule  (£  inferior)  1-celled:   leaves 

cordate SAXIFRAGACE^J,  27 

Fruit  mostly  1 -seeded. 

Flowers  perfect :  fruit  nut-like :  herbs  with  alternate  entire 

leaves SANTALACE-E,  69 

Dioecious  parasites  on  trees,  with  opposite  leaves  and  jointed 

stems  :  berry  with  glutinous  pulp.        .         .         .       LORANTHACE^E,  68 
Aquatic  herbs,  with  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves.  .      HALORAGE^E,  29 


ANALYTICAL   KEY.  XV 

B.    Flowers  unisexual,  at  least  the  staminate  in  aments.     Trees  or  shrubs  with 

alternate  leaves. 
Monoecious :  male  flowers  in  aments ;  female  solitary  or  few  : 

ovary  inferior :  leaves  simple,  with  caducous  stipules. 

Anthers  2-celled :  nut  in  a  cup-like  or  spiny  involucre.         CCPULIFER^E,  74 
Anther  cells  separate :  nut  in  a  foliaceous  or  tubular  invo- 
lucre  Corylus  in  CUPDLIFER.ZE,  74 

Monoecious  or  dioecious,  flowers  all  in  aments  :  ovary  superior. 
Fruit  a  1 -seeded  nutlet :  bracts  thickened  and  rigid  in  fruit : 

nut  winged  or  angled.  .        .        .      Betuleae,  in  CUPULIFERJE,  74 

Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule  :  dioecious  :  bracts  herbaceous  : 

seeds  comose.  SALICACEJE,  75 

SUBCLASS  II.  MONOCOTYLEDONS.  Embryo  with  a  siugle 
cotyledon.  Leaves  mostly  parallel- veined.  Flowers  usually  3-merous, 
never  in  fives.  Mostly  herbaceous. 

A.    Ovary  inferior:  perianth  conspicuous,  colored :  terrestrial:  flowers  perfect. 
Flowers  irregular :  stamens  and  style  coherent ;  anthers  1  or  2  : 

leaves  alternate,  sheathing ORCHIDACEJE,  76 

Flowers  regular :  stamens  3,  perigynous  :  leaves  equitant.      .      IRIDACE^E,  77 
Flowers  regular  :  stamens  6,  perigynous  :  leaves  not  equitant. 

AMARYLLIDACE^:,  78 

B.    Ovary  superior  or  nearli/  so :  perianth  regular  or  none. 
Carpels  united  into  a  compound  ovary  :  perianth  corolla-like, 

rarely  partly  herbaceous :  terrestrial  plants. 

Woody  climber,  with  tendrils :  anthers  1-celled.      .        .          SMILACE.E,  80 
Herbs :  anthers  2-celled. 

Perianth  mostly  of  similarly  colored  lobes  or  divisions : 

stems  from  a  bulb,  corm,  or  rhizome.        .        .        .      LILIACE^E,  79 
Perianth  of  3  green  sepals,  and  3  ephemeral  deliquescent 

petals  :  stems  from  fibrous  roots.  .        .        COMMELIN^CE^:,  81 

Carpels  distinct  or  solitary :  aquatic  or  marsh  herbs. 
Perianth  none  :  seed  albuminous  :  fruit  utricular  or  nut-like. 
Flowers  monoecious  in  heads  or  on  a  crowded  spadix  : 

leaves  linear.  TYPHACEJE,  83 

Small  floating  disk-like  plants.  ....        LEMNACE^B,  84 

Perianth  herbaceous,  petaloid,  or  none  :  albumen  none. 

Carpels  few  :  perianth  none  or  in  fertile'  flowers  herbaceous. 

NAIADACE^E,  86 
Carpels  numerous  in  a  whorl  or  head  :  3  sepals  herbaceous, 

3  petaloid.  ALISMACE.E,  85 

Perianth  of  6  similar  glumaceous  segments  :  capsule  3-valved. 

Rushes  or  sedge-like JUNCACE^E,  82 

Flowers  in  the  axils  of  scales  or  glumes,  spicate,  without  evi- 
dent perianth.     Stems  solid  :  sheaths  closed  :  scales  single : 

anthers  basifixed. CYPERACE^E,  87 

Culms  hollow,  terete :  sheaths  split :  glumes  in  pairs :  anthers 

versatile. GBAMINE^J,  88 


XVI  ANALYTICAL   KEY. 

CLASS  II.  GYMNOSPERM.E.  Ovules  naked  upon  a  scale  or 
bract,  or  within  open  integuments.  Mono3cious  or  dio3cious  trees  or 
shrubs. 

Male  flowers  in  aments :  female  subsolitary,  the  ovule  within  a 
double  integument  with  small  terminal  orifice :  nearly  naked 
direcious  shrubs.  GNETACEJE,  89 

Female  flowers  in  aments,  becoming  dry  cones  or  berry-like : 
ovules  naked  at  the  base  of  a  scale  :  from  shrubs  to  trees  of 
the  largest  size ;  with  needle  or  scale-like  leaves.  .  .  CONIFERS,  90 


SERIES  II.  PTERIDOPHYTA,  or  the  FERN  GROUP.  Plants 
without  true  flowers  or  seeds,  but  reproducing  by  spores ;  and  with  a 
distinct  axis  containing  fibro- vascular  bundles. 

Stems  solid,  leafy :  sporangia  in  the  axils  of  simple  leaves  or  bracts. 
Leaves  long  and  grass-like  from  a  corm-like  trunk:  spores 

of  two  kinds ISOETJS,  91 

Small  leaves  imbricated  upon  a  moss-like  stem :  sporangia  in 

terminal  spikes. 

Spores  of  two  kinds  :  leaves  with  ligules.        .        .       SELAGINELL.E,  92 
Spores  of  one  kind  :  leaves  without  ligules.          .        LYCOPODIACE^,  93 
Stems  solid,  subterranean,  bearing  long-petioled  often  com- 
pounded leaves  (fronds). 
Aquatics :  leaves  circinately  developed :  sporangia  in  fruits 

borne  on  the  stem  or  petioles.         ....     RHIZOCARPE^E,  94 
Terrestrial :  leaves  erect  in  vernation :  sporangia  in  special 

spikes  or  panicles OPHIOGLOSSACE^E,  95 

Terrestrial :  leaves  circinate  in  vernation :  sporangia  on  the 

under  surface  or  margins  of  the  leaves.          .        .        .      FILICES,  96 
Stems  hollow,  jointed,  and  striate :  leaves  reduced  to  a  toothed 
sheath  at  the  joints:   sporangia  in  a  terminal   spike  or 
cone EQUISETACE^J,  97 


BOTANY 


OF   THE 


ROCKY    MOUNTAINS, 


SERIES   I. 

PILENOGAMIA  OR  FLOWERING  PLANTS. 

PLANTS  bearing  true  flowers,  that  is,  having  stamens  and 
pistils  and  producing  seeds  which  contain  an  embryo. 

CLASS  I.    ANGIOSPERldLE. 

Pistil  consisting  of  a  closed  ovary  which  contains  the  ovules 
arid  forms  the  fruit. 

SUBCLASS  I.     DICOTYLEDONS. 

Embryo  with  a  pair  of  opposite  cotyledons.    Leaves  netted- 
veiued.     Elowers  usually  4-  or  5-merous. 

DIVISION  I.     POLYPETAL.E. 

Perianth  consisting  usually  of  both,  calyx  and  corolla ;  the 
petals  not  united  with  each  other,  sometimes  wanting. 


.    (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.) 


ORDER  1.    RANUNCULACEJE.    (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.) 

Herbaceous  or  somewhat  shrubby  plants  with  very  diverse  characters  j 
generally  distinguished  by  the  few  or  numerous  sepals,  petals,  stamens, 
and  pistils  being  distinct  and  free.  The  flowers  are  regular  or  irregular. 
The  sepals  are  very  commonly  petal-like,  and  the  petals  are  often  want- 
ing. The  fruits  are  akenes,  dry  pods,  or  berries.  The  leaves  vary  from 
simple  to  much  compounded,  usually  on  the  palmately  veined  type, 
with  petiole^  dilated  at  base,  and  without  stipules. 

Tribe  I.    Sepals  valvate,  petal-like.    Petals  none  or  very  small.    The  fruit  a  head  of  akenes, 
tailed  with  feathery  or  hairy  or  rarely  naked  styles.    Leaves  opposite. 

1.  Clematis.    Half-woody,  climbing  by  the  petioles,  or  erect  and  herbaceous. 
Tribe  II.    Sepals  imbricate,  often  petal-like.     The  fruit  a  head  or  spike  of  akenes. 

*  Petals  none.    Akenes  in  a  head. 

2.  Anemone.    Sepals  indefinite  in  number.    Leaves  on  the  stem  opposite  or  whorled  on 

or  below  one-flowered  peduncles. 

3.  Thalictrum.     Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  panicled.     Leaves  alternate. 

*  *  Petals  slender.    Akenes  numerous  in  a  long  slender  spike. 

4.  Myosurus.     Flowers  solitary  on  a  scape.     Sepals  spurred  at  base. 

*  *  *  Petals  generally  broad  and  conspicuous.     Akenes  numerous  in  a  head. 

5.  Ranunculus.     Petals  with  a  little  pit  or  scale  at  the  base  inside.    The  akene  differs 

from  all  others  of  the  order  in  having  the  ovule  erect. 

Tribe  III.    Sepals  imbricate.     Petals  none,  small,  or  irregular.     Fruit  a  pod  or  berry. 

Leaves  alternate. 

*  Fruit  consisting  of  pods  (follicles),  1  to  15  in  number. 
•«-  Flowers  regular.     Pods  5  to  15. 

6.  Caltha.    Sepals  petal-like.     Petals  none.     Pods  5  to  12.    Leaves  simple. 

7.  Trollius.    Petals  many,  minute  and  stamen-like,  hollowed  near  the  base.     Pods  8  to 

15.     Leaves  palmately  divided. 

8.  Aquilegia.     Sepals  deciduous.     Petals  5,  all  spurred  backward.     Pods  5.     Leaves 

ternately  compound. 

•+-  -i-  Flowers  irregular.     Pods  1  to  5. 

9.  Delphinium.     Upper  sepal  produced  backward  into  a  spur. 

10.  Aconitum.     Upper  sepal  arched  into  a  hood. 

*  #  Fruit  a  berry  of  one  carpel. 

11.  Actsea.    Sepals  caducous.     Petals  small.     Leaves  ternately  compound.    The  flowers 

are  in  a  single  raceme. 


1.     CLEMATIS,    L.        VIRGIN'S-BOWER. 

Sepals  4  or  rarely  more.  A  genus  which  is  readily  recognized  by  its  few 
petal-like  valvate  sepals,  and  long-tailed  akenes. 

*  Petals  none. 

H—  Stem  erect. 

1.  C.  Fremontii,  Watson.  Stems  stout,  clustered,  6  to  12  inches  high, 
leafy  and  usually  branched,  more  or  less  villous-tomentose.  especially  at  the 
nodes :  leaves  simple,  3  to  4  pairs,  thickish  and  with  the  veinlets  conspicuously 


EANUNCULACE^E.      (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.)  3 

reticulated,  broadly  ovate,  entire  or  few-toothed :  floAvers  terminal,  nodding ; 
the  thick  purple  sepals  an  inch  long,  tomentose  upon  the  margin,  recurved  at  the 
tip  :  akenes  silky ;  the  tails  less  than  an  inch  long,  naked  above,  silky  at  base. 

—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  339.     This  species  was  discovered  by  Fremont,  but 
with  locality  unknown.     It  has  been  rediscovered  in  Kansas  by  Dr.  Louis 
Watson  and  others,  and  is  the  western  representative  of  C.  ochroleaca. 

2.  C.  Douglasii,  Hook.     Stem  simple  or  branching,  more  or  less  villous, 
woolly  at  the  joints  :  leaves  from  pinnate  to  2  or  3-pinnatifid  ;  the  leaflets  linear  or 
linear-lanceolate:   sepals  thick,  deep  purple  within,  paler  externally,  woolly 
at  the  apex,  and  spreading :  akenes  silky ;  the  tails  an  inch  or  more  in  length. 

—  From  Colorado  to  Washington  Territory. 

Var.  Scottii.  A  form  with  leaflets  ovate  or  lanceolate,  and  tips  of  sepals 
more  reflexed  and  probably  less  woolly.  —  C.  Scottii,  Porter,  Fl.  Col.  1.  Col- 
orado and  northward. 

-t-  -H-   Stem  climbing,  more  or  less  woody. 

3.  C.  ligusticifolia,  Nutt.     Nearly  glabrous :   stems  sometimes  very 
long :    leaves  pinnate   and   ternate,  mostly  5-foliolate ;   the   leaflets   oblong, 
acute,    mostly    somewhat    lanceolate-cuneate,    incisely    toothed    and    trifid : 
flowers  white,  in  paniculate  corvmbs,  dioecious  :    sepals  thin,  equalling  the 
stamens.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  9.     From  New  Mexico  to  the  Saskatchewan 
and  Oregon,  and  also  in  California.     Climbing  over  bushes  and  producing  a 
great  abundance  of  white  flowers. 

*  *  Some  of  the  outer  filaments  enlarging  to  small  petals:  stems  woody. 

4.  C.  alpina,  Mill.,  var.  OCCidentalis,  Gray.    Trailing,  nearly  glabrous  : 
leaves  biternately  divided;   segments   ovate  or   oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
frequently  3-lobed,  irregularly  toothed  :    sepals  purplish-blue,  thin :  anther- 
bearing  petals  linear:  akeues  glabrous.  — Powell's  Geol.  Black  Hills,  p.  531. 
The    C.  alpina,  var.  Ochotensis,  of  the  various  Western  reports.     From  New 
Mexico  to  the  Wahsatch  and  Teton  Mountains. 

5.  C.    verticillaris,    DC.      Climbing:    leaves   trifoliolate,   with  leaflets 
about  as  in  the  last,  but  ofteuer  entire :    the  flowers  2  to  3  inches  across, 
with  the  thin  bluish-purple  sepals  widely  spreading. — From  California  to 
Maine,  and  from  the  Wahsatch  and  Uinta  Mountains  to  British  America. 


2.    ANEMONE,    L.        WIND-FLOWEB. 

Sepals  colored  and  petal-like.  Style  short  and  stigma  lateral.  Akenes 
compressed,  pointed  or  ending  in  long  feathery  awns.  — Perennial  herbs  with 
radical  leaves. 

*  Akenes  with  long  bearded  tails. 

1 .  A.  patens,  L.,  var.  Nuttalliana,  Gray.  Villous  with  long  silky  hairs : 
flower  erect,  developed  before  the  leaves;  which  are  ternately  divided,  the 
lateral  divisions  2-parted,  the  middle  one  stalked  and  3-parted,  the  segments 
deeply  once  or  twice  cleft  into  narrowly  linear  and  acute  lobes :  sepals  5 
to  7,  purplish  or  whitish. — From  the  mountains  eastward  into  Illinois  and 
Wisconsin. 


4  BANUNCULACEJ3.      (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.) 

*  #  Akenes  without  tails. 

H—  Akenes  very  numerous  in  a  dose  head,  densely  villous. 
•H*.  Low  (3  to  12  inches  high)  or  slender  plants,  with  simple  stems. 

2.  A.  decapetala,  L.    Stern  3  to  6  inches  high  from  a  round  tuber :  root- 
leaves  once  or  twice  3-parted  or  cleft :  involucre  (mostly  sessile  and  far  below 
the  flower)  3-parted,  the  wedge-shaped  divisions  3-cleft :  sepals  10  to  20,  oblong- 
linear,  purple  or  whitish:  head  of  fruit  oblong.  —  A.  Caroliniana,  Walt.     From 
Colorado  to  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  and  across  the  continent  to  the 
Caroliuas. 

3.  A.  parviflora,  Michx.     Stem  3  to  12  inches  high  from  a  slender  root- 
stock  :  root-leaves  3-parted,  their  broadly  wedge-shaped  divisions  crenate-incised 
or  lobed :  involucre  2  to  3-leaved,  distant  from  the  flower :  sepals  5  or  6,  oval, 
white :  head  of  fruit  globular.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado,  and  northward  to  the 
Arctic  Sea. 

•H-  •»-*•  Taller  (6  inches  to  2  feet),  commonly  branching  above  or  producing  two 
or  more  peduncles  :  sepals  5  to  8,  silky  or  downy  beneath,  oval  or  oblong. 

4.  A.  multifida,  Poir.      Silky-hairy  (6   to   12  inches  high) :  principal 
involucre  2  to  3-leaved,  bearing  one  naked  and  one  or  two  2-leaved  peduncles ; 
leaves  of   the  secondary  involucre  short-petioled,  similar  to  the  root-leaves, 
twice  or  thrice  3-parted  and  cleft,  their  divisions  linear :  sepals  red,  sometimes 
greenish-yellow  or   whitish :    head  of  fruit  spherical   or  oval.  —  Across   the 
continent  in   northern  latitudes,  and  southward   in  the  mountains  through 
Colorado. 

5.  A.  cylindrica,  Gray.     Taller,  and  clothed  with  silky  hairs :  flowers 
2  to  6,  on  very  long  and  upright  naked  peduncles :  leaves  of  the  involucre 
long-petioled ,  twice  or  thrice  as  many  as   the   flower-stalks,  3-divided,  their 
divisions  wedge-shaped,  the  lateral  2-parted,  the  middle  one  3-cleft,  lobes  cut 
and  toothed  at  the  apex :  sepals  greenish-white  :  head  of  fruit  cylindrical.  — 
From  Colorado  to  Bitter  Root  valley  and  thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 

•*-  •»-  Akenes  fewer,  pubescent  only. 

6.  A.  dichotoma,  L.    Hairy,  rather  low  :  involucres  sessile ;  the  primary 
ones  3-leaved,  bearing  a  naked   peduncle,  and  soon  a  pair  of  branches   or 
peduncles  with  a  2-leaved  involucre  at  the  middle,  which  branch  similarly  in 
turn ',  their  leaves  broadly  wedge-shaped,  3-cleft,  cut  and  toothed :    radical 
leaves  5  to  7-parted  or  cleft :  sepals  5,  obovate,  white :  carpels  orbicular.  — 
A.  Pennsylvania,  L.     Common  on  the  foothills  of  Colorado,  northward  and 
eastward. 

7.  A.  nexnorosa,  L.     Smooth  or  somewhat  villous  :  stem  perfectly  simple 
from  a  filiform  rootstock,  slender,  leafless,  except  the  involucre  of  3  long- 
petioled  trifoliolate  leaves ;  their  leaflets  wedge-shaped  or  oblong,  toothed  or 
cut,  or  the  lateral  ones  2-parted  ;  a  similar  radical  leaf  in  sterile  plants  soli- 
tary from  the  rootstock  :  sepals  4  to  7,  oval,  white  or  pinkish  :  carpels  oblong, 
with  a  hooked  beak.  —  Northern  United  States  and  British  America. 

•»-  H—  H—  Akenes  glabrous. 

8.  A.  narcissiflora,  L.     Villous  :  leaves  palmately  3  to  5-parted  ;  seg- 
ments   cuneiform,   incisely   many-cleft,   lobes    linear :    involucre    somewhat 
similar,   sessile,   leaflets  3  to   5-cleft:    pedicels  several,  umbelled,  leafless, 


KANUNCULACE.E.      (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.)  5 

1 -flowered:  flowers  white:  carpels  roundish-oval.  —  Alpine.    In  Colorado  at 
13,000  feet  altitude,  and  thence  through  British  America. 

3.    THALICTRUM,   L.        MEADOW-RUE. 

Sepals  4  to  7,  either  greenish  or  petal-like.  Pistils  4  to  15. — Perennial 
herbs  with  leaves  2  or  3  times  ternately  compound,  the  leaflets  stalked. 
Mowers  in  corymbs  or  panicles.  The  dioecious  species  are  easily  recognized 
by  combining  that  character  with  the  much  compounded  leaves,  and  all  of  our 
species  can  be  distinguished  from  Anemone  by  their  alternate  leaves  and 

inconspicuous  flowers. 

#  Flowers  perfect. 

1.  T.  alpinum,  L.     Stem  simple,  2  to  8  inches  high,  slightly  pubescent: 
leaves  mostly  radical ;  leaflets  roundish,  about  J  inch  long,  somewhat  lobed, 
crenately  toothed :  flowers   nodding  in   a  simple   raceme :    stigmas  thick  and 
pubescent :  carpels  ovate,  sessile.  —  Colorado  and  northward  throughout  British 
America. 

2.  T.  sparsiflorum,  Turcz.     Stem  1  to  3  feet  high :  upper  leaves  sessile : 
flowers  on  long  pedicels  in  a  loose  panicle :  filaments  clavate  :  carpels  strongly 
compressed,  semi-obovate,  short-stipitate,  thrice  shorter  than  the  persistent  style. 
—  Subalpine.     Colorado  and  far  northward  ;  also  in  California. 

#  *  Flowers  dioecious. 

3.  T.  Cornuti,  L.     Stem  2  to  4  feet  high:   stem-leaves  sessile   (without 
general  petiole)  or  nearly  so ;  leaflets  roundish  or  oblong  and  more  or  less 
3-lobed,  pale  and    usually  minutely  pubescent   beneath,  the  margin  mostly 
revolute   and    the    veining    conspicuous:   panicles    compound:    flowers    white, 
greenish,  and  purplish  :  filaments  thickened  upwards.  —  Possibly  includes  T. 
purpurascens ,  L.     Colorado,  and  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

4.  T.  Fendleri,  Engelm.     Rather  low  and  slender,  occasionally  somewhat 
pubescent :  leaves  petioled  or  the  uppermost  sessile ;  leaflets  usually  small : 
flowers  in  an  open  panicle  :  anthers  setosely  acuminate :  akenes  slightly  glandu- 
lar-puberulent,  oblong  to  ovate,  acuminate,  2  or  3  lines  long.  —  PI.  Fendl.  5. 
Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  and  westward  to  Utah  and  Nevada. 

5.  T.  OCCidentale,  Gray.    Like  the  last,  but  stouter,  the  leaflets  larger 
and  akenes  few  in  a  head  (1  to  6),  narrowly  oblong  (3  or  4  lines  long),  and 
narrowed  at  each  end.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  372.     From  California  to  Wash- 
ington Territory,  and  extending  into  Western  Montana. 

4.    MYOSURUS,   L.        MOUSETAIL. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  linear,  on  a  slender  claw  with  a  pit  at  its  summit. 
Stamens  5  to  20.  —  Very  small  annual  herbs,  with  a  tuft  of  linear  or  spatulate 
entire  radical  leaves,  and  solitary  flowers  on  simple  scapes.  The  long  slender 
spike  of  akenes  and  linear  radical  leaves  give  the  plant  the  appearance  of  a 
diminutive  plantain. 

1.  M.  minimus,  L.  Scapes  2  to  6  inches  high  :  leaves  usually  shorter : 
akenes  blunt,  on  slender  spikes  1  or  2  inches  long.  —  From  California  through 
Colorado  to  the  Ohio  Valley. 


6  RANUNCULACE^E.       (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.) 

M.  ARISTATDS,  Benth.,  may  be  found  where  our  boundary  touches  Utah 
and  Southern  Idaho.  It  is  characterized  by  its  akenes  being  beaked  with  a 
divergent  persistent  style  nearly  equalling  the  akene. 

5.    RANUNCULUS,    L.        CROWFOOT.     BUTTERCUP. 

Sepals  usually  5.  Petals  3  to  15.  Akenes  mostly  flattened,  pointed. — 
Mostly  perennial  herbs.  Flowers  either  solitary  or  somewhat  corymbed, 
usually  yellow  and  often  showy.  The  leaves  are  various,  and  those  of  the 
stem  alternate. 

§  1.   Aquatic  herbs  with  the  submersed  leaves,  if  any,  finely  divided :  petals 
white,  the  daw  yellow :  akenes  transversely  wrinkled. 

1.  R.  aquatilis,  L.,   var.   trichophyllus,   Chaix.     Stems  long  and 
coarsely  filiform :  leaves  all  submersed  and  cut  into  numerous  soft  capillary 
segments,  which  usually  collapse  when  withdrawn  from  the  water:  akenes  in  a 
close  globular  head.  —  Common  throughout  the  continent  in  stagnant  or  slow- 
flowing  waters. 

Var.  stagnatilis,  DC.  Leaves  all  under  water,  the  divisions  and  sub- 
divisions  short,  spreading  in  one  roundish  plane,  rigid,  keeping  their  form  without 
collapsing  when  withdrawn  from  the  water.  —  The  R.  divaricatus  of  Gray's 
Manual  and  the  Western  reports.  Rarer  than  the  former,  but  with  the  same 
range. 

§  2.    Terrestrial  herbs,  but  often  growing  in  wet  places,  mostly  erect :  sepals  green, 

rarely  yellow :  petals  yellow :  akenes  neither  wrinkled  nor  hispid. 

*  All  the  leaves  undivided,  the  margins  entire. 

2.  R.  Flammula,  L.,  var.  reptans,  Gray.     Glabrous  throughout :  stems 
filiform,  creeping  and  rooting  at  the  joints :  leaves  mostly  lanceolate  and  acute 
at  each  end :  petals  half  longer  than  the  sepals  :  akenes  few  in  a  small  globu- 
lar head,  plump  ;  beak  very  short  and  curved.  — Found  in  Colorado,  but  most 
common  northward,  where  it  extends  across  the  continent. 

3. ,  R.  alismsefolius,  Geyer.  Glabrous  throughout :  stems  nearly  or  quite 
erect,  6  to  16  inches  high,  rather  stout :  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  blunt  at  apex  : 
petals  conspicuously  nerved,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals :  akenes  slightly 
flattened,  pointed  with  a  nearly  or  quite  straight  beak,  crowded  in  a  compact 
ovate  head.  —  The  form  called  var.  montanus,  Watson,  is  the  typical  form. 
Rocky  Mountains  and  westward.  The  Eastern  species  bearing  this  name  is 
R.  ambigens,  Watson. 

4.  R.  Macailleyi,  Gray.     Leaves  Ungulate,  the  truncate  apex  3-toothed ; 
radical  ones  (early  ones  oblong)  tapering  into  a  petiole;  cauline  ones  sessile: 
sepals  very  dark  villous  outside :  petals  golden :  carpels  tapering  into  a  short 
subulate  style :  fruit  unknown,  though  head  of  akeiies  probably  oblong.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xv.  45.     Mountains  in  San  Juan  Co.,  Colorado.    The  flowers 
resemble  those  of  R.  nivalis,  but  the  remarkable  foliage  readily  distinguishes 
it  from  every  other  species. 

*  *  Radical  leaves  undivided :  stem  leaves,  if  any,  toothed  or  lobed :  glabrous 
perennials,  3  to  6  inches  high. 

5.  R.  Cymbalaria,  Pursh.     Flowering  stems  or  scapes   leafless,  1  to 
7-flowered  :  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  ovate-cordate,  coarsely  crenate,  clustered  at 


RANUNCULACE^E.       (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.)  7 

the  root  and  at  the  joints  of  the  long  filiform  rooting  runners:  petals  longer  than 
the  sepals  :  the  akenes  striate-veined  on  the  sides,  enlarging  upwards,  with  a 
short  oblique  beak :  head  oblong.  —  Across  the  continent  in  marshy  ground. 

6.  B.  glaberrimus,  Hook.  Stems  1  to  3-flowered :  radical  leaves  broadly 
oval,  either  entire  or  with  3  large  blunt  teeth  at  the  apex ;  stem-leaves  cuneate  at 
the  base,  3-deft  to  the  middle  :  sepals  half  as  long  as  the  petals  :  akenes  plump, 
tipped  with  a  short  curved  beak :  head  globular.  — From  Colorado  to  Wyoming 
and  Washington  Territory ;  also  in  California. 

*  *  *  Some  or  all  the  leaves  cleft  or  divided. 
-i-  Primary  root-leaves  crenate  or  toothed. 

I.  B.  rhomboideus,  Goldie.     Dwarf  (3  to  6  inches  high),  hairy:  root- 
leaves  roundish  or  rhombic-ovate,  rarely  subcordate ;  lowest  stem-leaves  similar 
or  3  to  5-lobed  ;  the  upper  3  to  5-parted,  almost  sessile,  the  lobes  linear  :  petals 
large,  exceeding  the  calyx :  akenes  orbicular  with  a  minute  beak.  —  S.  W.  Colo- 
rado to  British  America  and  eastward  to  Illinois  and  Michigan. 

8.  B.  abortivus,  L.     Glabrous,  6  inches  to  2  feet  high :  primary  root- 
leaves  round  heart-shaped  or  kidney-form,  barely  crenate,  the  succeeding  ones 
often  3-lobed  or  3-parted ;  those  of  the  stem  and  branches  3  to  5-parted  or 
divided,  their  divisions  oblong  or  narrowly  wedge-form,  mostly  toothed :  petals 
shorter  than  the  reflexed  sepals :  akenes  with  a  minute  curved  beak.  —  From  the 
mountains  eastward  across  the  continent.     Most  variable  as  to  foliage. 

-i-  •*-  Root-leaves  lobed,  cleft,  or  parted. 
•w-  Style  straight  or  wanting. 

9.  B.  hyperboreUS,  Rottb.,  var.  natans,  Regel.    Stem  filiform,  creep- 
ing: leaves  glabrous,  petioled,  3-cleft ;  the  lobes  oval-oblong,  divaricate,  the 
lateral  ones  somewhat  2-cleft :  heads  of  akenes  globose,  compact :  style  wanting. 
—  In  swamps  at  middle  elevations,  Colorado  and  northward. 

10.  B.  nivalis,  L.     Stem  about  I- flowered :  radical  leaves  on  long  petioles, 
dilated,  lobed,  the  lobes  somewhat  ovate ;  cauline  ones  nearly  sessile,  palmate  : 
calyx  very  hirsute,  shorter  than  the  obovate  entire  petals  :  style  as  long  as  the 
glabrous  ovaries.  —  In  the  mountains  of  British  America. 

Var.  Eschscholtzii,  Watson.  Radical  leaves  3-parted,  the  divisions  lobed, 
ciliate :  style  shorter  than  the  akenes.  —  Colorado,  Yellowstone  Park,  and  north- 
ward in  the  mountains. 

II.  B.  SCeleratus,  L.     Glabrous:   stem  thick  and  hollow,  a  foot  high: 
root-leaves  3-lobed ;   lower  stem-leaves   3-parted,  the  lobes  obtusely  cut  and 
toothed ;  the  uppermost  almost  sessile,  with  the  lobes  oblong-linear  and  nearly 
entire  :  petals  scarcely  exceeding  the  sepals  :  akenes  barely  mucronulate,  very 
numerous,  in  oblong  or  cylindrical  heads.  —  From  Colorado  northward,  and 
across  the  continent.    In  drying,  the  numerous  akenes  are  soon  deciduous  from 
the  receptacle. 

•w-  -w-  Style  curved. 
=  Stem  usually  \-flowered. 

12.  B.  pygmseus,  Wahl.  Stem  1  to  2  inches  high  :  leaves  glabrous,  3*to 
5-cleft ;  radical  ones  petioled  :  sepals  glabrous,  longer  than  the  somewhat  reflexed 
petals :  heads  oblong :  akenes  subglobose,  pointed  with  a  short  hooked  style.  — 
Mountains  of  Colorado  and  far  northward. 


8  RANUNCULACE^E.      (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.) 

13.  R.  adoneus,  Gray.    Low,  sparsely  villous,  becoming  glabrous :  stems 
branching  from  the  base,  1  to  3-leaved  above,  sometimes  sarmentose-decum- 
bent  and  2  to  3-flowered :   leaves  twice  pedately  parted,  segments  narrowly 
linear :   petals   golden-yellow,   twice   exceeding  the   subvillous   sepals :   akenes 
crowded  in  an  oval  head,  turgid,  with  the  rather  long  ensiform  beak  scarious- 
winged  on  each  edge.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  56.     High  altitudes  close 
to  the  snow,  Colorado  and  northward. 

=  =  Stems  bearing  more  than  one  /lower. 
a.  Dwarf  (2  to  3  inches  high). 

14.  R.  digitatus,  Hook.    Very  glabrous  :  leaves  few,  petioled,  digitately 
lobed,  the  3  to  5  segments  narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblong-spatulate,  obtuse  : 
flowers  2  or  3,  terminal,  with  reflexed  sepals  and  7  to  1 1  oblong  cuneate  pet- 
als :    akenes  beaked  with  a  subulate  recurved  style.  —  In  the   Wahsatch, 
N.  Utah,  and  northward  into  British  America. 

b.  A  foot  or  two  high. 

15.  R.  affinis,  R.  Br.    Radical  leaves  petioled,  usually  pedately  multifld ; 
cauline  ones  subsessile,  digitate,  with  broadly  linear  lobes :  akenes  with  re- 
curved beaks  in  oblong-cylindrical  heads,  more  or  less  pubescent.  —  Colorado 
and  northward. 

Var.  leiocarpUS,  Trautv.  Lower  leaves  usually  lobed  or  crenate :  flowers 
small :  carpels  smooth  or  somewhat  pubescent.  —  Colorado. 

Var.  cardiophyllus,  Gray.  Hirsutely  pubescent:  radical  leaves  round- 
cordate,  undivided  or  many-cleft ;  cauline  ones  palmately  many-cleft :  flowers 
an  inch  in  diameter.  —  Same  range  as  the  species. 

16.  R.  Nelsoni,  Gray.     Sparingly  pilose :  the  simple  radical  leaves  often 
3  to  4  inches  in  diameter,  more  or  less  deeply  3-lobed ;  the  uppermost  rarely 
parted ;  the  lower  usually  cordate  in  outline  :  petals  not  more  than  3  lines  long, 
exceeding  the  sepals:  akenes  pilose  (sometimes  glabrous),  in  a  small  head, 
rigid,  more  or  less  scattered,  bearing  a  very  much  hooked  style  of  the  same 
length.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  374.    About  Yellowstone  Lake  and  far  north- 
ward. 

H-  -i-  -t-  Leaves  all  ternately  divided. 

17.  R.  Pennsylvanicus,  L.    Hirsute  with  rough  spreading  bristly  hairs  : 
stem  stout,  erect :  divisions  of  the  leaves  stalked,  somewhat  ovate,  unequally 
3-cleft,  sharply  cut  and  toothed,  acute :  petals  pale,  not  exceeding  the  sepals  : 
akenes  not  margined,  pointed  with  a  sharp  straight  beak,  in  oblong  heads. — 
Colorado  and  northward,  and  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

18.  R.  repens,  L.     Low,  hairy  or  nearly  glabrous :  stems  ascending  and 
some  of  them  forming  long  runners :  divisions  of  the  leaves  all  (or  at  least  the 
terminal  one)  stalked,  broadly  wedge-shaped  or  ovate,  unequally  3-cleft  or 
parted  and  variously  cut :  petals  obovate,  much  larger  than  the  spreading  sepals  : 
akenes  strongly  margined,  pointed  by  a  stout  straightish  beak,  in  globular  heads.  — 
Across  the  continent. 

*19.  R.  macranthus,  Scheele.  Stem  erect,  taller,  more  or  less  hirsute 
with  spreading  hairs :  leaves  ternately  or  more  frequently  bi-ternately  divided, 
segments  usually  stalked,  laciniately  lobed  and  toothed  :  flowers  large,  with  the 
sepals  strictly  reflexed :  akenes  crowded  in  subglobose  heads,  about  equalling  the 


KANUNCULACE^E.      (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.)  9 

broad  subulate  beaks.  —  R.  repens,  var.  macranthus,  Gray.  In  the  Uinta  Moun- 
taius,  and  from  Oregon  to  Nevada  and  Texas.  The  largest  of  the  genus 
sometimes  reaching  a  height  of  5  feet. 

20.  R.  Nuttallii,  Gray.     Smooth,  6  to  8  inches  high :  radical  leaves  bi-ter- 
nately  divided,  segments  3  to  5-parted,  lobes  oblong  or  linear,  sometimes  2  to 
3-cleft :  petals  spatulate,  a  little  longer  than  the  broader  sepals  which  are  also 
yellow :  akenes  rather  few,  in  a  globose  head,  cylindrical-oblong,  grooved,  many- 
nerved,  tipped  with  a  long,  slender,  incurved  style.  —  Colorado  and  "Wyoming, 
along  the  eastern  foothills. 

21.  R.  multifldus,  Pursh.     Stems  floating  or  immersed,  with  the  divisions 
of  the  leaves  long  and  filiform ;   or  rooting  in  the  mud  and  the  leaves  round- 
reniform  and  more  or  less  deeply  lobed  and  toothed:    petioles  short,  broadly 
stipulate-dilated  at  base :  flowers  large,  the  petals  with  conspicuous  obovate  scales : 
akenes  in  a  small  globose  head,  beaked  by  a  short  straight  style.  —  Colorado 
and  northward,  and  across  the  continent. 

•i-  •)-  -»-  H-  Leaves  pinnately  divided. 

22.  R.  orthorhyncus,  Hook.     More  or  less  villous,  the  stems  often 
slender,  1  or  2  feet  high :  divisions  of  the  leaves  variously  lobed  and  cut,  the 
segments  often  narrow  :  sepals  reflexed :  petals  bright  yellow  or  purple-tinged 
outside  :  akenes  large,  flattened,  in  a  close  globose  head,  with  aslcndcr  straight 
beak  ns  long  as  the  ovary.  —  In  the  Bitter-root  Mountains,  northward  and 
westward. 

6.  C  ALT  HA,    L.        MARSH  MARIGOLD. 

Sepals  5  to  12,  deciduous.  Pods  each  with  several  seeds,  and  when  ripen- 
ing spreading  and  flattened.  —  Glabrous  perennial  herbs,  easily  recognized  by 
their  undivided  leaves  and  showy  petal-like  sepals. 

1.  C.  leptosepala,  DC.  Leaves  round-  to  oblong-ovate  (longer  than 
broad),  with  a  somewhat  narrowed  and  quadrate  base,  usually  very  obscurely 
crenate  above  and  rather  coarsely  and  often  acutely  serrate  below :  flowers 
solitary,  very  rarely  2,  the  second  flower  subtended  by  a  pctioled  leaf:  sepals 
white  or  often  tinged  with  blue.  —  Prom  New  Mexico  to  Alaska.  An  excel- 
lent pot-herb. 

7.  TROLL  I  US,    L.        GLOUE-FLOWER. 

Sepals  5  to  15,  petal-like.  Pods  sessile,  many-seeded.  —  Smooth  perennials, 
with  large  solitary  terminal  flowers  and  palmately  parted  and  cut  leaves. 

1.  T.  laxus,  Salisb.  Flowers  pale  greenish-yellow  or  nearly  white: 
petals  much  shorter  than  the  stamens.  —  Associated  with  the  preceding,  but 
less  common. 

Var.  albiflorus,  Gray.  Stem  6  to  12  inches  high,  and  flowers  white. — 
Near  snow-banks.  "  The  pure  Avhite  and  broader  sepals,  lower  stature,  and 
alpine  station,  distinguish  this  from  the  ordinary  form,"  Colorado,  Parry. 

8.  A  QU  I  LEG  I  A,    L.        COLUMBINE. 

Sepals  5,  regular,  colored  like  the  petals.  Petals  all  alike,  with  a  short 
spreading  lip.  Pods  erect,  ma.iy-seeded.  —  Perennials,  Avith  the  leaflets  of  the 
2  to  3  ternately  compound  leaves  lobed.  Recognized  by  its  large  showy 
flowers  and  prominent  spurs. 


10  KANUNCULACE^E.      (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.) 

*  Caulescent :  spur  longer  or  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

«-~   Spur  straight. 
*•*  Flowers  red  and  yellow. 

1.  A.  Canadonsis,  L.     Spurs  much  longer  than  the  sepals:   flowers  2 
inches  long,  scarlet,  yellow  inside  (or  rarely  all  over),  nodding  so  that  the 
spurs  turn  upwards :  limb  or  lip  of  the  petals  distinct :  stamens  and  styles 
longer  than  the  ovate  sepals.  —  Along  subalpine  rivulets  and  eastward  across 
the  continent. 

2.  A.  formosa,  Fisch.    Like  the  preceding  or  stouter :  spurs  shorter,  not 
longer  than  the  elongated  sepals,  —  Colorado  and  northward,  thence  westward 

into  Oregon. 

«-*•  •»-*•  Flowers  never  red. 

3.  A.  CCBruloa,  James.    Stem  1  to  3  feet  high,  glabrous :  leaves  mostly 
radical,  glaucous  beneath,  the  leaflets  deeply  cleft :  flowers  2  to  2|  inches  in 
diameter,  pale  blue,  sometimes  ochroleucous,  pinkish,  or  white :   spur  very 
slender:  sepals  rhomboid-ovatet   longer  than  the  limb  of  the  petals.  —  On 
shaded  slopes  throughout  the   Rocky  Mountains.     A  very   beautiful  and 
showy  plant. 

4.  A.  chrysantha,  Gray.      Usually  taller  and  more  slender :  peduncles 
often  pubescent:   flowers  bright  yellow  throuf/hout :   spurs  even  more  slender: 
sepals  lanceolate-oblong,  longer  but  not  broader  than  the  limb  of  the  petals.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  621.    Colorado  and  southward. 

•<_  1-   Spur  hooked  at  the  tip. 

5.  A.  flavescens,  Watson.     Plant  2  to  3  feet  high,  glabrous  except  the 
pubescent  peduncles  and  carpels :  flowers  yellow,  the  sepals  frequently  tinged 
with  scarlet :  spurs  shorter  than  the  spreading  or  reflexed  oval  or  oblong- 
ovate  sepals:  limb  large  and  dilated:  stamens  long  exserted. — Bot.  King's 
Rep.  10.    Wyoming,  Montana,  and  Idaho. 

6.  A«  brevistyla,  Hook.     Stems  6/08  inches  high,  spreading :  leaves 
bi-ternate ;  leaflets  3-lobed,  crenate :  flowers  small,  blue,  about  6  lines  long, 
including  the  spur:  sepals  oblong-ovate:  petals  d  little  exceeding  the  stamens. 
—  A.  vulgaris,  var.  brevistyla,  Gray.     Colorado  and  northward  into  British 
America. 

*  *  Acaulescent :  spur  shorter  than  the  calyx .'  flowers  blue. 

7.  A.   Jonosii,  Parry.     Minutely  soft-pubescent :   scapo  1  to  3  inches 
high,  naked,  1-flowered :  leaves  all  crowded  and  the  persistent  scale-like  dilated 
bases  of  their  petioles  imbricated  on  the  stout  ascending  branches  of  the 
rootstock;  the  partial  petioles  short  or  wanting,  so  that  the  9  small  obovate 
entire  leaflets  are  in  a  dense  cluster :  pods  reticulated,  smooth,  —  Am.  Nat. 
viii.  211.     Summit  of  Phlox  Mountain,  Wyoming,  Parry. 

&,    DELPHINIUM,   L.       LARKSPUR. 

Sepals  5,  petal-like.  Petals  2  or  4,  irregular ;  when  4,  the  upper  2  developed 
backward^  into  a  spur  which  is  enclosed  in  the  spur  of  the  calyx.  Pods 
many-seeded.  —  Erect  herbs  usually  with  palmately  lobed,  cleft,  or  dissected 
leaves,  and  racemose  flowers,  which  are  blue  shading  to  white. 


RANUNCULACEJE.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.)  11 

*  Not  glandular  pubescent. 

1.  D.  azureum,  Michx.     Stem  slender,  branching,  often  slightly  pubes- 
cent: leaves  deeply  3  to  5-parted,  the  divisions  2  to  3  times  cleft,  the  lobes  all 
narroivly  linear :  flowers  sky-blue  or  whitish,  in  a  strict  not  dense  raceme :  spur 
ascending,  usually  curved    upwards.  —  Colorado,   Wyoming,  and  eastward 
across  the  plains. 

2.  D.  Menziesii,  DC.     Glabrous  below,  at  least  at  the  very  base,  pubes- 
cent above  with  spreading  hairs,  especially  the  inflorescence :  leaves  5-parted, 
divisions  2  to  3-cleft :  flowers  large,  deep-blue,  in  a  loosely  few-  to  many-flowered 
simple  raceme :  upper  petals  veined  with  purple :  spur  long  and  slender ;  ovaries 
somewhat  tomentose. — Wyoming,  Montana,  and  northwestward. 

3.  D.  bicolor,  Nutt.     Very  similar,  but  the  whole  plant  glabrous  through- 
out, including  the  ovaries,  or  occasionally  somewhat  tomentose-pubescent ;  and 
the  flowers  are  uniformly  smaller.  —  The  D.  Menz>'esii  of  Fl.  Colorado  and 
D.  Menziesii,  var.   Utahense,  of  Bot.  King's  Rep.  12.     Foothills  of  Colorado 
and  northward.     Closely  resembles  the  eastern  D.  tricorne. 

4.  D.  SCOpulorum,  Gray.      Pubescent   with   a  fine  hoary   tomentum   or 
glabrous:  stem  leafy :  leaves  orbicular  in  outline,  3  to  5-parted,  the  divisions 
deeply  2  to  3-cleft.,  the  segments  many-lobcd  or  laciniate:  flowers  sparingly  pilose 
without,  in  a  many-flowered  strict  raceme  :  spur  longer  than  the  sepals  :  pods 
pubescent,  on  stout  pedicels.  —  PI.  Wright,  ii.   9.      Rocky  Mountains  from 
New  Mexico  to  British  America. 

*  *  Glandular  pubescent. 

5.  D.  OCCidentale,  Watson.    Known  by  the  stiff  glandular  spreading 
pubescence,  which  extends  rarely  to  the  ovaries  and  fruit :  flowers  numerous, 
dull  or  dark  blue,  very  variable  in  size,  often  in  compound  racemes :  seeds 
light  colored  and  somewhat  spongy.  —  D.  elatum,  var.(?)  occidental,  Watson. 
Alpine  or  subalpiue,  from  Colorado  to  Oregon. 

10.    ACONITUM,   L.        ACONITE.    MOXKSHOOD.    WOLFSBANE. 

Sepals  5,  petal-like.  Petals  2  to  5  ;  the  upper  2  with  long  claws  and  irregu- 
lar spur-like  blades  concealed  within  the  hood ;  the  lower  3  very  minute  or 
obsolete.  Pods  many-seeded.  —  Herbs  with  palmately  lobed  leaves. 

1.  A.  Columbianum,  Nutt.  Stem  stout,  3  to  6  feet  high :  more  or  less 
pubescent  above  with  short  spreading  yellowish  viscid  hairs :  divisions  of  the 
leaves  broadly  cuneate  and  laciniatoly  toothed  or  lobed  :  flowers  purple  or 
white  in  a  loose  terminal  raceme  :  the  hood  varying  much  in  breadth  and  in 
length  of  beak.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  34.  A.  nasutum,  Hook.  A.  Fischeri 
of  Bot,  Calif,  i.  12.  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  westward  to  the  Sierra 
Nevada. 

11.    ACTJEA,   L.      BAtfEBERRY. 

Sepals  4  to  6,  petal-like.  Petals  4  to  10.  Stigma  sessile,  2-lobed.  Berry 
with  many  seeds,  which  are  packed  horizontally  in  2  rows.  —  Perennial  herbs 
with  2  to  3  ternately  compound  leaves. 

1.  A.  spicata,  L.,  var.  arguta,  Torr.  Smooth,  1  to  2  feet  high  :  leaflets 
larger  and  more  serrated  than  in  the  next :  petals  oblong,  obtuse :  berries 


12  BERBEKIDACE^E.       (BARBERRY   FAMILY.) 

either  white  or  red,  in  a  loose,  rather  elongated  raceme.  —  From  the  mountains 
westward. 

Var.  rubra,  Ait.  Raceme  ovate:  petals  rhombic-spatulate,  much  shorter 
than  the  stamens  :  berries  cherry-red.  —  From  the  mountains  eastward  to  the 
Atlantic. 

ORDER  2.     BERBERIDACE^E.     (BARBERRY  FAMILY.) 

Our  species  are  shrubs  with  alternate  simple  or  compound  leaves  and 
no  stipules ;  the  flower  parts  are  distinct  and  free,  and  are  opposite  to 
each  other  instead  of  alternate  ;  the  anthers  open  by  uplifted  valves.  — 
Sepals  and  petals  imbricated  and  deciduous.  Pistil  one,  simple ;  style 
short  or  none. 

1.    B  E  R  B  E  R I  S,    L.        BARBERRY. 

Sepals  6,  colored  like  the  petals,  with  3  or  6  closely  appressed  bractlets. 
Petals  6,  yellow.  Stamens  6.  Stigma  circular  and  peltate.  Fruit  a  berry 
with  1  to  3  seeds.  —  Shrubs  with  yellow  wood  and  the  flowers  in  clustered 
bracteate  racemes. 

1.  B.  repens,  Lindl.     A  low  shrub  less  than  a  foot  high:  leaflets  3  to  7, 
ovate,  acute :    racemes  few,  terminating  the  stems.  —  Throughout  the  Rocky 
Mountains.    This  is  the  B.  Aqui folium  of  Fl.  Colorado  and  the  various  Western 
Reports.     B.  Aquifolium  ranges  farther  west,  especially  in  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington Territory,  and  is  a  much  larger  shrub,  with  clusters  of  racemes. 

2.  B.  Fendleri,  Gray.     Much  taller  (3  to  6  feet),  with  branches  smooth 
and  shining  as  if  varnished:  leaves  entire  or  irregularly  spinulose-scrrate  : 
racemes  pendulous,  densely-flowered :  calyx  with  conspicuous  red  bracts.  —  PI. 
Fendl.  5.     S.  W.  Colorado,  southward,  and  westward  to  S.  California. 


ORDER  3.    NYMPHLEACEJE.     (WATER-LILY  FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  horizontal  trunk-like  rootstocks  or  sometimes 
tubers  ;  the  leaves  (in  ours)  deeply  cordate ;  flowers  with  all  the  parts 
distinct  and  free,  solitary  and  axillary  on  long  peduncles ;  stamens 
numerous. 

1.   N  U  P  H  A  R,    Smith.        YELLOW  POND-LILY.    SPATTER-DOCK. 

Sepals  5  to  12,  persistent,  usually  yellow  within  and  partly  green  without. 
Petals  and  stamens  short  and  numerous,  densely  crowded  around  the  ovary. 
Ovary  8  to  20-celled,  crowned  by  a  radiate  stigma,  the  cells  many-seeded.  — 
In  shallow  water,  sending  up  large  leathery  leaves  which  are  usually  upright, 
but  sometimes  floating. 

1.  N.  advena,  Ait.  Emersed  and  erect  leaves  thick,  varying  from 
roundish  to  ovate  or  almost  oblong  in  outline,  the  sinus  open,  or  closed,  or  narrow  : 
sepals  6 :  petals  like  the  stamens,  thick  and  fleshy,  truncate  :  fruit  ovoid.  — 
Abundant  in  the  Yellowstone  Park,  and  extending  northward  and  eastward 
across  the  continent. 


FUMAKIACE^E.       (FUMITORY   FAMILY.)  13 

2.  N.  polysepalum,  Engelm.  Larger:  leaves  6  to  12  inches  long, 
rounded  above,  deeply  cordate  at  base :  sepals  8  to  12  :  petals  dilated  and  unlike 
the  stamens,  often  tinged  with  red  :  fruit  globular.  —  Mountain  lakes  in  Colo- 
rado, westward  and  northward. 


ORDER  4.     PAPAVERACE^E.     (POPPY  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  usually  with  milky  or  orange-yellow  juice  ;  sepals  2  or  3, 
caducous ;  petals  twice  as  many,  in  two  sets ;  stamens  indefinite  ;  ovary 
1 -celled,  with  parietal  placentae;  seeds  numerous.  —  Leaves  alternate, 
without  stipules.  Petals  imbricated  and  commonly  crumpled  in  the 
bud. 

1.  Papaver.     Ovary  incompletely  several-celled  by  the  projecting  placentae.     Stigmas 

united  into  a  radiate  crown.     Pod  opening  by  chinks  or  pores  under  the  edge  of 
the  stigma. 

2.  Argemone.     Ovary  strictly  1-celled.     Pod  opening  by  valves,  and  with  the  leaves 

prickly. 

1.    PAP  AVER,    L.        POPPY. 

Sepals  2.  Stigma  4  to  20-rayed.  Pod  short  and  turgid.  —  Herbs  with  a 
white  juice,  and  nodding  flower-buds. 

1.  P.  nudicaule,  L.  Scape  l-flowered,  2  to  3  inches  high,  naked,  hispid 
as  well  as  the  calyx  with  brownish  hairs :  leaves  lance-ovate  in  outline,  deeply 
pinnatifid:  petals  lemon-yellow  :  pod  obovate,  hispid.  —  P.alpinumof  the  Fl. 
Colorado.  Alpine.  Colorado  and  in  Arctic  America. 


2.    ARGEMONE,   L.        PRICKLY  POPPY. 

Sepals  2  or  3,  often  prickly.  Stigma  3  to  6-rayed.  Pod  oblong ;  seeds 
crested.  —  Well  marked  by  the  prickly  bristles  and  yellow  juice.  Leaves 
sessile,  sinuate-lobcd,  with  prickly  teeth.  Flower-buds  erect. 

1.  A.  platyceras,  Link  &  Otto.  Erect,  1  to  2.V  feet  high,  hispid 
throughout  or  armed  with  rigid  bristles  or  prickles  :  lower  leaves  attenuate 
to  a  winged  petiole  ;  the  upper  sessile  or  auriculate-clasping :  flowers  white : 
pod  oblong.  —  A.  hispida,  Gray.  Colorado  to  Mexico  and  westward. 

It  is  doubtful  whether  A.  Mexicana  occurs  in  Colorado,  but  it  ranges  farther 
south. 

ORDER  5.    FUMABIACEJE.     (FUMITORY  FAMILY.) 

Tender  herbs,  with  watery  juice,  dissected  compound  leaves,  perfect 
irregular  hypogynous  flowers  with  parts  in  twos,  except  the  diadelphous 
stamens  which  are  6,  ovary  1-celled,  seeds,  etc.  as  in  Papaveracece,  to 
which  order  Bentham  &  Hooker  have  united  it. 

1.  Dicentra.    Corolla  heart-shaped  (in  onrs)  at  the  base. 

2.  Corydalis.    Corolla  1-spurred  at  the  base. 


14  FUMAUIACE^E.      (FUMITORY  FAMILY.) 


1.  DICENTKA,    Borkh. 

Sepals  2,  small  and  scale-like.  Petals  4,  in  two  sets  ;  the  outer  pair  larger, 
saccate  at  base,  the  tips  spreading ;  the  inner  much  narrower,  spoon-shaped, 
the  hollowed  tips  lightly  united  at  the  apex,  thus  forming  a  cavity  which  con- 
tains the  anthers  and  stigma.  Middle  anther  in  each  set  2-celled,  lateral  ones 
1-celled.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Pod  1-celled.  —  Glabrous  perennials  with  the 
fleshy  root  surmounted  by  a  bulb-like  cluster  of  fleshy  grains  and  ternately 
or  pinnately  compound  leaves. 

1.  D.  uniflora,  Kellogg.    The  3  to  7  divisions  of  the  leaves  pinnatifid 
into  a  few  linear-oblong  or  spatulate  lobes  :  scape  2  to  3  bracted,  1 -flowered  : 
flowers  flesh-colored,  £  inch  long,  the  divergent  or  reflexed  tips  of  the  outer 
petals  equalling  or  exceeding  the  erect  gibbous-saccate  base ;  inner  ones  not 
crested,  the  blade  broadly  hastate  :  pod  abruptly  beaked  with  the  short  style. 
—  Alpine.     Wahsatch  and  Teton  Mountains,  and  westward  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada. 

2.  COBYDALIS,   DC. 

Corolla  one-spurred  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side.  Otherwise  as  in  Dicentra. 
#  Corolla  golden-yellow  ;  spur  shorter  than  the  rest  of  the  flower. 

1  •  C.  aur ea,  Willd.  Stems  low  or  decumbent :  racemes  simple :  the 
slightly  decurved  spur  not  half  the  length  of  the  rest  of  the  flower :  tips  of  the 
outer  petals  blunt,  crestless  and  naked  on  the  back :  pods  usually  pendent : 
seeds  smooth  and  even,  turgid,  marginless,  partly  covered  by  the  scale-shaped 
aril.  —  From  Colorado  northward  and  eastward. 

Var.  OCcidentalis,  Gray.  Spur  longer :  pods  erect :  seeds  lenticular  with 
acute  margins.  —  More  common  in  our  range  than  the  type.  Colorado  to 
Montana,  and  eastward  to  Missouri  and  Texas. 

Var.  micrantha,  Engelm.  Flowers  small,  nearly  spurless,  on  short  pedi- 
cels: pods  ascending.  —  From  the  Western  Mississippi  States  to  the  Uiuta 
Mountains. 

2.  C.  CUrvisiliqua,  Engelm.     Differs  from  the  last  in  having  longer 
4-angular  pods  ascending  on  very  short  pedicels :  the  acute-margined  seeds  muri- 
cate.  —  C.  aurea,    var.   curvisiliqua,   Gray.      Common   in   the   mountains   of 
Colorado  and  southeastward. 

*  *  Corolla  white  or  cream-color  ;  spur  longer  than  the  rest  of  thefloiuer. 

3.  C.  Brandegei,  Watson.    Tall  and  stout  (5  feet  high) :  leaves  twice 
or  thrice  pinnately  divided ;  the  lanceolate  leaflets  %  to  1  inch  long,  acute  or 
acuminate  :  hood  not  crested,  the  margins   folded   back  and   not  projecting 
beyond  the  obtuse  summit :  pod  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  reflexed.  —  Mountains  of 
S.  Colorado  and  in  the  Wahsatch.     Formerly  referred  to  C.  Caseana,  which 
has  a  more  westerly  range. 

4.  C.  Cusickii,  Watson.    Leaves  bipinnately  divided  ;  the  oblong-oval  leaf- 
lets acute  at  each  end,  half-inch  long  :  the  broad  margins  of  the  hood  produced 
beyond  its  acute  apex  and  folded  back  over  the  narrow  and  somewhat  crisped 
or  erose  crest :  pod  acute.  —  Extending  from  Oregon  into  the  Bitter  Root 
Mountains. 


CRUCLFER^E.      (MUSTARD   FAMILY.)  15 


ORDER  6.    CRUCIFER.E.     (MUSTARD   FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  a  pungent  watery  juice,  cruciform  corolla,  tetradynamous 
stamens,  and  a  2-celled  pod  with  2  parietal  placentae.  —  Sepals  4,  decid- 
uous. Petals  4.  Ovary  2-celled  by  a  partition  which  stretches  across 
from  the  placentae,  rarely  1  -celled.  Style  undivided  or  none ;  stigma 
entire  or  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  silique  or  silicle,  the  two  valves  falling  away 
from  the  partition,  which  persists  and  is  called  the  replum,  in  a  few 
genera  indehisceut.  Ovules  few  or  numerous.  Flowers  generally  in 
racemes  and  without  bractlets.  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules. 
The  mature  pods  are  necessary  for  analysis. 

I.    Pod  dehiscent,  2-valved. 
*  Pod  strongly  compressed  parallel  with  the  broad  partition :  cotyledons  accumbent  (i.  e. 

the  radicle  and  cotyledons  appearing  in  cross-section  thus  08)- 
•»-  Pod  short ;  valves  nerveless  or  faintly  1-nerved :  flowers  white  or  yellow. 
1.  Draba.     Pod  ovate  to  oblong  or  linear,  few  to  many-seeded;  valves  flat  or  convex. 
Seeds  wingless.     Low,  flowers  racemose. 

•)-  -t-  Pod  elongated. 

«•»  Valves  nerveless  ;  replum  thickened ;  seeds  wingless  :  flowers  white  :  leaves  all  petioled. 
2    Cartlainine.      Pod    moderately    beaked    or   pointed.    Stems   leafy,    with   elongated 

racemes. 

•H-  -H-  Valves  1-nerved  ;  replum  thin  ;  seeds  flat,  often  winged  or  margined :  flowers  white  to 
purple  (sometimes  yellowish  in  Streptanthas) :  canline  leaves  (if  any)  sessile. 

3.  Parrya.    Anthers  linear.     Petals  broadly  obovate.    Seeds  in  one  or  two  rows.    Scape 

naked. 

4.  Arabis.    An  there  short,  scarcely  emarginate  at  base.     Petals  with  a  flat  blade  and 

claw.    Calyx  short  or  narrow,  rarely  colored.     Seeds  in  1  or  2  rows. 

5.  Streptantlius.    Anthers  elongated,  sagittate  at  base.     Petals  often  without  a  dilated 

blade,  more  or  less  twisted  or  undulate,  the  claw  channelled.     Calyx  dilated  and 
usually  colored.    Seeds  in  one  row. 

*  *  Pod  terete  or  4-angled,  slightly  or  not  at  all  compressed ;  seeds  not  margined. 
•«-  Pod  long-linear  (1  to  4  inches) ;  valves  1-nerved;  seeds  in  ]  row,  oblong,  somewhat  flat- 
tened, cotyledons  incumbent  (i.  e.  the  radicle  and  cotyledons  appearing  in  cross- 
section  thus  oZ>).     Stout  biennials  or  perennials. 

•H-  Flowers  greenish-yellow  to  purple  :  anthers  sagittate. 

6.  Caulantlms.     Petals  with  abroad  claw,  somewhat  dilated  above  and  undulate,  little 

longer  than  the  broad  sepals,  greenish-yellow  or  purple.    Filaments  included.    Stigma 
nearly  sessile,  somewhat  2-lobed.     Pod  sessile,  3  inches  long  or  more. 

7.  Thclyportium.    Petals  with  narrow  claw  and  flat  linear  to  rounded  limb,  much  ex- 

ceeding the  narrow  sepals,  usually  pink  to  purple.     Filaments  often  exserted.     Style 
short ;  stigma  mostly  entire.     Pod  sessile  or  short-stipitate. 
•H-  •»-*•  Flowers  yellow. 

8.  Stanley  a.    Pod  somowhat  terete,  long-stipitate.    Stigma  sessile,  entire.    Anthers  not 

sagittate,  spirally  coiled.    Leaves  entire  or  pinnatifid. 

9.  ICrysimum.    Pod  4-angled,  sessile.     Stigma  2-lobed.     Anthers  sagittate,  not  coiled. 

Leaves  narrow,  entire  or  repandly  toothed. 

•«-  •*-  Pod  linear,  mostly  less  than  1  inch  long  ;  valves  1  to  3-nerved  ;  seeds  in  1  or  2  rows, 
globose  to  oblong  :  flowers  usually  yellow  (white  or  pinkish  in  Smeloivslcia) :  at  least 
the  lower  leaves  pinuatifid.1 

1  Lrassica,  an  introduced  genus,  may  be  looked  for  in  this  group,  differing  from  the  other 
genera  in  its  nearly  terete  pod  with  a  long  stout  beak,  globose  seeds  with  the  cotyledons 
infolding  the  radicle,  and  long  sagittate  anthers.  See  foot-note,  p.  23. 


16  CEUCIFEE^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

10.  Barbarea.    Pod  somewhat  4-angled,  pointed.    Seeds  oblong ;  cotyledons  nearly  ac- 

cumbent.    Anthers  short,  oblong.      Leaves  lyrately-piimatifid.     A  smooth  marsh 
perennial 

11.  Sisymbrium.     Pod  nearly  terete,  short-pointed  or  obtuse.    Seeds  oblong ;  cotyle- 

dons incumbent    Anthers  linear-oblong,  sagittate.    Mostly  annual,  with  finely  dis- 
sected or  entire  leaves. 

12.  Smelowskia.     Pod  short,  4-angled,  pointed  at  each  end.     Alpine  perennials  with 

narrowly  pinnatifid  leaves ;  otherwise  as  Sisymbrium. 

•t-  +-  -i-  Pod  oblong-cylindric  to  globose  ;  valves  strongly  convex,  nerveless ;  seeds  in  2 
rows,  cotyledons  accumbent.1 

13.  Nasturtium.     Pod  oblong  or  short-linear.      Flowers  white  or  yellow.     Smooth  or 

somewhat  hispid. 

14.  Vesicaria.    Pod  ovate  to  globose.     Seed  flattened.    Flowers  yellow.   Densely  stellate- 

canescent. 
*  #  *  Pod  more  or  less  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition,  which  is  narrower  than  the  valves  ; 

seeds  not  winged. 

•i-  Valves  1-nerved  or  obtusely  carinate,  not  winged  ;  cells  several-seeded  ;  cotyledons  in- 
cumbent :  flowers  white. 

15.  Subularia.     Pod  ovoid,  slightly  compressed.     A  dwarf  stomless  aquatic,  smooth, 

with  tufted  subulate  leaves. 

16.  Capsella*    Pod  obcordate  or  oblong,  much  compressed.    Nearly  smooth  annuals. 

•*-  •»-  Valves  acutely  carinate  or  winged ;  cells  few  (1  to  5)-seeded  ;  cotyledons  accumbent 
(mostly  incumbent  in  Lepidiu/n) :  flowers  white. 

17.  Thlaspi.    Pod  cuneate-oblong ;  valves  sharply  carinate ;  cells  2  to  4-seeded.    A  smooth 

alpine  perennial  with  entire  leaves. 

18.  Lepitlium.    Pod  orbicular  or  obovate,  2-winged  at  the  summit ;  cells  1  to  2-seeded. 
••-•«-•*-  Valves  inflated,  nerveless ;  cells  several-seeded ;   cotyledons  accumbent :  flowers 

yellow. 

19.  Physaria.     Pod  didymous  ;  cells  nearly  globular.    Stellate-cancscent  perennials  with 

entire  leaves. 

II.    Pod  of  2  indehiscent  cells,  separating  at  maturity  from  the  persistent  axis.2 

20.  Biscutella*     Cells  flat,  nearly  orbicular,  1-seeded.     Flowers  rather  large.      Stigma 

dilated  or  conical,  nearly  sessile. 

1.    DEABA,    L.        WHITLOW-GRASS. 

Sepals  equal.  Filaments  mostly  flattened,  without  teeth  :  anthers  rounded 
or  oval.  —  Leaves  entire  or  toothed. 

*  Sfems  scape-like,  leafless  (or  perhaps  1  or2-leaved). 

1.  D.  Stellata,  Jacq.  Scape  with  a  single  leaf,  pubescent:  leaves  oblong- 
oval,  tomentose  with  a  short  stellate  pubescence :  flowers  white. :  pedicels  puberulent : 
pods  oblong.  —  Uinta  and  Teton  Mountains,  and  far  northward. 

Var.  nivalis,  Regel.  Scape  naked  or  sometimes  with  one  or  two  leaves, 
pubescent :  leaves  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  canescent  with  a  stellate  pubescence : 
pods  narrowly  oblong,  and,  with  the  pedicels,  becoming  glabrous.  —  D.  nemorosa, 
var.  alpina,  of  the  Fl.  Colorado.  High  peaks  about  Mt.  Lincoln,  Colorado, 
and  in  Arctic  America. 

Var.  Johanms,  TCegel.  Scape  naked  or  with  a  single  leaf,  glabrous: 
leaves  ovate,  with  a  short  woolly  pubescence :  pods  long,  linear,  and  with  the  pedi- 

1  Camelina,  an  introduced  genus,  is  distinguished  by  its  pear-shaped  pod,  1-nerved  valves, 
incumbent  cotyledons,  and  small  yellow  flowers.    See  foot-note,  p.  25. 

2  Raphanus,  an  introduced  genus,  is  known  by  its  elongated  1-celled  or  transversely- 
jointed  pod,  which  is  attenuated  above.     See  foot-note,  p.  27. 


CRUCIFER^E.      (MUSTARD   FAMILY.)  17 

eels  glabrous.— D.  muricella,  Wahl.  ?  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.  21;  D.  nivalis  of 
Hayd.  Rep.  1870.     Uiuta  Mountaius  and  far  northward. 

2.  D.  crassifolia,  Grab.      Scape  naked  or  with  a  single  leaf,  1  to  3 
inches  high:  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  entire  or  somewhat  serrate,  ciliate  with 
simple  hairs :  flowers  small,  yellow  or  white :  petals  a  little  exceeding  the  sepals, 
retuse:  pods  ovate-elliptical,  glabrous.  —  Alpine,  from  Colorado  northward, 
and  in  California. 

3.  D.  alpina,  L.     Bather  rigid :  scape  naked,  mostly  somewhat  hirsute  : 
leaves  spatulate-lanceolate,  more  or  less  pilose  with  branching  hairs  :  petals  yellow, 
more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals :   pods  somewhat  corymbed,  oblong- 
elliptical.  —  Alpine,  Colorado,  Uiutas,  and  northward  to  Arctic  America. 

Var.  glacialis,  Dickie.  Dwarf:  leaves  more  rigid,  linear  or  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  more  or  less  strongly  cariuate,  stellate  pubescent,  not  ciliate :  pods 
short-ovate,  pubescent  — D.  glacialis  of  Hayd.  Rep.  1871,  1872.  Teaks  about 
Yellowstone  Lake  and  far  northward. 

*  #  Stems  leaf u. 
•»-  Flowers  white. 

4.  D.  incana,  L.     Hoary  pubescent,  seldom  branching  at  the  base:  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  linear,  or  the  lower  spatulate:  pods  oblong-lanceolate,  often 
pubescent,  on  short  erect  pedicels. 

Var.  conf usa,  Poir.  Leaves  sparingly  toothed  :  pods  pubescent.  —  Moun- 
tains of  Colorado  and  in  British  America. 

5.  D.  CUneifolia,  Nutt.      Hirsute-pubescent  throughout  with  branching 
hairs,  usually  branching  at  base,  leafy  below  or  only  at  base  :  leaves  obovate  or 
spatulate  with  a  narrow  or  cuneate  base,  sparingly  toothed  toward  the  apex : 
pods  linear-oblong,  somewhat  pubescent  with  short  ascending  hairs,  on  spread- 
ing pedicels.  —  Southern  Colorado,  eastward,  and  probably  westward. 

•»-  -t-   Flowers  yellow  (white  in  one  variety  of  No.  7). 
•w-  Pods  glabrous  (except  in  one  variety  of  No.  7). 

6.  D.  stenoloba,  Ledeb.     Somewhat  vil/ous  with  spreading  hairs,  glabrous 
above :   stems  erect,  with  divergent  or  decumbent  branches  near  the  base : 
leaves  oblanceolate,  rather  thin,  rarely  and  sparingly  toothed  ;  the  cauline  few 
and  sessile  :  petals  bright  or  pale  yellow  :  pods  linear,  in  an  elongated  raceme 
on  spreading  scattered  pedicels ;   stifle  none.  —  D.   nemorosa,  var.  lutea,  of  Bot. 
King's  Exp.  22.     Colorado  mountains,  the  Uintas  and  Wahsatch,  and  west- 
ward to  California. 

7.  D.  nemorosa,  L.     Leaves  oblong  or  somewhat  lanceolate,  more  or  less 
toothed :  racemes  elongated  :  petals  ernarginate,  small :  pods  elliptical-oblong, 
half  the  length  of  the  horizontal  or  wideli/  spreading  pedicels. 

Var.  leiocarpa,  Lindb.  Often  with  stem  nearly  or  quite  leafless,  and 
petals  sometimes  pinkish-white :  sepals  sparsely  hirsute :  pedicels  scarcely  ex- 
ceeding or  even  shorter  than  the  glabrous  pods.  —  D.  nemorosa,  var.  lutea,  of 
Fl.  Colorado  and  Hayd.  Rep.  1871.  Colorado  and  throughout  Yellowstone 
Park. 

Var.  hebecarpa,  Lindb.  Pubescent :  stem  branched  :  pods  pubescent, 
one  third  the  length  of  the  pedicels.  —  D.  nemorosa  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.  22  and 
Hayd.  Rep.  1871.  In  the  mountains  from  Colorado  to  Arctic  America. 

2 


18  CRUCIFER^E.    (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

8.  D.  chrysantha,  Watson.     Stems  decumbent  or  erect  from  a  branch- 
ing rootstock,  which  becomes  covered  with  the  persistent  bases  of  dead  leaves, 
sparingly  pubescent  with  simple  hairs:  basal  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate, 
mostly  entire;  the  cauline  oblauceolate  to  lanceolate  :  flowers  bright  yellow: 
pod  oblong,  acute  at  each  end  and  beaked  by  a  slender  style.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xvii.  364.     In  the  high  mountains  of    Colorado  and  southward  into 

Arizona. 

•w-  -i-+  Pods  not  glabrous. 

9.  D.  moiitana,  Watson.     Hoary-villous  with  simple  or  branching  rigid 
hairs,  rather  stoat,  erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  becoming  a  span  high 
or  less :  leaves  rosulate  and  rather  crowded  at  and  above  the  base  of  the  stem, 
oblanceolate,  sparingly  toothed  :  pods  linear-oblong,  obtusish,  roughly  puberulent, 
nearly  erect  upon  spreading  pedicels;   style  none.  —  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi.  63. 
Colorado. 

10.  D.  aiirea,  Vahl.     More  or  less  canescenily  stellate  pubescent  and  usually 
somewhat  villous  with  branching  hairs:  stems  3  to  18  inches  high,  solitary  or 
several  from  the  same  root,  simple  or  branched  :  leaves  oblanceolate,  petioled ; 
the  upper  sessile,  oblong  to    oblong-ovate,  entire   or  sometimes   sparingly 
toothed  :  petals  yellow  fading  to  white :  pods  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate  upward 
into  a  short  style,  puberulent,  often  somewhat  twisted.  —  From  Colorado  to  .British 
America. 

Var.  stylosa,  Gray.  Style  as  long  as  in  the  next. —  Southwestern 
Colorado. 

11.  D.  Streptocarpa,  Gray.     A  span  high,  with  simple  or  simply  forked, 
long,  rigid,  shaggy,  spreading  hairs :  radical  leaves  rosulate,  spatulate-lanceolate, 
attenuated  into  a  large-margined  petiole  ;  cauline  very  entire,  sessile :  racemes 
often  paniculate :  petals  golden-yellow :  pods  linear  or  oblong-ovate,  minutely  or 
strongly  hispid-cilinte,  usually  much  twisted  with  often  3  or  4  turns  ;  style  long. 
—  In  the  mountains  of  Colorado  to  the  very  summit,  the  alpine  forms  being 
much  dwarfed. 

12.  D.  vcntosa,    Gray.      Depressed  and  cespitose,  canescenily  tomentose 
throughout,   the   pubescence    stellate :    leaves   crowded  on   the   mostly  tufted 
branches,  spatulate-oblong  or  obovate,  entire :  peduncle  in  fruit  exserted  be- 
yond the  leaves:  petals  golden-yellow:  pod  oval  or  orbicular,  tomentulose-hirsute, 
tipped  with  a  short  distinct  style.  —  Am.  Naturalist,  viii.  212.    "  On  a  high  rocky 
peak  overlooking  Snake  and  Wind  River  valleys,"  Parry, 

2.     CARDAMINE,    L.         BITTER  CRESS. 

Sepals  equal.  Pod  linear,  seeds  in  one  row.  —  Growing  in  wet  places, 
usually  with  running  rootstocks  or  small  tubers ;  leaves  all  petioled,  simple  or 
pinnate. 

1.  C.  COrdifolia,  Gray.     Stem  I  to  3  feet  high,  erect,  simple,  leafy  to  the 
top :  leaves  cordate,  sparingly  repand-dentate  or  angular-toothed,  ciliate,  2  to  4 
inches  across  ;  lowest  orbicular ;  upper  triangular-cordate  :  flowers  rather  large  : 
pods  erect. —  C.  rhomboidea  of   Hayd.  Rep.  1871.     From  New  Mexico  and 
Colorado  to  Oregon. 

2.  C.  Breweri,  Watson.     Stem  6  to  18  inches  high,  flcxuous,  decumbent  at 
base,  usually  simple :  leaflets  1  or  2  pairs,  rounded  or  oblong,  the  terminal  much 


(MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  19 

the  largest,  entire  or  coarsely  sinuate-toothed  or  lobed,  often  cordate  at  base ; 
radical  leaves  mostly  simple  and  cordate-reuiform  :  pods  obtuse  or  scarcely 
beaked  with  a  short  style,  ascending.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  339.  C.  pau- 
cisecta  of  Hayd.  Rep.  1870,  1871,  1872.  From  Wyoming  to  California  and 
Oregon. 

3.  C.  hirsuta,  L.  Stem  3  to  12  inches  high,  erect  or  ascending  from  a 
spreading  cluster  of  root-leaves :  leaflets  3  to  7  pairs,  rounded ;  those  of  the 
upper  leaves  oblong  or  linear  and  often  confluent:  flowers  small:  pods  erect  of 
ascending  in  line  with  the  pedicels ;  «tyle  very  short  or  almost  noiie.  —  From 
Colorado  to  Alaska  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

3.    PARRYA,  R.  Br. 

Style  rather  short ;  lobes  of  the  stigma  connate.  Seeds  flat,  orbicular,  with 
a  broad  membranous  border.  —  Low  herbs,  with  thick  perennial  roots  and 
numerous  scapes  with  racemed  flowers. 

1.  P.  nudicaulis,  Regel.  Rootstock  fusiform:  scape  4  to  6  inches 
high  :  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  incisely  toothed  :  petals  rose-color  or  purple, 
retuse  :  pods  broadly  linear,  erect,  slightly  incurved,  somewhat  constricted 
between  the  seeds,  which  are  slightly  corrugated. 

Var.  aspera,  Hegel.     Pilose  with  glandular  hairs. 

Var.  glabra,  Regel.  Whole  plant  glabrous.  —  Both  varieties  are  included 
in  the  P.  macrocarpa.  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.  14  and  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  88. 
Near  the  summit  of  one  of  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Uiutas  {  Watson). 

4.    ARAB  IS,   L.        ROCK  CRESS. 

Anthers  short,  hardly  emarginate  at  base.  Stigma  entire  or  somewhat 
2-lobed.  Pod  linear.  Seeds  flat  and  usually  winged.  —  Erect,  with  perpen- 
dicular roots  and  undivided  leaves,  the  cauliue  usually  clasping  and  auricled 
at  base. 

#  Biennials  :  pods  erect  or  ascending :  flowers  small,  white  or  nearly  so. 

1.  A.  perfoliata,  Lam.      Glaucous:   stem  stout,  usually  simple,  2  to  4 
feet  high,  mostly  glabrous  but  often  hirsute  toward  the  base :  lower  leaves  spatu- 
late,  sinuate-pinnatlfld  or  toothed ;  the  cauliue  entire,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
clasping  by  the  sagittate  base :  petals  little  exceeding  the  sepals :  pods  erect  and 
usually  oppressed,  narrowly  linear;  style  short:  seeds  in  two  roivs,  narrowly 
winged  or  wingless.  —  Across  the  continent  and  fur  northward. 

2.  A.  hirsuta,  Scop.     Rough-hairy,  sometimes  smoothish,  1  to  2  feet  high : 
leaves  often  rosulate  at  the  base ;  the  cauline  ovate  to  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
entire  or  toothed,  partly  clasping  by  a  somewhat  sagittate  or  cordate  base  :  petals 
greenish-white,  longer  than  the  sepals :  pedicels  and  pods  strictly  upright ;  style 
scar  cell/  any :  seeds  in  one  row,  wingless.  —  Colorado  and  northward,  and  east- 
ward across  the  continent. 

3.  A.  spathulata,  Nutt.     Hirsute,  dwarf  and  somewhat  cespitose,  about 
4  inches  high  :  root  thick,  crowned  with  vestiges  of  former  leaves  and  stems  : 
leaves  spatulate-oblong,  entire;  radical  leaves  on  rather  long  petioles:   petals 
al>out  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals:  pedicel  about  half  the  length  of  the  pod, 
which  is  rather  short,  diverging,  pointed  with  a  distinct  slender  style :  seeds  with 


20  CEUCIFER^E.    (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

a  narrow  margin.  —  Along  the  Platte  and  westward  to   W.   Nevada    and 
Oregon. 

4.  A.  lyrata,  L.     Low,  diffuse  or  spreading  from  the  base,  mostly  glabrous, 
except  the  lyrate-pinnatifid  root-leaves;   cauline  leaves  scattered,  spatulate  or 
linear  with  a  tapering  base:  petals  much  longer  than  the  yellowish  sepals:  pods 
ascending  or  spreading:   seeds  marginless.  —  From  Colorado  northward  and 
eastward. 

*  *  Mostly  perennials:  pods  usually  erect  or  ascending    flowers  mostly  larger 
and  deeper-colored. 

5.  A.  Drurnmondii,  Gray.      Scarcely  glaucous,  1  to  2  feet  h/'gh :   stem- 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-linear  and  sagittate,  or  the  lowest  spatulate :  petals 
white  or  rose-color,  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  sepnls  :   pedicels  and  pods 
loosely  erect  or  ascending  or  spreading:   seeds  wing-margined.  —  Throughout 
the  whole  Rocky  Mountain  region  and  eastward  across  the  continent.     Very 
variable. 

6.  A.  Lyalli,  Watson.     Bright  green  or  glaucous  and  glabrous,  sometimes 
villous  below,  rarely  more  or  less  canescent  with  stellate  pubescence :  stems 
slender  from  a  branching  base,  2  to  15  inches  high :  radical  leaves  oblanceolate, 
entire ;  cauline  oblong-lanceolate,  clasping  by  a  sagittate  base :   petals  light 
pink,  twice  longer  than  the  sepals:    style  none:    seeds  in   2  rows,  narrowly 
winged. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.   122.      A.  Drummondii,   var.   alpina,  of   Fl. 
Colorado  ;md  Ilayd.  Rep.  1871, 1872.     Alpine  and  subalpine.     Colorado,  Utah, 
Wyoming,  and  westward. 

7.  A.  canescens,  Nutt.     Densely  and  finely  stellate-pubescent,  2  to  G  inches 
high,  tufted :  leaves  narrowly  linear-oblanceolate  to  broadly  spatulate,  entire  ; 
cauline  oblong  and  clasping:  petals  pale-purple:  pods  glabrous,  tipped  by  a 
thick  nearly  sessile  stigma,  more  or  less  spreading  or  reflexed  on  short  pedicels  : 
seeds  in  1  row,  broadly  winged.  —  Wyoming  to  Nevada  and  California. 

*  *  *  Perennial :  pods  rejlexed  or  recurved :  style  none. 

8.  A.  HolbCBllii,  Ilornem.    More  or  less  stellate-pubescent,  rarely  hirsute 
or  even  glabrous  :  stem  \  to  2  feet  high,  simple  or  branching :  lower  leaves 
spatulate,  entire  or  denticulate  :  petals  twice  longer  than  the  sepals,  white  or 
rose-color  or  rarely  purple,  becoming  reflexed.  —  A.  retrofmcta,  Grah.     From 
the  Sierra  Nevada  to  New  Mexico  and  Arctic  America,  and  eastward  to  the 
Saskatchewan. 

5.    STREPTANTHTJS,  Nutt. 

Anthers  elongated,  sagittate;  longer  filaments  sometimes  connate.  Stigma 
simple.  Pod  linear.  Seeds  flat,  broadly  winged.  —  Ours  is  a  perennial,  with 
stem-leaves  clasping  by  a  broad  auriculate  base. 

1.  S.  COrdatUS,  Nutt.  Glabrous  or  glaucous:  stem  simple,  1  to  2  feet 
high,  rather  stout :  leaves  thick,  usually  repandly  toothed  toward  the  apex, 
the  teeth  often  setosely  tipped  ;  lower  leaves  spatulate-ovate  or  obovate  ; 
cauline  cordate  to  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate :  petals  about  half  longer  than 
the  sepals,  greenish-yellow  to  purple :  pods  nearly  straight,  loosely  spreading. 
—  Mountains  of  Arizona,  Colorado,  and  Wyoming,  and  west  to  the  Sierra 
Nevada. 


CEUCIFEE^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  21 


6.  CAULANTHUS,  Watson. 

Sepals  large,  nearly  equally  saccate  at  base.  Anthers  linear,  curved. — 
Ours  are  stout  perennials,  with  lyrate  and  entire  leaves  and  greenish-yellow 
flowers. 

1.  C.  hastatus,  Watson.  Glabrous,  simple  or  somewhat  branched: 
leaves  petioled,  very  variable;  radical  ones  lyrate  or  entire,  the  terminal 
leaflet  ovate,  hastate,  or  truncate  at  base,  the  lateral  leaflets  very  small ;  cauline 
ovate-oblong,  entire,  hastate,  rounded  or  cuueate  at  base :  flowers  in  a  loose 
virgate  raceme,  reflexed :  sepals  narrow,  distant:  petals  (sometimes  nearly 
wanting)  equalling  the  sepals,  toothed  on  the  sides  :  pods  spreading.  —  Bot. 
King's  Exp.  28,  with  plate.  On  shaded  slopes  in  the  Wahsatch  and  Uinta 
Mountains. 

7.  THELYPODIUM,  Endl. 

Sepals  narrow,  equal  at  base.  Anthers  linear,  curved.  —  Mostly  stout  and 
coarse  biennials. 

*  Leaves  entire. 

1.  T.  integrifolium,  Endl.     Stem  3  to  5  feet  high,  attenuated  upward 
and  sending  out  numerous  branches  toward  the  summit:  radical  leaves  petioled, 
oblong-elliptical;  cauline  lanceolate,  sessile,  uppermost  nearly  linear:  flowers 
crowded,  pale   rose-color:    pedicels   almost  horizontal :    pod   short,  abruptly 
pointed,  on  a  short  stipe.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  the   Upper  Missouri  and 
Oregon ;  also  in  California. 

2.  T.  linearifolium,  Watson.     Stem  1  foot  or  more  high,  often  branched 
from  the  base,  erect,  paniculate  at  the  top :  leaves  linear,  or  the  lower  lance- 
olate, sessile :    sepals  turning   purplish :    petals   rose-purple :    pods   erect,   on 
spreading  pedicels,  very  slender,  teretish,  apiculate  with  a  very  short  style.  — 
Bot.  King's  Exp.  25.     Streptanthus  linear  if olius,  Gray.     Wyoming,  Colorado, 
and  southward. 

3.  T.  sagittatum,  Endl.     Stems  weak,  rarely  erect,  12  to  18  inches  high: 
radical  leaves  long-petioled,  lanceolate;    cauline  sagittate  and  clasping:    sepals 
purplish :    petals   pale   pink :    pods  somewhat   torulose,   acuminate   with   the 
rather  long  style,  spreading.  —  W.  Wyoming,  S.  W.  Montana,  to  Utah   and 
Nevada. 

4.  T.  Nuttallii,  Watson.     Resembling  the  last  but  stouter  and  more  erect, 
3  to  5  feet  high :  radical  leaves  ovate :  sepals  and  petals  bright  purple,  rarely 
whitish. — Bot.  King's  Exp.  26.     Streptanthus   sagittatus,  Nutt.      Wyoming 
and  Montana  to  Oregon  and  California. 

*  *  At  least  the  radical  leaves  toothed. 

5.  T.  Wrightii,  Gray.     Stem  2  to  3  feet  high :  leaves  lanceolate,  f epand- 
dentate  or  denticulate,  all  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole :  flowering  racemes 
short  and  dense ;  pedicels  divaricate :  petals  scarcely  exceeding  the  sepals : 
pods  widely  spreading,  on  a  very  short  stipe.  —  Colorado  and  southward. 


22  CRUCIFER^E.    (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

8.    STANLEYA,  Nutt. 

Sepals  narrow,  spreading,  yellow.  Petals  with  long  connivent  claws.  Fila- 
ments much  elongated.  —  Stout  perennials  with  large  flowers  in  elongated 
racemes. 

1.  S.  pinnatifida,  Nutt.     Stems  2  to  3  feet  high,  decumbent  at  base: 
lower  leaves  lyrate-pinnatljid ;  upper  leaves  entire,  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  base 
to  a  slender  petiole :  pods  somewhat  torulose,  twice  longer  than  the  stipe.  — 
S.  integrifolia,  James.    From  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  to  the  head-waters  of 
the  Missouri,  eastward  to  Western  Iowa,  and  westward  to  California. 

2.  S.  tomcntosa,  Parry.     Stems  1  to  3  feet  high,  very  stout,  white-villous 
or  hirsute  throughout:   radical  and  lower  leaves  as  in  the  last;  upper  ones 
entire  and  hastate,  passing  into  lanceolate  and  finally  subulate  bracts :  raceme 
very  dense  and  thick,  cylindrical,  becoming  1  to  1£  feet  long,  with  pale  cream- 
colored  flowers.  — Am.  Naturalist,  viii.  212.    "  Owl  Creek,  Wyoming,  on  dry 
slopes,"  Parry. 

3.  S   Viridiflora,  Nutt.     Stems  2  to  4  feet  high,  simple,  erect,  glabrous : 
radical  leaves  obovate  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  with  a  few  ruucinate  teeth  towards 
the  base ;  cauline  lanceolate,  clasping :  sepals  and  petals  greenish-yellow :  pods 
torulose.  —  N.  Nevada,  Utah,  Wyoming,  and  northward. 

9.    ERYSIMTJM,    L. 

Sepals  erect,  the  alternate  ones  strongly  gibbous  at  base.  Petals  long- 
clawed,  with  a  flat  blade.  —  Leaves  not  clasping ;  the  flowers  often  large, 
yellow  or  orange,  or  occasionally  purple. 

*  Flowers  small :  pods  small  and  short. 

1.  E.    Cheiranthoides,   L.      Minutely   roughish,   slender,   branching: 
leaves  lanceolate,   scarcely  toothed :    pods  very  obtusely  angled,  ascending 
on  slender  divergent  pedicels.  —  From  Colorado  to  Arctic  America  and 
westward. 

*  *  Flowers  showy  :  pods  elongated. 

2.  E.  asperum,  DC.     Canescent  with  short  oppressed  hairs:  stems  soli- 
tary and  simple,  rarely  branched  above :  leaves  oblanceolate  or  narrowly  spatu- 
late ;  the  caulilie  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  sparingly  repand :  petals 
light  yellow  to  deep  orange  or  purple  :  pods  ascending  on  stout  spreading  pedicels. 
• — From  Mexico  to  British  America,  and  from  California  to  Texas  and  Ohio. 

Var.  Arkansanum,  Gray.  Minutely  roughish-hoary :  leaves  lanceolate, 
somewhat  toothed  :  pods  nearly  erect  on  very  short  pedicels,  exactly  4-sided.  — 
On  the  plains  and  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  eastward. 

3.  E.  pumilum,  Nutt.     Somewhat  scabrous:  stems  2   to  4   inches  high: 
leaves  linear,  all  entire :  flowers  pale  yellow :  pods  flatly  4-sided,  very  long, 
erect,  on  very  short  pedicels.  —  E.  asperum,  var.  pumilum,  and  Hcspei-is  Pallasii 
of  Fl.  Colorado.     Alpine  in  Colorado,  also  in  the  foothills  of  Nevada. 

4.  E.  parviflorum,  Nutt.    Canescent  and  scabrous :  stem  low  and  simple : 
leaves  all  linear  or  somewhat  lanceolate,  almost  wholly  entire,  densely  clustered 
at  the  base  of  the  stem  :  flowers  small,  sulphur-yellow:  pods  erect.  —  E.  asperum, 
var.  inconspicuum,  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.  24  and  Bot.  Calif,  i.  39.    Nevada  to  the 
Saskatchewan. 


CEUCIFER^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  23 

1O.    BARB  ARE  A,    R.  Br.        WINTKR  CRESS. 

Valves  somewhat  carinate.  Seeds  in  one  row,  turgid,  margiuless.  —  Erect 
and  brandling,  with  angled  stems. 

1.  B.  VUlgaris,  R.  Br.  Stem  1  to  3  feet  high:  lower  leaves  lyrate* 
pinnatifid,  with  a  larger  rounded  terminal  lobe  and  1  to  5  pairs  of  lateral 
ones ;  upper  leaves  obovate,  more  or  less  piuuatifid  at  base :  pods  erect,  often 
appressed.  —  From  Oregon  eastward. 


11.    SISYMBRIUM,1    L.        HEDGE  MUSTARD. 

Sepals  scarcely  gibbous  at  base.  Seeds  not  margined.  —  Erect  herbs,  with 
small  flowers,  the  leaves  not  clasping  or  auriculate,  rarely  entire. 

*  Leaves  pinnate  or  bipinnate. 

1.  S.   canescens,   Nutt.      Canescent  with  short  branching  hairs:   stems 
£  to  2£  feet  high  :  leaves  1  to  2-piimate,  with  the  segments  more  or  less  deeply 
pinnatifid  or  toothed  :  pods  acute  at  each  end  and  pointed  with  the  very  short 
style,  shorter  than  the  slender  spreading  pedicels  :    seeds  in  two  rows.  —  Very 
common  on  the  plains  and    in  the  mountains.      From  Colorado  to  Arctic 
America,  westward  to  California,  and  eastward  to  New  York  and  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

2.  S.  incisum,  Engelm.     Pubescence  short,  more  or  less  glandular :  stems 
1  to  4  feet  high :  leaves  pinnate,  with  the  segments  linear  to  ovate-oblong, 
more  or  less  deeply  piunatifid,  sometimes  entire :  pods  pointed  at  both  ends, 
mostly  exceeding  the  spreading  pedicels :  seeds  in  one  row.  —  S.   Calif  or  nicum, 
Watson  in  Bot.  King's  Exp.  23.     Oregon  and  Washington  Territory,  east- 
ward to  Winnipeg  Valley  and  southward  to  New  Mexico. 

*  *  Leaves  entire  or  toothed. 

3.  S.    glaucum,   Nutt.      Glaucous,  about   1    foot   high:    radical  leaves 
small,   spatulate ;   cauline  ovate,  sagittate  and  clasping,  rather  acute  :  floicers 
very  small,  pale  purple :  pods  erect :  seeds  in  one  or  two  rows.  —  South  Park, 
Colorado,  and  northwestward  to  Oregon. 

4.  S.  virgatum,  Nutt.     Canescently  hirsute  with  simple  and  stellate  hairs: 
stem  about  a  span  high,  virgately  branched  from  the  base :  leaves  lanceolate- 
linear,  clasping ;  lower  ones  denticulate  or  entire :  flowers  larger,  pale  purple  : 
pods  erect :  seeds  in  two  rows.  —  On  the  Platte  and  its  tributaries. 

5.  S.  linifolium,  Nutt.     Glabrous  and  glaucous,  1  to  l£  feet  high  :  leaves 
.narrowly  oblanccolate  or  linear:  flowers  light  yellow:  pods  ascending  on  short 

spreading  pedicels,  with  short  thick  styles  :  seeds  in  one  row.  —  S.  junceum  of 
Hayd.  Rep.  1871,  1872.  W.  Wyoming  and  northwestward  through  Montana 
and  Idaho. 

1  BRASSICA  is  an  allied  genus,  represented  in  our  range  by  the  following  introduced 
species  :  — 

B.  Sinapistrum,  Boiss.  Known  by  its  rough  spreading  hairs,  lower  leaves  usually  with  a 
large  coarsely  toothed  terminal  lobe,  upper  leaves  often  undivided,  and  the  pods  more  than 
a  third  occupied  by  the  stout  2-edgcd  beak.  —  Around  settlements  in  S.  Montana  and  Idaho, 
;uid  undoubtedly  elsewhere. 


24  CKUCIFER^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

12.     SMELOWSKIA,    C.A.Meyer. 

Dwarf  alpine  perennials,  distinguished  from  Sisymbrium  by  the  short 
4-angled  pods. 

1.  S.  calycina,  C.  A.  Meyer.  Densely  white-tomentose  to  nearly  gla- 
brous, cespitose,  the  much-branched  rootstock  thickly  covered  with  the  shoath- 
ing  bases  of  dead  leaves  :  leaves  mostly  radical  and  with  long  slender  petioles, 
pinnate  or  pinnatifid ;  segments  linear  to  oblong  :  pod  beaked  with  a  short 
style  and  broad  stigma,  ascending  on  spreading  pedicels  :  seeds  in  one  row. 
—  From  Colorado  to  California  and  Oregon,  and  northward. 


13.    N  A  S  T  U  R  TI U  M,   R.  Br.        WATEK-CRESS. 

Growing  in  water  or  in  moist  places,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  with  the  leaves 
pinnatifid  or  lyrate. 

*  Flowers  small,  yellow  or  yellowish. 

1.  N.  ObtUSUin,  Nutt.     Glabrous  or  nearly  so:  stems  much  branched: 
leaves  pinnately  parted  or   divided,   often   lyrate,   decurrent;    segments   oblong- 
roundish,  obtusely  toothed  or  repand :  racemes  elongated  in  fruit :  pods  ovate 
to  linear-oblong,  twice  the  length  of  the  pedicels  ;  style  short.  —  From  Colorado 
to  the  headwaters  of  the  Yellowstone  and  eastward.     Growing  in  the  spray  of 
the  Lower  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone. 

Var.  (?)  alpinum,  Watson.  Dwarf:  leaves  oblong,  entire  or  with  a  few 
teeth  or  coarsely  lyratc-pinnatifid :  pods  mostly  shorter  than  the  pedicels.  —  Bot. 
King's  Exp.  15.  Uinta  Mountains. 

2.  N.  palustre,  DC.      Stout,  glabrous,  erect,   1   to  3  feet  high:    leares 
lanceolate,  lyrately-pinnatijid,  petioled :    pods  oblong,   equalling   the   spreading 
pedicels,  tipped  by  the  prominent  style.  —  E.  California  to  Colorado,  thence 
northward  and  eastward. 

Var.  hispidum,  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Somewhat  hispid :  pods  shorter,  globose- 
oblong.  —  The  more  common  form. 

3.  3ST.  CUrvisiliqua,  Nutt.      Smooth,  usually  erect,  %  to  1   foot  high  : 
leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  pinnatijid  with  oblong  usually  toothed  lobes, 
rarely  only  sinuate-toothed  :   pods  rather  slender  on  pedicels  of  about  the 
same  length,  both  often  strongly  curved;  style  prominent  or  none.  —  W.  Wyo- 
ming and  Idaho  to  Washington  Terr,  and  California. 

4.  N.   sinuatum,  Nutt.      Stems  diffuse,  slender,  decumbent,  smooth  or 
slightly  roughened,  from  perennial   creeping   or  subterranean   shoots :    leaves 
lanceolate,  usually  narrow,  regularly  sinuate-pinnatifid  with  numerous   linear- 
oblong  nearly  entire  lobes :  pods  linear,   tipped  with  the  long  style,  becoming 
curved,  as  also  the  slender  pedicel.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  the  Upper  Missis- 
sippi and  westward  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

*  *  Flowers  whiteJ- 

5.  N.    trachycarpum,    Gray.      Nearly    glabrous,    erect,    branching: 
leaves    lyrate-subpinnatifid :    pods  oblong-linear,  papillose-roughened,   curved- 

1  N.  officinale,  R.  Br.,  is  a  smooth  procumbent  aquatic  rooting  at  the  joints,  with  pinnate 
leaves  and  sinuate  leaflets,  and  with  spreading  pedicels  and  a  short  thick  style.  —  Intro- 
duced in  the  streams  about  Denver  and  Salt  Lake  City,  and  doubtless  elsewhere. 


CRUCIFER^E.     (MUSTAKD  FAMILY.)  25 

ascending  on  stout  pedicels,  soon  recurved,  shorter  than  the  long  subulate 
style. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  54.  S.  W.  Colorado  ou  the  San  Juan,  etc., 
Brandegee. 

14.    VE  SI  CAR  I  A,1   Tourn.        BLADDER-POD. 

Low  densely  stellate-canescent  herbs,  with  large  yellow  flowers,  entire  or 
sinuately  toothed  leaves,  and  long  slender  styles. 

*  Pod  smooth. 

1.  V.  Fendleri,  Gray.     Low,  spreading  from  a  thick  woody  caudex : 
leaves  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  crowded,   mostly  entire :    raceme   densely 
many-flowered  :  pod  membrauaceous.  —  PI.  Fendl.  9.     V.  stenophylla,  Gray,  of 
Fl.  Colorado,  6.     Southern  Colorado  and  southward. 

*  *  Pod  hairy. 

2.  V.  Ludoviciana,  DC.     Stem  simple  or  somewhat  branched  above : 
radical  leaves  spatulate,  entire;  cauline  linear :  pod  oborate,  globose,  a  little  longer 
than  the  style.  —  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

3.  V.  montana,  Gray.     Stems  spreading,  leafy :   radical  leaves  subocate, 
petioled,  sometimes  1  or  2-toothed  ;  cauline  spatulate:  fruiting  raceme  elongated: 
pod  oval  or  ellipsoidal,  a  little  longer  than  the  style  and  a  little  shorter  than  the 
upwardly  curving  spreading  pedicel.  — Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming, 
also  in  California  and  Oregon. 

4.  V.  alpina,  Nutt.     Dwarf  and  ccspitose :  leaves  linear-spatulate,  entire  : 
flowers  in  short  corymbose  racemes,  large  for  the  size  of  the  plant :    pod 
inflated  belotc,  compressed  at  the  summit,  shorter  than  the  stifle,  densely  clothed  with 
stellate  hairs.  —  W.  Wyoming  and  S.  W.  Montana. 

15.    SUBTIL  ARIA,  L.        AWLWORT. 

A  dwarf  stemless  aquatic,  smooth,  with  tufted  subulate  leaves,  few  minute 
white  flowers,  and  no  style. 

1.  S.  aquatica,  L.  Scapes  1  to  3  inches  high :  leaves  usually  shorter 
than  the  scapes :  flowers  scattered :  petals  not  exserted :  pods  obtuse,  about 
equalling  the  pedicels.  —  In  great  abundance  at  the  head  of  Yellowstone 
Lake,  Parry.  The  next  stations  to  the  east  are  in  New  Hampshire  and 
Maine. 

16.    CAPSELLA,   Moench.        SHEPHERD'S  PURSE. 

Slender  and  mostly  smooth  annuals,  with  small  white  flowers  and  simple  or 
pinnate  leaves.2 

1.  C.  divaricata,  Walp.  Glabrous,  very  slender  and  diffusely  branched : 
radical  leaves  pinnate  or  pinnatifid  with  few  lobes  ;  the  upper  oblanceolate  to 
linear,  entire :  pods  elliptic-oblong,  on  very  slender  spreading  pedicels.  — 
Colorado,  W.  Wyoming,  and  westward. 

1  Camelina  satim,  Crantz.,  is  an  annual,  with  lanceolate  arrow-shaped  leaves,  and  large 
margined  pods.  —  Known  as  "  False  Flax,"  and  introdur-cd  in  Colorado,  etc. 

2  C.  Bursa-pastoris,  Mcmcli,  is  usually  somewhat  hirsute  at  base,  with  radical  leaves 
mostly  runcinate-pinnatifid,  cauline  lanceolate  and  auricled  at  base,  and  pods  euneate- 
triangular,  truncate  above.  —  Naturalized  wherever  civilized  man  is  found. 


20  CRUCIFEE^E.    (MUSTAEJD  FAMILY.) 

17.    THLASPI,    L.        PENNYCKESS. 

Pod  usually  emarginate.  Style  rather  long.  Seeds  somewhat  turgid.  — 
Low  glabrous  herbs  with  simple  stems ;  lower  leaves  rosulate,  entire  or 
toothed,  the  cauliue  oblong,  auricled  and  clasping ;  flowers  white  or  pinkish. 

1.  T.  alpestre,  L.  Eadical  leaves  petioled,  ovate  or  obovate:  pods 
acutely  margined  but  not  winged.  —  T.  cochleariforme,  DC.,  of  Hayd.  Kep. 
1872;  T.  Fendleri,  Gray,  of  Hayd.  Rep.  1870.  From  New  Mexico  to  British 
America  and  westward. 

18.    LEPIDIUM,    L.        PEPPERGRASS. 

Low  herbs  with  pinnatifid  or  toothed  leaves  and  small  white  flowers. 
#  Petals  ttorte :  stamens  2  or  4. 

1.  L.  intermedium,  Gray.    Erect  and  branching,  puberulent  or  gla- 
brous :  lower  leaves  toothed  or  piuuatifid  ;  the  upper  often  entire,  oblanceolato 
or  linear :  pod  smooth  or  rarely  puberulent,  very  shortly  winged  with  some- 
what divergent  obtuse  teeth,  on  spreading  pedicels.  —  L.  ruderale  of  Hayd. 
Kep.  1870.    From  Texas  to  Hudson's  Bay,  and  westward  to  S.  California 
and  the  Columbia  Valley.    Forms  with  small  petals  are  reported  from  Utah, 
New  Mexico,  Texas,  etc. 

*  #  Petals  conspicuous  :  stamens  6.1 

2.  Ii.  montanum,  Nutt.     Decumbent,  branches  many  from  a  long  some- 
what woody  root,  spreading  in  a  circular  manner  :  radical  leaves  more  or  less 
bipinnatifid;  upper  leaves  trifid  or  entire:  pods  indistinctly  reticulated,  elliptical, 
slightly  emarginate,  wingless,  with  a  conspicuous  style.  —  Plains  from  New  Mexico 
to  the  British  boundary,  and  in  California. 

3.  L.  alyssoides,  Gray.     Stems  diffuse,  branches  minutely  puberulent : 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  mucronulate,  attenuate  at  base,  very  entire,  lowest  often 
piunately  lobed :  racemes  dense,  corymbose :  po<ls  ocate,  shortly  winged  aliove  with 
acutish  teeth,  scarcely  emarginafce,  with  a  very  short  style.  —  In  dry  valleys  and 
on  hillsides  from  N.  Nevada  through  Colorado  to  Mexico. 

4.  L.  Premontii,  Watson.     Glabrous  and  glaucous,  diffusely  branched, 
from  a  somewhat  woody  base :  leaves  linear,  entire  or  sparingly  lolx-d :  racemes 
rather  short  and  few-flowered:  pods  rounded,  abruptly  cuneate  at  base,  slightly 
pmarqinate  with  short  very  obtuse  teeth.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  30,  with  plate.     S. 
Colorado  and  through  S.  Utah  to  Nevada  and  California. 

19.    PHYSABIA,   Nutt. 

Low  and  stellately  canescent  plants,  distinguished  by  the  inflated,  nearly 
globular  cells  of  the  didymous  pod. 

1.  P.  didymocarpa,  Gray.  Decumbent,  diffusely  branched:  radical 
leaves  broadly  spatulate,  occasionally  lyrate  ;  cauline  oblanceolate :  flowers 
showy :  pods  deeply  emarginate  above  and  below,  the  cells  usually  approxi- 
mate, but  sometimes  divergent.  —  From  Colorado  to  British  America  and 
westward  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

1  L.  sativum,  L.,  has  leaves  variously  divided  and  cat,  with  very  numerous  round-oval 
winged  pods,  and  flowers  sometimes  rose-color.  —  Introduced  in  Colorado,  Utah,  and  else- 
where. 


CAPPARIDACE^E.      (CAPER  FAMILY.)  27 


20     BISCUTELLA,1   L. 

Erect  stellate-pubescent  branching  herbs,  with  entire  or  pinnatifid  leaves, 
and  yellow  or  purplish  flowers. 

1.  B.  Wislizeni,  Benth.  &  Hook.  A  foot  or  more  high,  covered 
throughout  with  a  fine,  but  dense,  stellate  pubescence :  leaves  linear-lanceolate 
to  broadly  lanceolate,  entire,  slightly  undulate  or  deeply  pinnatifid :  each  half 
of  the  pod  roundish.  —  Dlthyrtea  Wislizeni,  Engelm.,  of  the  various  Western 
reports.  S.  W.  Colorado,  Brandeyee,  to  Arizona  and  Texas. 


ORDER  7.    CAPPARIDACE^E.     (CAPER  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  perfect  hypogynous  flowers,  sepals 
and  petals  as  in  Cmciferce,  stamens  6  or  more,  nearly  equal  in  length, 
pod  one-celled  with  2  parietal  placentae  and  kidney-shaped  seeds,  the 
embryo  incurved  rather  than  folded. 

*  Stamens  8  to  32. 

1.  Polaiiisia.     Flowers  whitish  or  purple.     Pod  elongated. 

*  *  Stamens  G. 

2.  Cleome.     Flowers  yellow  or  pink-purple.     Pod  oblong  or  linear,  many-seeded. 

3.  Cleoinella.    Flowers  yellow.     Pod  rhomboidal,  2-horned  or  globular,  few-seeded. 

1.    POLANISIA,   Raf. 

Sepals  sometimes  united  at  base.  Petals  with  claws  and  emarginate.  Pod 
compressed  or  cylindrical,  many-seeded.  —  Annual  herbs,  ill-scented  and  mostly 
glandular,  with  3-foliolate  petioled  leaves,  and  flowers  in  leafy  bracted  racemes. 

1.  P.  trachysperma,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Leaves  with  3  lanceolate  leaflets; 
floral  bracts  mostly  simple  :  petals  with  slender  claws  as  long  as  the  sepals : 
stamens  12  to  16,  exserted :  pod  very  rarely  on  a  short  slender  stipe :  seeds  finely 
pitted  and  often  warty.  —  P.  uniylandulosa  of  the  Fl.  Colorado  and  Bot.  King's 
Ex  p.     Colorado  and  Wyoming  to  the  Columbia  River,  and  eastward  to  Kan- 
sas and  Texas. 

2.  P.   graveolens,  Ilaf.     Leaves  with  3  oWony  leaflets :    flowers  small : 
calyx  and  filaments  purplish:  petals  yellowish-white:  stamens  about  1 1 ,  scarcely 
exceeding  the  jxi<tls :  pod  sliyhtly  stipitate.  —  Upper  Arkansas  Valley,  Colorado, 
and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.    CLEOME,  L. 

Sepals  sometimes  united  at  base.  Pod  stipitate,  many-seeded.  —  Erect 
brandling  annuals,  with  palmately  3  to  7-foliolate  leaves,  flowers  in  bracteate 
racemes,  and  pods  pendent  on  spreading  pedicels. 

1  Raphanus  sativus,  L.,  is  more  or  less  hispid,  witli  purple  or  rose-colored  flowers,  and 
an  inflated  long-pointed  pod.  —The  common  Radish,  running  wild  in  cultivated  grounds* 


28  VIOLACE^].     (VIOLET  FAMILY.) 

1.  C.  lutea,  Hook.     Smooth  or  slightly  pubescent,   1  to  2  feet  high: 
leaflets  5,  linear-  to  oblong-lanceolate :  flowers  showy,  bright  yellow,  corymbose, 
the  raceme  elongated  in  fruit :   stamens  much  exserted :   pod  equalling  or 
much  longer  than  the  stipe.  —  C.  aurea,  Nufct.    Abundant  in  the  valleys  of 
Colorado  and  Wyoming,  and  westward  to  Nevada  and  Oregon. 

2.  C.  integrifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Somewhat  glaucous,  2  to  3  feet  high  : 
leaflets  3,  lanceolate  (the  lowest  oblong) :  flowers  large,  showy,  reddish-purple, 
rarely  white,  the  raceme  sometimes  nearly  a  foot  long:  pods  compressed, 
much  longer  than  the  stipe.  —  From  Colorado  to  the  Upper  Missouri  and 
eastward. 

3.  C.  Sonorse,  Gray.    Glabrous  :  leaflets  3,  linear :  flowers  purplish :  pod 
turgid,  somewhat  longer  than  the  stipe,  which  is  much  shorter  than  the  pedicel.  — 
PI.  Wright,  ii.  16.    S.  Colorado  (Brandegee)  and  southward. 


3.    CLEOMELLA,  DC. 

Like  Cleome,  but  the  pod  few-seeded,  small  and  ovoid-globose  or  rhom- 
boidal.  —  Erect  branching  annuals,  with  yellow  racemose  flowers  and  3-folio- 
late  leaves. 

1.  C.  angustifolia,  Torr.     Branching  ubore :  leaflets  oblong-linear:  pod 
many  times  longer  than  the  style,  shorter  than  the  stipe,  dilated-rhomboid : 
seeds  transversely  rugulose.  —  Colorado   and   southward.      Distributed   in  the 
earlier  Colorado  collections  by  mistake  under  the  name  of  C.  ten  in 'folia. 

2.  C.  OOCarpa,  Gray.     Diffuse:  leaflets  oblong-linear :  raceme  frequently 
densely  flowered  :  pod  with  a  somewhat  shorter  style,  much  shorter  than  the 
stipe,  ovate :  seeds  1  or  2,  smooth.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  72.    On  the  borders  of 
the  Mesa  Verde,  S.  W.  Colorado ;  also  in  Nevada. 


ORDER  8.    VIOLACE^E.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  distinguished  by  the  irregular  one-spurred  corolla  of  5  petals, 
5  stamens,  adnate  introrse  anthers  conniving  over  the  pistil,  wliicL  has 
a  single  club-shaped  style,  a  one-celled  ovary  with  3  parietal  placenta?. 
—  Flowers  perfect,  with  persistent  sepals.  Each  of  the  3  valves  of  the 
capsule,  after  dehiscence,  in  drying  firmly  folds  together  lengthwise  and 
by  its  increasing  pressure  projects  the  obovate  seeds. 

1.  Viola.    Sepals  auricled.    Lower  petal  spurred  at  base. 

2.  lonidium.     Sepals  not   auricled.     Lower  petal  unguiculate,  the  claw  dilated  and 

shortly  gibbous  or  concave. 

1.   VIOLA,    L.        VIOLET. 

Anthers  often  coherent,  the  connectives  of  the  two  lower  bearing  spurs 
which  project  into  the  spur  of  the  petal.  —  Mostly  perennial  herbs  with  alter- 
nate leaves,  foliaceous  persistent  stipules,  and  1-flowered  axillary  peduncles. 
The  later  flowers  are  often  cleistogamous. 


VIOLACE^E.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.)  29 

*  Stemless,  the  leaves  and  scapes  all  from  a  subterranean  rootstoclc :  flowers 
purplish  or  violet  (sometimes  white). 

1.  V.  palUStriS,  L.     Smooth:  rootstoclc  slender :  leaves  round  heart-shaped 
and  kidney-form,  slight y  crenate  :  flowers  small,  pale  lilac,  with  purple  streaks,  nearly 
beardless :  spur  very  short  and  obtuse.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah,  and 
far  northward  ;  also  in  the  White  Mountains  of  N.  H. 

2.  V.   GUCUllata,   Ait.      Hoot  stock  thick  and  branching,   dentate:   leaves 
long-petioled,  smooth  or  pubescent,  cordate  with  a  broad  sinus;  the  lowest 
often  reniform  and  the  later  acute  or  acuminate,  crenately  toothed,  the  sides 
rolled  inward  when  young :   flowers  deep  or  pale  violet  or  purple  (sometimes 
white:  the  lateral  and  often  the  lower  petals  bearded:  spur  short  and  thick.  —  A 
very  variable  species,  ranging  across  the  continent,  but  sparingly  reported 
from  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

3.  V.  delphinifolia,  Nutt.     Rootstock  short  and  very  thick,  erect,  not 
scab]  :  leaves  all  palmately  or  pedatelij  5  to  7-parted;  divisions  2  to  3-cleft  into 
linear  lobes  :  flowers  pale  or  deep  lilac -purple  or  blue :  lateral  petals  bearded. 
—  From  Colorado  across  the  plains  to  the  Mississippi  States. 

*  *  Leaf ;/ -stemmed,  perennial  from  short  rootsfocks. 

•*-  Leaf-bearing  from  base  to  sttmmit,  erect  or  ascending. 

•n-  Flowers  u'hite  or  purple. 

4.  V.  canina,  L.,  var.  sylvestris,  Regel.     Low  (3  to  8  inches  high): 
stems  mostly  simple,  from  the  base  at  length  producing  creeping  branches : 
leaves  heart-shaped  or  the  lowest  kidney-form,  crenate ;  stipules  fringe-toothed : 
petals  light  violet,  the  lateral  ones  slightly  bearded  :  spur  cylindrical,  half  the 
length  of  the  petals :  stigma  beaked.  —  The  most  common  American  variety  of 
this  very  variable  and  widely  distributed  species.     From  Colorado  northward 
and  eastward. 

Var.  adunca,  Gray.  Leaves  ovate,  often  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  ob- 
scurely crenate :  spur  as  long  as  the  sepals,  rather  slender,  hooked  or  curved.  — • 
Rocky  Mountains  and  westward. 

Var.  longipes,  Watson.  Very  similar,  but  the  stout  obtuse  spur  is  nearly 
straight.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  56.  Same  range  as  the  last. 

5.  V.  Canadensis,  L.     Upright,  1  to  2  fret  high :  leaves  cordate,  pointed, 
serrate ;  stipules  entire :  petals  white  or  whitish  inside,  the  upper  ones  mostly 
tinged  with   purple   beneath,  sometimes   entirely  purple ;    the   lateral   ones 
bearded :   spur  very  short :   stigma  beakless.  —  Colorado,  Montana,  Wyoming, 
and  eastward. 

•w-  -W-  Flowers  yellow,  more  or  less  veined  or  tinged  ivith  purple. 

6.  V.  aurea,  Kellogg.    More  or  less  pubescent,  2  to  6  inches  high  :  leaves 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  cuneate  or  sometimes  truncate  at  base,  coarsely  crenate ;  stip- 
ules foliac(ous,  lanceolate,  laciniate:  peduncles  a  little  longer  than  the  leaves:  the 
upper  petals  more  or  less  tinged  with  brown  on  the  outside,  the  others  veined 
wiih  purple  :  capsule,  nearly  globular,  pubescent. 

Var.  venosa,  Watson.  Alpine  and  more  slender  :  flowers  smaller :  leaves 
often  purple-veined.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  56.  V.  Nuttallii,  var.  vpnosa,  of  Hayd.  Rep. 
1872.  The  species  belongs  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  westward,  while  the 
variety  ranges  eastward  to  the  Wahsatch  and  Uintas. 


30  POLYGALACE.E.      (MILKWORT  FAMILY.) 

7.  V.  Nuttallii,  Pursh.    From  densely  pubescent  to  nearly  glabrous: 
leaves  oblong-ovate  to  oblong,  attenuate  into  the  long  petiole,  entire  or  obscurely 
sinuate ;  stipules  mostly  narrow,  entire :  peduncles  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves  : 
capsule  ovate,  smooth.  —  From  Colorado  to  the  Upper  Missouri  and  Washington 
Territory ;  also  in  California. 

•«-  H-  Stems  naked  below,  two-leaved  above. 

8.  V*  biflora,  L.     Stem  weak,  2-leaved  and  2-flowered  :  leaves  reniform, 
very  obtuse,  crenate ;  stipules  ovate,  very  entire :  flowers  very  small,  yellow : 
petals  marked  with  brown  lines :  spurs  short.  —  Colorado. 

2.    IONIDITJM,    Yent. 

Petals  very  unequal,  the  two  upper  shorter,  the  lower  one  very  large. 
Stamens  approximate,  the  anterior  ones  each  furnished  with  a  nectarifer- 
ous gland  at  the  base.  —  Leaves  opposite  or  alternate ;  peduncles  axillary, 
solitary. 

1.  I.  linoaro,  Torr.  Somewhat  pubescent:  leaves  entire  or  remotely 
serrulate ;  the  lower  varying  from  lanceolate  to  oblong  or  obovato  ;  the  upper 
linear ;  stipules  linear :  peduncles  articulated,  bibracteolate :  flowers  small.  — 
From  Colorado  eastward  and  southward  across  the  plains. 

ORDER  9.    POLYGAL,4CE^.     (MILKWORT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  with  simple  entire  leaves  and  no  stipules,  remarkable  for  the 
seemingly  papilionaceous  flowers,  monadelphous  or  diadelphous  stamens 
coherent  with  the  petals,  and  one-celled  anthers  opening  at  the  top. 

1.    POLYGALA,    Tourn.        MILKWORT. 

Sepals  5,  very  unequal,  the  2  lateral  large  and  petal-like.  Petals  3,  united 
to  each  other  and  to  the  stamen-tube,  the  middle  one  hooded  above  and  often 
crested  or  beaked.  Stamens  6  or  8.  Ovary  2-celled:  style  long,  curved, 
dilated  above.  Capsule  membranaccous,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow 
partition,  often  notched  above.  Seed  carunculate  at  the  hilum.  —  Herbaceous 
or  somewhat  shrubby,  with  racemose  or  spicate  flowers. 

1.  P.  verticillata,  L.     Slender,  6  to  10  inches  high:  stem-leares  whorled 
in  fours,  sometimes  in  fives;  those  of  the  branches  scattered,  linear:   spikes  pe- 
duncled,  dense,  slender;  the  bracts  falling  with  the  flowers,  which  are  small, 
greenish-white  or  barely  tinged  with  purple,  the  crest  of  the  keel  conspicuous  : 
the  2-WW  caruncle  half  the  length  of  the  seed.  —  Colorado  and  eastward  across 
the  plains. 

2.  P.  alba,  Nutt.    Smoothish,  one  foot  high,  leafy  half-way  to  the  sum- 
tnit '   leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate,  margins  slightly  revolute :   flowers  deciduous, 
leaving  the  rachis  roughened  after  their  fall,  white :  seed  with  caruncle  extended 
into  two  ear-like  lobes  nearly  as  long  as  the  seed.  —  Plains  of  the  Upper  Missouri. 

3.  P.  acanthOClada,  Gray.     Somewhat  shjubby,  2  feet  high,  subcinereous- 
pubf scent,  armed  with  slander  spines:  leaves  linear-spatulate :  flowers  subaxittary, 
scattered,  white  ;  pedicels  bibracteolate  at  base :  keel  short  boat-shaped,  with  a 
boss  on  the  back.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  73.     S.  W.  Colorado  and  S.  E.  Utah. 


CABYOPHYLLACE.E.      (PINK    FAMILY.)  31 

ORDER  10.    FBANKENIACEJE. 

Low  perennial  herbs  or  undershrubs;  with  opposite  entire  leaves  and 
no  stipules ;  distinguished  from  Silenete  mainly  by  the  parietal  placentSB 
and  oval  or  oblong  anatropous  seeds  with  a  straight  embryo. 

I.    FBANKENIA,   L. 

Calyx  tubular  or  prismatic,  4  or  5-lobed.  Petals  4  or  5,  clawed  and  bear- 
ing a  crown.  Stamens  6.  Ovary  1-celled :  stylo  2  to  4-cleft  into  filiform 
divisions.  Capsule  included  in  the  persistent  calyx.  —  Leaves  small,  mostly 
crowded,  and  also  fascicled  in  the  axils  :  flowers  small,  solitary  and  sessile  in 
the  forks  of  the  stem  or  becoming  cymose-clustered  on  the  branches,  white. 

1.  P.  Jamesii,  Torr.  Much  branched  from  a  woody  base,  6  to  10  inches 
high :  leaves  linear,  strongly  revolute  on  the  margins,  the  fascicled  ones 
shorter :  limb  of  petals  erose-denticulate  at  tip.  —  S.  Colorado. 

ORDER  11.    CARYOPIIYLI.ACE.aB.     (PINK  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  regular  and  mostly  perfect  flowers,  4  or  5  persistent 
sepals,  4  or  5  petals  (sometimes  wanting),  the  distinct  stamens  com- 
monly twice  as  many,  ovary  one-celled  with  a  free  central  placenta,  the 
seeds  reniform. —  Stems  usually  swollen  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  opposite. 
Styles  2  to  5,  mostly  distinct.  Fruit  a  capsule  opening  by  valves,  or  by 
teeth  at  the  summit.  Stipules  none  in  our  genera. 

Tribe  I.  Sepals  united.  Petals  with  a  conspicuous  claw,  usually  with  an  appendage 
(crown)  at  the  base  of  the  blade,  borne  with  the  stamens  on  a  stipe  under  the  ovary. 
Capsule  dehiscent  at  the  toothed  summit.  Flowers  comparatively  large. SiLENE^B.1 

1.  SHene.    Calyx  5-toothed.    Styles  3. 

2.  lychnis.     Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-lobed.    Styles  4  or  5. 

Tribe  II.  Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so.  Petals  without  crown  or  distinct  claw,  inserted 
with  the  stamens  on  the  margin  of  a  disk  under  the  sessile  ovary,  sometimes  incon- 
spicuous or  wanting.  —  ALSINE^. 

*  Styles  (when  of  the  same  number)  opposite  the  sepals. 

3.  Cerastlum.    Capsule  cylindric,  opening  at  the  toothed  apex.     Petals  emarginate  or 

bifid.     Styles  usually  5. 

4.  Stellaria.    Capsule  short,  splitting  to  the  base.   Petals  2-cleft  or  none.  Styles  mostly  3. 

5.  Arenaria.    Differs  from  the  last  chiefly  in  the  entire  petals,  these  rarely  wanting. 

*  *  Styles  alternate  with  the  sepals  and  of  the  same  number. 

6.  Sagina,    Capsule  4  or  5-valved.     Petals  entire  or  wanting.    Styles  4  or  5. 

1.    SILENE,    L.       CATCHPLY. 

Calyx  tubular,  10-nerved.  Petals  entire,  notched,  or  bifid.  Capsule  usually 
6-toothed.  —  Annual  or  mostly  perennial  herbs. 

1  Saponaria,  an  introduced  genus,  has  a  terete  calyx,  petals  not  crowried,  and  two  styles. 
S.  ramaria,  L.,  Is  a  smooth  annual,  with  ovate-lanceolate  leaves,  pale  red  flowers  in  cor- 
ymbed  cymes,  and  calyx  enlarged  nnd  wing-angled  in  fruit.  —  Vaccaria  vulgaria  of  Gray's 
Manual  Very  generally  introduced. 


32  CARYOPHYLLACE.E.      (PINK  FAMILY.) 

*  Annual:  flowers  in  naked  panicles  :  petals  entire  or  obcordate,  crowned. 

1.  S.  antirrhina,  L.     Glabrous,  with  a  part  of  each  joint  viscid,  erect, 
slender :   leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  :    flowers  in  a  dichotomous  panicle,  on 
long  pedicels  :  calyx  becoming  expanded  by  the  enlarging  ovary  :  petals  pink. 

—  From  S.  Colorado  to  British  America  and  eastward  across  the  continent; 
also  in  California. 

*  *  Perennial :  petals  bifid. 
H-  Peduncles  \-flouoered:  stems  spreading  or  decumbent. 

2.  S.  Menziesii,  Hook.      Glandular-puberuleut :    stems  dichotomously 
branched,  leafy :    leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  -oblong :    peduncles  lateral  and 
terminal,  equalling  the  leaves  :  petals  without  a  crown  :  seeds  minutely  tuber- 
culate.  at  length  nearly  black  and  shining.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  Slave 
Lake  and  westward  to  California. 

i-  -t-   Peduncles  3-  to  many  flowered :  stems  erect. 

3.  S.   multicaulis,  Nutt.     Minutely  pubescent :    stems  numerous,   about 
a  foot  high,  rigid  :  leaves  linear-oblanceolate  ;  upper  ones  very  small :  flowers  in 
threes  on  shortish  peduncles,  pale  red:  calyx  ovate-cylindrical:  seeds  brown, 
margined  with  a  scaly  crest.  —  From  the  western  slopes  of  the  mountains  to 
the  Pacific. 

4.  S.  Douglasii,  Hook.     Minutely  pubescent :  stem  simple,  very  slender, 
2  to  3  feet  hiijk:  leaves  remote,  linear,  elongated :  flowers  feio  on  slender  peduncles, 
rose-color  or  nearly  white:  calyx  obovate,  at  length  inflated  and  membranaceous, 
pubescent.  —  Montana  to  Washington  Territory  and  southward  to  California 
and  the  Wahsatch. 

5.  S.  Scoiilori,   Hook.     Sfem  stout:  leaves  distant,   narrow:  racemes  sub- 
compressed,  narrow,  few-flowered :   calyx  somewhat  dilating,  the  teeth  broad- 
lanceolate,  slightly  ciliate :   petals  white  or  pinkish,  the  broad  bifid  limb  with 
notched  lobes  and  appendages;  claws  auricled,  u'ool/y-ciliate  as  well  as  t/te  filaments. 

—  In  the  mountains  from  New  Mexico  to  British  America. 

*  #  #  Perennial,  dwarf,  tufted,  smooth:  flowering  shoots  l-flowered :  petals 
notched  or  entire,  crowned. 

6.  S.  acaulis,  L.     Tufted  like  a  moss :  leaves  linear,  crowded :  flowers 
almost  sessile,  or  rarely  on  a  naked  peduncle :  petals  purple  or  rarely  white. 

—  Alpine  summits  of  the  whole  Rocky  Mountain  range,  and  northward  to 
Arctic  America  :  also  in  the  White  Mountains  of  N.  II. 

2.    LYCHNIS,    L.        COCKLE. 

Calyx  more  or  less  inflated,  capsule  5  to  10-toothed,  and  styles  as  many  as 
calyx-lobes ;  otherwise  nearly  as  in  Silene.  —  Ours  are  perennials  with  linear 
to  oblanceolate  leaves. 

*  Stems  1-Jlowered:  seeds  with  a  loose  membranous  margin:  dwarf  and  cespitose, 

alpine. 

1.  L.  montana,  Watson.  Glandular-pubescent  above,  nearly  glabrous  below : 
petals  included  or  nearly  so,  the  emarginate  blade  not  broader  than  the  very  narrow 
claw;  appendages  very  small:  seeds  rather  broadly  margined.  —  The  L. 
apftala  of  the  Fl.  Colorado  and  other  Western  reports.  Mountain  peaks  of 
Colorado,  and  in  the  Uintas. 


CARYOPHYLLACE^E.      (PINK  FAMILY.)  33 

2.  L.  Kingii,  Watson.    Pubescent  throughout :  petals  exserted,  the  short  and 
flat  blade  rather  deeply  emarginate ;   appendages   entire  or  toothed ;   claw 
dilate,  rather  broadly  auric/ed :  filaments  ciliate.  —  L.  Ajanensis  ?  of  Bot.  King's 
Exp.  37.    Peaks  of  the  Uintas  and  in  N.  W.  Wyoming. 

#  *  Flowers  rarely  solitary :  seeds  tuberculate. 

3.  L.  Drummondii,  Watson.     Rather  stout,  finely  glandular-pubescent 
above :   leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate :   flowers  few,  on   stout  often  elongated 
pedicels  :  petals  included  or  nearly  so,  white  or  purple,  the  entire  or  emarginate 
blade  narrower  than  the  aaricled  claw ;  appendages  minute.  —  Silene  Drummondii 
of  the  earlier  Reports.     Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  northward. 

4.  L.  Parryi,  Watson.     Slender,  finely  glandular-pubescent  above  :  leaves 
linear :  flowers  with  the  lateral  pedicels  mostly  short :  petals  lung -exserted,  pur- 
plish, the  broad  blade  cleft  to  the  middle  and  with  a  short  narrow  lobe  on  each 
side  ;  appendages  quadrate  or  ovate,  crenate ;  claw  broadly  auricled.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xii.  248.     N.  W.  Wyoming,  Parry. 

3.  CERASTIU M,    L.        MOUSE-EAR  CHICKWEED. 

Stamens  10.  Capsule  often  incurved,  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx. — 
Mostly  pubescent  or  hirsute  low  herbs :  flowers  white,  in  terminal  leafy  or 
scariously  bracted  dichotomous  cymes. 

1.  C.  nutans,  Raf.     Annual,  viscid-pubescent,  erect :  leaves  narrowly  oblong 

or  linear-lanceolate,  clasping,  the  lowest  spatulate :    cyme  open,   rather  many-     A, 
flowered :  pedicels  often  nodding  or  reflexed  in  fruit :  petals  slif/htly  longer  than  the 
sepals :  capsule  curved.  —  Across  the  continent  and  southward  into  northern 
Mexico. 

2.  C.  alpinum,  L.     Silky-hirsute,  decumbent,  few-flowered :  leaves  elliptical- 
ovate  :  peduncles  more  or  less  elongated  :   petals  bifid,  twice  the  length  of  the 
hairy  sepals :  capsule  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Var.  Behringianum,  Regel.  Petals  and  capsule  half  longer  than  the 
calyx,  shorter  than  the  pedicels :  stems  2  to  4-floivered.  —  C.  vu/gatum,  var. 
Behringianum,  of  Fl.  Colorado,  Playd.  Rep.  1872,  and  Bot.  King's  Exp. 
Mountains  of  Colorado  and  W.  Wyoming. 

3.  C.  arvense,  L.     Perennial,  downy  with  reflexed  hairs,  cespitose :  leaves 
linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  clasping :  cyme  few-flowered :  pedicels  erect  or  nodding : 
petals  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  sepals  :  capsule  little  exceeding  the  calyx,  nearly 
straight.  —  Colorado  and  northward  through  Utah,  Montana,  and  Wyoming, 
and  across  the  continent. 

4.     S  TELL  ARIA,    L.        CHICKWEED. 

Stamens  10  or  fewer.  Styles  3,  or  rarely  2,  4,  or  5.  Capsule  globose  to 
oblong.  —  Low  herbs,  mostly  diffuse :  leaves  rarely  subulate :  flowers  white, 
solitary  or  cymose :  stems  mostly  4-angled. 

*  Bracts  small  and  scarious. 

-i-  Petals  none. 

1.  S.  umbellata,  Turcz.  Glabrous  :  stems  very  slender,  ascending  from 
slender  creeping  rootstocks,  which  are  covered  with  orbicular  scales :  leaves 

3 


34  CARYOPHYLLACE^E.      (PINK   FAMILY.) 

elliptic  or  oblong-lanceolate :  flowers  in  a  simple  or  compound  open  umbel- 
like  few-rayed  cyme:  pedicels  elongated.  — Gray,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863, 
59.  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  northward. 

*-  4-  Petals  equalling  or  surpassing  the  calyx. 

2.  S.  longifolia,  Muhl.    Stem  erect,  weak,  often  with  rough  angles :  leaves 
linear,  acutish  at  both  ends,  spreading :  cipnes  naked  and  at  length  lateral,  pedun- 
cled,  many-flowered ;  the  slender  pedicels  spreading.  —  From  Oregon  to  British 
America  and  across  the  continent. 

3.  S.  longipes,  Goldie.      Shining  or  somewhat  glaucous,   very  smooth  : 
leaves  ascending,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  broadest  at  the  base  :  cyme  ter- 
minal, few-flowered ;  the  long  pedicels  erect.  —  Colorado  and  northward,  thence 
eastward  to  Wisconsin  and  Maine. 

Var.  Igeta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Branches  erect  from  creeping  stems,  3  to  6 
inches  high  :  leaves  erect,  rigid,  carinate  :  sepals  rather  obtuse.  —  With  the  Inst, 
in  the  mountains. 

Var.  Edwardsii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Branches  an  inch  or  two  high:  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate  (the  lowest  sometimes  ovate),  sometimes  sparsely  ciliate  at  the 
base :  sepals  acutish.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado. 

#  #  Bracts  foliaceous. 
H-  Petals  shorter  than  the  sepals,  or  none. 

4.  S.  borealis,  Bigelow.     Erect  or  spreading :  leaves  elongated,  lance-linear, 
finely  serrulate,  the  intramarginal  nerve  very  indistinct :  flowers  in  dichotomous 
cymes :  seeds  smooth.  —  Abundant  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  north- 
ward, and  across  the  continent. 

5.  S.  Obtusa,  Engelm.     Like  the  last,  but  prostrate;  leaves  triangular-ovate, 
smooth-edged,  1-nerved,  and  the  delicate  reticulated  veins  uniting  into  distinct 
intramarginal  nerves :  seeds  (under  the  lens)  covr-red  with  oblong-linear  pectinate 
tubercles.  —  Bot.  Gazette,  vii.  5.     W.  Colorado  on  the  tributaries  of  the  Gun- 
nison  lliver,  Brandegce ;  also  in  British  Columbia. 

H—  H-  Petals  exceeding  the  sepals  (sometimes  wanting  in  No.  6). 

6.  S.  crassifolia,  Ehrhart.     Stems  diffuse  or  erect,  flaccid :  leaves  rather 
fleshy,  varying  from  linear-lanceolate  to  oblong :  flowers  terminal  or  in  the 
forks  of  the  stem  or  of  leafy  branches :  seeds  rugose-roughened.  —  Colorado, 
Montana,  and  eastward  to  the  Ohio  valley. 

7.  S.  Jamesii,  Torr.     Somewhat   viscidly  pubescent,  rather  stout :   leaves 
linear  to  ovate-lanceolate  :   pedicels  divaricate :   seeds  smooth.  —  New  Mexico, 
Colorado,  and  westward. 

5.    ARENA  HI  A,   L.        SANDWORT. 

Styles  3.  Capsule  globose  or  short-oblong.  —  Mostly  low  annuals  or  peren- 
nials, usually  tufted  :  with  sessile  leaves,  often  subulate  and  more  or  less  rigid : 
flowers  white,  cymosely  panicled  or  capitate. 

§  1.     The  3  valves  of  the  capsule  2-cleft  or  parted:  seeds  not  nppendnged  at  the 
hilum  :  cespitose  perennials,  mostly  scarious-bracted . — ARENARIA  proper. 

*  Petals  exceeding  the  sepals. 

1.  A.  COngesta,  Nutt.  Smooth  and  glaucous :  leaves  very  narrowly  subu- 
late, scabrous  on  the  margin,  often  pungent :  flowers  in  1  to  3  dense  subumbeJlate 


CAKYOPHYLLACE.E.      (PINK    FAMILY.)  35 

fascicles,  tvith  large  dilated  membranous  bracts :  petals  nearly  twice  as  long  as 
the  sepals  :  stigmas  capitellate.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Wyoming, 
to  Washington  Territory. 

Var.  subcongesta,  Watson.  Flowers  less  densely  fascicled  and  some- 
what cvmose.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  69.  A.  Fe.ndl.eri,  var.  subcongesta,  of  Bot.  King's 
Exp.  and  Fl.  Colorado.  Colorado,  S.  Idaho,  and  westward. 

2.  A.  capillaris,  Poir.,  var.  nardifolia,  Regel.     More  or  less  glandular- 
pubescent  above :  leaves  linear-subulate,  pungent :  flowers  few  in  an  open  cyme ; 
bracts  smull,  lanceolate :  petals  half  longer  than  the  sepals.  —  Watson  in  Bot. 
Calif,  i.  69.     A.  nardifolia,  Ledeb.,  and  A.  formosa,  Hook.,  in  Bot.   King's 
Exp.   39.     From  the   British  boundary  southward  to  the  Wahsatch  and 
California. 

*  *  Petals  about  equalling  the  calyx. 

3.  A.  saxosa,  Gray.     Slightly-hispid  pubescent :  leaves  lanceolate :  raceme 
many-flowered,  somewhat  cvmose :  sepals  with  a  distinct  almost  keel-like  hispid 
midrib.  —  PL  Wright,  ii.  18.     S.  Colorado  and  southward. 

4.  A.   pungens,   Nutt.      Pubescent  throughout,   cespitose:    leaves   linear- 
subulate,  pungent,  crowded  :  flowers  in  an  open   cyme,  leafy-bracted:    sepals 
acuminate,  pungent :   seeds  very  few,  smooth.  —  W.  Wyoming,  Teton   Moun- 
tains, and  westward  to  California. 

5.  A.  Franklinii,  Doug-1.     Of  similar  habit,  but  stouter  and  less  pubescent  : 
stems  leafy  at  base :  flowers  fascicled  in  a  rather  close  cyme:  sepals  smooth  and 
shining,  scariously  margined,  as  also  the  large  bracts. — From  Colorado  to  the 
sources  of  the  Missouri  and  westward  to  Oregon. 

Var.  minor,  Hook.  &  Arn.  With  shorter  leaves,  bracts,  and  sepals ;  the 
last  two  membranaceous.  —  W.  Wyoming,  Parry. 

6.  A.  Fendleri,  Gray.     Stems  numerous  from  a  perennial  caudex,  glabrous 
below,  more  or  less  glandular-pubescent  abore,   imbricately  many-leaved  at  base : 
leaves  long,  somewhat  flattened,  serrulate-scabrous,  smooth  except  on  the  mar- 
gins :  cymes  strict  and  few-flowered :  sepals  acuminate,  with  a  broad  scarious 
margin:   seeds  papillose-scabrous.  —  PI.  Fendl.  13.     Montana,  Colorado,  and 
southward. 

Var.  glabrescens,  Watson.  Nearly  glabrous  throughout:  sepals  shorter, 
acute :  leaves  short.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  40.  Colorado  and  westward  to 
Nevada. 

Var.  diflfusa,  Porter.  Branches  of  the  cyme  elongated,  lax  and  widely  spread- 
ing:  flowers  numerous.  —  Fl.  Colorado,  13.  Ute  Pass,  Colorado,  Porter. 

§  2.  The  3  valves  of  the  capsule  entire :  seeds  not  appendaged  at  the  hilum.  Ours 
are  all  cespitose,  not  more  than  3  inches  in  height,  usually  1  to  few-flowered,  and 
with  petals  commonly  exceeding  the  sepals.  —  ALSINE. 

7.  A.  verna,  L.     Erect,  pubescent  or  glabrous:    leaves  linear-subulate, 
nerved,  erect :  cyme  erect :  sepals  orate,  acute,  mostly  a  little  longer  than  the  petals. 
—  Mountains  of  Colorado,  Uintas,  Teton  Range,  and  northward  to  Arctic 
America. 

Var.  hirta,  Watson.  Leaves  minutely  hirsute,  obtuse.  —  Bot.  King's 
Exp.  41.  With  the  last. 


36  CARYOPHYLLACE.E.      (PINK  FAMILY.) 

8.  A.   biflora,  var.   carnosula,    Watson.      Stems   creeping;    branches 
mostly  1 -flowered :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  nerveless :  sepals  linear,  very  obtuse, 
cucullate  at  the  summit :  petals  much  longer  than  the  sepals  and  capsule.  — 
Bibl.  Index,  i.  94.     A.  a/pina  of  the  Fl.  Colorado.     Colorado. 

Var.  obtusa,  Watson.  Leaves  obtuse,  carinate,  serrulate-ciliate,  obscurely 
3-nerved:  peduncles  glandular-pubescent:  petals  about  half  longer  than  the 
oblong  sepals.  —  Watson,  1.  c.  A.  arctica  of  Hayd.  Rep.  for  1870-72,  and 
A.  arctica,  var.  obtusa,  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.  and  Fl.  Colorado.  Abundant  in 
the  mountains  of  Colorado,  the  Uintas,  about  Yellowstone  Lake,  and  north- 
ward throughout  the  Arctic  regions. 

9.  A.  Stricta,  Watson.     Leaves  subulate-triquetrous,  rather  obtuse,  scarcely 
equalling  the  flower  or  exceeding  the  calyx,  mostly  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
with  manifest  lateral  nerves  :  peduncles  1 -flowered  :  petals  sometimes  wanting. 
—  Watson,  1.  c.     Alsine  stricta,  Wahl.     A.  fiossii  of  Hayd.  Rep.  1870  and  Fl. 
Colorado.     A.  stricta,  Michx.,  of  the  Eastern  Flora,  becomes  A .  Michauxii, 
Hook.     Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  northward. 

§  3.   Parts  of  the  flower  sometimes  in  fours:  valves  of  the  capsule  bifid :  young 
ovary   3-celled:    seed  appendaged    at    the    hilum    tvith   a   small    caruncle. — 

MCEHRINGIA. 

10.  A.  lateriflora,  L.     Sparingly  branched,  erect,  minutely  pubescent : 
leaves  oral  or  oblong,  obtuse:   peduncles   usually  2-flowered,   soon   becoming 
lateral :  sepals  oblong,  obtuse :   petals  exserted.  —  From  Colorado   to  Alaska, 
and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

11.  A.  macrophylla,  Hook.     Stems  ascending,  mostly  simple,  puberu- 
lent  above :  leaves  3  to  4  pairs,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  bright 
green  :  flowers  few  on  slender  pedicels  :  sepals  ovate-oblong,  acuminate :  petals 
included.  —  From  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains  to  Washington  Territory  and 
California;  also  in  New  Mexico. 


6.     S  A  GIN  A,    L.        PEARLWORT. 

Low  green  herbs,  with  subulate  or  filiform  glabrous  leaves,  and  small 
terminal  usually  long-pedicelled  flowers. 

1-  S.  decumbens,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stems  decumbent,  ascending  :  leaves 
somewhat  secund,  mucronate  :  peduncles  much  longer  than  the  leaves :  petals  as  long 
as  the  sepals:  stamens  5  to  10. —  Including  S.  subulata,  Torr.  &  Gray,  of 
Gray's  Manual,  where  the  species  is  credited  to  Wimmer.  Rocky  Mountains 
and  eastward. 

2.  S.  Linn99i,  Presl.     Densely  matted  and  decumbent,  an  inch  or  two  high : 
leaves  somewhat  fascicled,  pungent :  flowers  on  long  pedicels,  at  length  nodding  : 
sepals  exceeding  the  petals:  stamens  10.  —  Spergula  saginoides,  L.     From  New 
Mexico  to  Arctic  America. 

3.  S.  nivalis,  Liudb.      Cespitose,  stems  very  short,  scarcely  ^  inch  high : 
leaves  mucronate  :  peduncles  short,  strict :  sepals  with  membranous  margins, 
scarcely  equalling  the  petals.  —  Uinta  Mountains,  Watson. 


PORTULACACE^E.       (PURSLANE   FAMILY.)  37 


ORDER  12.    PORTULACACE^E.     (PURSLANE  FAMILY.) 

More  or  less  succulent  herbs,  with  simple  and  entire  leaves  (either 
opposite  or  alternate)  and  regular  but  un symmetrical  perfect  flowers; 
sepals  (except  in  Lewisia)  2  ;  petals  2  to  5  or  more ;  stamens  opposite 
the  petals  or  numerous ;  ovary  one-celled,  in  fruit  becoming  capsular ; 
style  2  to  8-cleft ;  stipules  none  or  scarious  or  reduced  to  hairs.  Flowers 
open  only  in  sunshine  or  bright  daylight. 

*  Sepals  2,  united  below  and  adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  free  upper  portion  at  length 

deciduous. 

1.  Portulaca.    Stamens  7  to  20.    Flowers  solitary,  yellow  (in  ours).     Capsule  opening  by 

a  lid. 

*  *  Sepals  2,  distinct,  persistent  (deciduous  in  Talinum) :  ovary  free, 
•i-  Style  3-cleft :  capsule  3-valved  :  sepals  equal. 

2.  Talinum.     Stamens  10  to  30.     Petals  5.     Seeds  numerous. 

3.  Calandrinia.    Stamens  more  than  5.     Petals  5  or  more.     Seeds  mostly  smooth  and 

shining. 

4.  Claytonia.    Stamens  5.     Petals  5.    Seeds  smooth  and  shining. 

1-  t-  Style  2-cleft :  capsule  2-valved :  sepals  unequal,  hyaline. 

5.  Spraguea.     Stamens  3.    Petals  4.     Stems  simple,  scape-like. 

6.  Calyptridium.    Stamen  1.     Petals  2.     Stems  branching,  leafy. 

*  *  *  Sepals  4  to  8,  distinct,  much  imbricated. 

7.  Lewisia.    Stamens  many.    Style  3-  to  8-cleft.    Petals  8  to  16.     Scapes  1-flowered. 

1.     PORTULACA,    Tourn.        PURSLANE. 

Petals  4  to  6.  Style  deeply  3-  to  8-cleft.  —  Fleshy  diffuse  or  ascending 
annuals,  with  axillary  or  terminal  ephemeral  yellow  (in  ours)  flowers. 

1.  P.  retusa,1  Engelm.  Stems  somewhat  ascending,  sometimes  covering 
a  space  several  feet  in  diameter :  leaves  flat,  obovate  to  spatulate :  sepals 
obtuse,  broadly  carinate-winged  :  seeds  tuberculate.  —  S.  W.  Colorado  and 
southward. 

2.     TALINUM,    Adans. 

Distinguished  from  Calandrinia  by  the  deciduous  sepals,  the  style  less  deeply 
3-cleft,  the  capsule  3-celled  at  base  when  young,  and  the  seeds  on  a  globular 
stalked  placenta. 

1.  T.  teretifolium,  Pursh.  Leafy  stems  low,  tuberous  at  the  base: 
leaves  linear,  cylindrical :  peduncle  long  and  naked,  bearing  an  open  cyme  of 
pink  flowers.  —  In  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  eastward. 

3.    CALANDRINIA,    HBK. 

Low  succulent  herbs,  with  radical  leaves  (in  ours)  and  white  to  reddish 
ephemeral  flowers  in  bracteate  racemes  or  panicles,  or  few  upon  short  scape- 
like  stems. 

1  P.  oleracea,  L.,  is  prostrate,  not  so  green,  with  larger  leaves,  acute  sepals,  and  seeds 
more  finely  tuberculate.  —  Common  Purslane  or  Pig-weed  ;  naturalized  near  dwellings. 


38  PORTULACACE^E.      (PURSLANE   FAMILY.) 

1.  C.  pygmsea,    Gray.      Smooth,  with  a  thick  fusiform  root:    leaves 
linear,  with  broad  scariously  winged  underground  petioles :    scapes   mostly 
simple,  an  inch  or  two  high,  with  a  pair  of  small  scarious  bracts :  sepals  glandular- 
dentate :  petals  red.  —  Proc.  Am.   Acad.  viii.  623.     Talinum  pycjmceum,  Gray. 
Alpine  region,  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming  to  the  Sierra 
Nevada  in  California  and  Cascade  Mountains  in  Washington  Territory. 

2.  C.  WevadensiS,  Gray.     Very  similar,  but* somewhat  larger;    with  a 
pair  of  larger  leafy  bracts  and  entire  somewhat  longer  sepals,  white  petals  and 
more  numerous  ovules.  —  In  the  Wahsatch  (  Watson],  probably  in  the  Uiutas, 
and  westward. 

4.    CLAYTON  I  A,    L.        SPRING-BEAUTY. 

Seeds  few,  black  and  shining.  —  Low  glabrous  succulent  herbs,  with 
opposite  or  alternate  leaves,  and  white  or  rose-colored  flowers  in  loose  ter- 
minal or  axillary  and  simple  or  compound  naked  racemes,  or  sometimes  um- 
bellate, not  ephemeral. 

#  AtfKttaJft,  u'ith  Jibrons  roots. 
•i—   Stems  simple,  bearing  a  single  pair  of  leaves  which  are  often  connate. 

1.  C.  perfoliata,  Donn.     Radical  leaves  long-petioled,  broadly  rhomboidal 
or  deltoid  or  deltoid-cordate,  obtuse;  the  cauline  pair  more  or  less  united,  usually 
forming  a  single  somewhat  orbicular  perfoliate  leaf,  concave   above :    racemes 
usually  nearly  sessile  and  loosely  flowered,  the  short  pedicels  often  secund.  — 
From  the  Uintas  and  the  Wahsatch  to  California,  and  thence  northward  to 
Alaska. 

2.  C.   COrdifolia,    Watson.     Stem  from  a  slender   running  rootstock: 
radical  leaves  broadly  cordate,  acutish  ;  cauline  pair  sessile,  ovate,  acute:  racemes 
few-flowered,  with  slender  pedicels  :  petals  thrice  longer  than  the  rounded  sepals. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii.  365.     N.   W.  Montana  (  Watson],  to   Idaho  and 
Oregon. 

-»-  -i-   Stems  usually  branching,  leafy. 

3.  C.  Chamissonis,  Esch.     Stems  weak  and  slender,  erect  or  decum- 
bent, stoloniferous  and  rooting  at  the  joints :  leaves  opposite,  oblanceolate  or 
spatulate :  racemes  few-flowered  ;  the  flowers  very  variable  in  size,  on  slender 
pedicels  :  petals  white.  —  C.aquatica,  Nutt.    Abundant  in  Colorado  and  north- 
ward to  the  British  boundary  and  westward.     In  the  spray  of  the  Lower  Falls 
of  the  Yellowstone. 

*  *  Perennials,  from  a  deep-seated  tuber. 

4.  C.  Caroliniana,  Michx.     Radical  leaves  very  few,  spatulate  ;  cauline 
ones  a  single  pair,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oval,  subspatulate  at  the  base  or  ab- 
ruptly decurrent  into  a  petiole :  pedicels  slender,  nodding  :  flowers  in  a  loose 
raceme :  sepals  and  petals  very  obtuse,  the  latter  pale  rose-color  with  deeper 
veins.  — In  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  eastward  to  the  Atlantic. 

Var.  sessilifolia,  Torr.  Radical  leaf  narrow ;  cauline  sessile,  lanceolate 
to  linear :  raceme  nearly  sessile  and  cymose,  with  a  single  scarious  bract  at 
base :  sepals  acutish.  —  C.  Caroliniana,  var.  lanceolata,  of  Bot.  King's  Exp., 
Fl.  Colorado,  and  the  Hayden  Reports.  Colorado  and  northward,  and  west- 
ward to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 


ELATINACEJE.      (WATER-WOUT   FAMILY.)  39 

*  *  *  Perennial,  with  a  thickened  candex. 

5.  C.  megarrhiza,  Parry.  Root  fusiform,  very  large :  leaves  fleshy; 
radical  ones  petioled  ;  cauline  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  sessile  :  racemes 
secund:  flowers  large,  profuse,  white  with  pinkish  veins:  petals  obovate, 
subemarginate.  —  Parry  in  Herb.  Gray.  C.  arctica,  var.  megarrhiza,  of  Bot. 
King's  Exp.  and  Fl.  Colorado.  High  alpine,  growing  in  crevices  of  the  rock, 
its  large  purple  tap-root  penetrating  to  a  great  depth.  Mountains  of  Colorado 
and  the  Uintas. 

5.     SPRAGUEA,    Torr. 

Sepals  orbicular-cordate.  — A  glabrous  biennial;  with  mostly  radical  fleshy 
leaves  and  ephemeral  flowers  in  dense  scorpioid  spikes  umbellate-clustered  on 
a  scape-like  peduncle. 

1.  S.  umbellata,  Torr.  Stems  several  from  a  thickened  root,  2  to  12 
inches  high :  radical  leaves  spatulate  or  oblauceolate,  on  thick  petioles ;  the 
cauline  similar  but  smaller,  frequently  scariously  stipulate  :  an  involucre  of 
scarious  bracts  subtending  the  dense  capitate  umbel  of  nearly  sessile  spikes  : 
flowers  light  rose-color :  sepals  very  conspicuous,  about  equalling  the  petals. 

—  Wyoming  (Parry),  Yellowstone  Park  (Coulter),  and  westward.     Usually  in 
dry  rocky  or  sandy  localities. 

6     CALYPTRIDIUM,   Nutt. 

Sepals  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular.     Petals  somewhat  coherent  at  the  apex. 

—  Smooth  prostrate  diffusely  branched  annuals;    with  alternate  succulent 
leaves  and  small  ephemeral  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal,  clustered  or  com- 
pound, scorpioid  spikes. 

1.  C.  roseum,  Watson.  Leaves  oblong-spatulate,  attenuate  at  base; 
radical  leaves  few  or  none :  petals  minute :  capsule  not  exceeding  the  calyx. 

—  Bot.   King's   Exp.  44,  t.   6.      W.   Wyoming   (Parry)   and  westward  to 
California. 

7.     LEWI  SI  A,    Pursh. 

Sepals  broadly  ovate,  unequal,  persistent.  Petals  large  and  showy.  Style 
parted  nearly  to  the  base.  —  Low  acaulescent  fleshy  perennials,  cespitose, 
with  thick  fusiform  roots. 

1.  L.  rediviva,  Pursh.  Leaves  densely  clustered,  linear-oblong,  sub- 
terete,  smooth  and  glaucous  :  scapes  but  little  longer,  jointed  at  the  middle, 
and  with  5  to  7  subulate  scarious  bracts  verticillate  at  the  joint :  petals  rose- 
colored  or  white.  —  Arizona,  Utah,  Wyoming,  Montana  (in  the  Bitter  Root 
Mountains),  and  westward.  The  specific  name  refers  to  the  fact  that  the 
roots  are  wonderfully  tenacious  of  life. 


ORDER  13.    ELATINACE^E.     (WATER-WORT  FAMILY.) 

Low  annuals,  with  membranous  stipules  between  the  opposite  dotless 
leaves,  regular  and  mostly  symmetrical  flowers  (2  to  5-merous),  with 


40  MALVACEAE.      (MALLOW  FAMILY.) 

free  sepals,  hypogynous  petals  and  stamens,  and  distinct  styles  bearing 
capitate  stigmas,  the  ovary  2  to  5-celled  with  axile  placenta  becoming 
capsular  in  fruit. 

1.    ELATINE,   L.        WATER-WORT. 

Parts  of  the  flower  in  twos,  threes,  or  fours.  Sepals  membranaceous,  obtuse. 
Ovary  globose.  —  Small  prostrate  glabrous  plants,  growing  in  water  or  wet 
places,  with  entire  leaves  and  usually  solitary  flowers.  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
xiii.  361. 

1.  E.  triandra,  Schkuhr.     Leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  gradu- 
ally attenuate  at  base :  petals,  stamens,  and  carpels  most  frequently  3,  with  2 
sepals :  almost  the  seeds  of  the  next,  or  more  slender,  less  marked.  —  On  the 
Platte  River,  in  Nebraska  or  Colorado  (Hall) ;  also  in  Illinois. 

2.  E.  Americana,  Am.      Leaves  obovate,  very  obtuse:  flowers  with  their 
parts  o/lener  in  twos,  sometimes   in  threes :    seeds   cylindraceous,  somewhat 
curved,  the  crustaceous  coat  many-  (20  to  30-)  latticed  in  9  to  10  lines.  —  Col- 
orado and  Oregon,  also  on  the  Atlantic  border. 


ORDER  14.    HYPEBICACE^E.     (ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  (in  ours),  with  opposite  entire  leaves  punctate  with  translucent 
or  dark-colored  glandular  dots,  no  stipules,  and  perfect  flowers  with  5 
petals  and  numerous  stamens,  the  fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule.  —  Sepals 
5,  imbricate.  Petals  convolute,  glandular-punctate.  Stamens  very  nu- 
merous in  3  bundles.  Styles  2  to  5. 

1.     HYPERICUM,   L.        ST.  JOHN'S-WORT. 

In  our  species  the  capsule  is  3-celled  by  the  union  of  the  placenta  with  the 
axis,  septicidal,  and  the  flowers  yellow  with  black  dots. 

1.  H.  Scouleri,  Hook.  Stems  erect  from  a  running  rootstock,  simple 
or  sparingly  branched  :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  clasping :  flowers  in  an  open 
cyme  :  styles  elongated. —  Colorado,  Utah,  southward  and  westward. 


ORDER  15.    MALVACEAE.     (MALLOW  FAMILY.) 

Mostly  herbs,  with  mucilaginous  juice,  and  alternate  leaves  with  stip- 
ules ;  distinguished  by  the  valvate  calyx,  convolute  petals,  their  bases 
or  short  claws  united  with  each  other  and  with  the  base  of  a  column  of 
numerous  monadelphous  stamens,  these  with  reniform  1 -celled  anthers. 
—  Calyx  5-parted,  often  surrounded  by  an  involucel.  Petals  5.  Pistils 
a  ring  of  ovaries  around  a  projection  of  the  receptacle.  Leaves  most 
commonly  palmately  ribbed.  Peduncles  axillary.  Flowers  often  large 
and  showy.  In  all  of  ours  the  stamineal  tube  is  anther-bearing  at 
the  top. 


MALVACEAE.      (MALLOW  FAMILY.)  41 

*  Styles  stigmatic  down  the  inner  side  :  carpels  indehiscent :  ovules  solitary,  ascending.1 

1.  Callirrhoe.     Bractlets  3,  or  none.     Petals  truncate.    Carpels  beaked. 

2.  Sidalcea*     Bractlets  none.     Filaments  in  a  double  series,  those  of  the  outer  series 

united  in  5  clusters.     Carpels  fewer,  beakless. 

*  #  Stigmas  capitate  :  carpels  mostly  dehiscent  at  least  at  the  apex. 

3.  Malvastrum.     Bractlets  1  to  3.     Ovule  solitary,  ascending. 

4.  Sphseralcea.    Bractlets  1  to  3.     Ovules  2,  the  lower  ascending,  the  upper  pendulous. 

5.  Abutilon.    Bractlets  none.    Ovules  3  or  more  in  each  cell. 

1.    CALLIBRHOE,   Nutt. 

Petals  wedge-shaped  (usually  red-purple).     Carpels  10  to  20,  with  a  short 
empty  beak,  separated  within  from  the  1-seeded  cell  by  a  narrow  projection. 

1.  C.  involucrata,  Gray.     Hirsute:  stem  branching, procumbent :  leaves 
deeply  3  to  5-parted,  covered  with  stellate  hairs,  segments  linear-lanceolate, 
laciniately  3  to  5-toothed :  peduncles  erect,  1 -flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves  : 
flowers  few  in  a  loose  panicle,  scarlet :  brackets  linear-lanceolate :  carpels  hairy, 
not  wrinkled. — Loup  Fork  of  the  Platte,  S.  E.  Colorado,  and  southward. 

2.  C.  alcseoides,  Gray.     Strigose-pubescent :  steins  slender :  lower  leaves 
triangular  heart-shaped,  incised ;  the  upper  5  to  7-parted,  laciniate ;  the  upper- 
most divided  into  linear  segments :  flowers  corymbose,  rose-color  or  white :  involu- 
cel  none:  carpels  crested  and  strongly  wrinkled  on  the  back.  —  Valley  of  the 
Platte,  southward  and  eastward  to  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

2.    SIDALCEA,    Gray. 

Carpels  5  to  9,  beakless.  —  Herbs,  with  rounded  and  mostly  lobed  or  parted 
leaves,  the  usually  purple  flowers  in  a  narrow  terminal  raceme  or  spike. 

1.  S.  malvaeflora,  Gray.     Lower  leaves  7   to  9-lobed;   cauline  more 
narrowly  and  deeply  5  to  7-lobed ;  segments  linear,  somewhat  toothed :  pedicels 
at  first  shorter,  at  length  longer  than  the  subulate  bracts  :  flowers  purple  or  white : 
carpels  7,  pointless.  —  From  Mexico  to  Colorado  and  Oregon. 

2.  S.  Candida,  Gray.    Lower  leaves  orbicular,  7-lobed,  segments  coarsely 
3  to  5-toothed  or  incised ;  upper  leaves  7-lobed  or  parted ;  the  segments  lance- 
olate, entire :  pedicels  shorter  than  the  bracts  :  flowers  white  or  cream-color:  carpets 
9  or  10,  cochkate-remform,  mucronate.  —  On  water-courses  in  the  mountains  of 
Colorado  and  southward. 


3.    MALVASTKUM,    Gray.        FALSE  MALLOW. 

Stamineal  tube  simple.  Carpels  5  or  more.  —  Herbaceous  tufted  peren- 
nials ;  the  flowers  in  narrow  naked  or  leafy  subpaniculate  racemes. 

1.   M.  COCCineum,  Gray.     Low  and  hoary:    leaves  5-parted  or  pedate: 

i  Malva,  an  introduced  genus,  has  3  distinct  bractlets,  obcordate  petals,  and  carpels 
rounded,  beakless. 

M.  rotundifolia,  L.,  has  procumbent  stems,  round  heart-shaped  crenate  obscurely- 
lobed  leaves  on  very  long  petioles,  whitish  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals,  and  pu- 
bescent carpels.  —  The  common  Mallow.  Commonly  naturalized  along  waysides  and  in 
cultivated  ground. 


42  LINAGES.     (FLAX  FAMILY.) 

spikes  or  racemes  of  showy  pink-red  flowers.  —  Common  on  the  plains  from 
Colorado  to  British  America,  and  eastward  to  Iowa  and  Minnesota. 

2.  M.  Munroanum,  Gray.  Taller,  grayish  or  hoary-pubescent :  haves 
broadly  ovate,  usually  cordate  at  base,  3  to  5-lobed  or  deeply  cleft :  flowers  scar- 
let. —  Utah,  Montana,  and  westward. 

4.    SPHJERALCEA,    St.  Hilaire. 

Differing  from  Malvaslrum  only  in  the  two-ovuled  cells  of  the  ovary. 

1.  S.  aiigustifolia,  Spach.    Slender,  erect,  hoary-pubescent :  leaves  oblong  to 
narrowly  lanceolate,  usually  subcordate  or  rounded  at  base,  crenate  or  coarsely 
toothed :  flowers  small.  —  S.  Colorado  and  southward. 

2.  S.  rivillaris,  Torr.     Taller,  scabrous  with  a  stellate  pubescence :  leaves 
cordate,  deeply  5   to   7-lobed,  coarsely  serrate :    racemes   leafy  below,  naked 
above  ;  the  flowers  clustered  on  short  peduncles,  light  purple  or  nearly  white. 
—  S.  acerifolia  of  the  Hay  den  Reports  for  1870-72  and  Bot.  King's  Exp. 
W.  Wyoming,  northward  and  westward. 

5.    ABTJTILON,    Tourn.        INDIAN  MALLOW. 

Herbs,  usually  soft-tomentose  :  flowers  mostly  axillary,  yellow  (in  ours). 

1.  A.  parvulum,  Gray.  Cinereous-tomentose :  stems  slender,  spread- 
ing, paniculate  above ;  brauchlets  pilose  with  spreading  hairs  :  leaves  small, 
cordate,  dentate,  sometimes  3-lobed,  canescent,  tomentose  beneath :  peduncles 
axillary,  1 -flowered,  longer  than  the  leaf.  —  Ledges  of  rock  near  Canon  City, 
Colorado  ( Greene),  and  southward. 

ORDER  16.    L.INACEJE.     (FLAX  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  the  regular  and  symmetrical  hypogynous  flowers  4  to  6- 
(5  in  ours)  merous  throughout,  strongly  imbricated  calyx  and  convolute 
petals,  the  stamens  monadelphous  at  the  base,  and  the  pod  8  to  10-seeded, 
having  twice  as  many  cells  as  there  are  styles. 

1.    LINUM,   L.        FLAX. 

Styles  often  united  into  one  below  ;  ovary  globose.  Seeds  flattened,  ovate, 
the  coat  mucilaginous  when  wetted.  —  Herbs  (sometimes  shrubby  at  base) 
with  tough  fibres  in  the  bark,  sessile  entire  alternate  leaves,  no  stipules,  and 
cymose  or  panicled  flowers. 

*  Petals  blue. 

1 .  L.  perenne,  L.      Branching  above,  leafy :    leaves  linear  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute :  flowers  large,  in  few-flowered  corymbs  or  scattered  on  the 
leafy  branches :  capsule  exceeding  the  sepals,  the  prominent  false  partitions 
long-ciliate.  —  Common  on  dry  soils  throughout  our  whole  range,  thence 
northward  and  westward. 

*  *  Petals  yellow :  sepals  qlandular-margined. 

2.  L.  rigidum,  Pursh.      Stems  angled,  much  branched:   leaves  linear, 
pungently-acute,  rigid,  with  scabrous  margins :  pedicels  thickened  at  the  end  and 


GERANIACE.E.      (GERANIUM  FAMILY.)  43 

forming  an  exterior  cup-shaped  calyculus:  petals  sulphur-yellow:  styles  united 
almost  to  the  top:  capsule  shorter  than  the  sepals.  —  From  S.  Colorado  to  the 
Missouri  River. 

3.  L.  Kingii,  Watson.  Stems  panicled  above,  shrubby  at  base:  leaves 
linear  or  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse:  styles  distinct:  capsule  somewhat  exceeding 
the  sepals.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  49.  Mountains  of  Utah. 

ORDER  17.    ZYCOPHYL.L.ACE.E. 

Distinguished  from  allied  orders  by  the  opposite  compound  leaves, 
with  interposed  stipules  and  entire  dotless  leaflets.  —  Sepals  5,  distinct. 
Petals  hypogynous,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  (in  ours)  twice  as 
many  as  the  petals  and  inserted  with  them.  Ovary  5  to  12-celled,  with 
a  single  terminal  style.  Fruit  dry.  —  Ours  are  herbs  or  shrubs,  with 
solitary  flowers  on  lateral  or  terminal  naked  peduncles,  and  ovary  sur- 
rounded at  the  base  by  a  disk. 

1.  Tribulus.    Leaves  abruptly  pinnate,  6  to  10-foliolate.    Fruit  tuberculate.     Herbs. 

2.  Larrea.    Leaves  2-foliolate.     Fruit  densely  hairy.    Heavy-scented  shrubs. 

1.    TRIBULUS,   L. 

Sepals  mostly  persistent.  Petals  fugacious.  Disk  annular,  10-lobed. 
Stamens  10,  the  alternate  filaments  a  little  shorter  and  with  a  gland  at  base 
on  the  outer  side.  Ovary  5  to  12-celled.  Fruit  lobed,  separating  into  roughly 
tuberculate  carpels.  —  Loosely  branched  and  hairy  prostrate  herbs,  with  ap- 
parently axillary  white  or  yellow  flowers. 

1.  T.  maximus,  L.  Leaflets  ovate-oblong,  more  or  less  oblique:  sepals 
very  hairy,  linear,  acuminate :  fruit  beaked  by  a  stout  style.  —  Kallstrcemia 
maxima,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Fremont  County,  Colorado  (Brandegee),  to  S.  Cali- 
fornia and  Texas. 

2.    LA  II  RE  A,    Cav.        CREOSOTE-BUSH. 

Sepals  deciduous.  Petals  unguiculate.  Disk  10-lobed.  Filaments  winged 
below  with  a  bifid  scale  on  the  inner  side.  Ovary  5-cellecl.  Fruit  globose, 
shortly  stipitate,  separating  into  5  hairy  one-seeded  carpels.  —  Evergreen 
heavy-scented  shrubs,  with  nodose  branches,  and  yellow  flowers. 

1.  L.  Mexicana,  Moric.  Diffusely  branched,  4  to  10  feet  high,  densely 
leafy,  of  a  yellowish  hue :  leaves  nearly  sessile ;  the  thick  resinous  leaflets 
inequilateral,  with  a  broad  attachment  to  the  rachis :  sepals  silky :  scales 
a  little  shorter  than  the  filament,  somewhat  lacerate :  fruit  beaked  by  a 
slender  style.  —  S.  Colorado  to  California  and  Texas. 

ORDER  18.    GERANIACE^E.     (GERANIUM  FAMILY.) 

Leaves  generally  with  stipules,  either  lobed  or  compound.  Flowers 
on  axillary  peduncles,  regular  (in  ours)  and  the  parts  in  fives.  Stamens 
mostly  10,  often  somewhat  mouadelphous.  Ovary  5-celled,  with  a  cen- 
tral axis. 


44  GERANIACE^E.      (GERANIUM  FAMILY.) 

Tribe  I.  Five  glands  of  the  receptacle  alternate  with  the  petals.  Ovary  deeply  5-lobed, 
the  carpels  separating  elastically  at  maturity  from  the  long-beaked  and  indurated  central 
axis  from  below  upward  :  the  styles  forming  loiig  tails  which  become  revolute  upwards 
or  spirally  twisted.  —  GERANIE.E. 

1.  Geranium.     Fertile  stamens  10.     Tails  of  the  carpels  not  bearded. 

2.  Erodinm.     Fertile  stamens  5.     Tails  of  the  carpels  bearded  inside. 

Tribe  II.  No  glands  alternate  with  the  petals.  Ovary  not  lobed,  becoming  in  fruit  a 
5-celled  loculicidal  capsule.  Leaves  compound,  with  entire  leaflets.  Juice  sour.  — 

OXALIDE^E. 

3.  Ox  alls.    Leaves  in  ours  3-foliolate. 

1.     GERANIUM,    L.        CRANESBILL. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  enlarged  joints,  palmately  lobed  and  mostly 
opposite  leaves,  scarious  stipules,  and  1  to  3-flowered  peduncles. 
#  Annual  or  biennial :  flowers  small. 

1.  G.  Carolinianum,  L.     Decumbent  or  ascending,  diffusely  branched, 
pubescent:  leaves  palmately  5  to  7-parted,  the  divisions  cleft  into  oblong- 
linear  lobes :  petals  rose-color,  equalling  the  awned  sepals :  carpels  hairy.  — 
Across  the  continent. 

Var.  longipes,  Watson.     Peduncles  usually  solitary,  and,  with  the  pedi- 
cels, much  elongated.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  50.     Colorado  and  southward. 
*  *  Perennial:  flowers  large. 

2.  G.  Fremontii,  Torr.     Rather  stout,  more  or  less  pubescent  through- 
out, with  a  short,  close,  glandular  pubescence,  sparsely  intermixed  with  longer,  pilose 
hairs :  upper  leaves  deeply  3  to  5-cleJl ;  radical  ones  1 -cleft,  segments  3-lobed  or 
incised :   petals  light  or  deep  purple.  —  From   Colorado   to  Wyoming  and 
Idaho.    Much  that  is  called  by  this  name  is  G.  ccespitosum,  James. 

Var.  Parryi,  Engelm.  Stems  and  peduncles  plainly  glandular-villose  : 
leaves  less  deeply  cut,  ultimate  lobes  or  teeth  ovate,  somewhat  obtuse. —  Gray's  Peak, 
Colorado. 

3.  G.  Richardson!,  Fisch.  £  Mey.     Taller  but  not  so  stout  nor  so  hairy, 
with  the  pubescence  usually  fine  and  appressed,  or  somewhat   glandular  and 
spreading  upon  the  pedicels  :  leaves  5  to  1-defi  nearly  to  the  base,  the,  broad 
lobes  more  or  less  incisely  toothed:  petals  purple  or  sometimes  white.  —  In  the 
mountains  from  New  Mexico  to  British  America  and  westward. 

4.  G.  incisum,  Nutt.     Closely  resembling  the  last,  but  more  vilhns  and 
fjlandulnr-pubescent :  leaves  rather  more  narrowly  and  laciniately  cut :  petals  usually 
deep  purple.  —  From  California  through  Montana  to  the  Saskatchewan. 

5.  G.  CSespitOSUm,  James.     More  slender  and  more  diffusely  branched  : 
radical  leaves  smaller,  reniform,  deeply  5  to  7 '-cleft,  pubescent  :  flowers  purple.  — 
New  Mexico  and  northward.    Includes  many  of  the  forms  which  have  been 
called  G.  Fremontii. 

2.    ERODIUM,    L'Her.        STORKSBILL. 

Sterile  stamens  scale-like.  Tails  of  the  carpels  becoming  spirally  twisted.  — 
Leaves  pinnate,  peduncles  umbellately  4  to  8-flowered,  with  a  4-bracted  invo- 
lucre ;  petals  small. 


EUTACE.E.      (RUE   FAMILY.)  45 

1.  E.  cicutarium,  L'Her.  Hairy,  much  branched  from  the  base  :  leaf- 
lets laciniately  pinnatifid  with  narrow  acute  lobes :  peduncles  exceeding  the 
leaves :  petals  bright  rose-color :  pedicels  at  length  reflexed,  the  fruit  still 
erect.  —  E.  Utah  and  throughout  the  whole  region  west  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. Known  as  "  Alfilaria,"  "  Pin-clover,"  and  "  Pin-grass." 

3.    OXALIS,    L.        WOOD-SOKREL. 

Low,  often  acaulescent,  with  obcordate  leaflets  and  peduncles  umbellately 
or  cymosely  few  to  many-flowered. 

1.  O.  Violacea,  L.     Acaulescent,  nearly  smooth,  leaves  and  scapes  from  a 
scaly  bulb :  scapes  longer  than  the  leaves,  umbellately  flowered :  petals  violet  : 
capsule  few-seeded.  —  Colorado,  and  common  eastward. 

2.  O.  COmiculata,  L.     Caulescent,  more  or  less  villous,  from  running  root- 
stocks  :  stems  sometimes  2  or  3  feet  high  :  petals  yellow :  capsule  many-seeded. 

Var.  stricta,  Sav.  Without  stipules.  —  0.  stricta,  L.  Colorado  and  east- 
ward across  the  continent. 


ORDER  19.    RUTACEJE.    (RUE  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  pellucid  or  glandular-dotted  aromatic 
leaves,  definite  hypogynous  stamens,  and  few  seeds.  —  Sepals  and  petals 
4  or  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the 
petals,  inserted  outside  of  a  hypogynous  disk.  Stipules  none. 

1.  Ptelea.    Leaves  3-foliolate.     Fruit  orbicular,  indehiscent,  broadly  winged.    Stamens  4 

or  5. 

2.  Thamnosma.    Leaves  simple,  alternate.     Fruit  a  2-lobed  coriaceous  capsule.    Sta- 

mens 8. 

1.    PTELEA,    L.        SHRUBBY  TREFOIL.    HOP-TREE. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Ovary  with  a  short  thick  stipe,  2-celled ;  cells  2-ovuled, 
the  lower  ovule  abortive :  style  short.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees ;  flowers  small, 
greenish-white,  in  terminal  cymes  or  compound  corymbs. 

1.  P.  angUStifolia,  Benth.  A  shrub  5  to  25  feet  high,  with  chestnut- 
colored  punctate  bark :  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  becoming  smooth 
and  shining  with  age :  fruit  emarginate  at  base  and  often  above ;  the  stipe 
narrow.  —  S.  Colorado  to  California  and  Texas. 

2.    THAMNOSMA,    Torr. 

Disk  cup-shaped,  crenate  or  lobed.  Ovary  stipitate,  2-celled ;  cells  5  or 
6-ovuled  :  style  elongated. — Low  glandular  desert  shrubs,  strongly  scented  ; 
leaves  linear  ;  flowers  solitary. 

1.  T.  Texana,  Torr.  Woody  only  at  base,  the  slender  stems  3  to  15 
inches  high :  flowers  on  short  naked  pedicels  :  petals  yellow  tinged  with 
purple.  —  Rutosma  Texanum,  Gray.  S.  W.  Colorado  and  southward. 


46  KHAMNACE^E.      (BUCKTHORN   FAMILY.) 


ORDER  20.    CEL.ASTRACEJE.     (STAFF-TREE  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs,  with  simple  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  small  dull-colored  perfect 
regular  flowers,  the  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  inserted  on  the 
margin  of  a  broad  disk  which  lines  the  calyx-tube.  —  Sepals  arid  petals 
imbricated.  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals.  Seeds  arillate. 

1.    PACHYSTIMA,   Raf. 

Calyx  with  a  short  tube  and  4  rounded  lobes.  Petals  4.  Ovary  free, 
2-celled :  style  very  short.  Capsule  small,  coriaceous,  1  to  2-seeded.  Seeds 
enclosed  in  a  white  many-cleft  membranaceous  aril.  —  Low  evergreen  shrubs  ; 
leaves  smooth,  opposite,  very  shortly  petioled,  serrate  or  serrulate ;  flowers 
green,  in  one  to  few-flowered  axillary  cymes. 

1.  P.  Myrsinites,  Raf.  Leaves  ovate  to  obloug  or  oblanceolate,  cuneate 
at  base:  fruit  smooth. — In  the  mountains  from  New  Mexico  to  British 
America  and  westward  to  California.  In  dense  clumps  on  wooded  slopes. 
The  only  other  species  known  (P.  Canbyi]  grows  at  a  single  station  in  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  of  Virginia. 


ORDER  21.     KHAMNACE^E.     (BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  simple  undivided  leaves,  small  and  often 
caducous  stipules,  and  small  regular  flowers.  —  Sepals  valvate  in  the 
bud ;  a  conspicuous  disk  lining  the  short  tube  of  the  calyx.  Petals 
clawed,  mostly  involute,  each  around  a  stamen  in  the  bud,  sometimes 
wanting.  Stamens  perigynous  and  alternate  with  the  sepals.  In  ours 
the  fruit  is  berry-like  or  dry,  containing  2  to  4  separating  seed-like  nut- 
lets, and  the  leaves  are  alternate. 

1.  Rhamnus.     Calyx  and  disk  free  from  the  ovary;  calyx-lobes  erect  or  spreading. 

Petals  small,  short-clawed,  or  none.     Filaments  very  short.     Fruit  berry-like,  with  2 
to  4  mostly  indehiscent  nutlets. 

2.  Ceanot  lius.    Calyx  and  disk  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary  ;  calyx-lobes  connivent. 

Petals  long-clawed,  hooded.      Filaments   exserted.     Fruit   dry,  with  3  dehiscent 
nutlets. 

1.    RHAMNUS,    L.        BUCKTHORN. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dio3cious.  Calyx  4  to  5-cleft.  Petals  on  the 
margin  of  the  disk.  — Leaves  pinnately  veined,  with  small  deciduous,  stipules, 
and  greenish  flowers  axillary  cymose  or  racemose. 

§  1.    Seeds  and  nutlets  deeply  silicate  or  concave  on  the  back  :  flowers  mostly 
dioecious,  solitary  or  fascicled  in  the  axils.  — RHAMNUS  proper. 

1.  R.  alnifolia,  L'Her.  A  shrub  2  to  4  feet  high:  leaves  deciduous, 
ovate-oblong,  crenately  serrate :  petals  wanting  :  fruit  black,  obovate,  3-lobed. 
—  W.  Wyoming,  westward,  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 


IIHAMNACE^E.      (BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.)  47 

§  2.    Seeds  and  nutlets  convex  on  the  back :  flowers  mostly  perfect,  in  pedunculate 
cymes.  —  FRANGDLA. 

2.  R.   Caroliniana,    Walter.      Thornless   shrub   or  small   tree:   leaves 
oblong,  obscurely  serrulate,   deciduous :  flowers  in  one  form  umbellcd,  in  another 
solitary  in  the  axils:    fruit  globose,  3-seeded.  —  Frangula  Caroliniana,  Grav. 
From  the  mountains  eastward  across  the  continent. 

3.  R.  Californica,  Esch.     A  spreading  shrub,  with  the  young  branches 
somewhat  tomentose  :  leaves  ovate-oblong  to  elliptical,  denticulate  or  nearly  entire, 
evergreen  :  peduncles  with  numerous  mostly  abortive  flowers  in  subumbell  ate  fascicles : 
fruit  blackish  purple  with  thin  pulp,  2  to  3-lobed  and  2  to  3-seeded.  — Frangula 
Californica,  Gray.     S.  W.  Colorado  to  California. 

4.  R.  Purshiana,  DC.     Sometimes  20  feet  high  ;  young  branches  tomen- 
tose :    leaves  elliptic,  denticulate,  deciduous,  somewhat  pubescent  beneath :  flowers 
rather  large,  in  a  somewhat  umbellate  cyme:  fruit  black,  broadly  obovoid,  3-lobed 
and  3-seeded.  —  N.  Idaho  and  westward  in  the  Pacific  States. 

2.    C  E  A  N  O  T  H  U  S,    L.        NEW  JERSEY  TEA. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  5-cleft.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  sometimes  spines- 
cent,  with  petioled  leaves  and  showy  thyrsoid  or  cymose  white  (in  ours) 
flowers.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  333.  Ours  all  belong  to  the  first  sec- 
tion of  the  genus,  in  which  the  leaves  are  all  alternate  and  3-nerved,  glandular- 
toothed  or  entire,  and  the  fruit  not  crested. 

*  Branches  not  spiny :  inflorescence  thyrsoid :  leaves  usually  large, 
glandular-serrate. 

1.  C.  velutinus,  Dougl.     A  shrub  2  to  3  feet  high,  usually  glabrous : 
leaves  thick,  broadly  ovate  or  elliptical,  resinous  and  shining  above,  sometimes 
velvety  beneath  :  flowers  in  a  loose  thyrse  :  peduncles  usually  short.  — Colorado, 
Utah,  and  northwestward. 

Var.  ISBVigatuS,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaves  mostly  glabrous  beneath.  —  More 
common  than  the  type  ;  ranging  from  Colorado  northwestward  to  the  British 
boundary. 

2.  C.  OVatUS,  Desf.     A  shrub  2  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or 
elliptical-lanceolate,  glandular-serrulate,   nearly   glabrous :    thyrse   umbel-likei 
the  pedicels  elongated  and  closely  approximated.  —  Includes  C.  oralis,  Bigel. 
Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

3.  C.  sanguineus,  Pursh.    A  shrub 4  to  12  feet  high:  stem  and  branches 
reddish :  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  obovate,  subcordate,  serrate :  thyrsoid  corymbs 
in  lateral  panicles,   on  very  short  peduncles.  —  Includes   C.  Oreganus,   Nutt. 
Along  the  Missouri  and  its  tributaries. 

*  *  Branches  mostly  spinose,  grayish  :  flowers  in  simple  clusters  :  leaves 
small,  entire. 

4.  C.  Fendleri,  Gray.    A  shrub  one  or  two  feet  high,  widely  and  intri- 
cately branched  :  leaves  oval  or  elliptic,  silky-canescent  beneath,  smoothish 
and  green  above  :  flowers  in  clusters,  dense,  sessile,  glabrous.  —  Colorado  and 
southward. 


48  SAPINDACE^E.      (SOAPBERRY  FAMILY.) 


ORDER  22.    VITACEJE.     (VINE  FAMILY.) 

Woody  plants,  mostly  climbing  by  tendrils,  branchlets  articulated  and 
often  thickened  at  the  nodes,  usually  palmately  veined  or  lobed  or  com- 
pound alternate  leaves,  panicled  cymose  or  thyrsoid  inflorescence,  small 
greenish  or  whitish  flowers,  and  fruit  a  berry.  —  Flowers  very  commonly 
polygamous  or  dioscious.  Calyx  minute,  truncate,  or  4  to  5-toothed, 
caducous  or  early  deciduous.  Petals  4  or  5,  valvate.  Stamens  the  same 
number  and  opposite.  Ovules  in  pairs  or  solitary  in  the  cells  of  the 
ovary. 

1.  Vitis.    Calyx  filled  with  an  adnate  fleshy  disk  which  bears  the  petals  and  stamens. 

Leaves  simple. 

2.  Ampelopsis.    Disk  none.    Leaves  palmately  compound. 


1.    VITIS,    Tourn.        GRAPE. 

Petals  thick  and  caducous.  Stamens  distinct.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  pair 
of  ovules  in  each  cell.  —  Tendrils  and  flower-clusters  opposite  the  leaves,  the 
former  almost  always  at  least  once  forked. 

1.  V.  riparia,  Michx.  Leaves  usually  iucisely  3-lobed,  the  lobes  long- 
pointed  :  panicles  small,  rather  simple :  berries  mostly  with  bloom  :  seeds 
obtuse  or  somewhat  obcordate  and  with  an  inconspicuous  rhaphe.  —  V.  cordi- 
folia,  var.  riparia,  Gray.  Colorado ;  common  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

2.    AMPELOPSIS,    Michx.       VIRGINIA  CREEPER. 

Calyx  slightly  5-toothed.  Petals  concave,  thick,  expanding  before  the  fall. 
—  Leaves  with  5  oblong-lanceolate  sparingly  serrate  leaflets.  Tendrils  fixing 
themselves  to  trunks  or  walls  by  dilated  sucker-like  disks  at  their  tips. 

1.  A.  quinquefolia,  Michx.  A  woody  vine  in  low  rich  grounds,  climb- 
ing extensively,  sometimes  by  rootlets  as  well  as  by  its  disk-bearing  tendrils  : 
berries  small  and  blackish.  —  Colorado  (Meehan),  and  throughout  the  At- 
lantic and  Mississippi  Valley  States.  Leaves  turning  bright  crimson  in 
autumn. 


ORDER  23.    SAPINDACEJE.     (SOAPBERRY  FAMILY.) 

Ours  are  all  trees  of  the  MAPLE  FAMILY,  which  has  compound  or  lobed 
opposite  leaves  without  stipules,  polygamous  or  dioecious  regular  flowers, 
sometimes  without  petals,  each  cell  of  the  2-celled  fruit  producing  a 
wing  and  becoming  a  samara. 

1.  Acer.    Leaves  palmately  lobed  or  rarely  divided.     Flowers  polygamous. 

2.  Negumlo.     Leaves  pinnate.     Flowers  dioecious,  apetalous. 


ANACARDIACE^E.      (CASHEW  FAMILY.)  49 

1.    ACER,    Tourn.        MAPLE. 

Calyx  colored,  usually  5-lobed.  Petals  as  many  or  none.  Stamens  3  to  12, 
usually  8,  inserted  with  the  petals  upon  a  lobed  disk.  Fruit  divaricately 
2-winged  above,  separable  at  maturity,  each  1-seeded. — Flowers  in  umbel- 
like  corymbs  or  fascicles. 

J .  A.  grandidentatum,  Nutt.  Leaves  cordate  or  truncate  at  base,  rather 
deeply  3-lobed,  with  broad  round  sinuses ;  lobes  rather  acute,  coarsely  sinuate- 
dentate  :  the  umbel-like  corymb  nearly  sessile,  few-flowered,  the  pedicels  long 
and  nodding.  —  Utah  and  northward  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  moun- 
tains. Rarely  attains  a  foot  in  diameter  and  30  to  40  feet  in  height. 

2.  A.  glabrum,  Torr.  Shrub  6  to  10 feet  high:  leaves  subreniform,  orbicu- 
lar in  outline,  3-lobed  or  more  usually  3-parted ;  segments  short  and  broad, 
acutely  incised  and  toothed,  somewhat  3-lobed,  middle  one  cuneate :  the  umbel- 
like  corymb  pedunculate:  sepals  about  8.  —  Includes  A.  tripartitum,  Nutt. 
From  New  Mexico  to  Wyoming  and  westward.  Along  water-courses  among 
the  mountains. 

2.    WE  GUN  DO,    Mcench.        BOX-ELDER. 

Petals  and  disk  none.  Fruit  as  in  Acer.  —  Sterile  flowers  on  clustered 
capillary  pedicels,  the  fertile  in  drooping  racemes. 

1.  N.  aceroides,  Moench.  Leaflets  very  veiny,  ovate,  pointed,  toothed  : 
fruit  smooth,  with  large  rather  incurved  wings.  —  In  the  valleys  from  New 
Mexico  northward.  A  tree  with  light  green  twigs  and  delicate  drooping 
clusters  of  greenish  flowers  a  little  earlier  than  the  leaves. 


ORDER  24.     ANACABDIACEvE.     (CASHEW  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  a  resinous  juice,  alternate  leaves  without  stipules, 
aud  small  regular  flowers  commonly  polygamous  or  dioecious.  Stamens 
as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  The  free  ovary  1-celled  and 
1-ovuled,  but  the  styles  often  3.  Fruit  a  dry  drupe. 

1.    RHUS,    L.        SUMACH. 

Sepals  and  petals  usually  5.  Stamens  inserted  under  the  edge  of  a  disk 
lining  the  base  of  the  calyx.  —  Leaves  simple  or  pinnate. 

#  Leaflets  11  to  31 :  flowers  in  a  terminal  thyrsoid  panicle. 

1.  R  glabra,  L.     Shrub  2  to  12  feet  high  :  leaflets  whitened  beneath, 
lanceolate-oblong,  pointed,  serrate  :  fruit  globular,  clothed  with  acid  crimson 
hairs;  the  stone  smooth.  —  Colorado,  Utah,  Idaho,  and  eastward  across  the 
continent.     Not  poisonous. 

*  #  Leaflets  3. 

2.  R.  Toxicodendron,  L.     Climbing  by  rootlets  over  rocks  or  ascending 
trees :  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  rather  downy  beneath,  variously  notched,  sinu- 
ate, or  cut-lobed  :  flowers  in  loose  and  slender  axillary  panicles  :  fruit  globular, 
glabrous,  whitish  or  dun-colored  ;  the  stone  striate.  —  Colorado,  Utah,  Wyo- 
ming, and  eastward.    Poisonous  to  the  touch. 

4 


50  LEGUMINOS.E.      (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

3.  R.  aromatica,  Ait.,  var.  trilobata,  Gray.  A  shrub  2  to  5  feet  high, 
diffusely  branched,  strongly  scented  :  leaflets  cuneate-obovate  or  rhomboidal, 
coarsely  toothed  above  and  often  3-lobed :  flowers  in  clustered  scaly  bracted 
spikes  like  catkins,  preceding  the  leaves,  yellowish :  fruit  flattish,  somewhat 
viscid.  —  R.  trilobata,  Nutt.  Common  throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains  to 
the  Upper  Missouri,  and  westward. 


ORDER  25.    L,EGIJMINOS^E.     (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  irregular  or  sometimes  regular  flowers,  mostly  10  mon- 
adelphous  or  diadelphous  stamens,  and  a  single  simple  free  pistil 
becoming  a  legume  in  fruit.  —  Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules,  usually 
compound. 

SUBORDER  I.     PAPILIONACE^E. 

Flower  irregular.  Calyx  mostly  5-cleft  or  5-toothed.  Corolla  of  5 
petals  (rarely  fewer) ;  one  (standard)  superior,  larger  and  always 
external,  covering  in  the  bud  the  two  lateral  ones  (wings),  and  these 
covering  the  inferior  pair,  which  together  form  the  keel,  this  in  turn 
enclosing  the  stamens  and  pistil.  Style  generally  inflexed  or  incurved. 

*  Stamens  distinct 
•*-  Leaves  digitately  3-foliolate. 
1.  Thermopsis.    Stipules  conspicuous,  and  yellow  flowers  in  racemes. 

•«-  •*-  Leaves  unequally  pinnate. 
2    Sopliora.     Pod  thick,  large,  several-seeded,  often,  transversely  constricted.     Leaves 

coriaceous. 

9.  Amorpha.     Pod  small,  1  to  2-seeded.     Petal  one.     Stamens  inonadelphous  at  the  very 
base. 

*  *  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous  (9  and  IX 

t-  Anthers  of  two  forms  :  filaments  strictly  monadelphous :  leaves  digitate,  of  more  than  3 

entire  leaflets. 

3.  laipinns*     Calyx  2-lipped.     Standard  with  recurved  sides :  keel  falcate.     Pod  large, 

straight 

•«-  •»-  Anthers  reniform. 

•H.  Leaflets  3  (rarely  5  to  7),  denticulate  or  serrulate :  stamens  diadelphous  or  nearly  so : 
pods  small  and  enclosed  in  the  calyx.1 

4.  Trifolium.    Flowers  capitate.     Corolla  persistent,  united  with  the  filaments. 

•H-  **•  Leaves  unequally  pinnate  (very  rarely  digitate  or  simple) ;  leaflets  entire:  no  tendril. 
=  Flowers  in  axillary  umbels  or  solitary  :  stamens  diadelphous. 

5.  Hosackia.     Corolla  yellow  or  partly  white  or  turning  reddish  :  claw  of  the  standard 

usually  remote  from  the  others.     Pod  linear,  several-seeded. 

=  =  Flowers  in  spikes,  racemes,  or  heads,  never  umbellate, 
a.  Herbage  glandular-dotted  :  stamens  mostly  monadelphous :  pod  usually  indehiscent 

6.  Psoralea.    Herbs,  with  3  to  7-foliolate  leaves  and  axillary  spikes  or  racemes.    Pod  one- 

ovuled,  one-seeded. 

1  Medicago  is  an  introduced  genus,  with  small  flowers  in  axillary  racemes  or  spikes,  petals 
free  and  deciduous,  arid  the  pod  spirally  coiled  or  curved.  See  foot-note,  p.  54. 


LEGUMLNOS^E.      (PULSE  FAMILY.)  51 

7.  Dalea.    Shrubby  or  herbaceous,  with  pinnate  or  palmate  leaves  and  terminal  spikes  or 

heads.     Wings  and  keel  inserted  on  and  articulated  with  the  stamen  tube.     Pod  2  to 
6-ovuled,  mostly  one-seeded. 

8.  Petalostemon.    Herbs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves  and  terminal  spikes  or  heads.   Stamens 

5  ;   the  cleft  tube  of  filaments  bearing  4  of  the  petals  on  its  summit.     Pod  1  to 
2-seeded. 

9.  Ainorpha.    Shrubs,  with  pinnate  leaves  and  terminal  racemes  or  spikes.    Wings  and 

keel  of  the  corolla  wanting.    Stamens  monadelphous  only  at  base,  otherwise  distinct. 
Pod  1  to  2-ovuled,  1  to  2-seeded. 

5.  Shrubs  or  shrubby  :  herbage  not  glandular :  leaves  pinnate  :  pod  flat,  2-valved:  stamens 

diadelphous. 

10.  Peteria.   Racemes  terminal  or  opposite  the  leaves.    Pod  narrow,  many-seeded.   Leaflets 

not  stipellate. 

11.  Robinia.    Pod  thin,  margined  on  one  edge.    Leaflets  stipellate. 

c.  Herbage  glandular  or  glutinous  and  more  or  less  punctate :  leaves  unequally  pinnate : 

stamens  diadelphous  ;  anthers  confluently  one-celled. 

12.  Glycyrrhiza.     Flowers,  etc.  of  Astragalus.     Pod  prickly  or  muricate,  short,  one- 

celled. 

d.  Herbage  neither  glandular  nor  dotted  :  stamens  diadelphous  ;  anthers  2-celled :  leaves 

pinnate. 

13.  Astragalus.    Pods  mostly  bladdery  or  turgid,  or  more  or  less  2-celled  by  intrusion  of 

the  dorsal  suture.     Keel  not  tipped  with  a  point  or  sharp  appendage. 

14.  Oxytropis.     Keel  tipped  with  a  point ;  otherwise  as  in  Astragalus. 

•H-  -H-  -H-  Herbs  with  odd-pinnate  leaves  and  no  tendril :  pod  transversely  2  to  several-jointed, 
the  reticulated  one-seeded  .joints  iridehiscent. 

15.  Hedysarum.    Stamens  diadelphous  (5  and  1). 

•H-  -H-  -H-  -H-  Leaves  abruptly  pinnate,  terminated  by  a  tendril  or  bristle  :  stamens  diadelphous : 
peduncles  axillary  :  pod  2-valved. 

16.  Vicia.    Stamen-tube  oblique  at  the  summit.     Style  filiform,  hairy  around  and  below 

the  apex. 

17.  L«athyrus.    Stamen-tube  nearly  truncate.    Style  dorsally  flattened  toward  the  apex, 

hairy  on  the  inner  side,  usually  twisted  half  round. 


SUBORDER  II. 

Flower  more  or  less  irregular.  Perigynous  disk  lining  the  tube  or 
base  of  the  calyx.  Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  one  corresponding 
to  the  standard  within  the  lateral  ones.  Stamens  10  or  fewer,  distinct.  — 
In  ours  the  corolla  is  yellow  and  not  at  all  papilionaceous. 

18.  Cassia.    Leaves  simply  and  abruptly  pinnate.    Anthers  either  10  and  unequal,  or  some 

of  the  upper  ones  imperfect,  abortive,  or  wanting. 
10.  Hoffmanseggia.    Leaves  abruptly  or  unequally  bipinnate,  and  dotted  with  black 

glands.     Stamens  10,  with  anthers  all  perfect  and  filaments  hairy.    Racemes  opposite 

the  leaves. 

SUBORDER  III.     MIJWOSE.E. 

Flowers  regular,  small,  and  numerous  in  spikes  or  heads.  No  disk. 
Calyx  and  corolla  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as 
many  as  the  petals,  hypogynous.  Leaves  usually  twice  pinnate. 

20.  Schrankia.    Petals  united  below  into  a  cup.    Pod  covered  with  small  prickles  or 
rough  projections^ 


52  LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

1.    THERMOPSIS,    K.  Br. 

Calyx  campanulate,  cleft  to  the  middle.  Standard  shorter  than  the  oblong 
wings,  the  sides  reflexed :  keel  nearly  straight,  equalling  the  wings.  Pod 
linear  to  oblong-linear,  much  compressed,  shortly  stipitate  or  nearly  sessile, 
straight  or  incurved.  —  Stout  perennial  herbs  with  erect  clustered  stems; 
stipules  free,  leaflets  entire. 

1.  T.  rhombifolia,  Richardson.    Stems  angular,  nearly  smooth :  stipules 
as  long  as  the  petioles;    leaflets  obovate-cuneiform,  silky-puberulent,  at  length 

1  nearly  glabrous :  bracts  oval:  pod  alcate,  recurved  or  pendulous,  glabrous,  10 
to  14-seeded.  —  From  Colorado  northward,  at  the  head-waters  of  the  Platte, 
Missouri,  and  Saskatchewan. 

2.  T.  montana,  Nutt.     Somewhat  silky-pubescent,  at  length  glabrous : 
stipules  exceeding  the  petioles ;    leaflets  oblonq-obovate  to  oblong,  sparingly  villous 
beneath,  smooth  above:  bracts  mostly  lanceolate :   pod  straight,  erect,  pubescent, 
10  to  12-seeded.— Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  388.     T.  fabacea  of  Hayd.  Rep.  1872. 
T.  fabacea,  var.  montana,  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.,  Hayd.  Rep.  1870  and   1871, 
and  Fl.  Colorado.    From  New  Mexico  to  Washington  Territory  and  east- 
ward to  the  borders  of  Nebraska  and  Dakota. 

2.    SOPHORA,   L. 

Calyx-tube  campanulate;  teeth  short.  Petals  nearly  equal;  standard  broad. 
Pod  stipitate,  terete  or  somewhat  compressed.  —  Ours  are  herbs ;  leaves  with 
numerous  entire  leaflets ;  stipules  small  or  obsolete ;  flowers  white,  in  terminal 
racemes. 

1.  S.  sericea,  Nutt.  Low,  6  to  12  inches  high,  more  or  less  silky-canes- 
cent  :  leaflets  about  21,  elliptic  or  cuneate-oval :  racemes  short,  at  first  scarce 
exserted  beyond  the  leaves :  calyx  gibbous  at  base.  —  High  plains  of  Colorado 
and  northward  along  the  plains  of  the  Platte  and  the  Missouri. 

3.    LIT  PIN  US,    L.        LUPINE. 

Wings  united  above,  enclosing  the  keel.  Stigma  bearded.  Pod  2-valved, 
compressed,  coriaceous.  —  Generally  herbaceous ;  stipules  adnate  to  the 
petioles.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  verticillate,  or  scattered,  bracteate. 

§  1.    Ovules  several:  cotyledons  petioled  in  germination.  — LUPIN  us  proper. 
Ours  are  all  herbaceous  perennials,  with  oblong  pods. 

*  Dwarf  and  cespitose :  racemes  usual/I/  short  and  dense :  pods  3  to  4-seeded. 

1.  L.  CSBSpitOSUS,  Nutt.  Nearly  stemless,  silky-hirsute  :  raceme  sessile, 
shorter  than  the  leaves ;  bracts  setaceous,  deciduous :  petals  pale  blue.  —  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  379.  From  the  mountains  of  W.  Colorado  and  Utah  north- 
ward to  the  head-waters  of  Snake  and  Yellowstone  Rivers. 

2  L.  aridus,  Dougl.  Pubescence  villous,  both  loose  and  appressed : 
leaflets  oblanceolate  :  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  bracts  nearly  equalling 
the  calyx:  petals  purple;  the  standard  elliptical. —  Sources  of  the  Missouri, 
to  Washington,  Oregon,  and  California.  In  low  valleys. 

3.  L.  minimus,  Dougl.      Appressed   silky-villous :    leaflets  obovate  or 
oblanceolate  :  peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves ;  bracts  linear :  petals 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.)  53 

purple ;  the  standard  orbicular.  —  From  N.  W.  Wyoming  to  Washington  Ter- 
ritory and  California. 

4.  L.  Lyallii,  Gray.     Stems  from  a  spreading  woody  caudex :  pubescence 
dense,  villous,  appressed :  leaflets  obovate :   racemes  very  short,  the  peduncles 
much  exceeding  the  leaves ;  bracts  short :  petals  purple ;  the  standard  elliptical. 

—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  334.     Bitter  Root  Mountains,  and  in  the  Cascades  of 
Washington  Territory. 

*  *  Stems  taller,  erect  or  ascending,  and  racemes  elongated. 
H—   Flowers  large :  lea/lets  7  to  10,  glabrous  above  or  nearly  so  :  ovules  5  to  8. 

5.  L.  Burkei,  Watson.     Stout,  erect,  the  short  and  silky  pubescence  closely 
appressed:   lower  leaves  long-petioled ;   leaflets  about  equalling  the  petioles: 
raceme  usually  short  and  dense ;   bracts  villous :  flowers  purple  or  sometimes 
white  :  calyx  with  spreading  pubescence  :  keel  nearly  semicircular  :  pod  8-seeded. 

—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  525.     L.  polyi>hyllus,  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.  and  Hayd. 
Rep.  1871  and  1872.     Head-waters  of  Yellowstone   and   Snake  Rivers,  to 
N.  Nevada. 

6.  L.  Sitgreavesii,  Watson.     Puberulent  and  somewhat  silky  villous  with 
spreading  hairs:  raceme  open,  shortly  peduncled  :  calyx  appressed-silky :  stan- 
dard rounded,  naked  :  ovules  5.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  527.     In  the  mountains 
from  the  S.  Sierra  Nevada  to  S.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

7.  L.  Plattensis,  Watson.     Appressed  silky -villons  throughout,  with  a  some- 
what glaucous  hue :  leaflets  spatulate  :  raceme  loose,  shortly  peduneled  :  petals 
pale  blue,  with  a  conspicuous  darker  spot  upon  the  standard.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
xvii.  369.     L.  ornatus,  Bougl.,  var.  glabratus,  Watson.     The  L.  ornatus  of  the 
Hayden  Reports.     Common  on  the  Upper  Platte  and  northward. 

•<-  -i-  Flowers  smaller  (3  to  5  lines  long) :  ovules  2  to  6. 
•w-  Lower  petio'es  elongated:  Icajlets  not  glabrous  above:  racemes  mostly  dense. 

8.  L.  leucophyllus,  Dougl.    Leafy,  densely  silky-tomentose  throughout 
and  somewhat  villous  :  leaflets  7  to  10,  oblanceolate  or  cuneate-oblong ;  the 
upper  petioles  about  equalling  the  leaves :  racemes  sessile  or  nearly  so,  densely 
flowered :  pedicels  stout :  petals  blue  or  pink ;  the  standard  densely  villous. 

—  Head-waters  of  the  Platte  and  Missouri  Rivers,  to  Washington  Territory 
and  N.  California. 

•w-  -H-  Stems  slender:   pubescence  short,  silky,  appressed:  petioles  and  peduncles 
mostly  short :  flowers  subverticillate  or  scattered,  on  short  slender  pedicels. 

9.  L.  parviflOPUS,  Nutt.     Stems  2  or  3  feet  high  :  pubescence  scanty,  the 
calyx  and  pedicels  silky:  leaflets  5  to  11,  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  glabrous  above, 
the  lower  leaves  shorter  than  the  petioles  :  standard  naked.  —  Mountains  of  Central 
Colorado,  to  the  sources  of  Snake  River,  and  westward  to  Central  California 
and  the  Columbia  River. 

10.  L.  laxiflorus,  Dougl.     Stems  1  to  2  feet  high  :  leaflets  6  to  8,  nar- 
rowly oblanceolate,  silky  on  both  sides,  at  least  half  as  long  as  the  petioles :  calyx 
narrowed  and  saccate  at  base :  standard  somewhat  pubescent.  —  Wahsatch  Moun- 
tains, westward  to  N.  California  and  Vancouver  Island. 

11.  L.  argenteus,  Pursh.     Hoary  with  thick  pubescence:  stem  1  to  2 
feet  high  :  leaflets  5  to  8,  linear -lanceolate,  smooth  above  or  nearly  so,  about  equal- 
ling the  petioles :  calyx  gibbous  but  not  spurred  at  base :  petals  blue  or  cream- 


54  LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

colored;  standard  very  broad. — From  Central  Colorado  to  Montana,  and 
westward  along  the  plains  of  Snake  and  Columbia  Rivers. 

Var.  decumbens,  Watson.  Stem  stouter  and  more  leafy :  raceme 
dense.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  532.  L.  decumbens,  Torr.  L.  laxiflorus,  of 
Hayd.  Rep.  1872.  L.  laxiflorus,  var.  tenellus,  of  Hayd.  Rep.  1871.  From 
Montana  and  Wyoming  southward  into  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

Var.  argophyllus,  Watson.  More  silky-pubescent ;  the  leaflets  nearly 
equally  so  on  both  sides,  longer  than  the  petioles :  flowers  larger  :  calyx  decidedly 
spurred.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  532.  S.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

§  2.  Ovules  2  (rarely  3  or  4)  :  cotyledons  broad  and  clasping  after  germination, 
usually  long  persistent.  Erect  annuals  :  leaflets  cuneate-oblong  or  -obovate  :  bracts 
persistent :  pod  ovate.  —  PLATYCARPOS,  Watson. 

12.  L.  pusillus,  Pursh.     Rather  stout,  3  to  10  inches  high,  hirsute  with 
long  spreading  hairs :  leaflets  mostly  5,  nearly  smooth  above,  about  half  as  long 
as  the  petioles  :  racemes  spicate,  nearly  sessile,  2  or  3  inches  long :  petals  purple 
or  rose-color  :  pod  very  hirsute.  —  From  the  Upper  Missouri  to  the  Columbia 
and  southward  east  of  the  Sierras,  to  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

13.  L.  Xingii,  Watson.     Resembles  the  last,  but  more  slender  and  villous 
with  soft  while  hairs :  racemes  very  short,  few-flowered,  on  long  slender  peduncles : 
pods  and  seeds  smaller.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  534.    L.  Sileri,  Watson.    Utah, 
Colorado,  and  southward  along  the  Rio  Grande. 

4.    TBIFOLIUM,1    L.        CLOVER. 

Herbs  with  palmately  compound  leaves,  stipules   adnate  to  the  petiole, 
flowers  in  capitate  racemes,  spikes,  or  umbels,  peduncles  axillary  or  only 
apparently  terminal.  —  Watson  Rev.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  127. 
*  Leaflets  5  to  7  :  heads  not  involucrate,  terminal  and  axillary :  flowers  sessile : 
calyx-teeth  filiform,  plumose  .v  low  or  dwarf  perennials. 

1.  T.  megacephalum,  Nutt.    Stout,  somewhat  villous :  leaflets  cuneate- 
oblong  to  obovate,  obtuse,  toothed  :  flowers  very  large  (1  inch  long),  purplish, 
in  spicate  heads :  calyx  half  as  long,  the  teeth  very  much  longer  than  the  tube  : 
pod  stipitate,  smooth. —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  315.     Head-waters  of  the  Mis- 
souri, to  Washington  Territory  and  N.  E.  California. 

*  *  Leaflets  3 :  heads  not  involucrate,  terminal :  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so : 

perennial  or  biennial. 
•«-    Caulescent,  often  tall:  calyx-teeth  very  narrow,  shorter  than  the  corolla? 

2.  T.  eriocephalum,  Nutt.     Vilhus  with  spreading  hairs,  or  the  stem 
and  leaves  rarely  glabrous :  leaflets  narrowly  oblong  or  sometimes  broader, 

1  Medicago  sativa,  L.,  has  leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate,  the  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  and 
purple  flowers.  —  Known  as  "  Lucerne,"  and  introduced  into  Wyoming,  Utah,  and  westward. 

2  T.  pratense,  L.,  the  common  Red  Clover,  is  becoming  introduced  and  may  be  known  by 
its  oval  or  obovate  leaflets  often  notched  at  the  end  and  marked  above  with  a  pale  spot,  broad 
bristle-pointed  stipules,  ovate  sessile  heads  of  rose-purple  flowers,  and  scarcely  hairy  calyx. 

T.  repens,  L.,  the  White  Clover,  is  also  introduced,  and  may  be  known  by  its  creeping 
stems,  axillary  peduncles,  inversely  heart-shaped  or  merely  notched  leaflets,  narrow  stip- 
ules, long  petioles  and  peduncles,  the  short  pedicels  reflexed  when  old,  and  the  white 
flowers  turning  brownish  in  fading. 


LEGUMINOS.E.       (PULSE  FAMILY.)  55 

serrulate :  flowers  in  dense  ovate  spikes,  at  length  reflexed,  ochroleucous :  calyx- 
teeth  very  villous,  lax,  nearly  equalling  the  petals :  ovary  hairy.  —  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  313.  S.  W.  Colorado,  N.  California,  Oregon  and  Idaho. 

3.  T.  longipes,  Nutt.      Slender:    stem  usually  glabrous,  the  leaflets  and 
calyx  sparingly  villous:    leaflets  narrowly  oblong  to  linear,  serrulate:    heads 
ovate,  looser  than  in  the  last,  not  re  flexed:  flowers  ochroleucous  or  tinged  with 
purple  :    calyx-teeth  straight,  more  or  less  hairy,  shorter  than  the  corolla.  — 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  314.     From  N.  Arizona  and  Colorado  to  the  British 
boundary,  and  west  to  the  Pacific. 

Var.    (?)   latifolium,  Hooker.     Often  low:    leaflets   broader:    flowers 
pedicellate  in  loose  heads.  —  With  the  species. 

4.  T.  Kingii,  Watson.   Glabrous  throughout :  leaflets  oblong  to  oblanceolate, 
very  acute,  sharply  denticulate :  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves :  heads  naked, 
the  purplish  flowers  at  length  reflexed ;  the  rachis  often  produced  above  the 
head,  with  a  few  spinescent  bracts :  calyx-teeth  about  one  third  the  length  of  the 
corolla.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  59.      T.   Haydeni,  Porter  in  Hayd.   Rep.  1871. 
From  Montana  through  Idaho  and  Utah  to  N.  E.  California. 

-i—  •(—  Dwarf,  cespitose,  acaulescent  or  nearly  so. 
++  Glabrous :  flowers  large :  ovary  smooth,  linear,  4  to  1-ovuled. 

5.  T.  nanum,  Torr.   Leaflets  small,  oblanceolate,  serrulate,  strongly  veined : 
peduncles  very  short,  radical :  flowers  1  to  3,  dark   purple  :   calyx-tee.th   broad, 
acute,  shorter  than  the  tube :  ovary  4  to  5-ouuled.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and 
Utah. 

6.  T.  Brandegei,  Watson.     Leaflets  elliptic-oblong,  thin,  entire :  peduncles 
about  equalling  the  leaves  :  flowers  Sfncate  in  a  loose  naked  head,  purplish  :  calyx- 
teeth  lanceolate,  acuminate,  a  little  longer  than  the  tube :  ovary  stipitate,  1-ovuled.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi.  130.     S.  W.  Colorado  and  N.  W.  New  Mexico. 

+•*•  •»-»•  Pubescent:  flowers  small:  ovary  obocate,  densely  villous,  2-ovufed,  at  length 
exserted  from  the  calyx. 

7.  T.  gymnocarpon,  Nutt.     Leaflets  ovate-oblong  to  oblanceolate,  ser- 
rate :  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves :  flowers  2  to  6,  in  rather  close  heads, 
on  short  pedicels :  calyx-teeth  equalling  the  tube.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  320. 
Bot.  King's  Exp.  62,  t.  8.     W.  Wyoming  and  the  Wahsatch. 

*  #  *  Leaflets  3 :  heads  subtended  by  a  mostly  monophyllous  usually  many-cleft 

involucre,  axillary :  flowers  in  whorls,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  not  reflexed. 
•t-  Low^or  dwarf  perennials,  acaulescent  or  nearly  so:  flowers  rather  large:  invo- 
lucre parted,  somewhat  scarions. 

8.  T.  Parryi,  Gray.     Glabrous,  often  stout :  leaflets  oblong  to  oblanceolate, 
sharply  dentate :  bracts  5  to  7,  oblong,  obtuse :  flowers  20  or  more  in  a  head :  calyx- 
teeth  broadly  subulate,  equalling  the  tube:   corolla  rose-purple.  —  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  n.  xxxiii.  409.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Wyoming. 

9.  T.  dasyphyllum,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Cespitose :   leaves,  peduncles,  and 
calyx  more  or  less  silky :  leaflets  linear-lanceolate,  entire :  head  globose,  on  a  long 
radical  peduncle  :  bracts  very  small,  unequal,  lanceolate :  calyx -teeth  linear, 
much  longer  than  the  tube.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado,  and  the  Uintas. 

10.  T.  andinum,  Nutt.    Cespitose,  silky-canescent :  leaflets  rigid,  cuneate- 
j,  entire,  strongly  veined :  peduncles  radical,  about  equalling  the  leaves : 


56  LEGUMINOS.E.      (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

heads  hemispherical:  involucre  of  2  broadly  stipuled  3-foliolate  leaves:  ovary 
one-ovukd. —  Watson,  Bot.  King's  Exp.  60,  t.  8.  W.  Wyoming  and  N.  E. 
Utah. 

•*—  -i—  Slender  annuals,  glabrous :  lobes  of  ike  involucre  laciniately  and  sharply 

toothed. 

11.  T.  involucratum,  Willd.    Branching  from  the  base  :  leaflets  mostly 
oblanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  spinulosely-serru/ate^.  flowers  in  close  heads,  purple 
tipped  with  white :  calyx-teeth  thin :  ovules  several.  —  From  Mexico  to  the  British 
boundary,  and  from  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  the  Pacific. 

12.  T.  pauciflorum,  Nutt.     Very  slender :  stems  ascending  or  decum- 
bent: leaflets  obovate  or  oblanceolate  or  sometimes  linear,  usually  obtuse  or 
refuse,  serrulate :   heads  rather  few-flowered :  involucre  small -i.  flowers  little  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx,  deep  purple  or  light  rose-colored :  ^calyx-teeth  rigid,  setosely 
acuminate:  ovules  two.  —  T.  variegatum,  Nutt.,  in  Bot.  King's  Exp.  and  Hayd. 
Rep.  1872.    From  Washington  Terr,  and  Montana  to  S.  California  and  Utah. 


5.    HOSACKIA,    Douglas. 

Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal,  usually  shorter  than  the  tube.  Petals  free  from 
the  stamens,  nearly  equal ;  keel  somewhat  incurved.  Pod  sessile,  partitioned 
between  the  seeds.  —  Herbaceous:  leaves  (in  ours)  1  to  5-foliolate;  stipules 
minute  and  gland-like.  —  Watson  in  Bot.  King's  Exp.  432. 

1.  H.  Wrightii,  Gray.     Perennial:  ashy-puberulent,  bushy-branched,  very 
leafy :  leaflets  3  to  5,  apparently  palmate  and  sessile,  the  lowest  oblong,  the  rest 
filiform-linear:  peduncles  short,  rarely  equalling  the  leaf,  1  to  2-flowered :  calyx- 
teeth  setaceous-subulate,  about  equalling  the  tube :   keel  not  f alcatel y -attenuate, 
mostly  very  obtuse.  —  S.  W.  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

2.  H.  Pu.rsh.iana,  Benth.    Annual:  more  or  less  silky-villous  or  sometimes 
glabrous:  leaves  nearly  sessile;  leaflets  3*  (or  1,  rarely  4),  varying  from  ovate  to 
lanceolate :  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves,  one-flowered :  calyx-teeth  linear,  much 
longer  than  the  tube,  about  equalling  the  corolla  :  keel  attenuated  upward,  falcate, 
mostly  acute.  —  From  Washington  Terr,  to  Northern  Mexico,  eastward  to  the 
Upper  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  N.  Carolina. 


6.    PSORALEA,    L. 

Two  upper  calyx-lobes  often  connate.  Keel  united  with  the  wings.  Sta- 
mens mostly  diadelphous.  Pod  sessile,  thick  and  often  wrinkled.  —  Perennial 
herbs  :  leaves  (in  ours)  digitate,  the  leaflets  entire;  stipules  not  adnate  to  the 
petiole  :  flowers  white  or  purplish. 

*  Flowers  in  panicled  racemes. 

1 .  P.  tenuiflora,  Pursh.  Slender,  much  branched  and  bushy,  minutely 
hoary-pubescent  when  young  :  leaflets  varying  from  linear  to  obovate-oblong  : 
lobes  of  the  calyx  and  bracts  ovate,  acute  :  pod  glandular.  —  P.  floribunda, 
Nutt.  From  Texas  to  Arizona,  northward  to  the  Missouri  River  and  eastward 
into  Illinois. 


LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE  FAMILY.)  57 

*  *  Flowers  in  interrupted  spikes :  peduncles  and  lower  tooth  of  the  calyx 

elongated. 

2.  P.    argophylla,   Pursh.       Silvery   silky-white    all    over,    divergently 
branched  :  lea/lets  elliptical-lanceolate :  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  bracts  lanceolate.  — 
From  N.  Wisconsin  to  the   Saskatchewan    and    Upper    Missouri,  and    in 
Colorado. 

3.  P.  campestris,  Nutt.     Like  the  last  but  much  less  hirsute  and  silvery, 
with  short  white  appressed  hairs,  and  more  branching :  stipules  linear ;  leaflets 
linear  or  oblong-linear,  rather  obtuse,  nearly  glabrous  above :  bracts  3-flowered, 
broadly  ovate.  —  Plains  of  the  Platte. 

4.  P.  digitata,   Nutt.     Canescent,  diffusely  branched  :  stipules  lanceolate, 
rejlexed ;  leaflets  cuneate-oblong    and  oblong-linear  with  an  abrupt  rigid  point, 
smooth  and  minutely  dotted  above,  hirsute  beneath :  bracts  obcordate  or  rent- 
form  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate :  pod  hirsute,  not  wrinkled.  —  S.  E.  Colorado 
and  southeastward  along  the  Red  River  into  Arkansas. 

*  *  *  Flowers  in  capitate  or  oblong  dense  spikes. 
•t-  Root  tuberous. 

5.  P.  GSCUlenta,  Pursh.     Rovgkisk-hairy  all  over :  stem  stout :  leaflets  obo- 
vate  or  lanceolate-oblong :  spikes  oblong,  long-pedancled :  lobes  of  the  calvx  and 
bracts  lanceolate.  —  High  plains  from  the  Saskatchewan  to  Louisiana  and 
Texas. 

6.  P.  hypogsea,  Nutt.    Acaulescent :  hirsute  with  whitish  appressed  hairs : 
leaflets  linear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  nearly  glabrous  above:  spikes  capi- 
tate, on  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  petioles :  lobes  of  the  calyx  linear, 
acuminate,  the  lowest  lanceolate,  elongated.  —  Sandy  plains  of  N.  Colorado 
(Greene],  and  along  the  Platte. 

H—  -i-  Root  not  tuberous. 

1.  P.  lanceolata,  Pursh.  Glabrous,  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs :  stipules 
linear-lanceolate ;  leaflets  linear  to  oblong-obovate,  acute :  peduncles  about  equal- 
ling the  leaves :  calyx  very  small,  its  teeth  short,  obtuse,  nearly  equal :  ovary  very 
silky :  pod  very  glandular.  —  Washington  Terr,  to  N.  Arizona  and  eastward 
to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Nebraska. 

8.  P.  CUSpidata,  Pursh.  Canescent  with  appressed  pubescence:  stipules 
subulate  ;  leaflets  obovate  or  elliptical-oblong,  pubescent :  peduncles  much  longer 
than  the  leaves :  calyx  large,  somewhat  inflated,  gibbous  at  the  base,  conspicuously 
dotted,  teeth  triangular-lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  lower  one  produced:  pod  hid  in 
the  large  calyx.  —  From  S.  E.  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Arkansas. 

7.    DALEA,    L. 

Calyx  (in  ours)  deeply  cleft,  with  plumose  teeth.  Standard  cordate,  its 
claw  free.  Pod  ovate,  compressed,  included  in  the  calyx.  —  Leaflets  small, 
entire,  sometimes  stipellate. 

*  Glabrous :  flowers  not  yellow  :  leaflets  4  to  20  pairs,  dotted. 
1.   D.  alopecuroides,  Willd.     Erect  annual,  1  to  2  feet  high  :  leaflets 
10  to  20  pairs,  linear-oblong :  flowers  light  rose-color,  in  cylindrical  spikes:  bracts 


58  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

conspicuous,  ovate,  pubescent,  deciduous :  calyx  very  villous,  with  long  slender 
teeth. — From  Colorado  to  S.  Arizona  and  eastward  to  the  Mississippi  from 
Texas  to  Illinois. 

2.  D.  laxiflora,  Pursh.     Erect,  3  to  4  feet  high  :  branches  slender  and 
spreading :  leaflets  4  to  5  pairs,  linear-oblong :  spikes  panided,  few-flowered : 
flowers  distant,  white  :  bracts  very  broad,  almost  orbicular,  glandular,  coriaceous, 
glabrous,  slightly  cuspidate  :  calyx-teeth  beautifully  plumose.  —  From  Colorado 
to  the  plains  of  the  Missouri,  and  southeastward  to  Arkansas  and  Texas. 

3.  D.  formosa,  Torr.     Suffruticose,  much  branched  :  leaflets  very  small, 
about  5  pairs,  cuneate-oblong ,  refuse,  dotted  with  black  glands  beneath :  spikes  loose, 
few-flowered,  on  short  peduncles :  flowers  large  and  showy,  bright  purple :  bracts 
ovate,  silky-villous  on  the  margin.  —  On  the  Platte  (James),  and  southward. 

*  #  Not  glabrous:  flowers  yellow  (deep  purple  in  No.  7). 
•t—  Leaves  palmately  trifoliolate,  not  dotted. 

4.  D.  Jamesii,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Stems  several  from  one  root,  4  to  9  inches 
high,  somewhat  woody  at  base  :  whole  plant  silky-pubescent :  leaflets  obovate, 
very  obtuse :  spikes  oblong,  sessile,  dense  and  broad  ;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate, 
villous.  —  S.  Colorado  and  southeastward. 

i-  -t-  Leaves  pinnately  compound,  with  2  to  6  pairs  of  leaflets. 

5.  D.  aurea,  Nutt.      Stem  pubescent,  erect,  2  feet  high :  leaflets  3  to  4 
pairs,  oblong -obovate  and  linear-oblong,  more  or  less  silky-pubescent :  spikes  ovate, 
very  compact,  on  long  peduncles  :  bracts  rhombic-ovate,  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
—  On  the  plains  from  the  Missouri  River  to  Texas. 

6.  IX  rilbescens,  Watson.     Like  the  last  but  more  slender,  the  leaves  tri- 
foliolate, and  the  flowers  smaller,  the  yellow  petals  becoming  purplish.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xvii.  369.     D.  nana,  Torr.,  var.  elatior,  Gray.     S.  E.  Colorado, 
southward  and  eastward. 

7.  IX  lanata,  Spreng.     Decumbent,  canescently  tomentose  throughout :  the 
stems  1  to  3  feet  long :  leaflets  4  to  6  pairs,  obovate-cuneate,  emarginate :  spikes 
usually  opposite  the  leaves.  —  From  Nebraska,  Arkansas,  and  Indian  Territory 
to  Texas,  New  Mexico,  S.  Colorado,  and  Utah. 

8.    PETALOSTEMON,    Michx.       PRAIRIE  CLOVER. 

Similar  to  the  last,  but  with  only  5  stamens  and  the  flowers  always  in  dense 
bracteate  cylindrical  spikes. 

*  Smooth  or  nearly  so :  leaflets  5  t o  9  :  spikes  globose  to  cylindrical. 

1.  P.  ViolaCGUS,  Michx.     Leaflets  5,  narrowly  linear:   spikes   globose- 
ovate,  or  oblong-cylindrical  when  old  :  bracts  pointed,  not  longer  than  the  silky- 
hoary  calyx :  corolla  rose-purple.  —  Prairies  from  the  Saskatchewan  to  Texas, 
and  from  Colorado  to  Indiana. 

2.  P.  candidus,  Michx.    Leaflets  7  to  9,  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong :  spikes 
oblong,  cylindrical  when  old :  bracts  awned,  longer  than  the  nearly  glabrous 
calyx:  corolla  white.  —  With  the  last. 

3.  P.  macrOStachyuS,  Torr.     Leaflets  5  to  7,  lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse, 
dotted  beneath :   spikes  cylindrical,  elongated  :   bracts  as  long  as  the  flotuer : 
calyx  silky-villous :  corolla  nearly  white.  —  From  Colorado  to  Oregon. 


LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE   FAMILY.)  59 

*  *  Soft  downy  or  silky-villous  all  over:  leaflets  13  to  17  :  spikes  cylindrical. 

4.  P.  villosus,  Nutt.  Leaflets  linear  or  oblong :  spikes  1  to  5  inches  long, 
short-peduncled :  corolla  rose-color.  —  Along  the  Upper  Missouri  and  Missis- 
sippi to  N.  Wisconsin. 

9.    AMORPHA,    L.        FALSE  INDIGO.    LEAD  PLANT. 

Standard  erect,  folded  together.  —  The  flowers  purple  or  violet,  small,  in 
dense  clustered  terminal  spikes. 

*  Pods  l-seeded:  leaflets  small,  crowded. 

1.  A.  canescens,  Nutt.      Whitened  with  hoary  down,  1  to  3  feet  high: 
leaflets  15  to  25  pairs,  elliptical,  smoothish  above  with  age.  —  From  British 
America  to  Texas  and  from  Colorado  to  Indiana. 

2.  A.  microphylla,  Pursh.     Very  low,  nearly  glabrous:   leaflets  some- 
what ovate-elliptical,  rigid :   spikes  solitary  and   aggregated.  —  Along  the 
Platte  to  the  mountains  and  northward  to  the  plains  of  the  Red  River. 

*  *  Pods  ^-seeded :  leaflets  scattered. 

3.  A.  fruticosa,  L.     Rather  pubescent  or  smoothish:  leaflets  8  to  12 
pairs,  oval.  —  Along  rivers  from  Colorado  northeastward  to  British  America 
and  eastward  to  Pennsylvania  and  Florida. 

10.    PETERIA,   Gray. 

Calyx  tubular  at  base,  gibbous  above.  Standard  open  at  the  apex,  with 
reflexed  sides,  narrowed  into  a  long  claw.  Ovarv  stipitate. 

1.  P.  scoparia,  Gray.  Rigid,  branching,  glabrous:  leaflets  numerous, 
very  small,  entire ;  stipules  small,  subulate  :  flowers  scattered,  yellowish.  — 
PL  Wright,  i.  50.  S.  W.  Colorado  and  southward. 

11.    ROBINIA,    L.       LOCUST. 

Calyx  slightly  2-lipped.  Standard  large  and  rounded,  turned  back.  —  Trees 
or  shrubs,  often  with  prickly  spines  for  stipules  :  flowers  showy,  in  hanging 
axillary  racemes.  Base  of  the  leaf-stalks  covering  the  buds  of  the  next  year. 

1.  R.  NeO-Mexicana,  Gray.  Shrub  4  to  6  feet  high  :  stipular  prickles 
subrecurved,  sharp  and  stout :  leaflets  elliptical  or  oblong  :  peduncles  and  the 
short  crowded  racemes  hispid  with  straight  glanduliferous  hairs  :  calyx  finely 
hispid  :  corolla  rose-color  :  pods  glandular-hispid.  —  S.  Colorado  and  south- 
ward. 

12.    GLYCYRRHIZA,    L.       LIQUORICE. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Astragalus.  Ovary  sessile  :  style  short  and  rigid.  Pod 
compressed,  and  often  curved.  —  Erect  perennial  herbs :  flowers  in  dense 
axillary  pedunculate  spikes,  with  caducous  bracts  :  root  large  and  sweet. 

1.  G.  lepidota,  Pursh.  Somewhat  glandular-puberulent,  or  the  younger 
leaves  slightly  silky :  leaflets  6  to  8  pairs,  oblong-lanceolate  :  spike  short : 
flowers  ochroleucous  :  pod  thickly  beset  with  hooked  prickles.  —  From  Colo- 
rado to  New  Mexico,  westward  into  Nevada  and  N.  California,  and  northward 
to  Washington  Territory,  and  across  the  continent  to  Hudson's  Bay. 


60  LEGUMINOS^.      (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

13.     ASTRAGALUS,    Tourn.        RATTLE-WEED. 

Corolla  and  its  slender-clawed  petals  usually  narrow.  —  Herbs,  or  a  few 
woody  at  base  :  with  rather  small  flowers,  chiefly  in  simple  axillary  spikes  or 
racemes :  the  peduncle  commonly  elongated.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  188. 
Watson,  Bot.  King's  Exp.  435. 

SERIES  I.  Pod  completely  or  imperfectly  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  dorsal 
suture,  the  ventral  suture  being  not  at  all  or  less  deeply  inftexed.  —  ASTRA- 
GALUS, L. 

Artificial  Key. 

Pod  succulent,  becoming  thick  and  fleshy,  sessile Nos.  1,  2,  3 

Pod  not  2-celled,  inflated,  not  mottled,  sessile  ;  plant  hirsute-canescent  ...  27 
Pod  completely  2-celled,  bladdery-inflated,  often  mottled,  sessile  ;  plant  nearly  glabrous  4 
Pod  coriaceous,  cartilaginous,  or  chartaceous,  not  bladdery-inflated, 

1.  Conspicuously  stipitate,  the  stipe  about  equalling  or  surpassing  the  calyx, 

Not  sulcate 20,  21 

Deeply  sulcate. 

Pod  glabrous,  pendent .        .        14,  15,  16 

Pod  black-hairy 24 

2.  Short-stipitate, 

Not  sulcate 22 

Sulcate, 

Incurved,  mottled 25 

Straight, 

Completely  2-celled 11,  13 

Incompletely  2-celled 23,  26 

3.  Sessile. 

Completely  2-celled, 

Glabrous 5,  7 

Pubescent  or  hoary .          8,  9,  10,  12 

Villous  or  woolly 6 

Incompletely  2-celled. 

Stems  a  span  or  more  high 18, 19 

Stems  not  rising  so  high,  or  none  at  alL 

Pod  straight  or  nearly  so 17,  28 

Pod  curved 29,  30,  31,  32 

Systematic  Synopsis. 

§  1.  Pod  plum-shaped,  succulent,  becoming  thick  and  fleshy,  indehiscent,  not  stip- 
itate, completely  2-celled.  —  Perennials,  with  low  leafy  stems :  stipules  distinct, 
nearly  free :  racemes  short,  spike-like. 

*  Ovary  and  pod  glabrous. 

1.  A.  caryocarpus,  Ker.     Grayish  with  an  oppressed  pubescence:  Jlowers 
violet :  pod  globose  or  ovate,  usually  pointed.  —  Plains  from  the  Saskatchewan 
to  Texas. 

2.  A.  Mexicanus,  A.DC.    Taller,  greener,  less  pubescent:  flowers  lighter- 
colored  or  white:   calyx  softly  white-villous  or  tomentose:   pod  ovate-globose, 
scarcely  pointed.  —  From  Colorado  to  Missouri  and  S.  Texas. 

#  #  Ovary  hoary-hirsute  :  pod  sometimes  becoming  glabrate. 

3.  A.  Plattensis,  Nutt.     Loosely  villous :  flowers  ochroleucous  or  pur- 
plish above :  pod  ovate,  acuminate,  or  oblong  and  somewhat  curved.  —  From 
Colorado  to  Nebraska  and  Illinois,  and  southward  to  Texas  and  N.  Alabama. 


LEGUMINOS.E.      (PULSE   FAMILY.)  61 

§  2.  Pod  ovate  or  globose,  membranous,  inflated,  nearly  glabrous,  sessile,  completely 
2-celled  and  more  or  less  didymous  by  the  intrusion  of  both  sutures,  many- 
seeded.  — Stipules  distinct,  adnate  :  flowers  spicate. 

4.  A.  diphysus,  Gray.     Nearly  glabrous  throughout:  leaflets  6  to  11 
pairs,  obovate  or  oblong  :    flowers  blue  or  purple,  occasionally  white  :  pod 
curved-acuminate,   frequently   mottled.  —  S.    W.  Colorado,  southward,  and 
westward  in  the  Great  Basin. 

§  3.  Pod  cartilaginous  or  coriaceous,  sessile,  oblong,  turgid,  terete,  sulcate  at  both 
sutures,  at  length  incurved,  completely  ^-celled.  —  Subacaulescent,  shining  with 
a  soft  silky-villous  often  yellow  pubescence :  peduncles  long,  scape-like :  spikes 
dense :  flowers  violet. 

5.  A.  mollissimus,  Torr.     Pod  narrow-oblong,  5  to  9  lines  long,  gla- 
brous, subdidymous :  ovary  also  glabrous.  —  From  Colorado  to  Nebraska  and 
W.  Texas. 

6.  A.  Bigelovii,  Gray.     Pod  oval-oblong,  6  lines  long,  densely  woolly,  but 
slightly  sulcate.  —  From  S.  W.  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Mexico. 

§  4.  Pod  coriaceous,  turgid,  oblong,  terete,  scarcely  sulcate  and  only  on  the  back, 
nearly  straight,  sessile,  completely  ^-celled.  —  Tall,  with  oppressed  gray  pu- 
bescence or  glabrate  :  spikes  dense :  flowers  whitish,  ochroleucous  or  purplish : 
stipules  distinct  or  united,  free. 

7.  A.  Canadensis,  L.    Leaflets  10  to  14  pairs,  elliptical  or  oblong,  ob- 
tuse :  pod  and  ovary  glabrous.  —  From  Colorado  to  the  head-waters  of  the 
Columbia  and  Saskatchewan,  and  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

8.  A.  Mortoni,  Nutt.     Differs  from  the  last  in  the  somewhat  pubescent 
ovary  and  pod,  and  the  latter  more  decidedly  sulcate  dorsally  and  less  crowded 
in  the  matured  spike,  and  the  leaflets  6  to  8  pairs.  —  A.  Canadensis,  var. 
Morloni,  Watson.     Head-waters  of  the  Missouri  and  Platte,  westward  into 
Utah,  Nevada,  and  California. 

§  5.  Pod  coriaceous,  oblong  or  ovate,  straight  or  slightly  curved,  usually  more  or 
less  compressed-triangular,  dorsally  sulcate  (cross-section  obcordate),  completely 
^-celled,  pubescent.  —  Caulescent,  grayish  short-pubescent  or  glabrate :  stipules 
more  or  less  sheathing. 

9.  A.  adsurgens,  Pall.     Rather  stout:  spikes  at  length  oblong  or  cylin- 
drical :  flowers  purplish :  pod  sessile.  —  From  Colorado  to  Oregon,  Nebraska, 
and  the  Saskatchewan. 

10.  A.  terminalis,  Watson.     Slender:  leaves  long-petiolate :  raceme  an 
inch  long,  open,  long-pedunculate:   flowers  nearly  sessile,  reflexed,  purplish: 
pod  sessile,  straight,  erect.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii.  370.     S.  Montana. 

11.  A.  hypoglottis,  L.      Slender :  flowers  capitate,  violet:  pod  silky-vil- 
lous, very  shortly  stipitate.  —  From  S.  Colorado  northward  along  the  mountains 
and  Red  River  Valley  to  Alaska  and  the  Arctic  Circle. 

12.  A.  ventorum,  Gray.     Stems  flexuous,  4  to  6  inches  high,  simple: 
leaflets  broadly  obovate  :  raceme  loose,  short-peduncled,  equalling  the  leaves  : 
flowers  light  yellow :  pod  sessile,  slightly  curved.  —  Watson  in  Am.  Naturalist, 
viii.  212.     Wind  River,  Wyoming,  Parry, 


62  LEGCTMINOS^E.      (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

§  6.  Pod  coriaceous,  obovoid,  straight,  short-stipitate,  dorsally  sulcate,  ventral 
suture  rather  prominent,  completely  2-celled.  —  Low,  caulescent :  flowers  very 
small,  white  or  cream-color,  tinged  with  purple. 

13.  A.  Brandegei,  Porter.     Canescent  with  minute  appressed  hairs : 
branching  from  a  somewhat  woody  base :  leaflets  linear :  racemes  on  long 
peduncles,  loosely  few-flowered  :  pod  hairy.  —  Fl.  Colorado,  24.    Banks  of  the 
Arkansas  near  Canon  City,  Colorado,  Brandegee. 

§  7.  Pod  exsert-stipitate,  pendent,  very  glabrous,  straight  or  falcate,  narrow,  more 
or  less  triangular,  very  deeply  sulcate  dorsally,  the  suture  intruded  to  the  middle 
or  beyond.  —  Stems  erect,  stout,  sulcate,  very  leafy :  flowers  in  long  crowded 
racemes,  rather  large. 

14.  A.  Drummondii,  Dougl.     Softly  villous:  calyx  scarcely  gibbous  at 
base,  black-hairy :  corolla  white  :  pod  long-linear,  terete,  cross-section  obcordately 
2-lobed.  —  From  Colorado  to  Nebraska  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

15.  A.  SCOpulorum,  Porter.    Pubescent  with  appressed  hairs:  calyx  gib- 
bous at  base,  pilose  with  blackish  hairs :  corolla  yellow  or  ochroleucous :  pod 
oblong,  becoming  arcuate  with  age,  sharply  3-angled,  the  dorsal  suture  with  an 
acute  sulcus  on  each  side.  —  Fl.  Colorado,  24.    A.  subcompressus,  Gray.     Cen- 
tral and  Southern  Colorado. 

16.  A.  racemosus,  Pursh.     Appressed  pubescent,  glabr 'ate  :  calyx  strongly 
gibbous  at  base,  whitish-puberulent :  corolla  white :  pod  lance-oblong,  cross-section 
somewhat  equally  triradiate.  —  From  Colorado  to  Nebraska  and  Idaho. 

§  8.  Pod  sessile,  coriaceous,  obcompressed,  with  the  impressed  dorsal  suture  more 
or  less  approaching  the  ventral,  but  not  2-celled.  —  Low  or  prostrate,  with  a  fine 
hoary  pubescence :  flowers  spicate,  deep  yellow. 

17.  A.  flavus,  Nutt.    Diffuse:  stipules  sheathing  the  stem  and  base  of 
the  petiole,  oblique  :  leaflets  linear :  pod  half-included,  hoary,  ovate,  straight. 
—  W.  Wyoming,  Parry,  and  westward. 

§  9.  Pod  2  to  3  lines  long,  sessile,  elliptic-ovate,  always  wholly  one-celled,  the 
ventral  suture  thick  and  prominent.  —  Subcinereous :  stems  slender,  rather 
rigid,  a  foot  high  or  more :  lea/lets  5  to  8  pairs,  linear :  racemes  spike-like : 
flowers  purple  to  whitish. 

18.  A.  gracilis,  Nutt.     Stems  virgate:  leaflets  nearly  filiform:  racemes 
dense,  elongated,  long-peduncled  :  flowers  pale  purple  or  whitish :  pods  spreading, 
coriaceous,  strongly  concave  on  the  back,  white-hairy,  at  length  glabrous,  trans- 
versely rugose-veined.  —  From  Colorado  to  Nebraska  and  Missouri. 

19.  A.  microlobllS,  Gray.     Stems  diffuse:    leaflets   shorter,  linear  or 
oblong-linear :   racemes  rather  short  and  usually  looselij  flowered :  flowers  deep 
purple  :  pods  reflexed,  thick-cartilaginous,  puberulent,  finely  rugulose,  a   little 
flattened  on  the  back,  the  ventral  suture  very  thick.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi. 
203.    From  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Missouri  and  Nebraska. 

§  10.  Pod  stipitate,  coriaceous  or  nearly  membranous,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  obcom- 
pressed, \-celled  or  imperfectly  2-celled.  —  Caulescent,  slender:  flowers  in 
short  often  spike-like  racemes,  or  few  in  small  heads,  purple  to  white,  spreading. 

*  Pod  membranous,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  slightly  more  compressed  laterally, 
l-celled  with  a  very  narrow  rudimentary  septum  from  the  straight  dorsal  suture, 
the  ventral  suture  gibbous. 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.)  63 

+-  Pod  long-stipitate,  not  sulcate,  cross-section  oval :  flowers  white  or  bluish,  keel 

violet. 

20.  A.  aboriginum,  Rich.     Hoar //-pubescent  or  subvillous  :  stems  numer- 
ous, rigid :  leaflets  3  to  6  pairs,  linear  or  oblong-lanceolate  :  pod  semi-elliptic.  — 
Mountains  of  Colorado,  northward  throughout  VV.  British  America. 

21.  A.  glabriusculus,  Gray.     Like  the  last:   glabrous  or  with  short 
scattered  hairs:  leaflets  thinner,  green,  linear-lanceolate:  pod  lanceolate-subfal- 
cate,  the  stipe  2  to  3  times  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  204. 
Mountains  of  Colorado  and  British  America. 

H-  -t-  Pod  short-stipitate,  cross-section  obovate,  pubescent  with  more  or  less  nigres- 
cent hairs:  flowers  white. 

22.  A.  Robbinsii,  Gray,  var.  OCCidentalis,  Watson.    Pod  much  com- 
pressed, tapering  at  base  to  a  very  short  stipe,  with  no  indication  of  a  dorsal 
sulcus.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  70.     S.  W.  Colorado  and  Nevada. 

#  #  Pod  more  coriaceous,  black-  or  rarely  cinereous-pubescent,  more  or  less  triangu- 
lar and  semi  2-celled,  the  dorsal  suture  sulcate-impressed. 

•t-  Pod  lens-shaped,  the  cross-section  obcordate,  the  ventral  suture  a  little  the  more 

gibbous. 

23.  A.  Oroboides,  Hornem.,  var.  AmericanuS,  Gray.     Subcinereous- 
puberulent :  steins  1  to  l£  feet  high :  leaflets  5  to  7  pairs,  oblong  and  oval  or 
often  linear-oblong :  flowers  in  a  long  secuud  raceme,  the  wings  exceeding  the 
keel :  pod  with  gray  pubescence  ;  stipe  very  short.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  205. 
In  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  Colorado  northward  into  British  America, 
thence  eastward  to  Labrador. 

•H-  •*-  Pod  triangular,  more  impressed,  the  cross-section  deeply  obcordate,  rather 
straight  or  incurved,  gibbous  on  the  back. 

24.  A.  alpinus,  L.     Hairy-pubescent  or  glabrous:  leaflets  6  to  Impairs, 
oval  or  oblong :  racemes  short  or  subcapitate,  many-flowered  :  wings  little  if  at 
all  exceeding  the  rather  large  keel:   pod  straight  or  recurved,  black-villous  or 
-pubescent ;  stipe  usually  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  north- 
ward to  Arctic  America;  also  in  Maine  and  Vermont. 

25.  A.  sparsiflorus,  Gray.     Slightly  appressed-pilose,  glabrate  :  leaflets 
4  to  6  pairs,  obovate  or  subrounded :  peduncles  3  to  10-flowered:  the  emargi- 
nate  or  bifid  banner  and  the  wings  much  exceeding  the  incurved  keel:  pod  in- 
curved, mottled;  stipe  very  short.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  60.     Colorado. 

§  11.  Closely  resembling  the  last,  but  villous  or  canescent,  lower,  and  ivith  yellow- 
ish flowers:  pod  semi-ovate  or  oblong,  turgid,  coriaceous,  subtriangular,  with 
the  back  gibbous  and  more  or  less  impressed,  the  ventral  suture  prominent. 

26.  A.  lotiflorus,  Hook.     Heads  few-flowered :  corolla  little  exceeding 
the  calyx :  the  cross-section  of  the  pod  obovate,  retuse,  or  usually  broadly  ob- 
cordate toward  the  base.  —  From  Colorado  and  Wyoming  to  Texas,  Nebraska, 
and  Hudson's  Bay. 

§  12.  Pod  sessile,  mostly  thick  coriaceous  and  obcompressed,  the  impressed  dorsal 
suture  more  or  less  approaching  the  ventral,  not  2-celled,  pubescent.  —  Low, 
white-silky  or  hoary  :  flowers  spicate  or  subcapitate,  usually  violet  or  purplish. 


64  LEGUMINOS^J.    (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

#  Annual  or  biennial,  many-stemmed :  flowers  rather  small:  pod  inflated,  mem- 

branous, incurved. 

27.  A.  pubentissinms,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Dwarf,  hirsute-canescent :  leaf- 
lets oblong  or  obovate :  flowers  few :  pod  villous,  ovate-lunate,  strongly  in- 
curved. —  Colorado  and  W.  Wyoming. 

*  *  Perennial,  short-stemmed  or  scarcely  caulescent,  usually  prostrate  or  matted: 
flowers   rather  large  :    pod  thick-coriaceous,  obcompressed-triangular,  trans- 
versely rugulose. 

28.  A.  Missouriensis,  Nutt.      Subcaulescent,  hoary-silky  with  a  short 
very  closely  oppressed  pubescence :  peduncles  scape-like,  capitately  or  spicately 
few-flowered  :  pod  nearly  straight,  blackish,  elliptic.  —  From  New  Mexico  to 
Nebraska  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

29.  A.  ShortianuS,  Nutt.     Usually  subacaulescent,  silky-canescent  with 
a  very  closely  oppressed  pubescence :  leaflets  obovate  or  ovate :  pod  strongly 
arcuate,    thick,  puberulent,   ovate-lanceolate    to    lanceolate-linear.  —  Includes   A. 
cyaneus  of  most  of  the  western  reports.     From  Colorado  to  Nebraska  and 
westward ;  also  southward  into  New  Mexico. 

30.  A.   Farryi,  Gray.     Stems  short,  villous,  with  loose  spreading  hairs: 
flowers  loosely  subcapitate,  whitish  or  yellowish,  the  keel  tinged  with  purple  : 
pod  arched  or  at  length  circinate,  pubescent,  oblong-lanceolate,  strongly  obcompressed 
and  rugulose,  both  sutures  sulcately  impressed,  contiguous.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n. 
xxxiii.  410.    From  Colorado  to  N.  W.  Texas. 

31.  A.  iodanthus,  Watson.     Canescent  with  an  appressed  hairy  pubes- 
cence, or  usually  nearly  glabrous  with  scattered  hairs  upon  the  petioles  and 
margins  of  the  leaves :  stems  decumbent :  leaflets  obovate  or  orbicular :  spikes 
sJiort,  dense :  pod  strongly  arcuate  or  hamate,  nearly  glabrous,  mottled,  linear-oblong, 
irregularly  folded.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  70.     Colorado  (Coulter)  and  Nevada. 

32.  A.  glareOSUS,  Dougl.      Depressed,  villous-silky  with  white  incumbent 
hairs :  flowers  3  to  6 :  pod  incurved,  silky-pubescent  becoming  subglabrous,  oblong- 
ovate,  attenuate  above.  —  Wyoming  and  S.  Idaho. 

SERIES  II.     Pod  one-celled,  neither  suture  being  inflexed  or  the  ventral  more 

intruded  than  the  dorsal.  —  PHACA,  L. 
A.     Leaves  pinnate  with  man1]  or  rarely  with  few  or  abortive  leaflets,  or  simple. 

Artificial  Key. 

Leaflets  prickly  pointed  and  rigid,  persistent No.  61 

Leaflets  not  prickly  pointed. 
Pod  inflated, 
Stipitate, 

Mottled 36 

Not  mottled. 

Stipe  very  short 37 

Stipe  eqxialling  or  exceeding  the  calyx 38,  39 

Sessile. 

Annual;  pod  7  to  12  lines  long 34,35 

Perennial ;  pod  2  to  4  lines  long         .        . 40,  41,  42,  43 

Pod  coriaceous  or  cartilaginous,  not  bladdery  inflated, 
Exsert-stipitate, 

Deeply  sulcate 44, 45 

Not  deeply  sulcate 53 


LEGUMINOS.E.      (PULSE  FAMILY.)  65 

Short-stipitate, 

Glabrous 50>  52 

Puberulent 49,  51 

Sessile, 

Glabrous 46,  47,  60 

Puberulent  or  pubescent. 

Stems  a  span  or  more  high 56,  57,  58 

Cespitose 54,  55,  59 

Woolly  or  villous 33,  48 

Systematic  Synopsis. 

§  13.  Pod  very  woolly,  short,  turgid,  coriaceous,  incurved,  sessile.  —  Very  soft- 
woolly  :  stems  short,  prostrate,  from  a  stout  perennial  root :  Jlowers  usually  one 
inch  long,  loosely  subcapitate. 

33.  A.  Purshii,  Dougl.     Nearly  acaulescent,  rarely  6  inches  high,  canes- 
cent  with  a  long  and  dense  woolly  pubescence  :  leaflets  lanceolate  or  oblong : 
flowers  ochroleucous,  with  the  keel  sometimes  purplish.  —  W.  Wyoming  to 
California  and  Oregon. 

§  14.     Pod  membranous,  inflated,  globose,  egg-shaped  or  semi-ovate,  usually  large, 

finely  reticulated,  glabrous  or  glabrate. 

*  Annual:  pod  sessile,  not  mottled:  flowers  small,  ochroleucous  or  purplish.     Low, 
leaflets  linear  or  linear-oblong,  gray  with  stngulose  hairs. 

34.  A.   triflorus,  Gray.      Cinereous-pubescent,  very  much  branched  from 
the  base,  branches  ascending,  6  to  12  inches  high  :  flowers  3  to  15:  pod  oval, 
obtuse  or  acutish.  —  PI.  Wright,  ii.  45.      S.   Colorado   and   southward   into 
Mexico. 

35.  A.  Geyeri,  Gray.     Somewhat  simple,  3  to  6  inches  high,  subcanescent, 
with  an  appressed  hairy  pubescence :  leaflets  glabrous  above  :  flowers  3  to  5 : 
pod  ovate-lunate  with  an  incurved  acumination.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  214.    Wyo- 
ming, Idaho,  and  W.  Nevada. 

*  *  Annual  or  perennial :  pod  stipitate. 
•*-  Pod  mottled:  stipe  equalling  the  calyx:  flowers  few,  rather  small. 

36.  A.  pictus,  Gray.     Hoary  with  a  loose  silky  pubescence :  leaflets  3  to 
7  pairs,  narrowly  linear  or  filiform,  most  of  them  usually  abortive  :  pod  ovoid, 
scarcely  pointed,  pendent.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  214.     From  Nebraska  to 
Idaho  and  New  Mexico.     In  sandy  places. 

Var.  filifolius,  Gray.  Leaves  usually  imperfect ;  leaflets  very  few,  mostly 
attenuated,  the  terminal  one  or  the  filiform  rachis  produced,  persistent. — Loc. 
cit.  215.  On  the  plains  of  Colorado  and  southward. 

H-  •»-  Pod  not  mottled. 

•M.  Nearly  stemless,  few-flowered :   leaflets  4  to  ^-paired :  pod  with  a  very  short 

stipe. 

37.  A.  megacarpus,  Gray.     Glabrous :  leaflets  broadly  oval  or  ovate : 
scape  much  shorter  than  the  leaves :  flowers  ochroleucous  or  whitish :  pod 
ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  very  obtuse  at  base.  —  Loc.  cit.  215.     "Plains  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains"  (Nuttall). 

5 


66  LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

•*-*•  -M.  Caulescent,  rather  tall,  leafy:  lea/lets  7  to  ^-paired:  racemes  or  spikes  mostly 
many-flowered:  pod  with  a  stipe  equalling  or  exceeding  the  calyx. 

38.  A.  frigidus,  Gray,  var.  Americanus,  Watson.      Subglabrous  : 
leaflets  ovate-  or  elliptic-oblong :    peduncles   equalling  the  leaves :    flowers 
white:  pod  oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  black-hairy  or  glabrous. — Bibl.  Index, 
i.  193.     A.  frigidus  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.,  Hayd.  Rep.  1871,  and  Fl.  Colorado. 
In  the  mountains  from  Colorado  to  the  Arctic  regions. 

§  15.    Pod  membranous,  lanceolate-cylindric,  straight,  exsertly-stipitate,  glabrous: 
flowers  rather  large:  leaflets  few  or  almost  none, 

39.  A.  lonchocarpus,  Torr.    Ashy-puberulent,  glabrate :  stem  fistulous, 
branched :  leaflets  filiform-linear,  remote,  the  leaf  sometimes  reduced  to  the 
flattened-filiform  rachis :  racemes  loosely  many-flowered :  flowers  white,  pen- 
dent :  pod  very  sharply  acuminate  at  each  end.  —  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv.  80.    S.  Colo- 
rado to  New  Mexico  and  Utah. 

§  16.    Pod  membranous  or  chartaceous,  small,  globose  or  ovate,  inflated,  sessile. — 
Diffuse  or  procumbent,  mostly  small  and  slender:  flowers  small  and  usually  few. 

40.  A.  microcystis,  Gray.     Ashy-pubescent,  from  a  woody  root :  leaflets 
4  to  6  pairs,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse :  racemes  5  to  1 2-flowered  :  corolla 
violet  or  whitish :  pod  globose-ovate,  3  lines  long,  thin  membranous,  gray-pubes- 
cent.—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  220.      W.   Wyoming  (Parry)  and  Washington 
Territory. 

41.  A.  leptaleUS,  Gray.      Nearly  glabrous:   leaflets  7  to  11  pairs,  lance- 
linear  or  oblong,  often  acute :  peduncles  2  to  4-flowered  :  corolla  white :  pod  ovate 
or  oval,  4  lines  long,  chartaceous,  puberulent.  — Loc.  cit.     Colorado. 

42.  A.  jejunus,  Watson.     Dwarf,  minutely  hoary-pubescent:  stems  1  to  2 
inches  long,  crowded,  from  a  many-branching  caudex,  covered  with  numerous 
imbricated  stipules,  which  are  membranous,  sheathing,  truncate  and  ciliate: 
leaflets  4  to  7  pairs,  linear:  peduncles  2  to  3-flowered  :  corolla  ochroleucous  or 
tinged  with  violet:  pod  gibbous  dorsally,  obtuse,  4  lines  long,  membranous,  gla- 
brous.—  Bot.  King's  Exp.  173,  t.  13.     Bear  River  Valley,  near  Evauston 
( Watson). 

43.  A.  humillinitlS,  Gray.    Habit  of  the  last,  but  much  more  dwarf  and 
condensed  :  stems  scarcely  an  inch  long,  with  the  'scarious  coalescent  stipules  imbri- 
cate and  petioles  persistent  and  spinescent :  leaflets  3  to  5  pairs,  oblong,  canescent, 
with  revolute  margins:  peduncles  1  to  3-flowered:  corolla  pale:  pod  ovate,  2 
lines  long,  coriaceous,  with  a  white  pubescence.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  57.     Often 
choked  in  drifting  sand.     Mesa  Verde,  S.  W.  Colorado  (Brandegee). 

§  1 7.     Pod  coriaceous,  shortly  exsert-stipitate,  straight,  narrowly  oblong,  semi-cylin- 
dric,  the  deeply  concave  ventral  surface  divided  by  the  salient  obtuse  suture. 

44.  A.  bisulcatUS,  Gray.    Strigulose-puberulent :  stem  over  a  foot  high,  stout: 
leaflets  oblong,  often  narrower :  flowers  violet,  in  dense  spike-like  racemes,  middle- 
sized  :  calyx-teeth  scarcely  shorter  than  the  tube.  —  Pac.  R.  Rep.  xii.  42,  t.   1 . 
From  Colorado  to  Nebraska  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

45.  A.  HaydGnianilS,  Gray.     Smaller,  pubescence  more  cinereous :  spike 
elongated,  virgote :  flowers  much  smaller :  calyx-teeth  much  shorter  than  the  tube : 
corolla  white,  keel  tinged  with  purple  at  the  end:  pod  rugulose  with  transverse 
veins;  stipe  not  exceeding  the  calyx. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  56.     Colorado. 


LEGUMLNOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.)  67 

§  18.  Pod  thick-cartilaginous  ivith  a  subfleshy  epicarp,  subovate  or  oblong,  turgid, 
sessile,  neither  suture  intruded,  but  both  thick  and  prominent. — Perennial,  afoot 
high,  stem  and  leaves  rather  rigid :  leaflets  nearly  filiform,  not  jointed  to  the 
rachis,  persistent. 

46.  A.  pectinatus,  Dougl.    Ashy-puberulent,  glabrate :  branches  striate, 
angled :  flowers  white,  the  banner  elongated :  pod  pendulous,  glabrous,  cuspi- 
date, the  dorsal  suture  very  thick. —  From  Colorado  to  Nebraska  and  the 
Saskatchewan. 

47.  A.  Grayi,  Parry.     Distinguished  from  the  last  by  the  broader  leaflets, 
quite  strongly  veined,  and  by  the  somewhat  thinner  ascending  pod:  flowers 
light  yellow.  — Watson  in  Am.  Nat.  viii.  212.     W.  Wyoming  (Parry}. 

§  li).  Pod  coriaceous,  ovate  or  oblong,  rarely  cylindrical,  turgid,  not  sulcate  and 
neither  suture  intruded.  —  Ours  are  perennials  and  the  pods  are  sessile  or 
scarcely  stipitate. 

*  Nearly  acaulescent,  silvery-silky,  large-flowered. 

48.  A.  Newberryi,  Gray.    Stems  very  short,  crowded  from  a  deep  elon- 
gated root :    leaflets  3  to  7,  either  broad-  or  narrow-obovate,  approximate : 
peduncles  few-flowered :   corolla  ochroleucous :  pod  villous,  the  broad  point 
laterally  compressed,  subincurved. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  55.     A.  Chamozluce, 
Gray,  in  part.     On  the  borders  of  Utah,  Arizona,  and  S.  W.  Colorado. 

*  *  Glabrous  or  pubescent,  stems  ascending  or  erect :  pod  very  shortly  stipitate  or 
sessile:  cal>/x  gray-  or  dark-pubescent. 

49.  A.  Fendleri,  Gray.      Glabrous  or  oppressed  puberulent,  erect:  leaflets 
oblong  or  linear-oblong:  racemes  loosely  purple-flowered:  pod  straight,  minutely 
puberulent,  very  shortly  stipitate.  —  PI.  Wright,  ii.  44.     Colorado  and  New 
Mexico. 

50.  A.  Hallii,  Gray.     Subcinereous-pubescent,  glabrate,  ascending :  leaflets 
narrow-oblong,  subcuneate,  refuse :  flowers   violet,  in  a  dense  head-like  raceme  : 
pod  straight,  glabrous,  with  stipe  a  line  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  224. 
Colorado  to  New  Mexico. 

51.  A.   flexuOSUS,  Dougl.     Ashy-puberulent,  ascending  :    leaflets  oblong- 
or  cuneate-linear,  obtuse   or   retuse  :    racemes   mostb/   elongated,  loose :    corolla 
white  or  purplish  :  pod  cylindric,  puberulent,  straight  or  subincurved,  stipe 
very  short  but  evident.  —  From  Colorado  to  Nebraska  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

52.  A.  Patterson!,  Gray.     Robust,  a  foot  or  two  high,  appressed-puberu- 
lent,  sometimes  glabrous :  leaflets  oblong,  thickish :  peduncles  racemosely  many- 
flowered  :  corolla  white,  the  keel  sometimes  purplish  at  the  tip  :  pod  glabrous, 
abruptly  contracted  within  the  calyx,  becoming  somewhat  stipe-like.  —  Loc.  cit.  xii. 
55.     S.  W.  Colorado  and  Utah. 

§  20.  Pod  vetch-shaped,  flattened  or  less  compressed,  straight,  margined  by  the 
nerve-like  sutures,  coriaceous  or  chartaceous,  sometimes  stipitate.  —  Perennials, 
with  the  leaves  pinnate  ivith  many  or  few  leaflets,  or  in  some  species  simple. 

*  Flowers  in  peduncled  racemes  or  spikes:  pod  many  (7  to  20)-ovuled. 

•<-  Stipules  connate,  at  least,  the  lower  ones  :  pod  exsert-stipitate.     Caulescent  : 

leaves  pinnate,  with  many  leaflets. 

53.  A.  multiflorus,  Gray.     Somewhat  glabrous  :  stems  slender :  stip- 
ules dark-colored;  leaflets  6  to  10  pairs,  linear  or  narrowly  oblong:  pedun- 


68  LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

cles  not  exceeding  the  leaves,  loosely  few-flowered :  flowers  ochroleucous, 
tinged  with  purple  :  pod  oblong,  reflexed.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  226.  From 
Colorado  to  the  plains  of  Nebraska,  northward  to  lat.  65°,  and  westward  to 
Utah,  Nevada,  and  S.  California. 

•t-  •»-  Stipules  as  before :  pod  sessile.     Caulescent. 

•i-*.  Calyx-teeth  very  slender,  exceeding  the  tube.     Low,  from  a  woody  caudex :  the 
stipules  all  more  or  less  connate. 

54.  A.  pauciflorus,  Hook.     Dwarf,  cinereous-pubescent,  matted-decum- 
bent, with  crowded  leaves  :  leaflets  3  to  5  pairs,  oblong  or  lanceolate :  peduncles 
2  to  ^-flowered:  corolla  violet:  pod  linear-oblong,  silk  {/-puberulent,  4  to  5  lines 
long.  —  From  the  head-waters  of  the  Yellowstone  northward  in  the  mountains 
of  British  America. 

55.  A.  tegetarius,  Watson.     Dwarf,  cespitose,  canescent  ivith  a  silky 
pubescence :  stems  2  to  6  lines  long,  numerous,  procumbent :  leaflets  3  to  5 
pairs,  linear:  peduncles  1   to  3-Jlowered :  corolla  ochroleucous:  pod  ovate-oblong, 
pubescent,  2  to  3  lines  long.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  76,  t.  13.     Nevada,  Idaho,  and 
Montana. 

Var.  implexus,  W.  M.  Canby.  Leaflets  in  2  pairs,  crowded  on  the  stems  : 
stipules  tipped  with  a  short  straight  point :  Jlowers  violet,  the  keel  deep  purple  : 
pods  mostly  smaller,  1  or  2  lines  long. — Fl.  Colorado,  Appx.  South  Park, 
Colorado. 

•w-  -w-  Calyx-teeth  short  or  about  equalling  the  tube.  Slender,  rather  rigid,  branched: 
upper  stipules  nearly  distinct :  leaflets  linear  to  oblong,  or  none :  Jlowers  in  loose 
long-peduncled  racemes,  ochroleucous  or  purplish. 

56.  A.  Campestris,  Gray.     Minutely  pubescent  or  glabrate:  stipules  mem- 
branous, large;  leaflets  5  to  9  pairs:  flowers  subcapitate  or  scattered,  the  keel 
with  a  long  and  narrow  inflexed  tip:  pod  oblong-linear,  puberulent. — Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vi.  229.     Mountains  of  Colorado  and  northward  through  Montana. 

57.  A   decumbens,  Gray.     Cinereous-  or  silky-pubescent:  stems  diffuse 
or  ascending  :  petioles  sometimes  somewhat  Jlattened,  mostly  with  7  to  13  leaflets: 
racemes  5  to  10-flowered :  keel  with  a  short  inflexed  tip:    pod  broad-linear, 
straight   or   falcate,   hoary  puberulent.  —  Loc.  cit.      Mountains   of    Colorado 
and  northward. 

58.  A.  junceilS,  Gray.     Minutely  pubescent  or  subylabrous :  stems  usually 
solitary,  erect :  stipules  small :  petioles  slender,  sometimes  6  inches  long,  usually 
naked,  or  with  I  to  5  pairs  of  linear  leaflets  :  peduncles  3  to  7-flowered,  flowers 
distant :    keel  strongly  incurved :    pod   oblong-linear,   straight   or   subfalcate, 
pubescent.  —  Loc.  cit.  230.     Includes  A.  diver  si folius,  Gray.     Gravelly  plains, 
from  Colorado  northward  through  Wyoming  and   Montana,  and  westward 
into  Utah  and  Nevada. 

•*-  -t-  -i-  Stipules  scarious,  connate :  pod  short,  sessile.  Acaulescent,  cespitose,  silky- 
canescent:  leaves  simple,  lanceolate-  or  spatulate-linear :  scapes  exceeding  the 
leaves,  man  y-Jlowered :  corolla  purple  or  rose-color. 

59.  A.  C8espitOSUS,  Gray.     Racemes  spike-like :  pod  oblong  or  broad- 
lanceolate,  scarcely  curved.  —  Loc.  cit.    Plains  of  the  Platte  from  W.  Nebraska 
to  the  mountains. 


LEGUMINOS.E.      (PULSE   FAMILY.)  69 

*  *  Cushioned:  flowers  scarcely  exserted  from  among  the  simple  leaves:  pod  many- 

ovuled,  margined  with  rather  strong  sutures. 

60.  A.  Simplicifolius,  Gray.     Leaves  hoary  with  an  appressed  silky 
pubescence,  linear-  or  spatulate-lanceolate,  crowding  the  extremities  of  the 
usually  short  branches :   scapes  2  to  3-flowered :   flowers  purple,  the  keel 
strongly  arched:   pod  half-included  in  the  calyx,  glabrous.  —  Loc.  cit.  231. 
Sources  of  the  Platte.     W.  Wyoming  (Parry). 

*  *  *  Caulescent,  often  depressed :  flowers  subsessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  : 

pods  3  to  4-ovuled,  usually  l-seeded,  ovate,  sessile :   leaves  pinnate,   with  few 
leaflets 

61.  A.  Kentrophyta,  Gray.     Intricately  branched  from  a  long  root, 
broadly  depressed-cespitose,  hoary  with  a  short  silky  pubescence :  leaflets  2  to 
3  pairs,  linear-subulate,  usually  rigid  and  divaricate,  pungent :  flowers  1  to  3, 
ochroleucous  or  tinged  with  violet :  pods  compressed,  pubescent,  acuminate, 
somewhat  incurved.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  60.     From  Montana  and 
Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  westward  into  Nevada. 

B.     Leaves  apparently  palmately  3-foliolate. 

§  21.  Pod  conical-ovate,  acuminate,  not  stipitate  nor  compressed,  coriaceous,  some- 
ivhat  included  in  the  calyx,  neither  suture  intruded.  —  Perennial,  cespitose  from 
a  much-branched  ivoody  caudex,  low,  silvery-silky,  with  crowded  leaves :  leaflets 
crowded. 

62.  A.  triphyllus,  Pursh.     Acaulescent,  glossy  silky:   stipules  glabrous: 
primary  leaves  sometimes  5-foliolate  with  cuneate  oblanceolate  leaflets,  the 
rest  with  3  longer  lanceolate  leaflets,  long  petioled,  exceeding  the  sessile  crowded 
flowers :  calyx-teeth  half  shorter  than  the  tube :  corolla  ochroleucous  or  white :  pod 
villous,  included.  —  From  Nebraska  to  the  Saskatchewan. 

63.  A.  tridactylicus,  Gray.     Resembliug  the  last  in  habit  and  leaves, 
but  stipules  villous,  flowers  pale  purple,  calyx-teeth  equalling  the  tube,  pod  puberu- 
lent,  exposed  by  the  falling  away  of  the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  527.    Moun- 
tains of  Colorado. 

64.  A.  sericoleuCUS,  Gray.     Very  broadly  cespitose,  silky-hoary:  the 
branches  covered  with  villous  stipules :  leaves  all  3-foliolate,  not  equalling  the  2 
to  6  flowered  filiform  peduncles;  leaflets  oblanceolate  or  cuneate-oblong :  calyx- 
teeth  about  equalling  the  tube :  corolla  purple :  pod  hoary,  half  included  in  the  calyx. 

—  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiii.  410.     From  the  sand-hills  of  N.  Colorado  to 
N.  Nebraska. 

14.    OXYTROPIS,   DC. 

Like  Astragalus,  but  distinguished  by  a  subulate  beak  at  the  tip  of  the  keel. 

—  Mostly  low  perennials,  with  tufts  of  numerous  very  short  stems  from  a  hard 
and  thick  root  or  rootstock,  covered  with  scaly  adnate  stipules :  pinnate  leaves 
of  many  leaflets:  naked  scapes  bearing  a  head  or  short  spike  of  flowers. — 
Rev.  Oxyt.,  Gray  in  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  xx. 

§  1.     Stipules  free  from  the  petiole  and  from  each  other:  leafy-stemmed  or  depau- 
perate plants  nearly  stemless. 

1.   O.  deflexa,  DC.     Loosely  soft-pubescent  or  silky  :  taller  forms  over  a 
foot  high :  leaflets  crowded  in  12  to  16  pairs,  lanceolate  to  oblong,  i  to  ^  inch 


70  LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

long:  peduncles  much  surpassing  the  leaves  :  flowers  rather  small  (about 
£  inch  long),  in  a  short  and  close  or  in  fruit  lengthened  and  open  spike :  pod 
oblong-lanceolate,  not  stipitate,  1-celled,  much  surpassing  the  calyx.  —  In  the 
mountains  from  British  America  to  S.  Colorado  and  westward  to  Utah.  Sub- 
alpine  forms  are  often  depauperate  and  almost  stemless. 
§  2.  Stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole,  imbricated  on  the  short  branches  of  the  caudex 

which  bears  the  scapes  and  leaves :  no  other  ascending  stems. 
#  Most  of  the  numerous  leaflets  as  if  verticillate  or  fascicled  in  threes  or  fours  or 

more  along  the  rachis:  scape  spicately  several  to  man  ij -flower ed :  pod  ovate, 

2-celled,  hardly  surpassing  the  very  villous  calyx. 

2.  O.  SplendenS,  Dougl.     Silvery  silky-villous,  6  to  12  inches  high: 
flowers  erect-spreading  :  pod  erect.  —  Whole  length  of  the  Eocky  Mountains, 
and  plains  along  their  eastern  base,  to  the  Saskatchewan. 

*  *  Leaflets  simply  pinnate. 

•i—  Pod  wholly  enclosed  in  the  bladdery  ovate-globose  calyx,  turgid-ovate,  one-celled : 
peduncles  weak,  1  to  2-flowered. 

3.  O.  multiceps,  Nutt.     Matted  cespitose,  subcaulescent,  1  to  3  inches 
high,  canescently  silky :  leaflets  3  to  4  pairs :  flowers  purple :  pod  short-stipi- 
tate.  —  Alpine  region  of  the  Eocky  Mountains,  S.  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 
Nuttall's  specimens  are  larger-leaved  and  less  cespitose  than  those  of  subse- 
quent collectors  distributed  as  var.  minor,  Gray. 

•t-  •»-  Pod  nearly  or  quite  enclosed  in  and  completely  filling  the  distended  and  often 
split  fructiferous  calyx,  turgid,  pubescent,  half  two-celled:  scapes  capitately  few 
to  several-flowered,  surpassing  the  leaves,  a  span  high :  flowers  over  ^  inch  long. 

4.  O.  nana,  Nutt.     Silvery  with  oppressed  silky  pubescence:  leaflets  3  or  4 
or  rarely  6  pairs,  narrowly  lanceolate :  flowers  purple  or  whitish :  pod  turgid- 
oblong,  somewhat  coriaceous,  the  acuminate  tip  barely  projecting  out  of  the 
undivided  lightly  villous  calyx.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.    May  be  0.  argentea,  Pursh, 
Fl.  ii.  473.     Mountains  of  Wyoming  and  Montana. 

5.  O.  lagopus,  Nutt.      White  silky  with  looser  and  more  villous  hairs:  leaf- 
lets 4  or  5  pairs,  lanceolate  or  oblong:  flowers  bright  violet:  pod  ovate,  thin-mem- 
branaceous   and  almost  bladdery,  obtuse,  abruptly  tipped  with  the  persistent 
style,  slightly  surpassing  the  calyx  which  soon  splits  down  one  side.  —  Jour. 
Acad.  Philad.  vii.  17.     Mountains  of  Wyoming  and  Montana. 

•(-  -i-  •<-  Pod  well  surpassing  the  calyx ;  this  at  length  split  down  one  side  or  re- 
maining unchanged. 

•w-  Bladdery-inflated  and  membranaceous,  ovate,  one-celled:  scapes  or  peduncles 
few-flowered,  in  fruit  usually  decumbent:  very  low  and  depressed-tufted  plants. 

6.  O.  podocarpa,  Gray.     Villous,  or  in  age  glabrate:  leaflets  5  to  11 
pairs,  linear-lanceolate  (3  or  4  lines  long) :  peduncles  2-flowered,  not  surpassing 
the  leaves:  flowers  comparatively  large  (7  or  8  lines  long),  violet :  pod  large 
(often  an  inch  long),  broadly  ovate,  puberulent,  short-stipitate,  neither  suture  at 
all  introflexed.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.   234.     0.  Hallii,  Bunge.     Alpine  and 
subalpine,  from  S.  Colorado  to  British  America  and  perhaps  to  the  Arctic 
regions. 

7.  O.  Oreophila,  Gray.     Silky-canescent :  leaflets  3  to  5  pairs,  lanceolate  to 
oblong  (2  to  4  lines  long) :  scapes  common!, y  surpassing  the  leaves,  capitately  4  to 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.)  71 

B-flowered :  flowers  only  4  or  5  lines  long,  apparently  purple :  pod  hardly  £  inch 
long,  oblong-ovate,  cinereous-pubescent,  not  at  all  stipitate,  the  ventral  suture  moder- 
ately introflexed. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xx.  3.  A  species  of  S.  California  and 
Utah,  collected  on  Aquarius  Plateau,  Utah,  by  L.  F.  Ward;  probably  to 
be  found  within  our  southwestern  boundaries. 

•w-  -H.  Pod  oblong  or  narrower,  not  bladdery -inflated,  coriaceous,  nearly  or  quite 
^.-celled :  scape  1  to  3-flowered. 

8.  O.  Parryi,  Gray.     Silky-canescent :  leaves  and  scapes  about  a  span 
high :  leaflets  7  to  9  pairs,  oblong-lanceolate  (2  or  3  lines  long)  :  calvx  short, 
cinereous-pubescent :   pod  nearly  £  inch  long,  terete  with  a  strong  ventral 
groove,   grayish-pubescent,  not   at    all   stipitate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xx.  4. 
0.  arctica  of  Hall  &  Harbour's  collection,  no.  143.     0.  Uralensis,  var.  pumila, 
of  Western  Reports.     Mountains  of  Colorado  near  the  limit  of  trees. 

•H.  -M.  -w.  Pod  nearly  terete,  turgid,  but  not  bladder y-membranaceous,  not  stipitate  or 

rarely  obscurely  so :  scape  capitately  or  spicately  several  to  many-flowered. 

=  More  or  less  glandular  viscid,  at  least  the  calyx  and  commonly  the  pod, 

9.  O.  Viscida,  Nutt.     Leaflets  numerous  and  small  (2  to  4  lines  long), 
thickish,  oval  or  oblong,  often  pubescent  when  young,  at  maturity  green  and 
glabrate  :  flowers  in  a  dense  oblong  head  or  at  length  in  a  short  spike,  less 
than  ^  inch  long :  calyx  villous  and  with  sessile  glands  usually  evident :  pod 
small  (3  to  5  lines  long),  puberuleut,  oblong,  thin-chartaceous,  half  2  celled, 
the  small  beak  or  point  straight.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  341.    In  the  mountains 
from  British  America  to  Colorado  ;  common  in  Wyoming. 

=  =  Not  glandular  nor  viscid :  leaves  more  or  less  silky  at  least  when  young. 

10.  O.  monticola,  Gray.     Loosely  silky-villous,  at  least  the  scapes  (5  to 
9  inches  high)  and  calyx:  leaflets  sometimes  glabrate,  oblong  or  lanceolate 
(3  to  7  lines  long)  :  spike  oblong  or  cylindraceous,  dense  even  in  fruit :  flower 
hardly  \  inch  long :  pod  ovate-oblong,  between  membranaceous  and  chartaceous, 
i  to  £  inch  long,  tipped  with  a  straight  point,  one-celled  with  no  introflexiou 
of  the  ventral  suture,  or  nearly  half  2-celled,   silfcy-canescent.  —  Proc.   Am. 
Acad.  xx.  6.     0.  campestris  of  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  in  part.     Mountains  of 
Wyoming,  Dakota,  and  northward. 

11.  O.  Lamberti,  Pursh.     Commonly  taller  as  well  as  larger  (the  scapes 
often  a  foot  or  more  high),  silky-  and  mostly  silvery-pubescent,  sometimes 
glabrate  in  age  :  leaflets  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear  (4  to  16  lines  long) : 
spike  sometimes  short-oblong  and  densely  flowered  at  least  when  young,  often 
elongated  and  sparsely  flowered :  flowers  mostly  large  (often  an  inch  long,  but 
sometimes  much  smaller),  variously  colored :  pod  either  narrowly  or  broadly 
oblong,  sericeous  pubescent,  flrm-coriaceous,  -J  inch  or  more  long,  imperfectly 
2-celled.  —  Includes  0.  campestris  of  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  in  part.     Common 
along  the  Great  Plains  from  the  Saskatchewan  and  Minnesota  to  New  Mexico, 
Texas,  etc.,  and  in  the  foothills. 

Var.  sericea,  Gray,  is  a  robust  mountain  form,  canescent  with  the  silky 
pubescence;  the  leaflets  mostly  broad  (3  or  4  lines),  and  the  cylindraceous 
pods  nearly  or  quite  an  inch  long.  —  0.  sericea,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  339. 

Var.  Bigelovii,  Gray,  is  a  marked  form,  with  pods  of  the  preceding 
form,  but  more  slender,  of  thinner  texture,  and  short-stipitate ;  leaflets  green 


72  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

and  glabrate,  narrow.  —  The  0.  Lamberti  of  Torr.  in  Pacif .  K.  Rep.  iv.  80. 
On  the  Upper  Canadian  River,  Colorado,  Bigelow. 

15.    HEDYSARUM,    Tourn. 

Keel  nearly  straight,  obliquely  truncate,  not  appendaged,  longer  than  the 
wings.  Pod  flattened,  the  separable  joints  roundish  and  equal-sided.  —  Peren- 
nial herbs. 

1.  H.  Mackenzii,  Richard.     Stems  2  feet  high,  minutely  pubescent, 
simple  or  branched  :  leaflets  11  to  17  (usually  11),  canescently  pubescent,  nearly 
glabrous  above  :  racemes  loosely  1  to  30-flowered,  elongating  in  fruit :  flowers 
large,  light  purple :  pod  2  to  4-jointed,  minutely  pubescent.  —  From  Colorado 
northward  to  the  Arctic  regions. 

2.  H.  boreale,  Nutt.     Leaflets  13  to  21,  nearly  glabrous:  raceme  of  many 
deflexed  purple  flowers :  pod  3  orb-jointed,  smooth,  reticulated.  —  From  W.  Wyo- 
ming (Parry)  northward  throughout  British  America  to  the  Arctic  Circle. 

16.    VI  CIA,   Tourn.        VETCH.    TARE. 

Wings  adherent  to  the  middle  of  the  short  keel.  Style  inflexed.  Pod  flat, 
smooth.  Seeds  globular.  —  Herbs,  with  angular  stems,  more  or  less  climb- 
ing :  leaflets  entire  or  toothed  at  the  apex :  stipules  semi-sagittate :  flowers 
solitary  or  in  loose  peduncled  axillary  racemes. 

*  Perennial:  peduncles  4  to  ^-flowered. 

1.  V.  Americana,  Muhl.     Usually  rather  stout,  1  to  4  feet  high,  gla- 
brous :  leaflets  4  to  8  pairs,  very  variable,  linear  to  ovate-oblong,  truncate  to 
acute :   peduncles  4  to  8-flowered  :   flowers   purplish  :   pod  oblong,  3  to  6- 
seeded.  —  Throughout  the  whole  of  our  range  and  extending  to  Washington 
Territory  and  New  Mexico  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

Var.  truncata,  Brewer.  Usually  somewhat  pubescent :  leaflets  truncate 
and  often  3  to  5-toothed  at  the  apex.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  158.  V.  truncata,  Nutt. 
From  Colorado  and  northwestward  to  Washington  Territory. 

Var.  linearis,  Watson.  Leaves  all  linear.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  134. 
Lathyrus  linearis,  Nutt.  From  the  Rocky  Mountains  westward  to  California, 
being  the  common  western  form  of  the  species. 

#  *  Slender  annuals :  peduncles  1  or  2-Jlowered. 

2.  V.  exigua,  Nutt.     A  span  to  two  feet  high,  more  or  less  pubescent: 
leaflets  about  4  pairs,  linear,  acute :  peduncles  rarely  2-flowered :  flowers  pur- 
plish :  pod  linear-oblong.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  272.     S.  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico,  westward  to  California. 

3.  V.  micrantha,  Nutt.     Stem  2  to  3  feet  long,  strongly  angled,  gla- 
brous, climbing :  leaflets  2  to  6  pairs  (usually  2  pairs),  oblong-elliptical,  obovate 
or  linear-oblong,  obtuse  or'  ernarginate,  mucronate  :    peduncles   at  first  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves :  flowers  pale,  blue  at  the  tip :  pod  sabre-shaped,  ses- 
sile.—  Loc.  cit.  271.     From  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Louisiana. 

17.    LATHYRUS,    L.        EVERLASTING  PEA. 

Nearly  as  in  Vicia  except  the  characters  given  in  the  synopsis  of  genera. 
All  of  ours  have  long  peduncles.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  133. 


LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE   FAMILY.)  73 

§  1.    Rachis  of  the  leaves  tendril-bearing:  pod  sessile.    Ours  are  perennials,  with 

semi-sagittate  stipules  having  lanceolate  lobes,  and  purple  or  purplish  flowers. 

*  Leaflets  8  to  12 :  peduncles  rather  many-flowered. 

1.  L.  venosus,  Muhl.     Stout,  climbing,  usually  somewhat  downy :  leaf- 
lets oblong-ovate,  mostly  obtuse :  calyx  densely  pubescent  to  nearly  glabrous : 
pod  smooth.  —  Throughout  the  Eastern  States  and  extending  northwestward 
to  Washington  Territory. 

*  *  Leaflets  4  to  8 :  peduncles  2  to  6-flowered. 

2.  L.  paluster,  L.     Slender,  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent :   stem 
often  winged:   leaflets  narrowly   oblong   to   linear:   flowers   smaller  (6  lines 
long).  —  Common  everywhere  throughout  the  northern  portions  of   both 
hemispheres. 

Var.  myrtifolius,  Gray.  Stipules  usually  broader  and  larger;  leaflets 
ovate  to  oblong,  shorter  (an  inch  long  or  less).  —  PL  Fendl.  30.  L.  myrtifolius, 
Muhl.  L.  venosus,  var.  8,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  274.  L.  polyphyllus,  Watson, 
Bot.  King's  Exp.  78.  The  L.  pubescens,  Nutt.,  of  Fl.  Colorado.  With  the 
species. 

§  2.    Rachis  not  tendril-bearing  or  rarely  so:  pod  shortly  stipitate.    In  ours  the 
peduncles  are  2  to  6-flowered. 

3.  L.  polymorphus,  Nutt.     Usually  low,  finely  pubescent  or  glabrous, 
glaucous:  leaflets  6  to  12,  thick  and  strongly  nerved,  narrowly  oblong,  acute : 
flowers  very  large,  purple :  pod  3  or  4  lines  broad ;  f uniculus  remarkably  nar- 
row and  hilum  short.  —  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  Central  Arizona. 

4.  L.  ornatus,  Nutt.     Resembling  the  last  except  the  leaves  are  nar- 
rower and  shorter,  the  pod  somewhat  broader,  and  the  funiculus  broader.  — 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  277.    Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah. 

18.    CASSIA,    L.        SENNA. 

Calyx-tube  very  short.  Anthers  erect,  opening  by  two  pores  or  chinks 
at  the  apex.  Pod  usually  curved,  many-seeded,  often  with  cross-partitions 
between  the  seeds.  —  Herbs,  with  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  (in  ours) 
clusters. 

1.  C.  Chamsecrista,  L.  Leaflets  small,  somewhat  sensitive  to  the  touch, 
10  to  15  pairs,  linear-oblong,  oblique  at  the  base,  a  cup-shaped  gland  beneath 
the  lowest  pair  :  flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  in  small  clusters  above  the  axils, 
2  or  3  of  the  showy  petals  often  with  a  purple  spot  at  the  base :  four  of  the 
anthers  yellow,  the  others  purple.  —  Throughout  the  Eastern  States  and 
westward  across  the  plains  to  Colorado. 

19.    HOFFMANSEGGIA,    Cav. 

Sepals  united  into  a  short  obconic  base.  Petals  obovate,  on  short  claws, 
spreading,  one  or  more  of  them  often  glandular  at  base.  Filaments  thickened 
or  dilated  toward  the  base.  Pod  oblong  or  linear,  often  falcate,  compressed, 
dry,  2-valved.  — Low  perennial  herbs  or  suffrutescent  plants,  often  dotted  with 
black  glands. 

1.  H.  Jamesii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Canescently-pubescent,  much  branched 
from  a  shrubby  base:  pinnae  5,  abruptly  10  to  16-foliolate :  leaflets  oval,  nearly 


74  ROSACEJS.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

glabrous  above :  flowers  nodding  or  reflexed :  the  upper  petal  smallest,  marked 
with  reddish  spots :  pod  I  inch  long,  more  or  less  lunate,  scabrous,  2  to  3-seeded, 
sprinkled  (as  well  as  the  leaves,  calyx,  and  petals)  with  sessile  black  glands. —  Fl.  i. 
393.  Plains  of  E.  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Texas. 

2.  H.  drepanocarpa,  Gray.  Minutely  cinereous-puberulent,  wholly  desti- 
tute of  glands:  stems  numerous,  from  a  thick  woody  root:  pinnae  5  to  11, 
8  to  20-foliolate ;  leaflets  crowded,  subfalcate,  nerveless  :  petals  broadly  obovate, 
nearly  alike,  naked  and  glabrous:  pod.  1^  to  2  inches  long,  strongly  falcate,  gla- 
brous or  minutely  puberulent  under  a  lens,  9  to  W-seeded.  —  PI.  Wright,  i.  58. 
Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

20.    SCHRANKIA,    Willd.        SENSITIVE  BRIAR. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  minute,  5-toothed.  Pod  long  and  narrow, 
4-valved.  —  Perennial  herbs,  the  procumbent  stems  and  petioles  prickly :  leaves 
sensitive  and  of  many  small  leaflets,  the  axillary  peduncles  bearing  round 
heads  of  small  rose-colored  flowers. 

1.  S.  uncinata,  Willd.  Prickles  hooked:  partial  petioles  4  to  6  pairs: 
leaflets  elliptical,  reticulated  with  strong  veins  beneath :  pod  oblong-linear, 
nearly  terete.  —  Throughout  the  S.  E.  States  and  westward  across  the  plains 
to  Colorado  and  Dakota. 


ORDER  26.    ROSACE^E.    (ROSE   FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  mostly  alternate  leaves,  usually  evident 
stipules,  usually  perigyiious  mostly  numerous  stamens,  distinct  free 
pistils  from  one  to  many,  or  coherent  with  each  other  and  the  calyx- 
tube,  and  anatropous  seeds  destitute  of  albumen  or  nearly  so. 

SUBORDER  I.     AMYGDAI^EJE. 

Carpels  solitary,  or  rarely  5,  becoming  drupes,  entirely  free  from  the 
calyx,  this  or  its  lobes  deciduous.  Ovules  2,  pendulous,  but  seed  almost 
always  solitary.  Style  terminal.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  bark  exuding 
gum,  and  mostly  (as  well  as  the  seeds)  yielding  the  flavor  of  prussic 
acid.  Stipules  free,  deciduous. 

1.  Primus.     Flowers  perfect.     Carpel  solitary. 

SUBORDER  II.    ROSACE^E  PROPER. 

Carpels  free  from  the  persistent  calyx,  becoming  akenes,  or  follicles, 
or  drupe-like  in  fruit.  Stipules  commonly  adnate  to  the  petiole.  Calyx 
dry  and  open,  or  sometimes  strictly  enclosing  the  fruit,  or  fleshy  and 
pome-like. 

Tribe  I.    SPIR^ACE^J.    Carpels  few,  rarely  solitary,  becoming  two  to  several-seeded 

follicles.     Calyx  open. 

*  Carpels  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes  when  of  the  same  number. 
•*-  Seeds  with  membranous  testa  aud  no  albumen  :  stipules  none. 


ROSACE^E.      (ROSE  FAMILY.)  75 

•H-  Calyx  persistent  in  fruit :  stamens  perigynous  :  carpels  several-seeded. 

2.  Spiraea.     Carpels  cartilaginous,   1-valved,  distinct.     Flowers  perfect,  rarely  polyga- 

mous.    Leaves  simple,  serrate  or  incised. 

•H-  -H-  Calyx  marcescent  in  fruit :  stamens  hypogynous  :  carpels  few-seeded. 

3.  Aruncus.    Carpels  cartilaginous,  1-valved,  distinct.    Flowers  dioecious.      Leaves  re- 

peatedly ternately  divided. 

•<-  -t-  Seeds  with  shining  stony  testa :  albumen  very  distinct :  stipules  membranaceous, 

caducous. 

4.  Physocarpus.    Follicles  membranaceous,  inflated,  2-valved,  distinct,  often  stipitate. 

Flowers  perfect,  corymbose.     Leaves  lobed. 

*  *  Carpels  opposite  to  the  calyx-lobes  when  of  the  same  number. 

5.  Chamaebatiaria.     Follicles  coriaceous,  1-valved,  connate  at  base,  several-seeded. 

Albumen  distinct.    Flowers  perfect    Leaves  small,  coriaceous,  stipulate,  bipinnately 
dissected. 

*  *  *  Carpel  becoming  an  akene. 

6.  Holodiscus.     Carpels  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes,  with  densely  silky  styles  and  2 

collateral  pendulous  ovules.    Akenes  membranous,  woolly,  1-seeded.    Leaves  lobed, 
without  stipules. 

Tribe  II.  RUBE^E.  Carpels  several  or  numerous  on  a  spongy  receptacle,  becoming 
drupelets  in  fruit.  Calyx  open,  without  bractlets.  Stamens  numerous.  Ovules  2 
and  pendulous,  but  seed  solitary. 

7.  Rubus.    Carpels  indefinitely  numerous,  berry-like  in  fruit.     Perennial  herbs  or  soft- 

woody  shrubs  with  biennial  stems. 

Tribe  III.  POTENTILXE^E.  Carpels  numerous,  several,  or  solitary,  1-ovuled,  be- 
coming dry  akenes.  Calyx  not  enclosing  or  at  least  not  constricted  over  the  fruit. 
Seed  erect  or  ascending. 

*  Shrubs:  carpels  mostly  solitary :  style  not  elongated  in  fruit:  stigma  decurrent:  calyx 

imbricated,  without  bractlets.     Flowers  solitary  in  ours. 

8.  Purshia.     Petals  5.     Leaves  3-cleft.    Radicle  inferior. 

9.  Coleogyne.    Calyx  4-parted,  colored.    Petals  none.    Leaves  opposite,  small,  narrow, 

entire.    Radicle  superior. 

*  *  Trees  or  shrubs  :  carpels  solitary  or  numerous  :  styles  elongated  and  plumose  in  fruit : 

calyx  imbricated,  without  bractlets  (except  in  Fallugia)  :  seed  erect. 

10.  Cercocarpus.      Flowers  solitary,  axillary,   small.      Petals  none.     Carpels  solitary, 

rarely  2.     Calyx-tube  long-cylindrical ;  the  limb  deciduous.     Leaves  simple,  entire  or 
toothed. 

11.  Cowania.    Flowers  solitary,  short-peduncled,  terminal,  showy.      Petals  5.     Carpels 

5  to  12.     Calyx  short  and  turbinate.     Leaves  cuneate,  lobed. 

12.  Fallugia.     Flowers  somewhat  panicled,  on  long  peduncles,  showy.    Petals  5.    Carpels 

numerous.     Calyx  turbinate.     Leaves  with  linear  lobes. 

*  *  *  Herbs  :  carpels  few  to  many :  calyx  concave  or  campanulate,  valvate  in  the  bud, 

bracteolate. 
•*-  Seed  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell :  radicle  inferior  :  style  strictly  terminal,  persistent. 

13.  Dryas.     Like  Geum,  but  petals  8  or  9. 

14.  Geum.     Carpels  very  numerous  on  a  dry  receptacle  :  the  elongated  style  in  fruit  mostly 

geniuulate  or  plumose.     Petals  5. 

•«-  -i-  Seed  suspended  or  ascending  :  radicle  superior  :  style  small,  naked,  not  geniculate. 

15.  Fragaria.    Carpels  very  numerous,  in  fruit  on  a  large  fleshy  scarlet  receptacle.    Styles 

lateral.     Leaves  3-foliolate. 

16.  Potentilla.     Petals  yellow,  rarely  white,  sessile.     Stamens  usually  20  or  more  ;  fila- 

ments narrow  or  filiform.     Carpels  mostly  numerous,  on  a  dry  receptacle.     Leaves 
pinnate  or  digitate  ;  leaflets  toothed  or  cleft,  not  confluent. 

17.  Sibbaldia.     Petals  yellow,  sessile,  minute  and  narrow.     Stamens  5 ;  filaments  very 

short,  filiform.     Carpels  5  to  10,  on  a  dry  receptacle.     Leaves  3-foliolate ;  leaflets 
3-toothed. 


76  EOSACE^E.    (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

18.  Ivesia.    Petals  yellow,  with  claws,  or  spatulate.      Stamens  20;  filaments  filiform. 

Carpels  1  to  15,  on  a  dry  villous  receptacle.     Leaves  pinnate ;  leaflets  cleft  or  parted, 
often  small  and  very  numerous  and  closely  imbricated. 

19.  Chamzerhodos.     Petals  white,  obovate.      Stamens  5 ;    filaments  short,    subulate. 

Carpels  5  to  10,  on  a  dry  villous  receptacle.      Leaves  many-cleft;  the  segments 
linear. 

Tribe  IV.  POTEBIE^E.  Carpels  1  to  3,  in  fruit  akenes,  completely  enclosed  in  the 
dry  and  firm  calyx-tube,  the  throat  of  which  is  constricted  or  sometimes  nearly  closed. 
Seed  suspended.  Ours  are  herbs  with  pinnate  leaves  and  solitary  ovule. 

20.  Agrimonia.     Calyx  turbinate,  surrounded  by  a  margin  of  hooked  prickles.     Petals 

yellow.    Stamens  5  to  12.     Flowers  in  long  racemes. 

21.  Poterium.     Calyx-lobes  4,  imbricate,  deciduous,  petaloid ;  the  tube  4-angled,  naked. 

Petals  none.    Flowers  in  dense  heads. 

Tribe  V.  ROSE^E.  Carpels  many,  in  fruit  bony  akenes,  enclosed  and  concealed  in  the 
globose  or  urn-shaped  fleshy  calyx-tube,  which  resembles  a  pome.  Petals  conspicuous. 
Stamens  numerous. 

22.  Rosa.    Erect  shrubs,  with  pinnate  leaves. 

SUBORDER  III.     POUIE^E. 

Carpels  2  to  5,  enclosed  in  and  mostly  adnate  to  the  fleshy  calyx-tube, 
in  fruit  becoming  a  pome.  A  pair  of  ovules  in  each  carpel.  Styles 
often  united  below.  —  Trees  or  shrubs, with  stipules  free  from  the  petiole 
or  nearly  so. 

23.  Crataegus.    Ovary  2  to  5-celled  ;  the  fruit  drupaceous,  of  2  to  5  bony  1-seeded  stones, 

either  separable  or  united  into  one.     Branches  usually  thorny. 

24.  Pyrus.    Ovary  2  to  5-celled  ;  the  fruit  a  proper  pome,  with  papery  or  cartilaginous  and 

undivided  2-seeded  cells  or  carpels. 

25.  Amelanchier.     Ovary  5-celled ;  the  cells  2-ovuled  and  2-seeded,  but  in  fruit  each 

divided  into  two  by  a  partition  from  the  back.     Styles  3  to  5.    Otherwise  like  Pyrus. 

26.  Peraphyllum.    Ovary  usually  2-  (incompletely  4-)  celled.    Styles  2.     Otherwise  like 

A  me  lanchier. 


1.    PR  UN  US,    Tourn.        PLUM,  CHERRY,  &c. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens  15  to  25,  inserted  with  the 
petals.  —  Leaves  simple,  usually  serrulate:  flowers  white,  fascicled  in  the 
axils,  or  in  terminal  racemes. 

*  Flowers  in  umbel- or  corymb-like  dusters  from,  lateral  scaly  buds  in  early  spring, 
preceding  or  coetaneous  with  the  leaves. 

1.  P.  Americana,  Marshall.    (WILD  YELLOW  or  RED  PLUM).     Tree 
thorny,  8  to  20  feet  high  :  leaves  ovate,  or  somewhat  ohovate,  conspicuously 
pointed,  coarsely  or  doubly  serrate,  very  veiny,  glabrous  when  mature :  fruit  nearly 
destitute  of  bloom,  roundish  ovnl,  yellow,  orange,  or  red;  the  stone  turgid,  more 
or  less  acute  on  both  margins  ;  pleasant-tasted,  hut  with  a  tough  and  sour  skin.  — 
Colorado.     Very  common  throughout  the  East. 

2.  P.  Chicasa,  Michx.     (CHICKASAW  PLUM.)     Stem  scarcely  thorny: 
leaves  nearly  lanceolate,  finely  serrulate,  glabrous :   fruit   nearly  destitute  of 
bloom,  globular,  red;  the  stone  ovoid,  almost  as  thick  as  wide,  rounded  at  both 
sutures,  one  of  them  minutely  grooved.  —  Perhaps  native  only  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi from  Arkansas  southward,  but  introduced  eastward,  and  westward  to 
Colorado. 


ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.)  77 

3.  P.  Pennsylvanica,  L.     (WILD  RED  CHERRY.)     Tree  20  to  30  feet 
high,  with  light  red-brown  bark :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  finely  and 
sharply  serrate,  shining,  green  and  smooth  both  sides:  fruit  globose,  light  red, 
very  small,  with  thin  and  sour  flesh  ;  stone  globular.  —  From  Colorado  north- 
ward, and  eastward  to  Newfoundland  and  Virginia. 

4.  P.  emarginata,  Walpers,  var.  mollis,  Brewer.    Becoming  a  small 
tree  25  feet  high,  with  bark  like  that  of  an  ordinary  Cherry-tree,  more  or  less 
woolly-pubescent :  leaves  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse,  crenately  serru- 
late, narrowed  to  a  short  petiole,  with  usually  one  or  more  glands  near  the 
base  of  the  blade,  more  or  less  woolly-pubescent  on  the  under  side :  fruit  globose, 
black,  bitter  and  astringent ;  stone  with  a  thick  grooved  ridge  upon  one  side.  — 
Bot.  Calif,  i.  167.    Bitter  Root  Mountains  and  westward  into  Oregon  and 
California. 

*  *  Flowers  in  racemes  terminating  leafy  branches,  hence  appearing  after  the 

leaves,  late  in  spring. 

5  P.  demissa,  Walpers.  (WILD  CHERRY.)  An  erect  slender  shrub 
2  to  12  feet  high :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  mostly 
rounded  or  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  sharply  serrate,  usually  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent beneath,  with  1  or  2  glands  at  base  :  fruit  purplish-black,  or  red,  sweet  and 
edible,  but  somewhat  astringent ;  stone  globose.  —  From  the  Rocky  Mountains 
westward  to  the  coast. 

6.  P.  Virginiana,  L.  (CHOKE  CHERRY.)  Leaves  rarelj  at  all  pubes- 
cent, more  frequently  somewhat  cuneate  at  base:  fruit  dark  red,  very  astringent 
and  scarcely  edible ;  the  stone  more  ovoid  and  acutish :  otherwise  like  the  last, 
but  more  diffuse  in  habit,  and  preferring  stream  banks  and  moist  localities.  — 
This  species  appears  to  be  distributed  throughout  the  whole  of  North  Amer- 
ica except  in  the  region  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

2.    S  PIE, M  A,    L.        MEADOW-SWEET. 

Petals  5,  rounded,  nearly  sessile.  Stamens  numerous.  Carpels  usually 
5  or  more.  —  Perennial  herbs  or  mostly  shrubs  :  flowers  white  or  rose-colored, 
in  compound  corymbs  or  spikes.  —  We  follow  the  arrangement  of  Dr.  Maxi- 
mowicz  in  recognizing  the  four  following  genera  as  distinct  from  Spircea. 
Bot.  Calif,  ii.  443. 

*  Erect  shrubs :  petals  rose-colored  or  purplish  :  floivers  in  compound  corymbs. 

1.  S.  betulifolia,  Pallas.     Glabrous  or  finely  pubescent,  with  reddish 
bark :  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  acutely  and  unequally  serrate  or 
incised,  on  short  petioles  or  nearly  sessile  :  flowers  pale  purple,  the  fastigiate 
corymbs  often   leafy-bracted  :    ovules  5  to  8.  —  S.  corymbosa,   Raf.     Head- 
waters of  the  Missouri,  eastward  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  westward  to 
N.  California,  and  northward  to  Alaska. 

Var.  rosea,  Gray.  Corolla  rose-red.  —  Proc.  Am-  Acad.  viii.  381.  W. 
Wyoming,  Idaho,  and  westward  to  Oregon  and  California. 

*  *  Low  herbaceous  perennials,  woody  at  base  :  petals  white :  Jlowers  in  dense 

cylindrical  spikes  on  scape-like  stems. 

2.  S.  C8BSpitOSa,  Nutt.    Cespitose,  on  rocks :  leaves  rosulate  on  the  short 
tufted  branches  of   the  woody  spreading  rootstock,  oblanceolate  or  linear- 


78  ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

spatulate,  silky  on  both  sides;  those  of  the  scape  scattered  and  narrower: 
calyx-lobes  silky  :  filaments  and  styles  exserted  :  carpels  3  to  8,  somewhat 
villous  or  glabrous,  2-seeded.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  418.  W.  Wyoming  to 
Montana  and  Oregon,  and  southward  to  New  Mexico. 

3.    ART! NOTTS,    L.        GOAT'S-BEARD. 

Herbaceous :  the  small  white  flowers  in  numerous  filiform  panicled  spikes. 

1.  A.  Sylvester,  Kost.  Smooth,  branching,  3  to  5  feet  high  :  leaves 
large ;  leaflets  thin,  sparingly  villous  beneath,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
sharply  and  laciniately  doubly  toothed,  the  terminal  one  broadest :  panicle 
large  and  compound,  pubescent :  filaments  long-exserted  :  carpels  3  to  5, 
smooth.  —  Spiraea  Aruncus,  L.  Ranges  across  the  continent. 

4.    PHYSOCARPUS,    Maxim.        NINE-BARK. 

Carpels  1  to  5,  divergent.  Ovules  2  to  several.  —  Diffuse  shrubs  :  flowers 
large,  white. 

1.  P.  opulifolia,  Maxim.     A  shrub  3  to  10  feet  high,  with  ash-colored 
shreddy  bark :  leaves  ovate  or  often  cordate,  3-lobed  and  toothed,  on  slender 
petioles,  nearly  glabrous:  flowers  on  long  slender  pedicels  in  simple  umbel-like 
hemispherical  tomentose  corymbs :   carpels  2  to  5,  glalirous.  —  Spiraea  opuli- 
folia, L.     Neillia  opulifolia,  Benth.  &  Hook.     From  California  northward  to 
British  America  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.  P.  Torreyi,  Maxim.     A  small  shrub,  differing  from  the  last  in  its 
smaller  leaves,  its  finer  pubescence,  and  the  leaves  sometimes  densely  white- 
tomentose  beneath,  its  fewer  and  smaller  flowers  on  short  pedicels,  fewer  stamens, 
and  especially  the  densely  tomentose  ovaries,  which  are  fewer  (1  or  2)  and  be- 
come less   inflated.  —  Spircea  opulifolia,  var.  pauciflofa,  Hook.,  and  in  Fl. 
Colorado  var.  parvifolia.     Neillia   Torreyi,  Watson.      In  the  mountains  of 
Colorado  and  westward  to  Nevada. 

5.    CHAMJEBATIARIA,    Maxim. 

Flowers  large,  white,  in  a  leafy  terminal  racemose  panicle.  —  A  stout, 
diffusely  branched,  glandular-pubescent  shrub. 

1.  C.  Mill 6 folium,  Maxim.  More  or  less  tomentose  :  leaves  narrowly 
lanceolate  in  outline,  scattered  or  fascicled  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  with 
very  numerous  (about  20)  pinnae  and  minute  oblong  obtuse  leaflets  (about  6 
pairs) :  the  erect  acute  lobes  of  the  calyx  nearly  equalling  the  orbicular  petals : 
carpels  5,  pubescent.  —  Spircea  MiUefolium,  Torr.  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv.  83,  t.  5. 
From  W.  Wyoming  (Coulter]  to  California. 

6.    HOLODISCUS,    Maxim. 

Petals  white,  broadly  oblong,  about  equalling  the  5-parted  calyx. — A  dif- 
fuse shrub,  with  grayish  brown  bark :  flowers  in  loose  spreading  panicles. 

1.  H.  discolor,  Maxim.  Pubescent,  4  feet  high  or  more  :  leaves  broadly 
ovate,  truncate  at  base  or  cuneate  into  a  slender  petiole,  more  or  less  silky- 


ROSACES.    (KOSE  FAMILY.)  79 

tomentose  beneath,  nearly  smooth  above,  pinnatifidly  toothed  or  lobed,  the 
lobes  often  dentate :  panicle  much  branched,  tomentose.  —  Spiraea  discolor, 
Pursh. 

Var.  dlimosa,  Maxim.  Only  1  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  usually  small,  cune- 
ate  into  a  short  margined  petiole,  often  white  tomentose  beneath :  panicle 
mostly  smaller  and  less  diffuse.  —  Spiraea  dumosa,  Nutt.  S.  discolor,  var. 
dumosa,  Watson.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  and  thence  to  the  Sierra  Nevada 
and  Oregon. 

7.    RUBTJS,    L.        RASPBERRY.    BLACKBERRY. 

Petals  5,  conspicuous.  Styles  nearly  terminal.  —  Erect  or  trailing,  often 
prickly :  leaves  simple  or  pinnately  3  to  7-foliolate :  flowers  white  or  reddish, 
in  panicles  or  corymbs,  or  solitary  :  fruit  usually  edible,  red,  purple,  or  purplish- 
black.  —  Ours  are  all  true  Raspberries,  having  fruit  with  a  bloom  separating 
from  the  receptacle  when  ripe.  The  Blackberries,  having  fruit  black,  shining 
and  persistent  on  the  receptacle,  are  not  known  to  occur  within  our  range. 
#  Leaves  simple:  prickles  none  (except  in  No.  3) :  flowers  large :  fruit  and  recepta- 
cle flat  and  broad. 

1.  R.  Nutkanus,  Mocino.     (SALMON-BERRY.)     Stems  3  to  8  feet  high; 
bark  green  and  smooth  or  more  or  less  glandular-pubescent,  becoming  brown  and 
shreddy :  leaves  palmately  and  nearly  equally  5-lobed,  cordate  at  base,  unequally 
serrate,  4  to  12  inches  broad,  glabrous  or  somewhat  tomentose,  the  veins  beneath 
as  well  as  the  petioles  and  peduncles  usually  more  or  less  hispid  with  gland-tipped 
hairs :  flowers  white,  an  inch  or  two  broad  :  calyx  densely  tomentose  :  carpels 
very  numerous,  tomentose :  fruit  red,  large,  and  pleasantly  flavored.  —  From 
Colorado  northward,  westward  to  the  coast,  and  eastward  to  Upper  Michigan. 

2.  R.  delicioSUS,   James.      Shrub  3  to   4  feet  high;    branches,  young 
leaves,  and  calyx  tomentose-pubescent  or  puberulent,  not  glandular :  leaves  reniform- 
orbicidar,  rugose,  more  or  less  3  to  5-lobed,  finely  serrate-toothed:   flowers  2 
inches  across :  sepals  with  a  dilated  acumination :  petals  white :  fruit  purplish, 
large,  smooth,   "  flavor  not  agreeable  to  the  human   palate."  —  Canons  of 
Colorado. 

3.  R.  nivalis,  Dougl. — Low,  not  more  than  6  inches  high,  frutescent :  leaves 
cordate,   3-lobed,  sharply  toothed,  glabrous,  the  petioles  and  veins  of  the  leaves 
armed  with  recurved  prickles :  peduncles  short,  2-flowered  :  petals  red  ( ? )  :  fruit 
red.  —  In  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains  and  northward.     Probably  a  species  of 
the  next  section  with  the  leaflets  confluent. 

*  *  Leaflets  3  t o  5  :  petals  small,  erect,  white. 
-i-  Stem*  annual,  herbaceous,  not  prickly :  fruit  of  few  separate  grains. 

4.  R.  triflorus,  Richardson.     Stems  ascending  or  trailing  :  leaflets  3  (or 
pedately  5),  rhombic-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  coarsely 
doubly  serrate,  thin,  smooth:  peduncle  1  to  3-flowered :  fruit  small,  red. — 
Colorado  and  northward  into  British  America  and  eastward  to  the  New  Eng- 
land and  Middle  States. 

•»-  H-  Stems  biennial  and  woody,  prickly :  receptacle  oblong :  fruit  hemispherical. 

5.  R.  strigosus,  Michx.    (WiLD  RED  RASPBERRY.)    Stems  upright,  and 
with  the  stalks,  etc.  beset  with  stiff  straight  bristles,  glandular  when  young, 


80  ROSACES.    (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

somewhat  glaucous :  leaflets  oblong-ovate,  cut-serrate,  whitish-downy  under- 
neath, the  lateral  ones  sessile :  petals  as  long  as  the  sepals :  fruit  light  red.  —  From 
New  Mexico  and  Colorado  northward  to  British  America  and  thence  eastward 
to  the  New  England  and  Middle  States  ;  also  in  Nevada. 

6.  R.  occidentalis,  L.  (BLACK  RASPBERRY.  THIMBLEBERRY.)  Glau- 
cous all  over:  stems  recurved,  armed  like  the  stalks,  etc.  with  hooked  prickles, 
not  bristly :  leaflets  3,  ovate,  coarsely  doubly  serrate,  whitened-downy  under- 
neath, the  lateral  ones  somewhat  stalked:  petals  shorter  than  the  sepals:  fruit 
purple-black.  —  From  Oregon  eastward  to  Missouri  and  thence  throughout  the 
Eastern  States,  especially  to  the  north. 

8.    PURSHIA,    DC. 

Calyx  funnel-shaped.  Petals  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes,  yellow.  Stamens 
about  25,  in  one  row.  Carpels  sometimes  2,  narrowly  oblong.  Fruit  pubes- 
cent, attenuate  at  each  end,  exserted.  —  Diffusely  branched :  leaves  mostly 
fascicled,  cuneate  :  flowers  terminal  on  the  short  branchlets. 

1.  P.  tridentata,  DC.  Usually  2  to  5  (rarely  8  or  10)  feet  high,  with 
brown  or  grayish  bark ;  the  young  branches  and  numerous  short  branchlets 
pubescent :  leaves  cuneate-obovate,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  petioled,  white-tomen- 
tose  beneath,  greener  above :  calyx  tomentose  with  some  glandular  hairs : 
petals  spatulate-obovate.  — Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  and  northward  through- 
out the  Rocky  Mountain  region  to  the  British  boundary;  westward  to  the 
Sierras. 

9.    COLEOGYNE,    Torr. 

Calyx  with  a  membranaceous  margin,  colored  within.  Stamens  numerous, 
inserted  upon  the  base  of  a  tubular  torus  which  includes  the  ovary.  Style 
lateral,  very  villous  at  base,  twisted,  exserted,  persistent.  Fruit  glabrous,  in- 
cluded. —  Diffusely  branched,  somewhat  spinesceut :  leaves  coriaceous :  flowers 
terminal  on  the  short  brauchlets,  subtended  by  1  or  2  pairs  of  3-lobed  bracts, 
yellow,  showy. 

1.  C.  ramosissima,  Torr.  The  short  rigid  branches  opposite  and  spines- 
cent;  bark  gray:  leaves  approximate  upon  the  branchlets,  linear  oblanceolate, 
puberulent  with  appressed  hairs  attached  by  the  middle  :  tube  of  the  torus 
membranaceous,  dilated  below  and  narrowed  to  the  shortly  5-toothed  apex, 
densely  white-villous  within  :  akene  somewhat  compressed,  the  obtuse  apex 
incurved.  —  PI.  Frem.  8,  t.  4.  From  S.  Colorado  to  Arizona  and  Nevada,  and 
in  California. 

10.    CERCOCARPUS,    HBK.        MOUNTAIN  MAHOGANY. 

Stamens  15  to  25,  in  2  or  3  rows  on  the  limb  of  the  calyx.  Fruit  coria- 
ceous, linear,  terete,  villous,  included  in  the  enlarged  calyx-tube. — Leaves 
evergreen. 

1.  C.  ledifolius,  Nutt.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  6  to  15  feet  high:  leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate  with  margins  more  or  less  revolute,  thick-coriaceous  and 
somewhat  resinous,  entire,  more  or  less  tomentose,  but  glabrous  above,  acute : 


KOSACE^E.      (ROSE   FAMILY.)  81 

flowers  sessile,  toraentose  :  limb  of  the  calyx  deeply  toothed :  tail  of  the  akene 
at  length  2  or  3  inches  long.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  427.  W.  Wyoming  and 
through  the  Wahsatch  to  the  Sierras  and  northward. 

2.  C.  parvifolius,  Nutt.  A  shrub  usually  2  to  10  feet  high  (sometimes 
15  to  20  feet) :  leaves  cuneate-obovate,  less  coriaceous,  serrate  towards  the  obtuse 
or  rounded  summit,  more  or  less  silky  above,  densely  hoary-tomentose  beneath  : 
flowers  on  short  slender  pedicels :  limb  of  the  calyx  with  short  teeth :  tail  of  the 
akene  often  4  inches  long.  —  From,  New  Mexico  to  Wyoming  and  westward  to 
the  coast. 

11.    CO  WAN  I  A,  Don.        CLIFF  ROSE. 

Petals  obovate,  spreading.  Stamens  numerous,  in  2  rows,  inserted  with  the 
petals  at  the  throat  of  the  calyx-tube.  Carpels  densely  villous.  Fruit  coria- 
ceous, narrowly  oblong,  striate,  nearly  included  in  the  dilated  calyx-tube.  — 
Leaves  small,  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  coriaceous,  glandular-dotted. 

1.  C.  Mexicana,  Don.  A  much  branched  shrub,  1  to  6  feet  high;  the 
trunk  with  abundant  shreddy  light-colored  bark:  leaves  approximate  upon 
the  short  branchlets,  cuneate-obovate  in  outline,  piunately  3  to  7-lot>ed,  dark 
green  above,  tomentose  beneath :  flowers  yellow,  the  calyx-tube  attenuate  into 
a  short  glandular-hairy  pedicel :  tail  of  the  akene  at  length  2  inches  long  or 
more.  —  N.  Utah  and  S.  Colorado  to  Central  Mexico. 

12.    PALLUGIA,    Endlicher. 

Calyx-tube  villous  within ;  the  5  lobes  with  alternate  linear  bractlets.  Sta- 
mens numerous,  inserted  in  a  triple  row  upon  the  margin  of  the  calyx-tube. 
Carpels  densely  villous,  inserted  upon  a  small  conical  receptacle.  Fruit  coria- 
ceous, narrowly  oblong,  exserted.  —  A  low  undershrub :  leaves  pinnately 
lobed,  margin  revolute  :  flowers  white. 

1.  F.  paradoxa,  Endlicher.  Much  branched  with  somewhat  virgate 
slender  branches ;  epidermis  white,  persistent :  leaves  scattered  or  fascicled, 
somewhat  villous,  cuneate  and  attenuate  into  a  linear  base,  pinnately  3  to  7- 
cleft  above.  —  From  Colorado  to  California  and  southward  into  Mexico. 

13.    DRY  AS,    L. 

Calyx  open,  flattish,  8  to  9-parted.  Petals  large,  white  or  yellowish. — 
Dwarf  and  matted  slightly  shrubby  plants,  with  simple  toothed  leaves  and 
solitary  large  flowers. 

1.  D.  octopetala,  L.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  coarsely  crenate-toothed, 
obtuse  at  each  end,  clothed  with  a  white  tomentum  beneath,  the  veins  promi- 
nent, the  margins  revolute  :  sepals  linear.  —  Alpine.  High  peaks  of  Colorado 
and  northward  throughout  British  America  to  Greenland. 

14.    GEUM,   L.       AVENS. 

Calyx-lobes  usually  with  5  alternate  bractlets.  Carpels  on  a  conical  or 
clavate  receptacle.  Akenes  small,  compressed.  —  Perennial  herbs:  leaves 
mostly  radical,  lyrate  or  pinnate ;  stipules  adnate  to  the  sheathing  petioles : 
flowers  rather  large,  solitary  or  corymbose. 

6 


82  BOSACEJE.      (ROSE   FAMILY.) 

§  1.  Styles  jointed  and  bent  near  the,  middle,  ike  upper  part  deciduous,  the 
lower  naked  and  hooked,  becoming  elongated :  calif x-lobes  reflexed. — In  ours 
the  petals  are  (/olden-yellow,  broadly  obovate,  exceeding  the  calyx. 

1.  G.  macrophyllum,  Willd.     Bristly-hair i/,  stout  (1  to  3  feet  high): 
root-leaves  lyrately  and  interruptedly  pinnate,  with  the  terminal  leaflet  very 
large  and  round  heart-shaped ;  lateral  leaflets  of  the  stem-leaves  2  to  4,  minute, 
the  terminal  roundish,  3-cleft,  the  lobes  wedge-form  and  rounded :  receptacle  of  the 
fruit  nearly  naked.  —  From  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  Atlantic,  and  northward 

\  to  Sitka. 

2.  G.  Strictum,  Ait.     Somewhat  hairy  (3  to  5  feet  high) :  root-leaves 
interruptedly  pinnate,  the  leaflets  wedge-obovate  ;  leaflets  of  the  stem-leaves  3  to  5, 
rhombic-ovate  or  oblong,  acute:    receptacle  of  fruit   downy.  —  From   Colorado 
northward,  and  eastward  to  the  Atlantic. 

§  2.    Style  jointed  and  bent  in  the  middle,  the  upper  joint  plumose  :  flowers  large  : 
calyx  erect  or  spreading. 

3.  G.  rivale,  L.     Stems  nearly  simple!  root-leaves  lyrate  and  interrupt- 
edly pinnate ;  those  of  the  stem  few,  3-foliolate  or  3-lobed  :  calyx  brown  purple  : 
petals  dilated-obovate,  retuse,  contracted  into  a  claw,  purplish  orange :  head 
of  fruit  stalked  in  the  calyx.  —  Colorado,  W.  Montana,  and  northward  ;  also 
eastward  to  Newfoundland. 

§  3.  Style  not  jointed,  wholly  persistent  and  straight  :  head  of  fruit  sessile :  flowers 
large :  calyx  erect  or  spreading.  —  Flowering  stems  simple  and  bearing  only 
bracts  or  small  leaves. 

4.  G.  triflorum,  Pursh.     Low,  softly-hairy:   root-leaves  interruptedly 
pinnate;  the  leaflets  very  numerous  and  crowded,  oblong  wedge-form,  deeply 
cut-toothed :  flowers  3  or  more  on  long  peduncles :  bractlets  linear,  longer  than 
the  purple  cah/x,  as  long  as  the  oblong  purplish  erect  petals :  styles  very  long, 
strongly  plumose  in  fruit.  —  In  the  mountains  from  the  Sierra  Nevada  north- 
ward and  eastward  to  Arctic  America  and  Labrador. 

5.  G.  Rossii,  Seringe.     Slightly  pubescent  above:  root-leaves  interrupt- 
edly pinnate,  rather  glabrous,  minutely  ciliate ;  leaflets  ovate  or  cuneiform, 
2  to  3-lobed,  incised  or  entire:  scape  l-flowered :  calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the 
roundish  yellow  petals:  st.t/les  glabrous,  not  exserted  in  fruit.  —  Alpine.     High 
peaks  of  Colorado  and  W.  Montana,  and  northward  through  Arctic  America. 

Var.  humile,  Torr.  &  Gray.  More  pubescent,  almost  silky  when  young, 
somewhat  larger:  leaflets  more  numerous  and  crowded:  scape  sometimes  2-flow- 
ered.  — Fl.  i.  424.  Colorado,  Nevada,  and  northward  to  Unalaska. 

15.    FRAGARIA,    Tourn.        STRAWBERRY. 

Petals  5,  white,  spreading.  Stamens  many  in  one  row.  —  Acaulescent  sto- 
loniferous  perennials :  leaves  palmately  trifoliolate ;  the  leaflets  obovate-cune- 
ate,  coarsely  toothed:  flowers  few,  cymose  upon  short  erect  scapes. 

1.  P.  Virginiana,  Duchesne.  Akenes  imbedded  in  the  deeply  pitted  fruit- 
ing receptacle,  which  usually  has  a  narrow  neck :  calyx  becoming  erect  after 
flowering  and  connivent  over  the  hairy  receptacle  when  sterile  or  unfructified : 
leaflets  of  a  firm  or  coriaceous  texture  :  the  hairs  of  the  scape  and  especially  of 
the  pedicels  silky  and  appressed.  —  The  species  seems  to  be  confined  to  the 
Atlantic  States. 


ROSACES.    (HOSE  FAMILY.)  83 

Var.  Illinoensis,  Gray.  A  coarser  or  larger  plant,  perhaps  a  distinct 
species  :  the  flowers  more  inclined  to  be  polt/gamo-dioecious  :  the  villous  hairs  of  the 
scape  and  pedicels  widely  spreading. — The  common  form  in  the  mountains 
and  extending  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

Var.  glauca,  Watson.  Differs  from  the  type  in  the  perfectly  smooth  and 
glaucous  surface  of  the  leaf.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  85.  In  the  Wahsatch  and 
Uinta  Mountains. 

2.  F.  vesca,  IJ.  Akenes  superficial  on  the  glabrous  conical  or  hemispherical 
fruiting  receptacle  (not  sunk  in  pits)  :  calyx  remaining  spreading  or  reflexed : 
hairs  on  the  scape  mostly  widely  spreading,  on  the  pedicels  oppressed :  leaflets  thin, 
even  the  upper  surface  strongly  marked  by  the  veins.  —  Throughout  the 
United  States  and  Arctic  America. 

16.    POTENTILLA,    L.        FIVE-FINGER. 

Petals  5,  obcordate  or  broadly  obovate.  Styles  lateral  or  nearly  terminal, 
short,  deciduous.  Akenes  small,  turgid,  crustaceous.  —  Herbaceous  or  rarely 
woody  :  flowers  cymose,  or  axillary  and  solitary.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
viii.  549. 

*  Styles  thickened  and  glandular  toward  the  base :  carpels  glabrous,  sessile :  in- 
florescence cymose. 

•i-  Style  attached  below  the  middle  of  the  ovary :  disk  thickened :  stamens  25  to 
30  :  perennial  herbs  with  glandular -villous  pubescence  and  pinnate  leaves. 

1.  P.  arguta,  Pursh.     Stem  erect  and  stout,   1  to  4  feet  high,  simple 
below :  radical  leaves  7  to  1 1  foliolate  ;  leaflets  rounded,  ovate,  or  subrhom- 
boiclal,  incised  or  doubly  serrate :  cyme  strict  and  rather  close :  calyx  densely 
pubescent:  stamens  mostly  30.  —  New  Mexico  and  northward  to  N.  Idaho,  thence 
eastward  to  the  New  England  States  and  Canada. 

2.  P.  glandulosa,  Lindl.     Resembling  the  last,  but  usually  more  slender 
and  branched,  1  to  2  feet  high,  and  for  the  most  part  less  pubescent :  leaflets 
more  frequentl y  5  to  9:  cyme  panicled,  with  elongated  branches  and  more  slender    0 
pedicels  :  calyx  much  less  tomentose :  stamens  usually  25.  —  P.  fissa,  Nutt.     In 
the  mountains,  from  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  northward,  and  thence  west- 
ward to  California  and  Washington  Territory. 

•»—  H—  Style  terminal:  disk  not  thickened :  flowers  small :  leaves  pinnate  or 

ternate. 

-H.  Annual  or  biennial:  leaflets  incisely  serrate,  not  tvhite-tomentose :  stamens  5 

to  20. 

3.  P.  Norvegica,  L.    Erect,  stout,  %  to  2  feet  high,  at  length  dichoto- 
mous  above,  hirsute:  leaves  ternate;  leaflets  obovate  or  oblong-lanceolate  :  cyme 
leafy  and  rather  loose:  calyx  large:  stamens  15,  rarely  20  :  akenes  rugose,  or 
nearly  smooth  :   receptacle  large,  oblong.  —  Throughout  N.  America,  espe- 
cially northward. 

4.  P.  rivalis,  Nutt.     More  slender,  usually  diffusely  branched  :  pubescence 
softli/-villous,  sometimes  nearly  wanting  :  leaves  pinnate,  with  2  pairs  of  closely 
approximate  leaflets,  or  a  single  pair  and  the  terminal  leaf  3-parted ;  upper 
leaves  ternate ;   leaflets  cuneate-ovate  to  -lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate :   cymes 
loose,  less  leafy :  calyx  small:  petals  minute:  stamens  10  to  20  :  akenes  usually 


84  KOSACE^E.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

smooth :  receptacle  short.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  437.   From  the  Missouri  River 
to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Var.  millegrana,  Watson.  Leaves  all  ternate :  stems  erect  or  weak  and 
ascending  :  akenes  often  small  and  light-colored.  —  Rev.  Pot.  553.  P.  mille- 
grana, Engelm.  Eastern  slope  of  the  Sierras  and  eastward  to  New  Mexico 
and  the  Missouri. 

5.  P.  SUpina,  L.     Stems  decumbent  at  base  or  erect :  pubescence  scanty, 
villous,  spreading:  leaflets  pinnately  5  toll,  obovate  or  oblong:  cymes  loose, 
leafy:  petals  equalling  the  sepals:  stamens  20:  akenes  strongly  gibbous  by  the 
thickening  of  the  very  short  pedicel.  —  P.  paradoxa,  Nutt.     From  the  Missouri 
to  New  Mexico,  and  eastward  to  the  Mississippi,  Ohio,  and  the  Great  Lakes. 
•H-  -W-  Herbaceous  perennials,  more  or  less  white-tomentose :  leaflets  incisely-pinnati- 

fid:  bractlets  and  sepals  nearly  equal:  stamens  usually  25. 

6.  P.  Pennsylvanica,  L.     Silky-tomentose :  leaflets  5  to  9,  white  tomen- 
tose  beneath,  short-pubescent  and  greener  above,  the  segments  linear,  slightly  or  not 
at  alt  revolute:  cyme  fastigiate  but  rather  open,  the  pedicels  erect.  —  From 
Colorado  and  New  Mexico  northward,  thence  eastward  to  the  New  England 
coast  and  Canada. 

Var.  strigosa,  Pursh.  Smaller  :  leaflets  mostly  tomentose  on  both  surfaces, 
deeply  pectinate-divided  or  pinnatifid,  with  revolute  margins:  cyme  short  and 
close.  —  From  Colorado  northward,  and  along  the  Missouri. 

Var.  glabrata,  Watson.  Leaves  subglabrous  on  both  sides,  the  lobes  of  the 
leaflets  silky -tufted  at  the  apex.  —  Rev.  Pot.  554.  Mountains  of  Colorado, 
Nevada,  and  northward  into  British  America. 

*  #  Styles  filiform,  not  glandular  at  base:  inflorescence  cymose. 
•«—  Style  terminal:  carpels  glabrous:  disk  not  thickened:  stamens  20:  herbaceous 

perennials,  with  conspicuous  fiowers. 

•H.  Leaves  pinnate  (sometimes  digitate  in  Nos.  7  and  11) :  bractlets  shorter  than  the 

sepals. 

7.  p.  Hippiana,  Lehm.     Densely  white-tomentose  and  silky  throughout,  the 
upper  surface  of  the  leaves  a  little  darker:  stems  branching  above  into  a  diffuse 
cyme :  leaves  occasionally  digitate  in  reduced  alpine  specimens ;  leaflets  5  to 
1 1 ,  diminishing  uniformly  down  the  petiole,  incisely  toothed  at  least  towards  the 
apex:  carpels  10  to  30.  —  From  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  Nebraska  and 
the  Saskatchewan. 

Var.  pulcherrima,  Watson.  Leaflets  5  to  9,  approximate,  crowded,  or 
digitate,  the  upper  surface  green  and  pubescent  or  subglabrous.  —  Rev.  Pot.  555. 
P.  pulcherrima,  Lehm.  In  the  mountains  from  New  Mexico  to  British 
America. 

8.  P.  efifusa,  Dougl.     Tomentose  throughout  with  scattered   villous   hairs: 
stems  diffusely  branched  above:  leaflets  5  to  11,  interruptedly  pinnate,  the  alternate 
ones  often  smaller,  coarsely  incised-serrate  or  dentate :  carpels  10.  —  From  Colo- 
rado northward  into  British  America. 

9.  P.  crinita,  Gray.     Appressed  silkt/-villous,  not  at  all  tomentose:  stems 
decumbent :  leaflets  9  to  15,  mostly  folded  and  falcately  recurved,  coarsely  ser- 
rate, villous  beneath,  scarcely  so  or  glabrous   above :   carpels  25  to  30.  —  PL 
Fendl.  41.     S.  W.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 


R-OSACE^E.      (ROSE  FAMILY.)  85 

10.  P.  PlattensiS,  Nutt.      Subalpine:  pubescence  oppressed  silky-villous 
throughout,  scanty  or  nearly  wanting:  stems  decumbent:  lea/lets  7  to  13,  usually 
crowded  and  often  alternate,  deeply  incised-pinnatifid  into  3  to  7  linear  segments  : 
flowers  few,  in  an  open  cyme:  carpels  25  to  40.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  439. 
P.  diversifolia,  var.  pinnatisecta  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.  87.     Mountains  of  Colo- 
rado and  Nevada,  and  in  the  Uintas. 

11.  P.  dissecta,  Pursh.     Low,  alpine,  more  or  less  silky-villous,  with  some- 
what spreading  hairs,  or  nearly  glabrous :  stems  decumbent  or  ascending :  leaflets 
5  to  7,  or  rarely  but  3,  often  glaucous,  closely  pinnate,  or  as  frequently  digitate, 
the  upper  one  incisely  pinnatifid  or  serrate,  the  lowest  often  but  trifld :  flowers  few, 
in  an  open  cyme  :  carpels  10  to  20  or  more. — P.  diversifolia,  Lehm.     From 
Colorado  to  California  and  British  America.     The  following  varieties  occur 
with  the  type. 

Var.  glaucophylla,  Lehm.  Glaucous-green:  leaves  digitate,  nearly  gla- 
brous on  both  sides. 

Var.  multisecta,  Watson.  Canescent  with  a  not  very  dense  silky  pubes- 
cence :  leaves  digitate  or  nearly  so,  the  leaflets  digitately  or  pinnately  divided 
and  the  segments  linear.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  86. 

Var.  (?)  decurrens,  Watson.  Leaflets  but  3  or  with  1  to  2  additional 
distant  pairs  of  smaller  ones,  the  terminal  lea/let  truncate!. y  3-toothed,  the  upper 
pair  2  to  3-toothed,  conspicuously  decurrent:  stem  l-flowered,  3  inches  high,  gla- 
brous throughout,  excepting  the  villous  calyx  and  tufted  apices  of  the  leaves.  — 
Rev.  Pot.  557.  From  peaks  of  the  Uintas. 

•w-  -w-  Leaves  digitately  5  to  7-foliolate  (rarely  pinnate  in  No.  12):  tomentose  or 

villous. 

12.  P.  gracilis,  Dougl.      Villous  and  more  or  less  tomentose:  stems'*  to  3 
feet  high:   leaflets  mostly  7,  incisely  serrate  or  pinnatijid,  tomentose  beneath, 
green  above  and  subvillous  or  appressed  silky:  carpels  40  or  more. — From 
New  Mexico  to  Utah  and  California,  and  thence  northward  to  the  Saskatche- 
wan and  Alaska. 

Var.  flabelliformis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaflets  very  deeply  pinnatifid.  — 
Fl.  i.  440. 

Var.  fastigiata,  Watson.  Cyme  shorter  and  more  compact,  more  densely 
pubescent :  often  low.  —  Rev.  Pot.  557.  P.  fastigiata,  Nutt. 

Var.  rigida,  Watson.     Villous,  but  without  tomentum :  usually  tall  and  stout. 

—  Loc.  cit.     P.  Nuttallii,  Lehm. 

13.  P.  hlimifusa,  Nutt.     Densely  ivhite-tomentose  and  silky-villous:  stems 
decumbent,  2  to  4  inches  long,  slender :  leaflets  5,  green  and  appressed  silky 
above,  only  the  rounded  or  truncate  apex  serrate  with  3  to  5  teeth  :  carpels  15  to  20. 

—  From  the  mountains  of  Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan. 

-tH.-t-H.-w.  Leaves  ternate:  low,  arctic  or  alpine,  few-flowered. 

14.  P.  nivea,  L.     Pubescence  silky-villous,  densely  white-tomentose  on 
the  under  side  of  the  leaves  :  leaflets  coarsely  incised-serrate  or  pinnatifid,  the 
terminal  one  sessile  or  petiolulate  :  carpels  few  or  many. — From  Colorado 
northward. 

Var.  dissecta,  Watson.  Leaves  digitately  or  piunately  5-foliolate,  the 
leaflets  deeply  pinnatifid  :  stems  1  to  2  inches  high,  1  to  3-flowered.  —  Rev. 
Pot.  559.  In  the  Uintas  and  mountains  of  Montana  and  British  America. 


86  ROSACES.    (EOSE  FAMILY.) 

-»-  •*-  Style  attached  below  the  middle  of  the  ovary :  carpels  on  short  pedicels,  and, 
with  the  receptacle,  densely  villous:  disk  not  thickened:  more  or  less  woody 
perennials. 

15.  P.  fruticosa,  L.     Shrubby,  much  branched,  1  to  4  feet  high  :  pubes- 
cence silky-villous  :  leaves  pinnate ;  leaflets  5  to  7,  crowded,  oblong-lanceolate, 
entire,  usually  white  beneath  and  the  margins  revolute.  —  From  Colorado 
westward  to  N.  California,  northward  to  the  Arctic  Circle,  and  eastward  to 
New  Jersey  and  Labrador. 

*  #  #  Styles  Jiliform,  attached  to  the  middle  of  the  ovary :  peduncles  axillary, 
solitary,  l-flowered.'  carpels  glabrous :  stems  creeping  or  decumbent:  herbaceous 
perennials. 

16.  P.  Anserina,  L.     Spreading  by  slender  many-jointed  runners,  white- 
tomentose  and  silky-villous :  leaves  all  radical,  pinnate ;  leaflets  7  to  21,  with 
smaller  ones  interposed,  sharply  serrate,  silky-tomentose  at  least  beneath.  — 
From  California,  New  Mexico,  Illinois,  and  Pennsylvania  northward  to  the 
Arctic  Ocean  and  Greenland. 

17.    SIBBALDIA,   L. 

Petals  linear-oblong.  Styles  lateral.  —  Dwarf  and  cespitose  arctic  or  al- 
pine perennials :  leaves  thick ;  the  leaflets  few-toothed  at  the  truncate  summit : 
flowers  cymose. 

1.  S.  procumbens,  L.  Somewhat  villous :  stems  creeping,  leafy  at 
the  extremities :  leaflets  cuneate  :  peduncles  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves  : 
akeues  on  verv  short  hairy  stipes.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  California, 
and  the  White  Mountains,  and  northward  to  Alaska  and  Greenland. 

18.     IVESIA,    Torr.  &  Gray. 

Calyx  campanulate.  Akenes  fixed  by  the  middle.  —  Herbaceous  peren- 
nials :  flowers  in  cymes  or  open  panicles. 

1.  I.  Gordon!,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Viscid-pubescent  or  often  somewhat  hir- 
sute, or  glabrate:  stems  3  to  10  inches  high  from  a  thick  resinous  caudex : 
leaflets  obovate,  with  oblong  or  spatulate  segments ;  cauline  leaves  one  or 
two,  pinnatifid. — Pac.  R.  Rep.  vi.  72.  Wyoming,  Utah,  Arizona,  and  west- 
ward to  California. 

19.    CHAM^SRHODOS,    Bunge. 

Calyx  campanulate,  deeply  5-cleft ;  the  base  lined  with  a  membranous  disk, 
which  is  very  denselv  bearded  at  the  margin.  Stamens  opposite  the  petals, 
inserted  with  them  into  the  sinuses  of  the  calyx  above  the  disk.  Styles 
arising  near  the  base  of  the  ovaries.  —  Small,  erect  and  branching  glandular- 
pubescent  herbs  :  inflorescence  dichotomously  cymose. 

1.  C.  erecta,  Bunge.  Stem  slender,  two  inches  to  a  foot  high,  panicu- 
lately  branched  above  :  radical  leaves  rosulate,  teruately  or  biternately  many- 
cleft  ;  the  upper  cauline  ones  3  to  5-cleft.  —  Colorado  and  northward  into 
British  America. 


ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.)  87 

20.    AGRIMONIA,    Tourn.        AGRIMONY. 

Tall  perennial  herbs :  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate :  flowers  in  slender  spi- 
cate  racemes,  with  3-cleft  bracts :  fruit  pendulous. 

1.  A.  Eupatoria,  L.  Leaflets  5  to  7,  with  minute  ones  intermixed, 
oblong-obovate,  coarsely  toothed :  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  — 
Colorado;  common  throughout  the  Eastern  States. 


21.    POTERIUM,    L.        BURNET. 

Stamens  2  to  4  or  more  :  filaments  often  elongated.  —  Ours  is  an  annual: 
leaflets  deeply  pinnatifid,  petiolulate :  flowers  small,  perfect  in  ours. 

1.  P.  annuum,  Nutt.  Glabrous,  slender,  6  to  15  inches  high:  leaflets 
4  to  6  pairs,  ovate  to  oblong,  with  linear  segments :  flowers  greenish,  the 
heads  ovoid  or  oblong :  fruit  shorter  than  the  bracts.  —  From  the  Upper 
Missouri  southward  into  the  Indian  Territory ;  also  in  California  and  Wash- 
ington Territory. 


22.     ROSA,    Tourn.        ROSE. 

Calyx  without  bractlets.  Stamens  on  the  thick  margin  of  the  silky  disk, 
which  nearly  closes  the  mouth  of  the  calyx.  Ovaries  several,  hairy. — 
Usually  prickly :  leaves  with  mostly  serrate  leaflets :  flowers  corymbose  or 
solitary,  showy.  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xx.  324. 

#  Sepals  connivent  and  persistent  after  flowering. 
•*-  No  infrastipular  spines ;  acicular  prickles  often  present :  fruit  globose. 

1.  R.  blanda,  Ait.     Stems  1  to  3  feet  high,  with  usually  few  prickles  or 
none :  stipules  dilated,  naked  and  entire,  or  slightly  glandular-toothed  ;  leaflets 
5  or  7   (rarely  9),  cuneate  at  base  and  shortly  petiolulate,  simply  and  coarsely 
toothed,  glabrous  above,  paler  and  glabrous  or  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath, 
not  resinous :  flowers  corymbose  or  solitary :  sepals  entire,  hispid.  —  R.  fraxini- 

folia,  Gmelin.    Within  our  range  at  its  northeastern  boundary,  and  extending 
from  thence  to  Newfoundland. 

2.  R   Sayi,  Schwein.    Stems  1  or  2  feet  high,  thickly  covered  with  prickles : 
stipules  dilated,  glaudular-ciliate  and  resinous ;  leaflets  3  to  7,  usually  sessile 
and  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  base,  more  or  less  doubly  toothed,  glabrous  or  slightly 
pubescent  above,  resinous  beneath:  flowers  solitary  (rarely  2  or  3) :  outer  sepals 
with  lateral  lobes,  not  hispid  — Abundant  in  the  mountains  from  Colorado  to 
British  America,  thence  eastward  to  Lake  Superior. 

3.  R.  Arkansana,  Porter.     Stems  £  to  6  feet  high,  more  or  less  densely 
prickly :  stipules  narrow,  more  or  less  glandular-toothed  ;  leaflets  7  to  11,  nearli/ 
sessile  or  often  petiolulate,  somewhat  cuneate  at  base,  simply  and  coarsely  toothed, 
glabrous  or  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  usually  not  resinous:  flowers  corym- 
bose: outer  sepals  with  one  or  more  lateral  lobes,  usually  not  hispid. — Fl.  Colo- 
rado, 38.     R.  b'anda,  var.  setigera,  Crepin.     Abundant  in  the  mountains  from 
New  Mexico  and  W.  Texas  to  British  America,  and  eastward  to  the  Upper 
Mississippi. 


88  KOSACE^E.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

•»-  •+-  Infrastipular  spines  present,  often  with  scattered  prickles :  leaflets  5  or  7 . 
•••+  Sepals  entire. 

4.  R.  Nutkana,  Presl.     Stems  stout,  1  to  4  feet  high,  armed  with  stout 
straight  or  recurved  spines :  stipules  dilated,  glandular-ciliate  ;  leaflets  rounded 
at  base,  usually  resinous  beneath,  the  teeth  more  or  less  glandular-serrulate : 
flowers  solitary  (rarely  2  or  3),  2  or  3  inches  broad:  fruit  globose,  6  lines  broad. 

—  From  N.  Utah  (in  the  Wahsatch)  and  Idaho  to  Oregon  and  northward. 
Unarmed  forms  and  others  with  slender  spines  are  reported  from  W.  Mon- 
tana (  Watson). 

5.  R.  Fendleri,  Crepin.     Stems  often  tall  (6  or  8  feet  high,  or  less), 
with  rather  slender  straight  or  recurved  spines :  stipules  mostly  narrow  and 
usually  naked  ;  leaflets  cuneate  at  base  and  often  petiolulate,  usually  glaucous, 
finely  pubescent  beneath  or  glabrous  or  somewhat  resinous,  the  teeth  usually 
simple :  flowers  smaller,  corymbose  or  often  solitary :  fruit  globose,  4  lines  broad. 

—  From  W.  Texas  and  New  Mexico  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  northward  into 
British  America. 

•w-  -w-  Outer  sepals  laterally  lobed. 

6.  R.  Woodsii,  Lindl.     Stems  \  to  3  feet  high,  with  slender  straight  or 
recurved  spines  :  stipules  narrow  or  dilated,  entire  ;  leaflets  obtuse  or  usually 
cuneate  at  base,  glabrous  or  pubescent  above,  villous  or  pubescent  or  glabrous 
beneath,  simply  toothed  or  resinous  and  serrulate-toothed  :  flowers  corymbose 
or  solitary,  1^  to  2  inches  broad,  on  very  short  naked  pedicels:  fruit  globose, 
4  or  5  lines  broad.  —  From  Missouri  and  Colorado  to  W.  Montana  and  the 
Saskatchewan.     On  the  plains  and  in  the  valleys. 

*  #  Sepals  spreading  after  flowering  and  deciduous :  infrastipular  spines  present. 

7.  R.  gymnocarpa,  Nutt.     Stem  slender  and  weak,  2  to  10  feet  high, 
with  straight  slender  spines :  stipules  narrow,  glandular-ciliate ;  leaflets  5  to  9, 
glabrous,  doubly  glandular-toothed,  sessile  or  nearly  so :   flowers  solitary  or 
few :  sepals  3  or  4  (rarely  6)  lines  long,  entire,   deciduous   (with  the  few 
distinct  styles)  from  the  very  contracted  top  of  the  naked  oblong-obovate  to 
globose  fruit.  —  In  the  Pacific  States,  but  extending  eastward  into  N.  W. 
Montana  and  N.  Idaho. 


23.    CRAT^IGUS,   L.        THORN. 

Calyx-tube  pitcher-shaped ;  the  limb  5-parted.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Sta- 
mens 5  to  20.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees :  leaves  simple,  toothed,  or  lobed  : 
flowers  corymbose,  mostly  white. 

1.  C.  rivularis,  Nutt.  Spines  few,  short  and  stout :  leaves  rather  rigid, 
lanceolate-ovate,  simply  serrate,  only  the  upper  ones  of  the  shoots  broader, 
doubly  serrate  or  rarely  slightly  incised  ;  with  narrow,  glandular-incised  stip- 
ules :  calyx-lobes  usually  glandular  :  fruit  black :  nutlets  3  lines  long  or  over, 
usually  strongly  ridged  on  the  back.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  464.  Mountains 
of  Colorado  and  Utah,  and  westward  to  the  Pacific. 

C.  DOUGLASII,  Lindl.,  with  broader,  thinner,  doubly  serrate  leaves,  broad 
stipules,  and  smaller  black-purple  fruit,  is  reported  from  Montana,  but  proba- 
bly occurs  only  west  of  our  range. 


SAXJFRAGACEJ2.      (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY.)  89 

C.  COCCINEA,  L.,  with  bright  coral-red  fruit,  and  glabrous  throughout,  has 
been  reported  from  S.  W.  Colorado. 

C.  TOMENTOSA,  L.,  var.  PUNCTATA,  Gray,  with  fruit  dull  red  and  yellowish 
with  whitish  dots,  and  leaves  villous-pubescent  when  young,  has  been  reported 
from  Weber  River  Valley,  Utah. 

The  last  two  species,  belonging  to  the  section  ERYTHROCARPA,  are  very 
common  east,  but  their  occurrence  within  our  range  is  so  doubtful  that  for 
the  present  they  are  excluded. 

24.    PYRUS,    L.        PEAR,  APPLE,  &c. 

Calyx  pitcher-shaped  or  turbinate ;  limb  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  spreading,  ses- 
sile or  uuguiculate.  Stamens  20.  Styles  distinct,  woolly  at  base.  —  Ours 
is  a  shrub,  with  pinnate,  serrate,  deciduous  leaves,  and  white  flowers  in  flat 
compound  cymes. 

1.  P.  sambucifolia,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  A  shrub  4  to  8  feet  high, 
nearly  glabrous  :  the  leaf-buds  and  inflorescence  usually  sparingly  villous : 
leaflets  4  to  6  pairs,  oblong,  acute :  fruit  berry-like,  red.  —  From  Colorado 
to  California,  northward  into  British  America  and  thence  eastward  to  the 
Atlantic. 

25.     AMELANCHIER,    Medicus.        JUNE-BERRY.     SERVICE- 
BERRY. 

Calyx-tube  campanulate;  the  limb  5-parted.  Petals  5,  oblong,  ascending. 
Stamens  20,  short.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees :  leaves  simple,  serrate :  flowers 
white,  racemose  :  fruit  purplish,  edible. 

1.  A.  alnifolia,  Nutt.  A  shrub  3  to  8  feet  high,  glabrous  throughout  or 
often  more  or  less  woolly-pubescent :  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  rounded,  occa- 
sionally oblong-ovate,  often  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  serrate  usually  only 
towards  the  summit :  petals  narrowly  oblong.  — A.  Canadensis,  var.  alnifolia, 
Torr.  &  Gray.  From  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  California,  and  eastward  into 
the  Mississippi  Valley. 

26.    PERAPHYLLUM,   Nutt. 

Flowers  solitary  or  in  sessile  2  to  3-flowered  corymbs;  petals  orbicular, 
spreading. 

1.  P.  ramosissimum,  Nutt.  A  shrub  2  to  6  feet  high,  very  much 
branched,  with  grayish  bark  and  short  rigid  branchlets :  leaves  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  attenuate  into  a  very  short  petiole,  somewhat  silky-pubescent, 
sparingly  denticulate :  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  pale  rose-color : 
styles  elongated,  tomentose  :  fruit  globose,  fleshy  and  edible.  —  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  474.  S.  W.  Colorado  to  Utah,  California,  and  Oregon. 


ORDER  27.    SAXIFRAGACE^E.     (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  sometimes  small  trees,  distinguished  from  most 
Rosacece  by  albuminous  seeds  and  small  embryo  j  usually  by  definite 
stamens,  not  more  than  twice  the  number  of  the  calyx-lobes  j  commonly 


90  SAXIFKAGACE^E.      (SAXIFKAGE  FAMILY.) 

by  the  want  of  stipules ;  sometimes  by  the  leaves  being  opposite ;  and 
in  most  by  the  partial  or  complete  union  of  the  2  to  5  carpels  into  a 
compound  ovary,  with  either  axile  or  parietal  placentae.  Seeds  usually 
indefinitely  numerous.  Petals  and  stamens  perigynous.  Styles  inclined 
to  be  distinct. 

Tribe  I.    Herbs.    Leaves  mostly  alternate  and  without  distinct  stipules.     Styles  or  tips 
of  the  carpels  distinct  and  soon  divergent.     Fruit  capsular.  —  SAXIFEAGE^E. 

*  Ovary  with  2  or  rarely  more  cells  and  placentae  in  the  axis,  or  of  as  many  distinct  carpels. 

1.  Saxifraga.    Stamens  10  (rarely  more).     Petals  5.     Calyx-tub'  mostly  free. 

2.  JJoykiiiia.    Stamens  5.     Petals  5.    Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary. 

*  *  Ovary  1-celled,  with  2  or  3  parietal  placentse  alternate  with  the  styles  or  stigmas:  no 

sterile  filaments. 

3.  Tellima.    Stamens  10,  included.    Petals  3  to  7-parted  into  narrow  divisions,  conspicu- 

ous.   Styles  2  or  3,  very  short. 

4.  Tiarella.    Stamens  10,  and  styles  2,  both  long,  filiform  and  exserted.     Petals  entire, 

inconspicuous  and  almost  filiform.     Capsule  very  unequally  2-valved  to  the  base. 

5.  Mitella.    Stamens  5  (in  ours),  very  short.    Petals  pinnatifid  or  3-cleft  into  capillary  di 

visions.    Styles  very  short.    Capsule  depressed. 

6.  Chrysosplenium.    Stamens  8  or  10,  very  short.     Petals  none.    Styles  2.    Capsule 

obcordate,  flattened. 

7.  Heuchera.    Stamens  5,  and  styles  2,  both  commonly  slender.     Petals  entire,  small, 

sometimes  minute  or  none.    Capsule  ovate,  2-beaked,  fully  half  inferior. 

*  *  *  Ovary  1-celled,  with  3  or  4  parietal  placentas  directly  under  as  many  obtuse  sessile 

stigmas  :  a  cluster  of  united  sterile  filaments  alternate  with  the  stamens. 

8.  Parnassia.    Calyx  5-parted.     Petals  5,  large.     Stamens  5.    Flower  solitary. 

Tribe  II.     Shrubs.     Leaves  opposite,  simple:  no  stipules.     Fruit  capsular. — H YD RAN- 
GIER. 

*  Stamens  20  or  more :  ovary  inferior. 

9.  Philadelphia.    Ovary  4  to  6-celled.    Petals  convolute  in  the  bud. 

*  *  Stamens  8  or  10  :  ovary  superior  or  nearly  so. 

10.  Jamesia.    Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  1-celled  ovary  and  incompletely  3  to 

5-celled  capsule.    Petals  5.     Styles  3  to  5. 

11.  Fendlera.    Calyx-tube  half  adherent  to  the  4-celled  ovary  and  capsule.     Petals  4. 

Filaments  2-lobed.     Styles  4. 

Tribe  III.    Shrubs.    Leaves  alternate,  simple  :  stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole  or  wanting. 

Fruit  a  berry. 

12.  Kibes.    Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  1-celled  ovary :  placentse  2,  parietal. 

1.    SAXIFRAGA,    L.        SAXIFRAGE. 

Calyx  5-lobed  or  parted,  free,  or  its  tube  more  or  less  coherent  with  the 
lower  part  of  the  ovary.  Petals  entire.  Stigmas  mostly  depressed-capitate 
or  reniform.  —  Either  stemless  or  short-stemmed  :  petioles  commonly  sheath- 
ing at  base :  the  small  flowers  in  cymes,  cymose  panicles,  or  clusters,  some- 
times solitary. 

*  Stem  more  or  less  leafy. 
•»-  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary :  leaves  opposite. 

1.  S.  oppositifolia,  L.  Leaves  fleshy,  ovate,  keeled,  ciliate,  imbricated 
on  the  sterile  branches  :  flowers  solitary,  large  :  petals  pnrple,  obovate,  much 
longer  than  the  5-cleft  calyx.  —  From  the  Teton  Mountains  northward  and 
throughout  Arctic  America ;  also  found  in  Vermont. 


SAXIFRAGACE^E.      (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.)  91 

•*-  •<-  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary  below :  stem  leaves  alternate. 

•w-  Sepals  distinct  or  coherent  at  base. 

=  Petals  yellow. 

2.  S.  Hirculus,  L.     Leaves  lanceolate,  nerved,  not  dilate:  pedicels  and 
upper  part  of  the  1  to  6-flowered  stem  more  or  less  hairy,  not  glandular:  sepals 
usually  dilate,  much  shorter  than  the  very  large  petals.  —  From  Colorado  to 
the  Arctic  Sea. 

3.  S.  flagellaris,  Willd.     Glandular-pubescent,   1   to  5-flowered  :    stolons 
from  the  axils  of  the  radical  leaves  long  and  filiform,  naked  and  rooting  at  the 
ends :  leaves  obovate-spatulate,  ciliate ;  the  lower  much  crowded  ;    the  upper 
oblong  or  linear :    flowers  large  :    sepals  very  glandular.  —  From  the  high 
mountains  of  Colorado  to  the  Arctic  regions. 

4.  S.  aizoides,  L.     Low,  3  to  5  inches  high,  in  tufts,  with  few  or  several 
corymbose  flowers :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  Jleshy,  distantly  spinulose- 
ciliate :  petals  spotted  with  orange.  —  "  Alpine  rivulets  on  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains" (Drummond],  throughout  Arctic  America,  and  found  in  some  of  the 
Atlantic  States. 

5.  S.  chrysantha,  Gray.     Dwarf,  cespitose,  shoots  creeping:  leaves  rosu- 
late,  imbricated,  oblong-ovate,  thick,  very  smooth:   stem  filiform,  few-leaved, 
slightly  glandular-pubescent,  1  to  2  inches  high,  1  to  3-flowered :  calyx  segments 
reflexed.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  83.     The  S.  serpyllifolia  of  Fl.  Colorado  and 
Hayd.  Rep.  1871.     High  alpine  regions  of  the  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains. 

=  =  Petals  white  or  cream-color. 

6.  S.  CSespitosa,  L.    Dwarf  (\  to  2  inches  high),  cespitose:  leaves  glandu- 
lar-pubescent, 3  to  5-cleft,  segments  broadly  linear  and  obtuse  ;  the  upper  leaves 
linear  and  entire :  flowering  stems  with  a  few  scattered  leaves,  glandular,  1  to 
4-flowered.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  extending  northward  to  lat.  56°. 

7.  S.  cernua,  L.     Glabrate  or  glandular-pubescent :  stems  granulate  at 
base,  weak,  2  to  5  inches  high  :  lower  leaves  reniform,  broadly  toothed  or  lobed ; 
the  upper  ones  bearing  little  bulbs  in  their  axils :  flowers  often  solitary,  terminal, 
pendulous :  petals  retuse.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  northward  through- 
out the  Arctic  regions. 

8.  S.  bronchialis,  L.     Stems  slender,  producing  short  branchlets  :  leaves 
linear,  rather  coriaceous,  finely  ciliate,  mucronate-pointed,  crowded  below:  flowers 
corymbose  on  a  long,  slender,  bracted  peduncle  :  petals  marked  with  numerous 
purplish  spots.  —  From  Colorado  northward  to  the  N.  W.  Coast. 

+H.  -H.  Sepals  coherent  at  least  to  the  middle :  petals  not  yellow. 

9.  S.  rivularis,  L.     Small:    stems  weak,  3  to  5-flowered:   lower  leaves 
rounded,  3  to  5-lobed,  on  slender  petioles,  the  upper  lanceolate  :  petals  white, 
ovate.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  northward;  also  in  the  White  Moun- 
tains. 

10.  S.  adscendens,  L.     Glandular-pubescent :  stems  1  to  3  inches  high, 
erect :  leaves  cuneate-ovate,  3  to  ^-toothed  at  the  apex,  the  earlier  spatulate  and 
entire,  radical  ones  crowded  :  branchlets  3-flowered:  petals  pinkish  or  yellowish 
white.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado. 

11.  S.  Jamesii,  Torr.     Glandular-puberulent :  stems  2  to  6  inches  high 
from  a  thick  caudex,  5  to  IQ-flowered :  radical  leaves  reni form-cordate,  smooth- 
ish,  crenately-toothed  or  -lobed ;  cauline  few,  the  uppermost  bract-like,  cuneiform : 


92  SAXIPRAGACE^E.      (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY.) 

raceme  compound :  petals  purple,  orbicular.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and 
northward  in  the  Teton  Kange  and  the  National  Park. 

M-  •<--(-   Calyx  wholly  adherent. 

12.  S.  debilis,  Engelm.     Glabrous  or  very  sparingly  glandular-pubes- 
cent: stems  weak,  ascending,  2  to  4-flowered,  2  to  4  inches  high:  radical 
leaves  small,  crenately  lobed  ;  cauline  3-lobed  or  entire :  petals  white  or  pink- 
ish, ovate,  obtuse.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  northward  into  Wyoming. 

#  #  Stemless :  petals  white. 
H-  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  or  nearly  so :  sepals  almost  distinct,  reflexed. 

13.  S.  punctata,  L.     Villous-pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  long- 
petioled,  reniform  or  orbicular,  equally  and  deeply  dentate :  scape  slender,  naked, 
1  to  l^feet  high,  the  peduncles  and  pedicels  of  the  usually  open  panicle  glandu- 
lar :  petals  oval  or  orbicular.  —  Colorado,  Utah,  and  northward  into  British 
America. 

14.  S.  Stellaris,  L.,  var.  COmosa,  Poir.     Leaves  wedge-shaped,  more  or 
less  toothed :  scape  4  to  5  inches  high,  bearing  a  small  contracted  panicle :  many 
or  most  of  the  flowers  changed  into  little  tufts  of  green  leaves :  petals  un- 
equal, lanceolate  and  tapering  into  the  claw.  —  Mt.  Evans,  Colorado  (Greene); 
also  in  Maine  and  far  northward. 

•i-  •«-  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary  at  base. 
•w-  Sepals  erect. 

15.  S.  nivalis,  L.     Leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  attenuate  into  a  broad 
petiole,  unequally  crenate-deutate :  scape  2  to  5  inches  high,  capitately  or  sub- 
corymbosely  several  to  many-flowered:  petals  oblong:  capsules  purple.  —  Colo- 
rado and  northward  to  Arctic  America. 

16.  S.  Virginiensis,  Michx.    Like  the  preceding,  but  larger  and  more 
open :  scape  a  span  to  afoot  high,  at  length  loosely  many-flowered  in  a  paniculate 
cyme:  petals  obovate.  —  In  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Coast  Ranges;  also  com- 
mon in  the  Atlantic  States. 

•H-  H-H-  Sepals  spreading,  or  at  length  reftexed. 

17.  S.  integrifolia,  Hook.     Leaves  from  ovate  or  obovate  to  lanceolate- 
spatulate,  1  to  5  inches  long,  denticulate  or  entire,  narrowed  at  base  into  a 
very  short  and  margined  petiole :  scape  1  to  3  feet  high,  viscid :  flowers  in 
small  clusters  usually  in  a  narrow  thyrsiform  panicle :  petals  obovate  or 
broadly  spatulate.  —  S.  hieradfolia  of  Hayd.  Rep.  for  1871  and  1872.    From 
Colorado  northward  to  the  Yellowstone  and  westward  to  the  Sierras. 


2.    BOYKINIA,   Nutt. 

Calyx  5-lobed.  Petals  entire,  the  base  contracted  into  a  short  claw. — 
Perennial,  with  creeping  rootstocks,  leafy  simple  stems,  and  paniculate  or 
corymbose  cymes  of  white  flowers :  the  leaves  all  alternate,  round-reniform, 
palmately  lobed  and  incised  or  toothed,  the  teeth  with  callous-glandular  tips, 
and  the  petiole  mostly  with  stipule-like  dilatations  or  appendages  at  base. 

1.  B.  major,  Gray.  Stem  2  or  3  feet  h^gh  :  leaves  4  to  8  inches  in  diam- 
eter, 5  to  9-cleft :  petioles  abruptly  append  aged  at  base,  the  lower  with  scari- 


SAXIFRAGACE^E.      (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.)  93 

ous,  the  upper  with  foliaceous  and  rounded  stipules.  —  In  the  Sierras  from 
California  to  Oregon  and  extending  into  the  Bitter-Root  Mountains. 

3.    TELLIMA,    R.  Br. 

Calyx  campanulate  or  turbinate,  5-lobed ;  the  base  of  the  tube  coherent 
with  the  base  or  lower  half  of  the  ovary.  —  Perennials :  with  palmately- 
divided  leaves,  few  on  the  simple  stems ;  their  petioles  with  stipule-like  dila- 
tations at  base :  flowers  in  a  simple  terminal  raceme ;  petals  white  or  pink. 
In  ours  the  slender  or  filiform  rootstock  and  sometimes  even  the  few-flowered 
raceme  bear  clusters  of  small  grain-like  bulblets. 

1.  T.  parviflora,  Hook.     Roughish-hirsute  or  scabrous-pubescent,  a  span  to 
afoot  high :  divisions  of  the  leaves  narrowly  cuneate  and  once  or  twice  3-cleft : 
calyx  obconlcal  or  at  length  almost  clavate :  petals  deeply  3-cleft  into  linear  or 
oblong  divisions:  ovary  and  capsule  fully  half -inferior.  —  Colorado,  Utah,  and 
northward  through  the  Yellowstone  region  to  British  America. 

2.  T.  tenella,  Watson.     Small  and  slender,  2  to  9  inches  high,  roughish 
with  a  minute  glandular  pubescence:  leaves  smaller  than  the  preceding  (£  inch 
in  diameter):   calyx  campanulate:  petals  3  to  5-parted   or  even   irregularly 
7 '-parted  into  mostly  linear  divisions  :  ovary  and  capsule  free  except  the  base.  — 
Bot.  King's  Exp.  95.     Colorado  and  the  Teton  Mountains,  thence  west  to  the 
Sierras. 

4.    TIARELLA,   L. 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  the  base  almost  free  from  the  ovary,  the  lobes  more  or  less 
colored.  —  Perennial,  low  or  slender :  with  palmately  lobed  or  divided  alter- 
nate leaves,  and  a  terminal  raceme  or  panicle  of  small  white  flowers. 

1.  T.  unifoliata,  Hook.  Somewhat  pubescent  or  hairy :  flowering  stems 
a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  long  :  leaves  thin,  cordate,  either  rounded  or  some- 
what triangular,  3  to  5-lobed  and  the  lobes  crenate-toothed  ;  the  radical  ones 
slender-petioled ;  the  cauline  mostly  one,  smaller,  and  short-petioled,  or  some- 
times 2  or  3  similar  to  the  radical.  —  From  California  to  British  Columbia 
and  extending  into  N.  W.  Montana. 

5.    MI  TELL  A,    Tourn.        MITRE-WORT. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  short,  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary.  —  Low  and  slender 
perennials :  with  round  heart-shaped  alternate  leaves  on  the  rootstock  or  rim- 
ners ;  those  on  the  scape  opposite,  if  any :  flowers  small,  in  a  simple  slender 
raceme  or  spike. 

1.  M.  pentandra,  Hook.    Leaves  all   radical,  cordate,  slightly  lobed, 
crenately  serrate  :    calyx  adherent  nearly  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary :  petals 
pectinate-pinnatijld  :   stamens  opposite  the  petals  :    stigmas   g-lobed.  —  From 
Colorado  to  the  Yellowstone  and  the  Bitter-Root  Mountains. 

2.  M.  trifida,  Graham.     Leaves  as  in  the  last,  but  dentate :  calyx  adhe- 
rent to  the  middle  of  the  ovary :  petals  3  to  5-parted :  stamens  opposite  the  calyx- 
lobes:  stigmas  entire.  —  By  mistake  in  Fl.  Colorado  this  species  was  described 
under  the  name  M.  pentandra.    From  Colorado  to  British  America,  and  also 
in  California. 


94  SAXIFKAGACE^E.      (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY.) 

6.     CHRYSOSPLENIUM,    Tourn.        GOLDEN  SAXIFRAGE. 

Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary ;  the  blunt  lobes  4  or  5,  yellow  within. 
Stamens  inserted  on  a  conspicuous  disk.  —  Low  and  small  smooth  herbs,  with 
tender  succulent  leaves,  and  small  corymbose  flowers. 

1.  C.  altemifolium,  L.  Flowering  stems  erect:  leaves  alternate,  reni- 
form-cordate,  doubly  creuate  or  somewhat  lobed.  —  Colorado  and  northward. 


7.    HE  U  CHER  A,    L.        ALUM-ROOT. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  bell-shaped.  — Perennials  :  with  the  round  heart-shaped  leaves 
principally  from  the  rootstock  ;  those  on  the  scapes,  if  any,  alternate  :   petioles 
with  dilated  margins  or  adherent  stipules  at  their  base :   flowers  in  small 
clusters  disposed  in  a  prolonged  and  narrow  panicle,  greenish  or  purplish. 
*  Stamens  and  styles  exserted. 

1.  H.  rubescens,  Torr.     Scape  usually  naked,  glabrous  or  somewhat 
scabrous,  8  to  15  inches  high:  leaves  nearly  glabrous,  suborbicular,  cordate 
at  base,  slightly  lobed,  crenate-dentate,  the  teeth  ciliate  :  panicle  loosely  many- 
flowered,  often  somewhat  reddish  :  petals  linear,  more  or  less  rose-colored  or 
white.  —  From  New  Mexico  and  S.  W.  Colorado  to  the  mountains  of  Nevada 
and  the  Wahsatch. 

*  *  Stamens  and  styles  included  (at  least  at  first). 
-i—  Generally  hirsute  :  flowers  rather  large. 

2.  H.  hispida,  Pursh.    Scapes  2  to  4  feet  high,  hispid  or  hirsute  with  long 
spreading  hairs,  scarcely  glandular:  leaves  rounded,  slightly  5  to  9-lobed : 
panicle  very  narrow :  stamens  at.  first  included,  but  soon  exserted,  longer  than  the 
spatulate  petals.  —  Along  the  Missouri  to  the  mountains,  and  northward  and 
eastward. 

3.  H.  Cylindrica,  Dougl.     Commonly  hirsute  and  above  glandular-pubes- 
cent :  leaves  round-reniform  or  cordate-ovate,  crenately  doubly  toothed  and  com- 
monly lobed  :  scape  10  to  24  inches  high:  the  greenish  flowers  in  a  cylindrical 
spike  or  thyrsus :  petals  inconspicuous  or  none.  —  National  Park,  Montana,  and 
westward  into  Nevada,  Oregon,  etc. 

H—  -t—  Puberulent  or  glabrous :  flowers  small. 
HH-  Panicle  glomerate,  spicale. 

4.  H.  bracteata,  Seringe.     Small,  3  to  6  inches  high :  scapes  numerous 
from   a  thick  woodv  caudex :    radical  leaves   roundish-subcordate,   incisely 
lobed,  lobes  crenately  toothed  :   petals  attenuate,  scarcely  broader  than  the 
filaments  :  styles  and  stamens  at  length  exserted.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado. 

•w-  •••+•  Panicle  loose,  racemose. 

5.  H.  Hallii,  Gray.     Minutely  glandular-puberulent :  scapes  4  to  8  inches 
high,  naked  or  with  1  to  3  minute  subulate  bracts :  petals  narrowly  spatulate, 
obtuse,  exsert.  —  Colorado. 

6.  H.  parvifolia,  Nutt.     Scabrous-puberulent :  scape  naked,  6  inches  to  2 
feet  high :  leaves  roundish-cordate,  crenately  5  to  7-lobed :  petals  minute,  cadu- 
cous: seeds  muricate  or  hispid  under  a  lens.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  581.    From 
New  Mexico  northward  through  Montana. 


SAXIFRAGACE^E.      (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY.)  95 

8.    PARNASSIA,    Tourn.        GRASS  OP  PARNASSUS. 

Perennial  smooth  herbs,  with  the  leaves  entire  and  chiefly  radical,  and  the 
large  solitary  flowers  terminating  the  long  naked  stems.  Petals  white,  with 
greenish  or  yellowish  veins. 

*  Petals  sessile,  entire. 

1.  P.  parviflora,  DC.    Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  tapering  at  the  base :  petals 
little  longer  than  the  calyx :   sterile  filaments  about  5   in  each  set.  —  Along 
streams  in  the  mountains  and  eastward  to  Lake  Michigan. 

2.  P.  palustris,  L.     Leaves  heart-shaped :  flower  nearly  an  inch  broad : 
petals  rather  longer  than  the  calyx,  few-veined :  sterile  filaments  9  to  15  in  each 
set.  —  Montana  and  Wyoming,  eastward  to  Lake  Superior,  and  throughout 
British  America. 

*  #  Petals  contracted  into  a  short  claw,  fringed. 

3.  P.  fimbriata,  Banks.     Leaves  from  reniform  to  cordate-ovate:  the 
margin  of  the  petals  fringed  below  the  middle  or  towards  the  base :  sterile 
filaments  5  to  9  in  each  set  and  united  below  into  a  fleshy  carinate  scale,  or 
sometimes  a  dilated  scale  destitute  of  bristle-like  filaments.  —  From  Colorado 
to  California  and  northward  to  British  America. 

9.    PHILADELPHUS,    L.        SYRINGA.    MOCK  ORANGE. 

Calyx-limb  4  to  5-parted.  Petals  rounded  or  obovate,  large.  Styles  3  to  5, 
united  below  or  nearly  to  the  top.  Seeds  with  a  loose  membranaceous  coat 
prolonged  at  both  ends.  —  In  ours  the  leaves  are  entire,  and  the  showy  white 
flowers  1  to  3,  terminal. 

1.  P.  microphyllus,  Gray.  Branches  slender,  erect:  leaves  small,  G 
to  9  lines  long,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  shining  above,  pale  and  minutely 
pilose  beneath,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  very  short  petiole :  calyx  4-cleft,  gla- 
brous without,  tomentulose  within  :  styles  united  to  the  apex.  —  PI.  Fendl.  54. 
S.  Colorado  and  southward. 

10.     JAMESIA,    Torr.  &  Gray. 

Calyx-lobes  sometimes  bifid.  Petals  5,  obovate.  Alternate  stamens  shorter; 
filaments  linear,  flattened  acuminate.  Capsule  included.  Seeds  striate-reticu- 
late.  —  Low,  diffusely  branching,  2  to  3  feet  high:  leaves  ovate,  mucronately 
serrate,  cauescent  beneath,  as  well  as  the  petioles,  calyx,  and  branchlets,  with 
a  soft  hairy  pubescence  :  flowers  cymose,  in  terminal  panicles. 

1.  J.  Americana,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Cymes  often  longer  than  the  leaves, 
5  to  10-flowered  :  petals  white,  glabrous  or  softly  hairy  within :  calyx-lobes 
shorter  than  the  petals,  enlarged  and  foliaceous  in  fruit.  —  Fl.  i.  593.  Utah, 
Colorado,  and  New  Mexico. 

11.    FENDLERA,    Eng.  &  Gray. 

Calyx-tube  8-ribbed.  Petals  ovate-deltoid,  unguiculate,  emarginate.  Sta- 
mens 8 :  filaments  2-forked  at  the  apex,  the  lobes  divaricate  and  extended 
beyond  the  cuspidate  anther.  Capsule  crustaceous.  Seeds  reticulate,  winged 
below.  —  Erect  shrub. 


96  SAXIFKAGACE^E.      (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY.) 

1.  F.  rupicola,  Eng.  &  Gray.  Pubescent  or  glabrate,  branches  terete, 
striate :  leaves  deciduous,  subsessile,  oblong,  very  entire,  3-nerved  at  base : 
flowers  1  to  3,  terminal  on  the  short  branchlets,  peduncled,  white.  —  PL  Wright, 
i.  77.  S.  W.  Colorado  and  southward. 

12.    RIBES,    L.        CURRANT.    GOOSEBERRY. 

Calyx  5-lobed,  often  colored.  Petals  5,  small.  Styles  2,  distinct  or  united. 
Berry  crowned  with  the  shrivelled  remains  of  the  calyx.  —  Low,  sometimes 
prickly,  with  palmately-lobed  leaves,  often  clustered  in  the  axils ;  the  small 
flowers  from  the  same  clusters,  or  from  separate  lateral  buds. 

§  1.  Mostly  thorny  under  the  fascicles,  and  sometimes  scattered-prickly  or 
bristly  along  the  branches :  leaves  plaited  in  the  bud :  calyx  mostly  recurved  or 
rejlexed  at  flowering-time.  —  GOOSEBERRY. 

*   Calyx-tube  campanulate  to  cylindraceous :  peduncle  1  to  ^-flowered. 
•t-  Flowers  yellow  or  yellowish:  leaves  seldom  \  inch  in  diameter :  anthers  oval- 
oblong. 

1.  R.  leptanthum,  Gray.   Much  branched  and  rigid,  1  to  4  feet  high,  with 
comparatively  large  single  or  triple  thorns :  leaves  roundish,  3  to  5-cleft,  and 
the  lobes  crenately-incised  or  toothed :  peduncles  very  short,  1  to  2-flowered  : 
berry  glabrous.  —  PI.  Fendl.  53.    New  Mexico,  Colorado,  and  in  the  Sierras. 

-t-  •(-  Flowers  greenish,  white,  or  dull  purplish :  leaves  mostly  an  inch  or  two  in 

diameter :  anthers  shorter,  mostly  didymous. 
•w-  Ovary  and  berry  unarmed  and  glabrous :  berry  pleasant. 

2.  R.  divaricatum,  Dougl.,  var.  irriguum,  Gray.    Nearly  glabrous  or 
soft-pubescent :  stems  5  to  12  feet  high,  with  widely  spreading  branches ;  the 
thorns  single  or  triple :  leaves  nervose-veiny  at  base,  3  to  5-lobed,  the  lobes  in- 
cisely  toothed :  the  2  to  ^-flowered  peduncle  and  pedicels  slender,  drooping :  calyx 
livid  purplish  or  greenish  white :  petals  fan-shaped,  white :  berry  dark  purple.  — 
R.  irriguum,  Dougl.    From  Colorado  and  Idaho  to  Nevada  and  Oregon. 

3.  R.  OXyacanthoideS,  L.     Mostly  glabrous,  2  to  4  feet  high;  thorns 
single  or  triple,  small :  leaves  usually  deeply  5-lobed,  the  lobes  incised  and 
coarsely  toothed  :  the  2  to  3-flowered  peduncles  very  short:  calyx  greenish-white 
or  flesh-colored  :  stamens  and  2-cle/l  style  scarcely  longer  than  the  bell-shaped 
calyx :   berry  small,  purple.  —  R.  hirtellum,  Michx.     From  Colorado  north- 
ward throughout  British  America;  also  in  California  and  the  N.  Atlantic 
States. 

4.  R.  rotundifolium,  Michx.    Leaves  smooth  or  downy :  peduncles  slen- 
der, 1  to  ^-flowered:  stamens  and  2-parted  style  slender,  longer  than  the  narrow 
cylindrical  calyx :  fruit  smooth.  —  The  Upper  Missouri,  and  extending  east- 
ward to  the  Atlantic  States. 

•M.  -H.  Berry  armed  with  long  prickles  like  a  burr,  or  rarely  smooth. 

5.  R.  Cynosbati,  L.     Spines  small  or  obsolete :  leaves  pubescent :  sta- 
mens and  undivided  style  not  longer  than  the  broad  calyx  :  berry  large.  — 
Near  the  sources  of  the  Platte,  and  thence  through  the  N.  Atlantic  States  to 
Canada. 


SAXIFRAGACE.E.      (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY.)  9T 

*  *  Calyx-tube  saucer-shaped,  expanding  immediately  above  the  ovary :  peduncles 
racemosely  5  to  1 5-Jlowered :  anthers  very  short,  pointless:  berry  small  and 
currant-like,  beset  with  some  scattered  gland-tipped  bristles. 

6.  R.  lacustre,  Poir.     Young  stems  clothed  with  bristly  prickles,  and 
with  weak  thorns :  leaves  heart-shaped,  3  to  5-parted,  with  the  lobes  deeply 
cut.  —  From  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  N.  Atlantic  States 
and  Labrador. 

Var.  parvulum,  Gray.     Smaller  and  nearly  glabrous.  —  The  commoner 
western  form. 
§  2.    Thornless  and  prickless :  leaves  plaited  in  the  bud :  berry  unarmed  (except 

in  No.  7 ).  —  CURRANT. 
*  Calyx  dilated  immediately  above  the  ovary,  rotate  or  saucer-shaped,  5-parted. 

7.  R.  prostratum,  L'Her.     Stems  reclined  :  leaves  deeply  heart-shaped, 
5  to  7-lobed,  smooth ;  the  lobes  ovate,  acute,  doubly  serrate :  racemes  erect, 
slender,  flowers  greenish :  pedicels  and  the  pale  red  fruit  glandular  bristly.  — 
From  Colorado  northward  throughout  British  America,  and  in  the  Atlantic 
States. 

8.  R.  Hudsonianum,  Richards.    Resembles  the  last,  but  the  flowers  are 
white  and  crowded  in  the  erect  raceme,  and  the  berry  is  darker  and  smooth.  —  The 
R.  bracteosum  of  King's  and  Haydeu's  Reports,  not  of  Douglas.     Montana, 
Wyoming,  and  thence  through  British  America  to  Hudson's  Bay. 

9.  R.  cereum,  Dougl.     Minutely  pubescent,  usually  resinous  dotted  and 
more  or  less  glutinous,  sometimes  glabrous :  leaves  rounded  or  reniform,  ob- 
scurely or  more   decidedly  3-lobed,   crenately   toothed   or  incised :    racemes 
drooping :  pedicels  hardly  any  or  shorter  than  the  bract :  calyx  waxy-white, 
sometimes  greenish  or  pinkish  :  berry  reddish,  sweetish.  —  From  New  Mexico 
to  Washington  Territory  and  Dakota. 

Var.  pedicellare,  Gray.     Pedicels  slender  and  longer  than  the  bract.  — 
Montana. 
*  *  Calyx  prolonged  above  the  ovary  into  a  campanulate  or  cylindrical  tube : 

fruit  and  foliage  more  or  less  glandular:  bracts  conspicuous. 

•+-  Flowers  dull  white  or  greenish,  or  sometimes  purplish-tinged :  racemes  somewhat 

corymb-like  and  few- flowered :  berry  black,  smooth. 

1 0.  R.  viscosissimum,  Pursh.     Pubescent  and  viscid -glandular :  leaves 
cordate-rounded  :  racemes  ascending ;  bracts  rather  shorter  than  the  pedicels.  — 
Idaho  and  Montana ;  also  in  California. 

11.  R.  floridum,  L.     Leaves  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots,  slightly  heart- 
shaped,  sharply  3  to  5-lobed  :  racemes  drooping,  downy :  bracts  longer  than  the 
pedicels.  —  On  the  Platte  in  Colorado,  and  common  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

1-  ••-  Flowers  rose-red,  or  varying  to  white :  racemes  drooping,  many-flowered  : 
berry  blackish,  somervhat,  hispid-glandular,  tough  and  not  juicy. 

12.  R.  sanguineum,  Pursh.     Two  to  twelve  feet  high,  varying  from 
nearly  glabrous  to  tomentose-canescent,  either  almost  glandless  or  glandular : 
leaves  rounded-cordate. 

Var.  variegatum,  Watson.  Low,  nearly  glabrous  :  raceme  short  and 
dense,  ascending,  barely  glandular :  calyx  rose-color :  petals  white. — R.  Wolfi, 
Rothrock.  Mountains  of  Colorado;  also  in  California. 

7 


98  CKASSULACE^E.      (ORPINE  FAMILY.) 

§  3.    Thornless  and  prickless :  leaves  convolute  in  the  bud :  calyx-tube  elongated : 

berry  naked  and  glabrous. 

13.  R.  aureum,  Pursh.  Five  to  twelve  feet  high,  glabrous  or  almost  so, 
glandless :  leaves  3  to  5-lobed:  racemes  short,  5  to  10-flowered,  with  mostlv 
foliaceous  bracts :  flowers  golden-yellow,  spicy-fragrant :  tube  of  the  salver- 
form  calyx  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the  lobes  :  berry  yellowish  turning  black- 
ish. —  Colorado  and  northward,  westward  to  the  Pacific  coast ;  also  common 
in  cultivation  throughout  the  Atlantic  States.  Known  as  the  Buffalo  or 
Missouri  Currant. 


ORDER  28.    CBAS§ULACE^E.     (ORPINE  FAMILY.) 

Succulent  or  fleshy  plants,  mostly  herbaceous,  and  not  stipulate,  with 
completely  symmetrical  as  well  as  regular  flowers,  with  all  the  parts 
distinct,  the  carpels  becoming  follicles  in  fruit. 

1.  Tillnca.     Parts  of  the  flower  each  3  to  5 :  the  stamens  only  as  many.    Small  annuals, 

with  opposite  leaves  and  minute  axillary  flowers. 

2.  Sedum.     Parts  of  the  flower  each  4  to  7  :  stamens  twice  as  many.    Low  annual  or  per- 

ennial herbs,  with  cymose  conspicuous  flowers. 


1.    TILLJEA,   L, 

Seeds  longitudinally  striate.  —  Glabrous :  leaves  entire :   flowers  white  or 
reddish. 

1 .  T.  Drummondii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stems  diffuse,  dichotomous,  about 
an  inch  high :  leaves  oblong-linear,  somewhat  connate :  flowers  on  pedicels  at 
length  as  long  as  the  leaves :  carpels  12  to  20-seeded.  — Fl.  i.  558.     S.  W.  Colo- 
rado to  Texas  and  Louisiana. 

2.  T.  angustifolia,  Nutt.     Stems  decumbent,  rooting  at  base,  diffusely 
branched,  an  inch  long  :  leaves  linear,  connate,  a  line  or  two  long :  flowers 
sessile  or  on  very  short  pedicels:  carpels  8  to  12,-seeded.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i. 
558.     From  Colorado  to  Oregon. 

2.    SEDUM,    L.        STONE-CROP. 
Sepals  united  at  base.  —  Flowers  rarely  dioecious,  in  cymes,  often  secund. 

*  Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  in  a  regular  compact  compound  cyme,  deep  purple  or 

becoming  so :  leaves  serrate,  flat. 

1.  S.  Rhodiola,  DC.     Stems  1  to  10  inches  high,  from  a  thick  fragrant 
root,  leafy  •  leaves  alternate,  oblong-oblanceolate  :  cyme  sessile :  flowers  on 
short  naked  pedicels,  usually  4-merous.  —  From  Colorado  northward  to  the 
Arctic  coast,  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

*  #  Flowers  perfect,  in  a  simple  terminal  cyme,  rose-color  or  nearly  white :  leaves 

entire,  flat. 

2.  S.  rhodanthlim,  Gray.     Stems  a  half  to  a  foot  high,  from  a  thick 
root :  leaves  scattered,  oblong  or  oblanceolate  :  flowers  large,  mostly  4-merous. 
—  Mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Montana. 


HALOKAGE^E.       (WATER-MILFOIL   FAMILY.)  99 

#  *  *  Flowers  perfect,  secund  upon  the  branches  of  a  forked  cyme,  mostly  yellow 

or  yellowish:  leaves  very  fleshy,  entire. 
-•-  Leaves  narrowed  toward  the  base,  obtuse. 

3.  S.  debile,  Watson.    Stems  weak,  2  to  4  inches  high,  from  very  slender 
running  rootstocks :  leaves  rounded  or  obovate :  flowers  on  rather  long  pedi- 
cels, in  small  cymes.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  102.     In  the  Wahsatch  and  Uintas; 
also  mountains  of  Nevada  and  N.  California. 

H-  -»-  Leaves  broadest  at  base,  acute. 

4.  S.  Stenopetalum,  Pursh.     Stems  3  to  6  inches  high,  simple  or  some- 
times branched  :  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  :  flowers  bright  yellow,  nearly  sessile. 
—  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  560.     Very  common  on  both  sides  of  the  mountains 
from  Colorado  to  Montana  and  into  Oregon. 

5.  S.  Douglasii,  Hook.     Stems  3  to  4  inches  high,  branching  at  base, 
from  a  stout  proliferous  rootstock :  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lowermost  linear- 
subulate,  membranaceous  when  dry:  flowers  sometimes  polygamous,  sessile: 
follicles  at  length  divaricately  spreading  from  their  united  bases.  —  National  Park, 
W.  Montana,  Oregon,  and  California. 


ORDER  29.    HA  LOR  AGE  JE.     (WATER-MILFOIL  FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  inconspicuous  and  often  apetalous  flowers  sessile 
in  the  axil  of  leaves  or  bracts,  calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary  in  fertile  ones, 
the  fruit  indehiscent  and  nut-like. 

1.  Hippviris.  Leaves  linear,  in  whorls  of  8  or  12.  Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  entire.  Petals 
none.  Stamen  and  cell  of  the  ovary  one. 

2  Myriophyllum.  Immersed  leaves  pinnately  dissected.  Flowers  monoecious  or  polyga- 
mous. Parts  of  the  flower  in  fours. 

1.     HIPPURIS,    L.        MARE'S  TAIL. 

Calyx-tube  globular.  —  Smooth :  with  erect  simple  leafy  stems :  leaves 
entire :  flowers  solitary. 

1.  H.  VUlgaris,  L.  Stems  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  usually  a  half  to  an 
inch  long,  but  often  much  longer,  especially  the  submerged  ones  :  calyx  hardly 
a  half-line  long.  —  In  shallow  ponds  throughout  the  northern  part  of  the  con- 
tinent, and  southward  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  New  Mexico. 

2.     MYRIOPHYLLUM,    L.        WATER-MILFOIL. 

Limb  of  the  calyx  4-lobed  in  the  sterile  flowers,  wanting  or  minutely  toothed 
in  the  others.  Petals  2  to  4,  minute  or  wanting  in  the  pistillate  flowers. 
Stamens  8  (in  ours).  Ovary  4-celled  :  stigmas  recurved  and  plumose. — 
Smooth  leafy  herbs  :  leaves  whorled  in  threes  or  fours  :  upper  flowers  usually 
staniinate,  the  lower  pistillate,  and  the  intermediate  ones  perfect. 

1.  M.  spicatum,  L.  Leaves  all  pinnately  parted  and  capillary,  except 
the  floral  ones  or  bracts;  these  ovate,  entire  or  toothed,  and  chiefly  shorter  than  the 
flowers,  which  thus  form  an  interrupted  spike.  —  111  the  Atlantic  States  and 
across  the  continent. 


100       ONAGRACE^.      (EVENING-PRIMROSE   FAMILY.) 

2.  M.  verticillatum,  L.  Like  the  last,  but  fiord  leaves  much  longer 
than  the  flowers  and  pectinate  pinnatijid.  —  Snake  River  ( Coulter) ;  in  the 
Atlantic  States  and  northward. 


ORDER  30.     LYTIIBACE^E.     (LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  with  simple  and  entire  leaves,  calyx  tubular  or  campanulate 
and  free  from  the  ovary  and  capsule,  but  enclosing  it,  the  petals  and 
definite  stamens  borne  in  its  throat,  a  single  style,  and  numerous  small 
seeds  on  a  central  placenta.  Distinguished  from  Haloragece  and  Ona- 
gracea  by  the  free  ovary,  and  from  the  former  also  by  the  numerous 
seeds. 

1.  Ammannia.    Calyx  barely  4-angled,  short.    Petals  4  or  none.    Stamens  4  or  8.    Capsule 

globular,  bursting  irregularly.     Leaves  opposite. 

2.  Liythmm.    Calyx  striate,  cylindrical.     Petals  commonly  6  (4  to  7).    Stamens  as  many 

or  twice  as  many.     Capsule  oblong  or  cylindraceous. 

1.    AMMANNIA,    Houston. 

Calyx  4-toothed,  with  as  many  intermediate  small  tooth-like  processes. 
Petals  as  many,  small  and  fugacious,  or  none.  —  Low  and  smooth  annuals, 
with  4-angled  steins,  sessile  leaves,  and  small  axillary  flowers. 

1.  A.  latifolia,  L.  Stems  erect:  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  with  a  broad 
auricled  base :  flowers  1  to  5  in  each  axil,  mostly  closely  sessile.  —  Milk  River, 
N.  Montana;  also  in  Nevada,  California,  and  the  S.  Atlantic  States. 

2.    LYTHRUM,    L.        LOOSESTRIFE. 

Calyx  4  to  7-toothed,  with  intermediate  tooth-like  processes.  Petals  oblong- 
obovate,  often  conspicuous.  —  Erect  slender  herbs,  with  angled  stems,  and 
axillary  mostly  solitary  flowers. 

1.  L.  alatum,  Pursh.  Tall  and  wand-like  perennial,  smooth:  branches 
with  margined  angles :  leaves  from  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  the  upper 
scattered,  not  longer  than  the  flowers,  which  are  small  and  nearly  sessile  in 
the  axils :  proper  calyx-teeth  often  shorter  than  the  intermediate  processes  : 
petals  purple.  —  From  Colorado  to  the  N.  Atlantic  States,  and  southward. 


ORDER  31.    ONAGBACE^E.     (EVENING-PRIMROSE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  perfect  symmetrical  flowers,  the  parts  being  most  com- 
monly in  fours,  the  calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary  and  its  lobes  often 
colored,  the  petals  borne  on  its  throat  or  at  the  sinuses,  the  cells  of  the 
ovary  usually  of  the  same  number,  the  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as 
many,  and  styles  always  single.  Leaves  simple,  but  sometimes  lobed 
or  divided,  either  alternate  or  opposite  :  no  stipules.  Flowers  often 
showy.  In  ours  the  limb  of  the  calyx  is  deciduous. 


ONAGRACE^E.       (EVENING-PRIMKOSE   FAMILY^ 


#  Capsule  loculicidal,  many-seeded  (the  cells  rarely  only  several-seeded)/  /Parti,  cf"  tie 

flower  in  fours, 
t-  Seeds  comose  at  the  apex  :  lower  leaves  often  opposite  :  stamens  8. 

1.  Zauschneria.    Calyx-tube  continued  much  beyond  the  ovary,  funnel-form. 

2.  Epilobium.    Calyx  4-parted  nearly  dowu  to  the  ovary,  or  with  a  short  and  campanu- 

late  tube  beyond  it. 

•»-  •(-  Seeds  not  comose  :  leaves  all  alternate. 

•H-  Anthers  attached  near  the  middle  and  versatile  :  petals  generally  yellow  or  white  or  some- 
times changing  to  rose-color. 

3.  Gayophytum.    Calyx-tube  not  produced  beyond  the  ovary  ;  this  and  the  membranous 

capsule  only  2-celled.    The  stamens  opposite  the  petals  usually  sterile. 

4.  GEiiothera.     Calyx-tube  produced  beyond  the  ovary  into  a  linear  or  obconical  tube. 

Anthers  all  uniform.     Petals  without  claws. 

•H.  -H-  Anthers  attached  at  or  near  the  base,  remaining  erect ;  those  opposite  the  petals  much 
shorter,  or  sterile,  or  rarely  wanting  :  petals  never  yellow. 

5.  Clarkia.    Calyx-tube  above  the  ovary  obconical ;  its  lobes  reflexed.    Petals  with  claws, 

either  lobed  or  entire.     Capsule  coriaceous. 

*  *  Fruit  dry  and  indehiscent,  1  to  4-seeded.     Parts  of  the  flower  in  fours,  or  rarely  threes. 

In  ours  the  stamens  are  8,  and  the  anthers  are  attached  by  the  middle. 

6.  Stenosiplion.    Alternate  stamens  a  little  shorter.     Ovary  1-celled.    Leaves  scattered. 

7.  Gaura.    Stamens  nearly  equal :  filaments  with  a  scale-like  appendage  on  the  inside  next 

the  base.     Ovary  4-celled.    Leaves  alternate. 
*  *  *  Fruit  indehiscent,  bur-like,  1  to  2-seeded.     Parts  of  the  flower  in  twos  throughout. 

8.  Circaea.    Leaves  opposite. 

1.    ZAUSCHNEBIA,    Presl. 

Calyx-tube  deeply  colored  above  the  ovary,  with  a  small  globose  base  and 
4-lobed  limb,  appendaged  with  8  small  scales,  4  erect  and  4  deflexed.  Petals 
obcordate  or  2-cleft,  scarlet.  Stamens  exserted.  Style  long  and  exserted. 
Capsule  linear,  obtusely  4-angled.  —  Low  decumbent  perennial,  somewhat 
woody  at  base :  leaves  sessile :  the  large  scarlet  Fuchsia-like  flowers  in  a 
loose  spike. 

1.  Z.  Californica,  Presl.  More  or  less  villous  and  often  tomentose: 
leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  ovate,  entire  or  denticulate :  capsule  attenuate 
to  the  slender  base,  sometimes  shortly  pedicellate.  —  From  New  Mexico  to 
the  Wahsatch  and  N.  W.  Wyoming,  and  thence  to  California. 

2.    EPILOBIUM,    L.        WILLOW-HERB. 

The  alternate  stamens  shorter :  anthers  fixed  near  the  middle.  Capsule 
linear,  4-sided.  —  Perennial  or  annual :  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  nearly 
sessile,  denticulate  or  entire,  often  fascicled :  flowers  rose-color,  purple,  or 
white,  very  rarely  yellow. 

*  Flowers  large :  stamens  and  style  declined :  stigma-lobes  spreading ;  leaves 

scattered. 

1.  E.  spicatllin,  Lam.  Stem  erect,  simple,  often  4  to  7  feet  high:  leaves 
lanceolate,  sessile,  nearly  entire,  the  veins  anastomosed  near  the  edge:  flowers  in 
a  long  spicate  raceme,  bracteate,  purplish-lilac :  style  hairy  at  the  base,  at  first 
deflexed.  —  E.  angustifolium,  L.  Common  across  the  continent. 


.     (EVENING-PRIMEOSE  FAMILY.) 


""2:  w32.Llaiifdlilim,  L.  Differing  from  the  last  in  its  short  ascending  occa- 
sionally branched  stem  :  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  pubescent,  rather  thick  and 
rigid  leaves,  veins  not  apparent :  vert/  large  axillary  and  terminal  flowers  on  short 
pedicels  :  somewhat  erect  glabrous  style.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  to  Arctic 
America. 

*  *  Flowers  small,  white:  stamens  and  style  erect,  the  latter  much  exserted: 
stigma  thick,  with  4  spreading  lobes :  leaves  opposite. 

3.  E.  suflfruticosum,  Nutt.     Stems  decumbent,  much  branched  :  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  entire,  somewhat  canescent :  flowers  axillary  near  the  ends 
of  the  branches  :  capsule  clavate,  narrowed  at  each  end,  on  a  very  short  pedi- 
cel. —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  488.     Wahsatch  Mountains  near  Ogden,  Utah,  and 
northwestward  to  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory. 

*  *  *  Flowers  small :  stamens  and  style  erect,  the  latter  included :  stigma  clavate 

or  cylindrical:  lower  leaves  commonly  opposite,  the  upper  often  alternate. 

•i-  Herbaceous  perennials. 

4.  E.  alpinum,  L.     Low,  2  to  6  inches  high,  nearly  glabrous :  stems  ascend- 
ing from  a  stoloniferous  base,  simple :  leaves  elliptical  or  ovate-oblong,  nearly 
entire,  on  short  petioles:  flowers  few  or  solitary,  drooping  in  the  bud:  petals 
purple  :  pods  glabrous.  —  Throughout  the  northern  part  of  the  continent ;  in 
the  Kocky  Mountains  as  far  south  as  Colorado. 

5.  E.  afiine,  Bong.     Stem  erect,  6  inches  to  a  foot  high,  simple,  glabrous  : 
leaves  sessile,  partly  clasping,  irregularly  denticulate :  flowers  sessile :  petals 
2-cleft.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  489.     W.  Montana  and  northward. 

6.  E.  palustre,  L.,  var.  lineare,  Gray.     Erect,  1  to  2  feet  high,  branched 
above,  minutely  hoary  pubescent :  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear,  nearly  en- 
tire :  flower-buds  somewhat  nodding :  petals  purplish  or  white  :  pods  hoary.  — 
E.  palustre,  var.  albljlorum,  Lehm.     Colorado  and  northward,  thence  across 
the  continent  to  New  England. 

7.  E.  COloratum,  Muhl.     Stem  erect,  1  to  3  feet  high,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so:  leaves  lanceolate   to  ovate-oblong,  denticulate;  the  middle  ones  sometimes 
decurrent ;    the   lower  slightly  petioled  :  flower-buds  erect :   petals  purplish, 
emarginate  or  2-cleft :  pods  minutely  pubescent.  —  Includes  E.  tetragonum  of 
the  Western  reports.     From  Colorado  northward,  and  eastward  throughout 
the  N.  United  States. 

8.  E.  origanifolium,  Lam.     Stem  generally  simple,  terete,  6  to  12  inches 
high,  ivith  two  pubescent  lines:  leaves  more  or  less  petioled;  the  lower  rounded, 
the  middle  ones  oval  and  equally  pointed  at  each  end,  the  upper  acuminate  :  flow- 
ers large,  varying  from  dark  purple  to  pure  white :  capsules  sometimes  nod- 
ding.—  In  the  Sierras  from  California  northward,  and  extending  into  the 
Bitter-Root  Mountains. 

H-  -i—  Annuals. 

9.  E.  paniculatum,  Nutt.    Glabrous  or  pubescent  above :  stem  erect, 
10  inches  to  10  feet  high,  dichotomous  above:  leaves  narrowly  linear,  ob- 
scurely serrulate,  mostly  alternate  and  fascicled  ;   the  uppermost  subulate : 
flowers  few,  terminating  the  spreading  filiform  and  almost  leafless  branches : 
petals  obcordate.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  490.    From  Colorado  through  Mon- 
tana and  Washington  Territory. 


ONAGRACEJE.      (EVENING-PRIMROSE  FAMILY.)       103 

3.    GAYOPHYTUM,    A.  Juss. 

Calyx-lobes  reflexed.  Petals  white  or  rose-colored.  —  Very  slender  branch- 
ing annuals,  with  linear  entire  leaves,  and  very  small  axillary  flowers. 

1.  G.  ramosissimum,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Glabrous,  or  the  inflorescence 
puberuleut,  diffusely  much  branched :  flowers  £  line  long,  mostly  near  the  ends 
of  the  branches :  capsule  oblong,  2  or  3  lines  long,  on  pedicels  of  about  the  same 
length  or  shorter,  often  deflexed,  3  to  5-seeded. —  Fl.  i.  513.     Colorado  and 
northward,  and  westward  to  Oregon  and  California. 

2.  G.  racemosum,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Glabrous,  or  more  or  less  canesceut 
with  short  appressed  pubescence,  the  elongated  branches  mostly  simple :  flowers 
^  line  long,  axillary  the  whole  length  of  the  branches :  capsules  linear,  sessile  or 
very  shortly  pedicelled,  8  to  10  lines  long,  usually  many-seeded.  —  Fl.  i.  514. 
Colorado  and  northward,  thence  westward  to  Washington  Territory  and 
California. 

4.    CE  NOT  HER  A,    L.        EVENING  PRIMROSE. 

Calyx-lobes  reflexed.  Petals  obcordate  or  obovate.  Stamens  8.  Capsule 
coriaceous  or  somewhat  woody  to  membranaceous.  —  Herbs,  or  sometimes 
woody  at  base :  flowers  axillary,  spicate,  or  racemose.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  573. 

§  1.    Stigma  lobes  linear,  elongated:    calyx-tube  linear,  slightly  dilated  at  the 
throat :  anthers  linear. 

#  Caulescent :  /lowers  in  a  leafy  spike,  erect  in  the  bud,  yellow :  capsules  sessile, 

coriaceous :  seeds  in  two  rows. 

•»—  Capsules  oblong,  slightly  attenuate  above :  seeds  with  more  or  less  margined 
angles,  nearly  smooth. 

1.  GE.  biennis,  L.    Erect,  rather  stout,  1  to  5  feet  high,  usually  simple: 
calyx-tube  1  to  2^  inches  long :  capsule  f  to  1  inch  long.  —  Common  every- 
where and  very  variable. 

Var.  grandiflora,  Lindl.  Petals  equalling  the  calyx-tube.  —  Same 
range,  but  less  common  eastward. 

-t-  H-  Capsules  linear :  seeds  not  margined,  minutely  tuberculate. 

2.  <E.  rhombipetala,  Nutt.      Spike   elongated,   dense  :   calyx  silky- 
canescent  :    petals  rhombic-ovate.  —  Torr.    &   Gray,   Fl.  i.  493.     Probably 
within  the  eastern  limits  of  our  range,  and  thence  to  the  Indian  Territory 
and  northward  to  Minnesota. 

*  #  Caulescent :  flowers  nodding  in  the  bud,  white  turning  to  rose-color :  capsules 

sessile,  mostly  linear:  seeds  in  a  single  row. 

3.  (E.  pinnatifida,  Nutt.      Annual    or  biennial  :    calyx-tips  not  free, 
throat  naked :  seeds  oval,  not  angled,  finely  pitted.  —  Along  the  eastern  slope 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  Dakota  to  the  Indian  Territory  and  New 
Mexico. 

4.  CB.  trichocalyx,  Nutt.     Annual :  calyx  very  villous  ;  the  tips  not  free, 
throat  naked  :  seeds  lance-linear,  smooth.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  494.     (E.  del- 
toidea,  Torr.    From  W.  Wyoming  to  California,  and  thence  to  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico. 


104       ONAGRACE^E.      (EVENING-PRIMROSE   FAMILY.) 

5.  GE.  albicaulis,  Nutt.     Perennial :  stems  white  and  shreddy :  calyx-tips 
free,  throat  naked  :  seeds  smooth,  lance-linear,  —  A  very  variable  species.    From 
New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to  Washington  Territory  and  British  America. 

6.  GE.  COronopifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Perennial :  calyx-tips  short,  free, 
throat  very  villous :  capsule  oblong :  seeds  ovate,  angled,  tuberculate.  —  Fl.  i.  495. 
From  Nebraska  to  the  Uintas,  and  southward  to  New  Mexico. 

*  *  *  Acaulescent,  or  nearly  so :  flowers  erect  in  the  bud,  white  or  rose-color: 

capsules  mostly  sessile,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  obtusely  or  sharply  angled,  large 
and  rigid. 

7.  GE.  CSespitOSa,  Nutt.     Capsule  oblong,  ribbed,  often  doubly  crested  on 
the  angles :   calyx-tube   2  to  7  inches  long :    petals  f  to  If  inches  long.  — 
(E.  tnarginata,  Nutt.     From  the  Upper  Missouri  to  Nebraska  and  southward 
to  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  etc. 

8.  (E.  triloba,  Nutt.     Capsule  ovate,  persistent,  strongly  winged,  net-veined  : 
calyx-tips  free,  the  tube  2  to  4  inches  long  :  petals  %  to  1  inch  long.  —  From 
British  Columbia  to  Mexico,  and  westward  to  California. 

Var.  (?)  parviflora,  Watson.  Flowers  very  small,  about  an  inch  or  two 
long,  fertilized  in  the  bud  and  rarely  fully  opening :  fruit  abundant,  forming 
at  length  a  densely  crowded  hemispherical  or  cylindrical  mass,  nearly  2  inches 
in  diameter  and  often  2  or  3  inches  high.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  251.  Plains 
of  Kansas  and  Nebraska.. 

9.  CE.  brachycarpa,  Gray.     Capsule  ovate,  winged,  more  or  less  corky, 
smooth:  calyx-tube  2  to  4  inches  long:  petals  1$  inch  long,  purplish:  seed-testa 
thickened.  —  PI.  Wright,  i.  70.     ?  CE.  marginata,  var.  purpurea,  of  the  various 
reports.    From  Montana  to  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  and  W.  Texas. 

*  *  *  *  Caulescent :  flowers  axillary :  capsule  ovate  to  orbicular,  strongly  angled 

and  broadly  winged. 

10.  CE.  canescens,  Torr.     Low:  capsule  ovate,  3  to  4  lines  long:  petals 
white  and  rose-color,  6  lines  long  :  calyx-tube  6  to  8  lines  long.  —  From  the  head- 
waters of  the  Platte  to  New  Mexico. 

11.  CE.  Missouriensis,  Sims.     Capsule   1   to  3  inches  long,  with  wings 
nearly  as  broad:  calyx-tube  2  to  5  inches  long:  petals  1  to  2|  inches  long,  yellow : 
seeds  strongly  crested.  —  From  Missouri  to  Colorado  and  Texas. 

§  2.  Stigma  capitate :  calyx-tube  linear,  persistent :  flowers  erect  in  the  bud, 
yellow :  anthers  oblong :  capsules  sessile,  linear  to  ovate :  seeds  in  two  rows : 
mostli/  acaulescent. 

12.  CE.  breviflora,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Subpubescent :  leaves  deeply  pinna- 
tifid :  calyx-tube  3  to  6  lines  long  :  petals  3  lines  long.  —  Wyoming,  Colorado, 
Utah,  and  westward. 

§  3.  Stigma  discoid :  calyx-tube  more  broadly  dilated  above :  flowers  erect  in  the 
bud,  yellow,  axillary  :  anthers  oblong-linear  :  capsule  mostly  sessile,  linear- 
cylindric. 

13.  OE.  Hartwegi,  Benth.     Low,  3  to  15  inches  high  :  leaves  numerous, 
linear  to  lanceolate,  mostly  entire :  calyx-tube  1  to  2  inches  long,  the  tips  free 
and  linear:  petals  4  to  12  lines  long :  capsule  8  to  10  lines  long. 


ONAG RACEME.      (EVENING-PRIMROSE  FAMILY.)       105 

Var.  lavandlllsefolia,  Watson.  Taller,  pubescent  throughout :  leaves 
mostly  linear  and  shorter  :  calyx-segments  less  attenuated  above.  —  (E.  la- 
vandulcefolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  From  Kansas  and  Colorado  to  Mexico. 

14.  CE.  serrulata,  Nutt.     Leaves  linear   to  lanceolate,  denticulate:   the 
free  calyx-tips  short :  capsules  9  to  1 5  lines  long.  —  From  New  Mexico  and 
Texas  northward  to  British  America. 

§  4.  Stigma  capitate:  cali/x-tube  obconic  or  short  funnelform:  flowers  in  crowded 
bracteate  or  leaf})  spikes:  anthers  oblong:  capsule  linear,  Sessile,  attenuated 
above,  curved  and  contorted. 

15.  CE.  strigulosa,  Torr.  &  Gray,  var.  pubens,  Watson.     Pubescence 
hirsute  and  spreading,  sometimes  nearly  smooth  :  petals  1  to  2  lines  long,  yel- 
low, usually  turning  red  :  capsule  very  narrowly  linear,  often  short-pedicelled.  — 
Includes  (E.  dentata,  Torr.  &  Gray.     From  the  Wahsatch  westward  through 
the  Pacific  States. 

16.  CE.  andilia,  Nutt.     Dwarf,  1  to  3  inches  high,  canescently  puberulent : 
flowers  a  line  long,  yellow :   capsule  fusiform,  3  to  6  lines  long.  —  From  E. 
Oregon  to  Montana,  Wyoming,  Nevada,  and  Utah. 

§  5.    As  in  §  4,  but  capsules  linear  to  clavate,  pedicelled  and  obtuse :  caulescent  : 
flowers  in  loose,  naked  racemes :  seeds  oblong-lanceolate. 

17.  CE.  SCapoidea,  Nutt.     Puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  low  on 
the  stem,  usually  lyrately-pinnatifid  :  calyx-tips  not  free :  capsule  4  to  12  lines 
long.  — From  W.  Wyoming  and  S.  Idaho  to  S.  Utah  and  Colorado. 

18.  CE.  brevipes,  Gr.     Like  the  last,  but  stouter:  villous,  not  puberu- 
lent: calyx-tips  free,  thick:  capsule  I  to  3  inches  long. 

Var.  parviflora,  Watson.     Of  a  much  more  branching  habit :  the  leaves 
more  distinctly  pinnate  :  inflorescence  more  slender  :  flowers  pale  yellow,  the 
Is  2  to  3  lines  long.  —  Am.  Nat.  ix.  271.    S.  W.  Colorado  and  S.  Utah. 


5.    CLARKIA,   Fursh. 

Petals  purple  or  violet.  Anthers  oblong  or  linear.  Stigma  with  4  broad 
lobes.  Capsule  linear,  attenuate  above,  somewhat  4-angled.  Seeds  angled 
or  margined.  —  Annuals,  with  erect  brittle  stems :  leaves  on  short  slender 
petioles,  the  uppermost  sessile  :  flowers  showy,  nodding  in  the  bud,  in  terminal 
racemes. 

1.  C.  pulchella,  Pursh.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  linear:  petals  3-lobed, 
attenuate  to  a  long  claw  which  has  a  spreading  tooth  on  each  side :  perfect  sta- 
mens with  a  linear  scale  on  each  side  at  base ;  alternate  stamens  rudimentary 
and  filiform :  capsule  S-angled.  —  Bitter-Root  Valley,  W.  Montana,  to  Idaho, 
Oregon,  and  Washington  Terr. 

2.  C.  rhomboidea,  Dougl.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate :  pet- 
als entire,  rhomboidal,  with  a  short  broad  claw  which  is  often  broadly  toothed  : 
anthers  all  perfect ;  filaments  with  hairy  scales  at  the  base :  capsule  ^-angled.  — 
From  the  Wahsatch  to  California  and  Washington  Terr. 

6.    STENOSIPHON,    Spach. 

Tube  of  the  calyx  filiform  or  almost  capillary,  much  prolonged  beyond  the 
ovary,  recurved  or  declined  after  flowering.  Petals  unguiculate,  unequal. 


106  LOASACEJ2. 

Fruit  (very  small)  coriaceous,  ovate,  convex  externally,  flattish  within,  about 
8-ribbed.  —  A  tall  perennial  herb,  with  virgate  branches  :  linear-lanceolate, 
sessile,  entire  leaves,  gradually  reduced  to  bracts  :  flowers  white,  sessile, 
crowded  in  long  and  strict  virgate  spikes. 

1.  S.  virgatus,  Spach.  Spikes  in  fruit  sometimes  nearly  one  foot  long: 
bracts  subulate,  longer  than  the  ovary :  calyx  pubescent,  4  to  5  lines  long : 
petals  rather  large  in  proportion  :  ovary  tomentose-pubescent. — From  Colo- 
rado to  Arkansas  and  Texas. 

7.    GAURA,   L. 

Calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  obconic  or  clavate  ovary.  Petals  with 
claws.  Style  hairy  below.  Fruit  obtusely  4-angled  and  ridged  upon  the 
sides.  —  Leaves  sessile:  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes,  white  or  rose-colored, 
turning  to  red. 

1.  G.  biennis,  L.     Soft-hairy  or  downy,  3  to  8  feet  high:   leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  denticulate :  fruit  oval  or  oblong,  ribbed,  downy.  —  Idaho  and  east- 
ward to  the  Atlantic. 

2.  G.  parviflora,  Dougl.     Clothed,  besides  the  long  soft-villous  hairs, 
with  a  minute  slightly  glandular  pubescence,  2  to  5  feet  high :  leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late,  repand-denticulate,  clothed  on  both  sides  with  a  soft  velvety  pubescence  :  spikes 
virgate,  dense  :  fruit  oblong-clavate,  4-nerved,  obtusely  angled  above.  —  From 
Washington  Terr,  to  Texas. 

3.  G.  COCCinea,  Nutt.     Canescent,  puberulent  or  glabrate,  6  to  12  inches 
high,  very  leafy :  leaves  lanceolate,  linear-oblong  or  linear,  repand-denticulate  or 
entire :  flowers  in  simple  spikes,  rose-color  turning  to  scarlet :  fruit  elliptical, 
terete,  4-sided  above.  —  Colorado  to  Montana  and  eastward  to  Arkansas  and 
the  Saskatchewan. 

8.    CIRC  JE  A,    L.        ENCHANTER'S  NIGHTSHADE. 

Calyx-tube  slightly  prolonged  above  the  ovoid  ovary,  the  base  nearly  filled 
by  a  cup-shaped  disk.  Petals  obcordate.  Fruit  pear-shaped,  covered  with 
hooked  bristles.  —  Low  slender  erect  herbs :  leaves  thin,  petiolate  :  flowers 
small,  white,  in  terminal  and  lateral  racemes :  fruit  on  slender  spreading  or 
deflexed  pedicels. 

1 .  C  Pacifica,  Ascherson  &  Magnus.  Mostly  glabrous :  leaves  ovate, 
rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  repandly  denticulate :  calyx  white,  with  a  very 
small  tube :  fruit  a  line  long.  —  The  C.  alpina  of  Fl.  Colorado.  From  Colo- 
rado to  the  Saskatchewan  and  westward  to  California  and  Washington  Terr. 


ORDER  32. 

Herbaceous  plants  with  either  stinging  or  jointed  and  rough -barbed 
hairs,  no  stipules,  calyx- tube  adnate  to  a  one-celled  ovary,  parietal  pla- 
centae, and  a  single  style.  Stamens  usually  very  numerous,  some  of 
the  outer  occasionally  petaloid.  Flowers  perfect,  often  showy. 


LOASACE^E.  107 

1.    MENTZELIA,  L. 

Calyx-tube  cylindrical  or  turbiuate:  the  limb  5-lobed.  Petals  5  or  10. 
Stamens  inserted  below  the  petals  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Ovary  trun- 
cate at  the  summit :  style  3-cleft,  the  lobes  often  twisted.  Capsule  opening 
usually  irregularly  at  the  apex.  —  Erect,  the  stems  becoming  white  and  shin- 
ing :  leaves  alternate,  mostly  coarsely  toothed  or  pinnatifid  :  flowers  cymose  or 
solitary,  orange  or  golden  yellow  to  white. 

#  Seeds  few,  oblong,  not  winged :   petals  5,  not  large :  filaments  all  filiform : 

leaves  petioled,  cut-toothed  or  angled. 

1.  M.  oligosperma,  Nutt.     Rough  and  adhesive,  1  to  3  feet  high,  much 
branched,  branches  brittle  :  leaves  ovate  and  oblong :  petals  yellow,  wedge- 
oblong,  pointed:    capsule  about   9-seeded.  —  From  the  mountains  eastward 
across  the  plains  to  Illinois  and  Texas. 

#  *  Seeds  few  to  many,  irregularly  angled  or  somewhat  cubical,  not  winged: 

petals  5,  not  large:  filaments  all  filiform:  capsule  linear:  leaves  sessile,  sin- 
uately  toothed  or  pinnatifid. 

2.  M.  albicaulis,  Dougl.     Slender,  3  inches  to  a  foot  high  or  more: 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  pinnatifid  with  numerous  narrow  lobes,  upper  leaves 
broader :  flowers  mostly  approximate  near  the  ends  of  the  branches :  petals 
spatulate  or  obovate  :  capsule  linear- clavate:  seeds  numerous,  rather  strongly 
tuberculate,  irregularly  angled  with  obtuse  margins.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  534. 
From  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to  Oregon  and  California. 

3.  M.  dispersa,  Watson.     Very  similar,  but  the  leaves  sinuate-toothed, 
sometimes  entire,  rarely  pinnatifid,  the  uppermost  often  ovate :  seeds  somewhat 
cubical  and  very  nearly  smoolli.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  115.    M.  albicaulis,  var. 
integrifolia,  Watson.    From  Colorado  through  Idaho  to  Washington  Terr,  and 
California. 

#  *  *  Seeds  numerous,  suborbicular-winged  or  narrowly-margined :  petals  5  or  10, 

often  large  and  showy :  outer  filaments  often  petaloid :  capsule  broad,  oblong : 
leaves  as  in  the  last. 

H-  Flowers  vespertine,  yellowish  white. 

4.  M.  ornata,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Rough  with  short-barbed  hairs :  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  segments  rather  acute :  flowers  very  large,  terminating  the 
branches,  bracteolate:  petals  10,  about  2  inches  long  :  filaments  all  filiform: 
capsule  5  to  7-valved  at  the  summit :   seeds  scarcely  margined.  —  Fl.  i.  534. 
Along  the  Missouri  and  its  tributaries ;  also  in  S.  W.  Colorado. 

5.  M.  nuda,  Torr.  &  Gray.      Rough  with  minute  barbed  pubescence: 
leaves  somewhat  lanceolate,  the  segments  obtuse :  flowers  about  half  the  size  of 
the  last,  not  brac.teol ate:  petals  10:  exterior  filaments  petaloid  and  often  sterile: 
capsule  3-vahed  at  the  summit :  seeds  plainly  winged.  —  Loc.  cit.  535. 

•*-  -<-  Flowers  expanding  only  in  bright  sunshine,  bright  yellow:  leaves  lanceolate. 

6.  M.  laevicaulis,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stout,  2  or  3  feet  high:  flowers  sessile 
on  short  branches,  very  large:  calyx-tube  naked:  petals  acute  at  each  end,  2  to 
2^  inches  long:  seeds  very  minutely  tuberculate.  —  Loc.  cit.     W.  Wyoming 
and  Montana  to  the  Columbia  River  and  S.  California. 

7.  M.  pumila,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Rather  stout,  8  to  10  inches  high:  lower 
leaves  somewhat  petioled  :  flowers  small,  solitary  or  three  together,  terminating 


108  CUCURBITACE^E.      (GOURD    FAMILY.) 

the  loose  flowering  branches,  slightly  pedicellate,  with  1  or  2  bracts  at  base : 
outer  filaments  flat.  —  Loc.  cit.  M.  Wrightii  of  Fl.  Colorado.  S.  Colorado, 
southward  and  westward. 

8.  M.  chrysantha,  Engelm.     Stems  1  to  2  feet  high,  branching :  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  the  lower  narrowed  towards  the  base:   flowers  subsessile : 
petals  6  to  9  lines  long,  acute,  often  less  than  10,  the  innermost  smaller  and 
antheriferous :  seeds  narrowly  margined  but  not  winged.  —  Brandegee's  Fl. 
S.  W.  Col.  237.     Differs  from  M.  pumila  in  its  larger  flowers  and  seeds  pot 
winged.    Near  Canon  City,  Colorado,  and  S.  Utah. 

9.  M.  multiflora,  Gray.     Stems  scabrous,  pubescent,  a  span  to  afoot  high  : 
leaves  attenuate  below :  flowers  more  numerous,  subtended  by  1  or  2  bracts :  petals 
deep  yellow,  abruptly  pointed,  6  to  9  lines  long.  —  PI.  Fendl.  48.    Colorado  and 
southward. 


ORDER  33.    CUCIJRBITACEjE.     (GOURD  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  mostly  tendril-bearing  and  climbing,  rather  succulent,  with, 
alternate  and  palmately  veined  or  lobed  leaves  and  no  proper  stipules, 
flowers  monoecious  or  dioacious,  with  petals  more  commonly  united  into 
a  cup  or  tube  and  also  blended  with  the  calyx.  Sterile  flowers  with 
two  2-eelled  anthers  and  one  1  -celled ;  the  cells  usually  long  and  con- 
torted. Fertile  flowers  with  the  calyx -tube  adnate  to  a  1  to  3-celled 
ovary. 

1.  Cucurbita.    Flowers  all  solitary,  large,  yellow.     Corolla  5-cleft.    Fruit  smooth,  inde- 

hiscent,  1-celled,  many-seeded. 

2.  Echipocystis.    Sterile  flowers  in  compound  racemes,  small,  greenish  white.     Corolla 

6-parted.     Fruit  prickly,  bursting  at  the  top,  2-celled,  4-seeded. 


1.    CUCURBITA,    L.        PUMPKIN,  SQUASH,  ETC. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Catyx-tube  and  corolla  campanulate.  Sterile  flowers 
with  the  stamens  at  the  base.  Fertile  flowers  with  3  rudimentary  stamens  : 
ovary  oblong,  with  3  placentae.  Fruit  fleshy,  often  with  a  hard  rind.  Seed 
ovate  or  oblong,  flattened.  —  Mostly  prostrate  and  rooting  at  the  joints :  leaves 
cordate :  tendrils  compound. 

1.  C.  perennis,  Gray.  Boot  fleshy,  very  large,  6  inches  to  3  feet  thick, 
yellow  inside:  leaves  cordate-ovate  or  triangular,  undivided  or  subsinuate- 
repand,  margin  denticulate  :  fruit  globose,  yellow,  2  or  3  inches  in  diameter.  — 
PI.  Lindh.  193.  From  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Mexico,  and  westward  to 
California. 

2.    E  C  H I  NO  C  Y  S  T I  S,  Torr.  &  Gray.        WILD  BALSAM-APPLE. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Petals  united  at  the  base  into  an  open  spreading 
corolla.  Fruit  fleshy,  at  length  dry.  —  Tall  climbing  plants,  nearly  smooth, 
with  3-forked  tendrils,  thin  leaves,  fertile  flowers  in  small  clusters  or  solitary, 
from  the  same  axils  as  the  sterile. 


CACTACE^E.       (CACTUS   FAMILY.)  109 

1.  B.  lobata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Root  annual  :  leaves  deeply  and  sharply 
5-lobed:  fruit  oval,  2  inches  long:  seeds  flat,  dark-colored. — Colorado  and 
eastward,  in  rich  soil,  to  New  York  and  Canada. 


ORDER  34.    CACTACE^E.    (CACTUS  FAMILY.) 

Green  fleshy  and  thickened  persistent  mostly  leafless  plants,  of  pecu- 
liar aspect:  globular  or  columnar,  tuberculated  or  ribbed,  or  jointed  and 
often  flattened,  usually  armed  with  bundles  of  spines  from  the  areolce. 
Flowers  with  numerous  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens,  usually  in  many 
rows,  the  cohering  bases  of  all  of  which  coat  the  inferior  one-celled 
many-ovuled  ovary,  and  above  it  form  a  tube  or  cup,  nectariferous  at 
base.  Style  one,  with  several  or  numerous  stigmas.  Fruit  a  pulpy  or 
rarely  dry  one-celled  berry. 

§  1.  No  leaves  proper :  spines  never  barbed.  Flower-bearing  and  spine-bearing  areolse 
distinct.  Tube  of  the  sessile  solitary  flowers  well  developed,  often  long.  Seeds  brown 
or  black,  mostly  small.  —  CACTE^E. 

1.  Mamillaria.    Globose  or  oval  plants,  covered  with  spine-bearing  tubercles.    Flowers 

from  between  the  tubercles.    Ovary  naked. 

2.  Echinocactus.    Globose  or  oval  plants,  stouter  than  the  last,  usually  ribbed  :  bundles 

of  spines  on  the  ribs.     Flowers  from  the  youngest  part  of  the  ribs  close  above  the 
nascent  bunches  of  spines.     Ovary  covered  with  sepals. 

3.  Cereus.    Oval  or  columnar  plants,  sometimes  tall,  ribbed  or  angled  :  bundles  of  spines 

on  the  ribs.     Flowers  close  above  the  bundles  of  full  grown  (older)  spines.     Ovary 
covered  with  sepals. 

§  2.  Leaves  small,  subulate,  early  deciduous.  Sessile  and  solitary  flowers  from  the  same 
areolaj  as  the  always  barbed  spines.  Tube  of  the  flowers  short,  cup-shaped.  Seeds 
larger,  whitish,  covered  with  a  bony  arillus.  — OPUNTIE.E. 

4.  Opuntia.    Branching  or  jointed  plants  :  joints  flattened  or  cylindrical. 

1.    MAMILLARIA,    Haw. 

Flowers  about  as  long  as  wide :  the  tube  campanulate  or  funnel-shaped. 
Ovary  often  hidden  between  the  bases  of  the  tubercles,  the  succulent  berry 
exsert.  Seeds  yellowish-brown  to  black. 

1.  M.  vivipara,  Haw.     Simple  or  cespitose:  the  almost  terete  tubercles 
bearing  bundles  of  5  to  8  reddish-brown  spines,  surrounded  btj  15  to  20  rjrai/ish 
ones  in  a  single  series,  all  straight  and  very  rigid  :  flowers  purple,  with  lance- 
subulate  petals  and  fringed  sepals  :  berry  oval,  green :  seed  pitted,  light  brown. 
—  A  variable  species,  ranging  across  the  plains  and  along  the  eastern  slopes 
of  the  mountains. 

2.  M.  Missouriensis,  Sweet.     Smaller,  globose,  simple,  with  fewer  (10 
to  20)  weaker  ash-colored  spines:  flowers  yellow :  berries  scarlet,  subf/lobose :  seeds 
globose,  pitted.  —  M.  Nuttallii,  Eng.     Common  along  the  eastern  slopes  of 
the  mountains  and  upon  the  plains. 

Var.  csespitosa,  Watson.  Cespitose,  with  12  to  15  straight  white  spines  : 
berry  shorter  than  the  tubercles,  red.  —  Bibliog.  Index,  i.  403.  M.  Nuttallii, 
var.  cozspitosa,  Eng.  Eastern  slopes  of  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and 
southward. 


110  CACTACE^E.      (CACTUS  FAMILY.) 

2.    ECHINOCACTUS,    Link  &  Otto. 

Flowers  about  as  long  as  wide.  Ovary  covered  with  few  (in  ours)  sepaloid 
scales,  which  are  naked  or  woolly  in  their  axils.  Fruit  succulent  or  dry, 
covered  with  the  persistent  scales,  sometimes  enveloped  in  copious  wool,  and 
usually  crowned  with  the  remnants  of  the  flower.  Seed  obliquely  obovate, 
black. 

1.  E.  Simpsoni,  Eiig.     Simple,  globose  or  depressed,  with  ovate  tubercles 
bearing  about  20  outer  ash-colored  spines  and  5  to  10  stouter  darker  inner  ones,  all 
straight  and  rigid :  flowers  yellowish  green  to  purplish :  berry  dry,  with  few 
black  tuberculated  seeds.  —  From  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Colorado  moun- 
tains westward  to  Utah  and  Nevada. 

2.  E.  Whipplei,  Eng.  &  Big.     Simple,  globose  or  ovate,  umth  13  to  15 
compressed  and  interrupted  ribs :  7  to  II  outer  spines  and  4  inner  ones ;  the  ivory- 
white,  upper  ones  longest,  broadest,  recurved  or  twisted ;  the  lower  shorter,  darker 
and  terete;  the  lowest  middle  one  hooked :  flowers  yellow :  seeds  large,  minutely 
tuberculated.  —  From  S.  Colorado  westward  to  S.  California. 

3.    CEREUS,    Haw. 

Flowers  about  as  long  as  wide  or  elongated.  Scales  of  the  ovary  distinct, 
with  naked  or  woolly  axils,  or  almost  obsolete  and  the  axils  spiny.  Berry 
succulent,  covered  with  spines  or  scales  or  almost  naked.  Seeds  black. — 
Fruit  often  edible.  Our  species  all  belong  to  §  ECHINOCEREUS,  which  in- 
cludes low  and  usually  cespitose  plants,  with  numerous  oval  or  cylindric 
heads,  short  flowers,  green  stigmas  and  spiny  fruit,  the  seeds  covered  with 
confluent  tubercles. 

1.  C.   Viridiflorus,  Eng.      Ovate   or  at  length  cylindrical,  simple  or 
sparingly  branched,  1  to  2  inches  high  :  ribs  about  13  :  areolse  ovate-lanceolate : 
spines  strictly  radiating,  12  to  18,  with  2  to  6  superior  setaceous  ones,  the  rest 
lateral  and  longer,  the  lower  frequently  purplish  brown,  the  others  white,  central 
one  often  wanting,  when  present  stouter,  solitary,  and  variegated  :  flowers 
lateral  towards  the  apex,  i/e/iow,  becoming  yreen :  berries  elliptical,  small.  —  PI. 
Fendl  50.     Common  in  Colorado  and  southward. 

2.  C.  Fendleri,  Eng.     Ovate-cylindrical,  3  to  8  inches  high  :  ribs  9  to 
12  :  areolae  rather  crowded  :  spines  very  variable,  a/ways  bulbous  at  base,  radial 
ones  7  to  10,  straight  or  curved,  white  and  brown,  lower  ones  stronger,  central  one 
stout,  curved  above,  dark  brown,  often  elongated :  flowers  lateral  below  the  top, 
large,  2  to  3  inches  in  diameter,  of  a  deep  purple  color:  berry  1  to  1£  inches 
long,  edible.  —  PI.  Fendl.  50.     S.  Colorado  and  southward. 

3.  C.  gonacanthus,  Eng.  &  Big.     Ovate,  simple  or  sparingly  branched 
from  the  base,  7-ribbed :  areolce  large,  orbicular,  distant:  spines  robust,  angled, 
straight  or  variously  curved ;  radial  ones  8,  yellowish,  often  blackish  at  base  and 
apex,  the  upper  one  much  larger  than  the  others,  nearly  equalling  the  central  one, 
which  is  remarkably  stout,  angular,  and  channelled :  flowers  scarlet,  open  day  and 
night.  —  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv.  33,  t.  5.     S.  Colorado  and  southward. 

4.  C.  phOBniceUS,  Eng.     Heads  2  to  3  inches  high,  generally  forming 
dense  hemispherical  masses  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter:  ribs  9  to  11  :  areolce  ovate- 
orbiculate,  somewhat  crowded:  spines  setaceous,  straight,  radial  ones  3  to  12, 


CACTACE.E.      (CACTUS  FAMILY.)  Ill 

upper  ones  a  little  shorter,  central  ones  1  to  3,  bulbous  at  base,  terete,  a  little 
stronger,  lowest  one  longest.  —  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv.  34,  t.  4.  S.  Colorado  and 
southward. 

5.  C.  conoideus,  Big.     Heads  3  to  4  inches  high,  few  from  one  base,  of 
unequal  height,  ovate,  acutish  towurds  the  apex,  conoid :  ribs  9  to  11:  radial 
spines  10  to  12,  slender,  rigid,  upper  ones  2  to  5  lines  long,  lateral  ones  6  to 
15  lines,  upper  central  spines  hardly  longer  than  the  lateral  ones,  lower  one  1  to  3 
inches  long,  angular  and  often  compressed.  —  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv.  36.     S.  Colorado 
and  southward. 

6.  C.  paucispinus,  Eng.     Stem  5  to  9  inches  high,  2  to  3  inches  in 
diameter,  ovate-cylindrical,  sparingly  branching  or  simple  :  ribs  5  to  7  :  areolce 
remote:  spines  strong,  9  to  16  lines  long,  dark-colored,  radial  ones  3  to  6,  central 
wanting  or  rare,  stout,  subangled.  —  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv.  34.     S.  Colorado  and 
southward. 

4.    OPUNTIA,    Tourn. 

Petals  spreading  or  rarely  erect.  Berry  succulent  or  sometimes  dry, 
marked  with  bristly  or  spiny  areolas,  truncate.  —  Articulated  much-branched 
plants,  of  various  shapes,  low  and  prostrate,  or  erect  and  shrub-like. 

§  1.   Joints  compressed:  rhaphe  forming  a  prominent  bony  margin  around  the  seed. 
*  Fruit  pulpy. 

1.  O.  Camanchica,  Eng.  &  Big.    Large,  prostrate,  extensively  spread- 
ing :  joints  ascending,  6  to  7  inches  long,  suborbiculate :  areolse  remote,  numer- 
ous, armed  :  bristles  straw-colored  or  broicnish,  few :  spines  1  to  3,  compressed, 
brownish,  paler  at  the  apex,  1  to  3  inches  long,  upper  ones  elongated,  suberect,  the 
others  dejlexed :    berry  large,  ovate,  widely  umbilicate :  seeds  angled,  deeply 
notched  at  the  liilum.  —  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv.  40.     S.  Colorado  and  southward. 

2.  O.  Rafinesquii,  Eng.     Joints  deep  green,  prostrate,  broadly  obovate  or 
orbicular :  leaves  spreading :  bristles  bright  red-brown  :  spines  few  and  small  with 
a  single  strong  one:  flowers  sulphur-yellow,  mostly  with  a  red  centre:  berry 
narrowed  at  the  base,  with  a  funnel-shaped  umbilicus.  —  Pac.  R.   Rep.  iv.  43. 
From  Colorado  eastward  across  the  plains  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky. 

Var.  (?)  fusiformis,  Eng.  &  Big.  Roots  forming  fusiform  tubers:  bristles 
stout  and  yellowish  brown :  flowers  smaller  and  with  fewer  sepals :  seed 
larger  and  thicker.  —  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv.  43.  From  the  Missouri  southward 
across  the  plains. 

*  *  Fruit  dry  and  prickly. 

3.  O.  Missouriensis,  DC.     Prostrate :  joints  broadly  obovate  and  tuber- 
culate,  2  to  4  inches  long :  leaves  minute  ;  their  axils  armed  with  a  tuft  of  straw- 
colored  bristles  and  5  to  10  slender  radiating  spines  1  to  2  inches  long :  flowers 
light  yellow.  —  Frequent  on  the  plains  and  in  the  mountains,  and  extending 
eastward  to  Wisconsin. 

4.  O.  rutila,  Nutt.     Prostrate,  with  thick  obovate  or  elongated  joints,  2  to  4 
inches  long,  sometimes  thick  and  almost  terete :  areohe  close,  armed  with  numer- 
ous slender  reddish  or  gray  flexible  spines :  flowers  purple :  berry  deeply  umbili- 
cate: seeds  large,  flat,  broadly  margined,  ivory-white.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i. 
155.     S.  Wyoming  to  Utah  and  westward. 


112  TJMBELLIFER^E.      (PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 

5.  O.  fragilis,  Haw.     Joints  small,  ovate,  compressed  or  tumid  or  even 
terete,   1   to  l£  inches  long,  fragile :  larger  spines  4,  cruciate,  mostly  yellowish 
brown,  with  4  to  6  smaller  white  radiating  ones  below ;  bristles  few :  flowers  yel- 
low :  fruit  with  20  to  28  clusters  of  bristles,  only  the  upper  ones  with  a  few 
short  spines.  —  From  the  Upper  Missouri  and  Yellowstone  to  New  Mexico. 

§  2.    Joints  cylindrical,  more  or  less  tuberculated :  seed  not  margined. 

6.  O.  arborescens,  Eng.     Arborescent,  5  to  6  feet  high  (much  higher 
farther  south)  :   branches  numerous,  verticillate,  horizontal   or  pendulous  : 
joints  verticillate :   tubercles  cristate,  prominent :  spines  8  to  30,  divaricately 
stellate :    berry  sub-hemispherical,  tuberculate-cristate,  yellow,  unarmed.  — 
Wisliz.  Rep.  6.    Abundant  from  Central  Colorado  southward. 


ORDER  35.     FICOIDEJE. 

A  miscellaneous  group,  chiefly  of  fleshy  or  succulent  plants,  with 
mostly  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules ;  differing  from  Caryopliyllacece 
and  Portulacacece  by  having  distinct  partitions  to  the  ovary  and  capsule  j 
the  stamens  sometimes  numerous,  as  in  Cactaceo? ;  petals  wanting  in 
ours. 

1.  Sesuvimn.    Calyx-lobes  5,  petaloid.     Stamens  5  to  60.     Capsule  circumscissile.     Suc- 

culent 

2.  Mollugo.    Sepals  5.    Stamens  3  or  5.    Capsule  3-valved.    Not  succulent. 

1.     SESITVIUM,    L.        SEA  PURSLANE. 

Calyx-tube  turbiuate;  the  lobes  apiculate  on  the  back  near  the  top,  mem- 
branously  margined.  Styles  3  to  5.  Capsule  ovate-oblong.  —  Smooth  branch- 
ing mostly  prostrate  herbs  :  leaves  opposite,  linear  to  spatulate,  entire :  flowers 
axillary  and  terminal,  solitary  or  clustered. 

1.  S.  Portulacastrum,  L.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceo- 
late :  flowers  sessile  or  pedicellate  :  calyx-lobes  more  or  less  purple :  stamens 
many.  —  From  California  through  Nevada  and  Colorado  to  New  Mexico. 

2.    M  OL  LIT  GO,    L.        CARPET-WEED. 

Stamens  hypogynous.  Styles  3.  Seeds  longitudinally  sulcate  on  the  back. 
—  Low  and  much  branched,  glabrous :  leaves  spatulate  to  linear-oblanceolate, 
entire,  opposite  and  apparently  verticillate :  flowers  mostly  on  long  pedicels 
and  axillary. 

1.  M.  verticillata,  L.  Prostrate:  pedicels  umbellately  fascicled  at  the 
nodes :  capsule  oblong-ovoid  :  seeds  reniform,  shining.  —  From  Colorado  to 
Arizona  and  New  Mexico  ;  also  in  California  and  the  Atlantic  States. 


ORDER  36.    UUIBEULIFEB.E.     (PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  small  flowers  in  umbels,  five  epigynous  stamens  and 
petals,  and  two  styles ;  the  calyx  adnate  to  the  2-celled  ovary,  which 


UMBELLIFEIl^E.      (PARSLEY  FAMILY.)  113 

contains  one  ovule  in  each  cell;  and  the  fruit  splitting  into  a  pair  of 
dry  seed-like  indehiscent  carpels.  Stem  commonly  hollow.  Leaves 
mainly  alternate,  mostly  compound,  often  decompound,  the  petiole 
expanded  or  sheathing  at  base.  Umbels  usually  compound,  forming 
jimbettets.  The  bracts  under  the  general  umbel  form  an  involucre, 
under  an  umbellet  an  involucel.  The  enlarged  base  of  the  styles  is  the 
stylopodium,  which  is  often  surrounded  by  an  epigynous  disk.  Each 
carpel  has  usually  5  longitudinal  ribs :  in  the  intervals  are  usually  one 
or  more  longitudinal  oil-tubes,  or  vittce.  The  face  by  \vhich  the  two 
carpels  cohere  is  the  commissure :  a  slender  prolongation  of  the  axis 
between  them  is  the  carpophore  ;  this  is  apt  to  split  into  two  branches, 
a  carpel  suspended  from  the  tip  of  each. 

I.  Umbels  irregularly  compound,  the  flowers  capitate  in  the  umbellets.    Oil-tubes  obscure. 

1.  Saiiicula.     Leaves  lobed  and  incised.      Flowers  polygamous,  mostly  yellow.     Fruit 

covered  with  hooked  prickles  or  tubercles. 

II.  Umbels  regularly  compound.     Fruit  without  prominent  secondary  ribs  and  not  fur- 

nished with  hooked  or  barbed  prickles.  *    Oil-tubes  rarely  wanting. 

*  Fruit  more  or  less  compressed  laterally,  broadly  ovate  or  subglobose  to  elliptic-oblong, 

not  broadly  winged, 
•i-  Seed  with  sides  moderately  incurved  :  carpophore  2-cleft :  flowers  yellow  or  white. 

2.  Musenium.   Fruit  ovate  or  ovate-oblong  :  ribs  5,  filiform,  slightly  prominent :  oil-tubes 

2  or  3  in  the  intervals. 

3.  Orogeiiia.    Fruit  ovoid  :  ribs  5,  the  3  dorsal  ones  filiform,  the  lateral  thickened,  corky 
'    and  involute  :  oil-tubes  obscure,  3  in  each  interval. 

f-  H-  Seed  nearly  terete  or  but  slightly  concave  on  the  face. 

•H-  Fruit  not  prominently  ribbed :  carpophore,  bifid  or  2-parted.     Involucre  and  involucels 
usually  present.     Flowers  white. 

4.  Cam  in.    Fruit  ovate  or  oblong:  ribs  filiform  :  oil-tubes  solitary. 

5.  Berula.    Fruit  nearly  globose,  emarginate  at  base,  with  thickened  epicarp :  oil-tubes 

numerous  and  contiguous  :  leaflets  ovate-oblong  to  linear,  laciniately  toothed. 
•H-  •»+  Fruit  with  5  strong  ribs  :  carpophore  2-parted. 
=  Involucre  none  :  flowers  yellow:  leaves  all  simple. 

6.  Bupleurum.     Fruit  ovoid-oblong,  with  or  without  oil- tubes :  leaves  entire. 

=  =  Involucres  and  involucels  usually  present :  flowers  white  :  leaves  pinnate  to  pinnately 

decompound. 

7.  Cicuta.     Fruit  broadly  ovate,  with  thick  obtuse  wings  :  oil-tubes  solitary. 

8.  Slum.    Fruit  globular :  ribs  wing-like  :  oil-tubes  1  to  3  in  the  intervals. 

*  *   Fruit   somewhat  compressed  laterally,  linear-oblong,  with  broad  commissure,  not 

winged :  seed  sulcate  or  reniform  in  section  :  carpophore  2-parted,  persistent :  flowers 
white. 

9.  Osmorrhiza.    Fruit  narrowly  attenuate  at  base,  hispid  on  the  acutish  angles  :  oil-tubes 

very  obscure  :  seed  sulcate  on  the  face  or  somewhat  involute :  umbels  nearly  naked  : 
leaflets  ovate,  cleft  and  toothed. 

10.  Glycosma.    Similar,  but  fruit  not  attenuate  at  base,  very  rarely  hispid :  seed  broadly 
sulcate. 

1  The  introduced  genus  Daucus  has  the  secondary  ribs  most  prominent  and  armed  with 
barbed  or  hooked  prickles,  and  solitary  oil-tubes  under  the  wings  or  ribs.  See  foot-note, 
p.  121. 

8 


114:  UMBELLIFEK^E.      (PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 

*  *  *  Fruit  more  or  less  compressed  dorsally,  oblong  to  orbicular. 

•»-  Fruit  somewhat  compressed  dorsally :  the  dorsal  ribs  rather  narrowly  winged  ;  the  lateral 
wiugs  broader,  distinct :  seed  sulcate  and  concave. 

11.  Ldgusticum.    Dorsal  ribs  narrowly  winged  :  oil-tubes  several  in  the  intervals,  obscure  : 

seed  reniform  in  section :  flowers  white  or  yellow. 

12.  Thaspium.    Dorsal  ribs  strong  and  winged  :  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals  :  seed 

orbicular  and  somewhat  angled  in  section  :  flowers  yellow. 
H-  •>-  Fruit  much  flattened  dorsally. 

•H-  Lateral  wings  broad,  distinct ;  the  dorsal  more  or  less  prominent :  seed  concave  on  the 
face  or  nearly  flat. 

13.  Angelica*    Dorsal  wings  narrower  than  the  lateral :  oil-tubes  solitary:  stout  herbs, 

with  white  flowers  and  naked  or  nearly  naked  umbels. 

14.  Archangelica.     Similar,  but  with  stouter  ribs,  and  2  to  3  or  more  oil-tubes  in  each 

interval  adhering  to  the  loose  seed. 

15.  Cymopterus.     Dorsal  wings  as  broad  as  the  lateral  ones  :  oil-tubes  one  to  several  in 

the  intervals :  low  perennial  herbs  :  flowers  yellow  or  white  :  involucres  present. 
•H-  -H-  Lateral  wings  coherent  till  maturity  ;  dorsal  ribs  filiform  :  seed  nearly  flat  on  the  face. 

16.  Peucedanum.    Lateral  wings  thin  :  oil-tubes  as  long  as  the  fruit :  involucre  none : 

low  perennials  :  flowers  yellow  or  white,  not  radiate. 

17.  Heracleum.    Lateral  wings  thin  :  oil-tubes  solitary,  clavate,  not  reaching  the  base  of 

the  fruit :  involucre  deciduous :  stout,  pubescent  perennials,  with  white,  often  radiate 
flowers. 

18.  Archemora.    Lateral  wings  thin,  broad :  oil-tubes  solitary :  involucre  nearly  none : 

smooth  perennials,  with  white  flowers  and  rather  rigid  leaves. 

19.  Ferula.    Lateral  wings  corky,  as  thick  as  the  fruit ;  dorsal  ribs  filiform  :  oil-tubes  very 

numerous,  mostly  obscure. 

20.  Polytaenia.    Lateral  wings  corky,  tumid,  thicker  than  the  fruit ;  back  nearly  ribless  : 

oil-tubes  two  in  the  intervals. 


1.     SANICULA,    Tourn.         SAXICLE.    BLACK  SNAKEROOT. 

Calyx-teeth  foliaceous,  persistent.  Fruit  subglobose  or  obovoid  :  ribs  obso- 
lete :  oil-tubes  numerous.  Seed  hemispherical.  —  Smooth  perennials,  with 
nearly  naked  stems:  leaves  palmately  divided;  the  lobes  more  or  less  pin- 
natifid  or  incised :  umbels  involucrate  with  sessile  leafy  usually  toothed 
bracts ;  the  bracts  of  the  involucels  small  and  entire. 

1 .  S.  Marylandica,  L.  Stem  2  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  all  5  to  7-parted  : 
sterile  flowers  numerous,  on  slender  pedicels  :  styles  elongated  and  conspicu- 
ous, recurved.  —  Colorado  and  W.  Montana ;  common  throughout  the  Atlantic 
States. 

2.    MUSENIUM,    Nutt. 

Calyx-teeth  persistent.  Petals  obovate,  with  inflexed  point.  —  Perennial, 
dwarf,  rather  foetid,  resiniferous  herbs,  with  fusiform  roots  and  a  short 
caudex,  or  branching  dichotomously  from  the  base  :  leaves  2  to  3-pinnatifid  : 
involucre  none ;  involucels  unilateral,  of  a  few  rather  rigid  narrow  leaflets. 

1.  M.  divaricatum,  Nutt.  Decumbent  :  stem  short,  dichotomously 
branching  from  the  base :  leaves,  except  the  radical,  opposite,  glabrous,  shining, 
bipinnatijid ;  divisions  confluent  with  the  winged  rhachis :  flowers  yellow:  fruit 
somewhat  glabrous ;  oil-tubes  filled  with  a  strong  terebinthine  oil.  —  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  642.  "  Naked  and  arid  hills  of  the  Upper  Missouri,"  Nuttall. 


UMBELLIFEK^E.       (PARSLEY   FAMILY.)  115 

Var.  Hookeri,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Rhachis  narrow:  fruit  scabrous.  —  Loc.  cit. 
M.  trachyspermum,  Nutt.  From  the  Saskatchewan  to  the  Upper  Missouri,  the 
Platte,  and  S.  W.  Montana. 

2.  M.  tGnuifolium,  Nutt.  Acaulescent,  erect  and  somewhat  cespitose,  of 
glaucous  hue:  leaves  tripinnately  divided;  segments  linear:  Jlowers  white:  fruit 
nearly  glabrous ;  oil-tubes  with  a  more  aromatic  oil  than  in  the  former  species. 
—  Loc.  cit.  "  Rocky  Mountains,"  Nuttall. 

3.    OROGENIA,    Watson. 

Calyx-teeth  minute.  Commissure  with  2  to  4  oil-tubes  :  carpophore  adnate 
to  the  carpels  and  forming  a  thick  corky  midrib  dividing  the  hollowed  face 
of  the  commissure  longitudinally.  —  Dwarf,  scarcely  caulescent,  glabrous  : 
root  tuberous :  leaves  radical,  1  to  2-ternate,  with  entire  linear  segments : 
umbel  with  few  very  short  unequal  rays. 

1.  O.  linearifolia,  Watson.  Stem  an  inch  or  two  above  ground  and 
very  slender :  leaves  2  or  3,  upon  filiform  petioles,  equalling  the  stem  :  umbels 
with  2  or  3  rays ;  umbellets  3  to  5-flowered :  involucre  none ;  involucels  of 
1  to  3  linear  leaflets  exceeding  the  rays.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  120,  pi.  14. 
Wahsatch  Mountains,  on  damp  shaded  ridges. 

4.    CARUM,   L. 

Calyx-teeth  small.  Stylopodium  conical.  —  Smooth,  erect,  slender  biennial 
herbs  or  acaulescent,  with  tuberous  or  fusiform  fascicled  roots :  leaves  mostly 
simply  pinnate  with  a  few  leaflets. 

1.  C.  Gairdneri,  Benth.  &  Hook.     Stem  1  to  4  feet  high,  from  a  tuberous 
root :  leaves  few,  with  3  to  7  linear  entire  leaflets ;  the  lower  leaves  rarely  pin- 
nate with  entire  or  toothed  divisions  ;  upper  leaves  usually  simple  :  involucre 
of  a  single  linear  leaflet,  or  often  wanting;  involucels  of  several  linear  bracts: 

flowers  white.  —  From  Washington  through  Idaho  to  Wyoming,  and  thence 
to  S.  California.  A  common  article  of  food  among  the  Indians,  who  call  it 
"yamp." 

2.  C.  (?)  Hallii,  Watson.     Acaulescent  from  a  stout  caudex  branching  at 
the  summit :   leaves  pinnate  or  pinnatisect ;  leaflets  or  segments  oblong  or  sub- 
ovate  in  outline,  p innately  3  to  7-lobed  and  Jew  toothed:  scape  very  simple,  naked, 
surpassing  the  leaves,  10  inches  high:   involucel  deeply  parted:  flowers  yel- 
low.—  Bibl.  Index,  i.  416.     Seseli  Hallii,  Gray.      Musenium    Greenei,  Gray. 
Colorado. 

5.    BERULA,    Koch. 

Calyx-teeth  minute.  Stylopodium  conical  and  styles  short.  Commissure 
broad.  Seed  terete.  — A  smooth  perennial  aquatic  :  leaves  pinnate :  involucre 
and  involucels  of  several  leaflets. 

1.  B.  angustifolia,  Koch.  Erect,  £  to  3  feet  high,  the  stem  stout  and 
angled  :  leaflets  about  6  pairs,  ovate-oblong  to  linear,  often  laciniately  lobed  at 
base,  and  the  upper  ones  especially  more  or  less  deeply  cut-toothed  :  involucre 
and  involucels  of  6  to  8  entire  linear-lanceolate  leaflets.  —  Slum  angusti folium, 
L.  From  Colorado  northward,  and  eastward  across  the  continent ;  also  in 
California. 


116  UMBELLIFEK.E.      (PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 

6.    B  UP  LEU  RUM,    Tourn.        THOROUGH-WAX. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  somewhat  twin.  —  Herbs  with  simple  entire 
leaves. 

1.  B.  ranunculoides,  L.  Radical  leaves  linear-lanceolate;  cauline 
ones  clasping,  cordate-oblong,  striate :  involucre  about  3-leaved,  unequal ; 
leaflets  of  the  involucel  5,  ovate,  mucronate.  —  Head-waters  of  Madison, 
Gallatin,  and  Snake  Rivers. 

7.    CICUTA,    L.        WATER  HEMLOCK. 

Calyx-teeth  small,  acute.  Stylopodium  depressed.  Commissure  narrow.  — 
Smooth,  tall  branching  marsh  perennials,  with  stout  hollow  stems :  umbels 
many-rayed  :  roots  thick  and  fascicled,  very  poisonous  :  flowering  in  summer. 

1.  C.  maculata,  L.     Stout,  3  to  6  feet  high :   lower  leaves  on  petioles 
1  or  2  feet  long,  bipinnate ;  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate :  invo- 
lucre usually  wanting ;  involucels  of  6  to  8  narrow  lanceolate  leaflets :    flowers 
white :    fruit  broadly  ovate.  —  Across  the  continent  from  the  Atlantic  to 
Washington  Territory  and  the  Sierras. 

2.  C.  (?)  trachypleura,  Watson.     Stem  a  foot  or  more  high,  striate,  1 
to  3-leaved,  bearing  2  to  3  umbels  on  long  peduncles :   leaves  ternately  decom- 
pound, segments  filiform  :  involucre  and  involucels  of  I  to  3  small  subulate  leaflets: 
flowers  yellow:  fruit  twin-ovate.  —  Bibl.  Index,  i.  417.     Thaspium  trachypleu- 
rum,  Gray.     Colorado. 

8.    S I  U  M,    L.        WATER  PARSNIP. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete  (in  ours).  Stylopodium  depressed  and  styles  short. 
Commissure  narrow.  —  Smooth  perennial  aquatics,  with  angled  stems :  leaves 
pinnate  and  leaflets  serrate :  involucre  and  involucels  of  several  bracts : 
floAvers  white. 

1.  S.  cicutsefolmm,  Gmelin.  Tall:  leaflets  linear,  lanceolate,  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, tapering  to  a  sharp  point.  —  S.  lineare,  Michx.  From  Colo- 
rado to  the  Saskatchewan  and  the  Atlantic ;  also  along  the  Pacific  slope. 

9.    OSMOBRHIZA,    Raf.        SWEET  CICELY. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Carpels  5-angled.  Seed  terete,  sulcate  on  the  face 
or  with  margins  contiguous  and  enclosing  a  central  cavity.  —  Perennials,  with 
thick  aromatic  roots,  more  or  less  hirsute  :  leaves  large,  2  to  3-ternately  com- 
pound :  involucre  small  or  none. 

1.  O.  Hilda,  Torr.     Rather  slender,  2  or  3  feet  high,  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent with  spreading  hairs :  umbel  long-peduncled,  3  to  5-rayed,  usually  naked  : 
style  and  Stylopodium  very  short.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  93.      From  Colorado 
westward  and  along  the  coast  from  California  to  Alaska.     Closely  allied  to 
the  Eastern  0.  brevistijlis. 

2.  O.  longistylis,  DC.     Branching,  2  or  3  feet  high :  leaflets  sparingly 
pubescent  or  smooth  with  age,  short-pointed  :  style  slender,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
ovary. — From  Dakota  eastward  across  the  continent. 


UMBELLIFER^E.      (PARSLEY  FAMILY.)  117 

10.    GLYCOSMA,   Nutt. 

Stylopodium  depressed :  seed  semiterete  or  angled,  with  rather  a  broad 
sulcus.  —  Involucre  and  involucels  wanting. 

1.  G.  OCCidentale,  Nutt.  Rather  stout,  2  feet  high  or  more,  finely 
puberulent  throughout,  excepting  the  inflorescence :  leaves  2-ternate ;  leaflets 
oblong-lanceolate,  serrate.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  639.  Myrrhis  occidental  is, 
Benth.  &  Hook.  Head-waters  of  Snake  and  Yellowstone  Rivers  to  Oregon 
and  California. 

11.    LIGUSTICUM,    L.        LOVAGE. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Stylopodium  usually  conical ;  margin  of  the  disk 
undulate.  Fruit  with  a  broad  commissure.  —  Smooth  perennials,  usually 
tall :  leaves  pinnately  or  ternate  and  pinnately  decompound :  umbels  many- 
rayed,  naked  or  involucrate. 

*  Flowers  white. 

1.  L.  apiifolium,  Benth.  &  Hook.     Stems  2  to  4  feet  high,  leafy  or 
naked,  with  2  to  4  umbels  on  long  peduncles :  leaves  pinnately  decompound, 
the  segments  iucisely  lobed ;  cauline  leaves  ternate,  upon  a  short  dilated 
sheath  :  fruit  2 \  lines  long,  with  a  conical  stylophore :  seed  with  a  central  longi- 
tudinal ridge  on  the  concave  face.  —  Probably  the  Conioselinum  Canadense  of 
Hayd.  Rep.  1872.    Colorado  and  northward  into  Montana,  but  more  abundant 
westward. 

2.  L.  SCOpulorum,  Gray.     Very  similar,  but  the  fruit  larger,  4  lines 
long,  more  broadly  winged  and  ovate,  and  the  seed  more  depressed,  almost  reni- 
form  in  section.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  347.    Colorado,  alpine  and  subalpine. 

3.  L.  filicinum,  Watson.     Rather  slender,  l£  feet  high:  leaves  broadly 
triangular  in  outline,  ternate,  the  divisions  bipinnate,  and  the  segments  deeply  pin- 
natifid  with  linear  acute  lobes :  stylophore  obscure :  seed  obscurely  ridged  on  the 
back.  — Loc.  cit.  xi.  140.    L.  apiifolium,  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.    In  the  Wahsatch 
and  Uinta  Mountains  and  Wyoming. 

*  #  Flowers  yellow. 

4.  L.  montanum,  Benth.  &  Hook.     Very  smooth :  stem  slender,  1  to  2 
feet  high  :  leaves  2-ternately  divided  ;  leaflets  cuneiform,  trifid ;  lobes  oblong 
or  lanceolate,  sometimes  linear,  entire,  or  the  larger  ones  incised.  —  Colorado 
and  Arizona. 

12.    THASPIUM,    Nutt.        MEADOW-PARSNIP. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete  or  short.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  1  to  2-ternately 
divided  leaves  (or  the  root-leaves  simple) :  umbels  with  no  involucre  and 
minute  few-leaved  involucels. 

1.  T.  trifoliatum,  Gray.  Glabrous,  stems  somewhat  branched  :  root- 
leaves  or  some  of  them  round  and  heart-shaped  ;  stem-leaves  simply  ternate 
or  quinate,  or  3-parted  ;  the  divisions  or  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate  or  roundish, 
mostly  abrupt  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  crenately  toothed  :  flowers  deep 
yellow.  —  Manual,  195.  Colorado  and  northward  into  Montana,  and  east- 
ward to  the  Atlantic  States. 


118  UMBELL1FEKJE.      (PARSLEY   FAMILY.) 

13.    ANGELICA,    L. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete  or  minute.  Stylopodium  depressed  Fruit  ovate,  with 
a  very  broad  commissure.  —  Usually  tall  and  stout  perennials  (ours  are 
glabrous  or  nearly  so) :  leaves  pinnate  or  compound,  the  toothed  segments 
usually  broad  umbels  many-rayed. 

#  Inrolucre  and  involucels  none. 

1.  A.  pinnata,  Watson.     Stem  rather  slender,  2  to  3  feet  high  :    leaves 
simply  pinnate,  with  a  tendency  to  be  bipinnate  in  the  lower  pair  of  leaflets  ; 
leaflets  1  to  6  inches  long,  ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  sharply  and  somewhat 
unequally  serrate,  occasionally  entire.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  126.     Wahsatch  and 
Uinta  Mountains. 

2.  A.  Lyallii,  Watson.     Stout,  4  or  5  feet  high:  leaves  ternate-qumate ;  the 
leaflets  lanceolate,  mostly  caneate  at  base,  unequally  dentate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
xvii.  374.     From  Montana  to  Oregon  and  the  British  boundary. 

#  *  Involucre  and  involucels  conspicuous. 

3.  A.  Dawsoni,  Watson.    Rather  slender,  1  to  3  feet  high  :  radical  leaves 
biternate,  the  lanceolate  leaflets  1  or  2  inches  long,  sharply  and  finely  serrate, 
the  terminal  one  sometimes  deeply  3-cleft:  cauline  leaves  (1  or  2  or  none) 
similar :  umbel  solitary,  the  conspicuous  involucre  of  numerous  foliaceous 
lacerately  toothed  bracts  nearly  equalling  the  rays ;  involucels  similar.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xx.  369.    Rocky  Mountains  near  the  British  boundary,  and  proba- 
bly in  N.  Montana. 

14.    ARCHANGELICA,    Hoffm. 

Calyx-teeth  short.  Seed  becoming  loose  in  the  pericarp.  —  Much  like 
Angelica. 

1.  A.  Gmelini,  DC.  Stem  a  little  downy  at  the  summit,  1  to  3  feet 
high :  leaves  2  to  3-ternately  divided ;  leaflets  ovate,  acute,  cut-serrate,  gla- 
brous :  fruit  oblong.  —  Colorado  to  Oregon  and  Behring's  Straits ;  also  along 
the  New  England  coast. 

15.    CYMOPTERUS,    Raf. 

Calyx-teeth  prominent  or  often  small  or  obsolete.     Stylopodium  depressed. 
Fruit  ovate  or  elliptical,  obtuse  or  retuse.  —  Low  and  often  cespitose,  with  a 
thickened  root :  leaves  pinnately  and  finely  decompound,  with  small  narrow 
segments :  umbels  usually  with  both  involucre  and  involucels. 
#  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  C.  alpinus,  Gray.     Caudex  cespitose:  leaves  pinnatisect ;  pinnas  3  to  5, 
approximate,  3   to   7-parted ;    segments  linear-lanceolate,  very  entire,  or   the 
lower  2  to  3-cleft :  scape  2  to  4  inches  high,  bearing  a  subcapitate  umbel  a  little 
longer  than  the  leaves:    involucels  5  to   7-parted;    segments  equalling  the 
golden  flowers  :   wings  of  the  fruit  somewhat  erose ;  oil-tubes  I   or  2  in  the 
intervals,  4  on  the  commissure.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  n.  xxxiii.  408.     High  alpine, 
from  Colorado  to  Mentana. 

2.  C.  terebinthinus,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Shortly  caulescent,  6  to  18  inches 
high,  leafy  at  base :  leaves  rather  rigid,  thrice  pinnate :  leaflets  a  line  long  or 


UMBELLIFER2E.      (PARSLEY  FAMILY.)  119 

less,  linear-oblong,  entire,  or  1  to  2-toothed :  involucre  a  single  linear  leaflet 
or  wanting ;  involucels  of  several  short  bracts  :  oil-tubes  2  to  4  in  the  intervals, 
4  to  10  on  the  commissure.  — Fl.  i.  624.  C.  foeniculaceus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Colo- 
rado and  northward,  thence  westward  to  California  and  Washington. 

*  *  Flowers  white. 
-t-  Peduncles  shorter  (sometimes  longer  in  No.  3)  than  the  leaves. 

3.  C.  montanus,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Root  long  and  fleshy :  stem  2  to  6  inches 
high:   leaves  glaucous,  ovate  in  outline,  bipinnately  divided ;  segments  rather 
few  and  distant :  involucre  and  involucel  somewhat  compamdate,  scarious,  about 
5-parted  :  flowers  polygamous :  fruit  with  membranous  wings ;  oil-tubes  4  on  the 
commissure.  — Loc.  cit.    Colorado,  northward  and  westward. 

4.  C.  glomeratus,  Raf.     Root  thick  and  fusiform:    stem  3  to  8  inches 
high ;  caudex  bearing  the  leaves  and  peduncles  at  the  summit :  leaves  on  long 
petioles,  ternatelij  divided  and  bipinnatijid :  leaflets  of  the  palmately  5  to  1 -parted 
involucre  coherent  at  base  and  partly  adnate  to  the  rays  of  the  umbellets :  fruit 
with  thickened  and  somewhat  spongy  wings,"   oil-tubes  3  to  4  in  the  intervals, 
about  8  on  the  commissure.  —  Colorado  and  northward,  also  eastward  along  the 
Missouri  and  Arkansas  Rivers. 

5.  C.  campestris,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Root  tuberous:  plant  about  2  inches 
high:  leaves  3-parted,  the  divisions  remote,  bipinnatijid:  involucels  minute:  fruit 
with  somewhat  thickened  and  spongy  wings,  the  alternate  ones  obsolete  ;  oil- 
tubes  6  on  the  commissure.  —  Loc.  cit.     "  Plains  of  the  Platte  near  the  Rocky 
Mountains"  (Nuttall). 

-i-  -t-  Peduncles  equalling  the  leaves  or  longer. 

6.  C.  (?)  anisatus,  Gray.     Acaulescent,  cespitose  from  a  much-branched 
caudex,  glabrous:  leaves  narrow,  on  long  petioles,  somewhat  rigid,  pinnate; 
leaflets  6  to  10  pairs,  pinnately  parted;  segments  entire  or  laciniately  lobed, 
linear,  pungently  acute :   involucre  usually  none ;  involucels  of  6  to  8  linear 
leaflets :  fruit  irregularly  winged ;    calyx-teeth  conspicuous ;    oil-tubes  one  in 
each  narrow  interval,  2  to  4  on  the  commissure.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863, 
p.  63.     Colorado,  Nevada,  and  the  Wahsatch. 

7.  C.  bipinnatus,  Watson.     Cespitose,  the  short  branches  of  the  root- 
stock  covered  with  the  crowded  remains  of  dead  leaves,  glaucous,  rough-puberu- 
lent :  leaves  pinnate ;  leaflets  4  or  5  pairs,  subequal,  3  to  5  lines  long  or  less, 
pinnately  divided ;  segments  linear,  entire  or  cleft  into  short  linear  lobes : 
scape  4  to  6  inches  high,  much  exceeding  the  leaves :  involucels  of  several  linear- 
lanceolate  leaflets  :  fruit  nearly  sessile,  li  or  2  lines  long;  wings  thin,  but  some- 
what corky,  narrow;  oil-tubes  3  or  4  in  the  rather  broad  intervals.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xx.  368.     C.  foeniculaceus  of  Hayd.  Rep.  1871.     Resembling  C.  alpinus. 
Mountains  of  Montana,  Hat/den,  Watson,  Canby. 

16.    PEUCEDANITM,    L. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete  or  slightly  prominent.  Disk  and  stylopodium  small 
and  depressed.  —  Perennials,  with  fusiform  or  tuberous  roots,  caulescent  or 
acaulescent :  umbels  mostly  involucellate :  leaves  pinnate  to  decompoundly 
dissected.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  121. 


120  UMBELLIFER.E.      (PARSLEY   FAMILY.) 

*  Leaves  not  finely  dissected  (rarely  bipinnate),  the  segments  large  or  broad  or 

elongated :  flowers  yellow :  fruit  glabrous. 

•*-  Acaulescent,  glabrous  :  fruit  oblong :  leaves  pinnate  or  bipinnate  ;  leaflets 
narrowly  linear. 

1.  P.  graveolens,  Watson.     Scape  6  to  18  inches  high,  a  little  exceed- 
ing the  leaves :  fruit  4  or  5  lines  long,  narrowly  margined  :  oil-tubes  about 

2  in  the  intervals,  4  on  the  commissure.  — Bot.  King's  Exp.  128.     Mountains 
of  Utah  and  Colorado,  subalpine. 

•>-•  •»—  Caulescent :  oil-tubes  solitary :  leaflets  linear,  entire. 

2.  P.  simplex,  Nutt.      Finely  puberulent,  often  tall :    leaves  ternate  or 
biternate:  fruit  orbicular,  3  to  6  lines  long,  emarginate  at  each  end;   wings 
broader    than    the    body ;    ribs    prominent.  —  From   S.  W.    Montana  to  N. 
Arizona. 

3.  P.  ambiglium,  Nutt.     Glabrous,  often  low:  leaves  1  to  ^-pinnate  with 
long  leaflets,  the  upper  often  more  dissected :  fruit  narrowly  oblong,  4  lines  long, 
narrowly    winged ;   oil-tubes  2  on  the  commissure.  —  Torr.   &  Gray,  Fl.  i. 
626.     "W.  Montana  to  Oregon  and  Washington.     Root  much  used  by  the 
Indians. 

*  *  Leaves  ample,  very  finely  dissected  with  short  filiform  segments :  flowers 

yellow :  fruit  glabrous. 
•*-  Acaulescent,  usually  tomentose :  fruit  orbicular  or  broadly  elliptical. 

4.  P.  famiculaceum,  Nutt.      Sometimes  even  glabrous  :    involucels 
gamophyllous,  5  to  7-cleft :    fruit  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter;    ribs  prominent; 
oil-tubes  1  to  3  in  the  intervals,  2  to  4  on  the  commissure.  —  Loc.  cit.  627. 
From  the  Saskatchewan  to  Nebraska  and  the  Indian  Territory. 

H—  •(—  Caulescent,  glabrous:  fruit  oblong. 

5.  P.  bicolor,  Watson.     Stem  short :    peduncle  elongated  :    rays  few, 
very  unequal:  involucel  of  a  few  linear  bractlets  :  fruit  narrowing  from  near 
the  base,  narrowly  winged  ;   ribs  filiform ;   oil-tubes  obscure.  —  Bot.  King's 
Exp.  129.     Wahsatch  Mountains. 

*  #  #  Leaves  smaller,  much  or  finely  dissected  with  small  segments:  flowers 

yellow :  fruit  pubescent :  low,  acaulescent. 

6.  P.  villosum,  Nutt.     More  or  less  densely  pubescent :  leaves  of  very 
numerous  crowded  narrow  segments  :    umbels  dense  in  flower :   fruit  oval, 

3  or  4  lines  long ;  oil-tubes  several  in  the  intervals.  —  From  Nebraska  to  W. 
Nevada  and  S.  Utah.  . 

*  *  *  *  Leaves  much  dissected  with  small  segments :  flowers  white :  fruit 
glabrous:  usually  low,  somewhat  caulescent  or  scarcely  so. 

7.  P.  macrocarpum,  Nutt.     More  or  less  pubescent :  involucels  conspicu- 
ous: fruit  4  to  10  lines  long,  2  or  3  wide;  calyx-teeth  evident;  ribs  filiform;  oil- 
tubes  rarely  2  or  3  in  the  intervals,  2  to  4  on  the  commissure.  —  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  627.     From  the  Saskatchewan  to  Washington   Territory  and 
N.  California. 

8.  P.  nudicaule,  Nutt.     Nearly  glabrous  :   involucels  small :  fruit  ellip- 
tical, 2  or  3  lines  long ;  calyx-teeth  obsolete ;   ribs  prominent ;  oil-tubes  always 
solitary,  2  to  4  on  the  commissure.  —  Loc.  cit.     Nebraska  and  N.  Colorado. 


ARALIACE^.     (GINSENG  FAMILY.)  121 

17.    HERACLEUM,   L.        Cow  PARSNIP. 

Calyx-teeth  small  or  obsolete.  Disk  undulate  ;  stylopodium  conical.  Fruit 
orbicular  or  elliptical ;  oil-tubes  2  on  the  commissure :  seed  flat  and  thin.  — 
Leaves  ample,  compound  :  umbels  many-rayed :  involucels  many-leaved. 

1.  H.  lanatum,  Miehx.  A  very  large  strong-scented  plant,  4  to  8  feet 
high,  woolly :  stem  grooved :  leaves  1  to  2-ternately  compound ;  leaflets 
somewhat  heart-shaped.  —  From  Colorado  to  British  America  and  eastward 
to  the  Atlantic ;  also  in  California. 

18.    ARC  HE  MOB  A,    DC.        COWBANE. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  oval,  flattish ;  ribs  approximated  and  equidistant 
on  the  convex  back ;  oil-tubes  4  to  6  on  the  commissure.  —  Leaves  pinnate, 
with  3  to  9  lanceolate  or  linear  leaflets  :  involucels  of  numerous  small  leaflets. 

1.  A.  Fendleri,  Gray.  Root  fasciculate-tuberose;  tubers  3  to  4,  about 
an  inch  long :  stem  simple,  1  to  2  feet  high  :  leaflets  of  the  radical  and  lower 
cauline  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  all  incisely  serrate  throughout :  fruit  hardly 
2  lines  long.  —  PL  FendL  56.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

19.    FERULA,    L. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Disk  small  and  stylopodium  depressed.  Fruit 
oblong-elliptical  or  nearly  orbicular.  —  Smooth,  nearly  acaulescent  peren- 
nials, with  thick  fusiform  roots :  leaves  pinnately  decompound :  flowers 
yellow,  in  many-rayed  umbels. 

1.  !P.  multifida,  Gray.  Stems  1^  to  2  feet  high,  stout,  naked  or  with 
1  or  2  leaves :  segments  of  the  3  to  4-pinnate  leaves  incisely  piunatifid,  with 
narrow  or  linear  lobes:  flowers  dull  yellow  or  brownish. — Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
vii.  348.  In  the  Wahsatch,  W.  Montana,  Idaho,  and  Oregon. 

20.    POLYTJENIA,1   DC. 

Calyx  5-toothed.    Fruit  oval,  very  flat;  many  oil-tubes  in  the  corky  margin. 

—  A  smooth  herb,  with  2-pinnate  leaves,  the  uppermost  opposite  and  3-cleft : 
iuvolucels  bristly  :  flowers  bright  yellow. 

1.  P.  Nuttallii,  DC.  Plant  2  or  3  feet  high,  with  rather  a  stout  sulcate 
stem  which  is  usually  scabrous  and  leafy :  leaves  mostly  on  long  petioles,  the 
segments  pinnately  incised  or  toothed :  fruit  3  lines  long,  entire  at  each  end. 

—  Plains  of  the  Platte  and  eastward  to  Indiana  and  Louisiana. 


ORDER  37.     ARALIACE^E.     (GINSENG  FAMILY.) 

Like  Umbettiferce,  bnt  the  umbels  not  regularly  compound,  stems  apt 
to  be  woody,  styles  and  carpels  more  than  two,  and  the  fruit  fleshy 
(berry-like  or  drupaceous). 

1.  Aralia.    Petals  imbricated.     Ovary  2  to  5-celled.     Pedicels  jointed.     Ours  not  prickly. 

2.  Fatsia.      Petals  valvate.     Ovary  2  to  3-celled.      Pedicels  not  jointed.     Very  prickly 

throughout. 

1  The  introduced  Daitcus  Carota,  L.,  may  he  known  by  its  bristly  stem,  pinnatifid  invo- 
lucre which  equals  the  dense  and  concave  umbel,  white  or  cream-colored  flowers,  the  central 
one  of  each  umbellet  being  abortive  and  dark  purple. 


122  CORKAGES.     (DOGWOOD  FAMILY.) 

1.    All  ALIA,    L.        SPIKENARD. 

Calyx  5-toothed  or  entire.  Petals  5,  ovate.  Stamens  5.  Disk  depressed 
or  rarely  conical.  Ovary  2  to  5-celled :  styles  free  or  connate  at  base,  at  length 
divaricate.  Fruit  laterally  compressed,  becoming  3  to  5-angled.  —  Perennial 
herbs  or  shrubs :  leaves  alternate,  digitate  or  compound,  with  serrate  leaflets : 
umbels  mostly  simple,  solitary,  racemed  or  panicled. 

1.  A.  racemosa,  L-     Herbaceous:  stem  widely  branched:   leaves  very 
large,  quinately  or  pinnately  decompound ;  leaflets  cordate-ovate,  doubly  serrate  : 
umbels  very  numerous  in  a  large  compound  panicle.  —  Base  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  Dr.  James,  and  from  Canada  to  Georgia. 

2.  A.  nudicaulis,  L.    Stem  somewhat  woody,  short,  scarcely  rising  out  of 
the  ground,  bearing  a  single  long-stalked  leaf  and  a  shorter  naked  scape,  with  2 
to  7  umbels :  leaflets  oblong-ovate  or  oval,  serrate,  5  on  each  of  the  3  divisions.  — 
In  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  from  Canada  to  the  Southern  States. 

2.    PATS  I  A,   Dene.  &  Planch. 

Woody  plant,  with  very  large  leaves  palmately  lobed,  and  the  capitate  um- 
bels in  a  long  raceme. 

1.  F.  horrida,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Stem  stout  and  woody,  6  to  12  feet 
long,  creeping  at  base,  leafy  at  the  summit,  and  very  prickly  throughout, 
making  the  forests  in  places  almost  impassable.  —  Cascade  and  Coast  Ranges, 
from  the  Columbia  northward,  and  extending  into  the  Bitter-Root  Mountains. 


ORDER  38.    CORNACE.S3.     (DOGWOOD  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  herbs,  with  simple  and  entire  mainly  opposite 
leaves,  no  stipules,  and  flowers  in  cymes  or  involucrate  heads ;  petals 
and  stamens  4  and  epigynous ;  calyx  adherent  to  the  1  to  2-celled  ovary, 
which  becomes  a  1  to  2-seeded  drupe  or  berry. 

1.    COB  NITS,   L.        DOGWOOD.    CORNEL. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  minutely  4-toothed.  Petals  oblong  or  ovate,  val- 
vate.  Style  slender :  stigma  capitate  or  truncate.  —  Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs : 
flowers  white  or  greenish. 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  L.     Stems  low  and  simple,  5  to  7  inches  high,  from  a 
slender  creeping  trunk:  leaves  scarcely  petioled,  the  upper  crowded  into  an 
apparent  whorl  in  sixes  or  fours,  ovate  or  oval :  flowers  greenish,  in  a  head  or 
close  cluster,  which  is  surrounded  by  a  large  and  showy,  ^-leaved,  corolla-like,  white 
or  rarely  pinkish  involucre  :  fruit  bright  red.  —  Colorado  and  nortbward,  thence 
eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.  C.  Stolonifera,  Michx.     Shrub  3  to  6  feet  high ;  branches,  especially 
the  osier-like  annual  shoots,  bright  red-purple,  smooth  :  leaves  ovate,  rounded 
at  the  base,  abruptly  short-pointed,  roughish  ivith  a  minute  close  straight  pubes- 
cence on  both  sides,  whitish  underneath :  flowers  white,  in  open  and  flat  spreading 
cymes:  involucre  none:  fruit  white  or  lead-color.  —  C.  pubescens  of  Fl.  Colorado 
and  King's  and  Hay  den's  Reports.     Same  range  as  the  last. 


CAPKIFOLIACE^E.      (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.)         123 


DIVISION  II.    GAMOPETAL^i. 

Perianth  consisting  of   both  calyx  and  corolla,  the   latter 
more  or  less  gamopetalous,  that  is,  with  petals  united. 


ORDER  39.    CAPRI  FOLIACE^E.     (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  no  stipules,  the  calyx- 
tube  adnate  to  the  2  to  5-celled  ovary,  the  stamens  mostly  as  many  as 
the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  its  tube  or 
base.  Flowers  commonly  5-merous. 

*  Corolla  regular,  short,  rotate  or  open-campanulate :  style  short  or  hardly  any ;  stigmas 

3  to  5 :  fruit  baccate-drupaceous  :  inflorescence  terminal  and  cymose. 
•i-  Herb,  with  stamens  doubled  and  flowers  in  a  capitate  cluster. 

1.  Adoxa.    Calyx  with  hemispherical  tube  adnate  to  above  the  middle  of  the  ovary :  limb 

about  3-toothed.  Corolla  rotate,  4  to  6-cleft.  Stamens  a  pair  below  each  sinus 
of  the  corolla,  each  with  a  peltate  one-celled  anther.  Ovary  3  to  5-celled.  Fruit 
greenish,  maturing  2  to  5  cartilaginous  nutlets. 

t-  -t-  Shrubby  to  tree-like :   stamens  as  many  as  corolla-lobes :   inflorescence  compound- 
cymose  :  anthers  2-celled :  calyx  5-toothed. 

2.  Sambucus.    Leaves  pinnately  compound.    Corolla  rotate  or  nearly  so.     Ovary  3  to  5- 

celled,  forming  small  baccate  drupes. 

3.  Viburnum.     Leaves  simple,  sometimes  lobed.     Corolla  rotate  or  open-campanulate. 

Ovary  1-celled  and  1-ovuled,  becoming  a  drupe. 

*  *  Corolla  commonly  more  or  less  irregular,  elongated  or  at  least  campanulate:   style 

elongated  ;  stigma  mostly  capitate. 

•t-  Herbaceous,  creeping,  with  long-pedunculate  geminate  flowers  and  dry  one-seeded  fruit, 
but  a  3-celled  ovary. 

4.  Unnsea.    Calyx  with  a  5-parted  limb,  constricted  above  the  globular  tube.    Corolla 

campanulate-funnelform,  almost  equally  5-lobed.     Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included. 
Style  exserted. 
-•-  -i-  Shrubs,  with  scaly  winter  buds,  erect  or  climbing :  fruit  two  to  many-seeded. 

5.  Symphoricarpos.    Calyx  with  a  globular  tube  and  4  to  5-toothed  limb.    Corolla  regu- 

lar, not  gibbous,  from  short-campanulate  to  salverform,  4  to  5-lobed.  Ovary  4-celled. 
Fruit  a  globose  berry-like  drupe,  containing  two  small  and  seed-like  bony  nutlets. 

6.  Lonicera.    Calyx  with  ovoid  or  globular  tube  and  a  short  5-toothed  or  truncate  limb. 

Corolla  from  campanulate  to  tubular,  more  or  less  gibbous  at  base  ;  the  limb  irregular 
and  commonly  bilabiate,  sometimes  almost  regular.  Ovaiy  2  to  3-celled.  Fruit  a  few 
to  several-seeded  berry. 

1.    ADOXA,    L.        MOSCHATEL. 

An  anomalous  genus  in  this  order.  Cauline  leaves  a  single  pair:  a  very 
small  herb,  a  span  or  less  high,  with  musky  odor. 

1.  A.  Moschatellina,  L.  Glabrous  and  smooth  :  radical  leaves  once  to 
thrice  ternately  compound ;  cauline  pair  of  leaves  3-parted  or  of  3  obovate 
and  3-cleft  or  parted  leaflets :  flowers  small,  greenish-white  or  yellowish,  4  or 


124        CAPRIFOLIACE^E.      (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.) 

5  in  a  slender-pedunculate  glomerule :  corolla  of  the  terminal  one  4  to  5-cleft, 
of  the  others  5  to  6-cleft.  —  Subalpine,  Arctic  America  to  Colorado  and  east- 
ward in  the  Northern  States. 

2.     SAMBUCUS,    Tourn.        ELDER. 

Plants  with  large  pith  to  the  vigorous  shoots,  serrate  leaflets,  small  flowers 
in  broad  cymes,  and  red  or  black  berry-like  fruits.  Stems  with  warty  bark. 

#  Compound  cymes  thyrsoid-paniculate ;  the  axis  continued  and  sending  off  several 

pairs  of  branches :  pith  of  year-old  shoots  deep  yellow-brown. 

1.  S.  racemosa,  L.     Stems  2  to  12  feet  high;   branches  spreading: 
leaves  from  pubescent  to  nearly  glabrous ;  leaflets  5  to  7,  ovate-oblong  to 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  thickly  and  sharply  serrate  :  thyrsiform  cyme  ovate 
or  oblong :   flowers  dull  white,  drying  brownish  :  fruit  scarlet.  —  S.  pubens, 
Michx.     In  cool  districts,  across  the  continent. 

2.  S.  melanocarpa,  Gray.     Glabrous,  or  young  leaves  slightly  pubes- 
cent :  leaflets  5  to  7,  rarely  9 :  cyme  convex,  as  broad  as  high :  flowers  white  : 
fruit  black,  without  bloom  :  otherwise  much  like  preceding.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
xix.  76.     Ravines  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana  to  Oregon,  and  south 
to  New  Mexico  and  California. 

#  #  Compound  cymes  depressed,  5 -rayed ;  external  rays  once  to  thrice  5-rayed : 

pith  of  year-old  shoots  bright  white, 

3.  S.  Canadensis,  L.    Plants  5  to  10  feet  high,  glabrous,  except  some 
fine  pubescence  on  midrib  and  veins  of  leaves  beneath:   leaflets  (5  to  11) 
mostly  7,  ovate-oval  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  lower  not  rarely  bifid 
or  with  a  lateral  lobe  ;  stipels  not  uncommon,  narrowly  linear,  and  tipped  with 
a  callous  gland  :  fruit  dark  purple,  becoming  black,  with  very  little  bloom.  — 
From  the  S.  Rocky  Mountains  eastward  to  Canada  and  Florida. 

3.    VIBURNUM,   L. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  tough  and  flexible  branches,  simple  leaves,  and 
terminal  depressed  cymes  of  white  flowers.  —  In  our  species  the  drupes  are 
light  red,  globose,  acid  and  edible,  with  the  stone  very  flat,  orbicular,  and 
even,  and  the  leaves  palmately  veined. 

1.  V.  pauciflorum,  Pylaie.  Glabrous  or  pubescent,  2  to  5  feet  high, 
straggling  :  leaves  of  roundish  or  broadly  oval  outline,  unequally  dentate,  many 
of  them  either  obsoletely  or  distinctly  3-lobed,  about  5-nerved  at  base :  cymes 
small,  terminating  short  and  merely  2-leaved  lateral  branches,  involucrate 
with  slender  subulate  caducous  bracts,  destitute  of  neutral  radiant  flowers.  — 
Mountains  of  Colorado,  northward  and  eastward  in  cold  or  mountainous 
regions. 

4.     LINN  .33  A,    Gronov.        TWIN-FLOWER. 

A  trailing  and  creeping  evergreen,  with  filiform  branches,  purplish  rose- 
colored  sweet-scented  flowers  which  are  sometimes  almost  white. 

1 .  L.  borealis,  Gronov.  Somewhat  pubescent :  leaves  obovate  and  rotund, 
£  to  1  inch  long,  crenately  few-toothed,  somewhat  rugose-veiny,  tapering  into 
a  short  petiole  :  peduncles  filiform,  terminating  ascending  short  leafy  branches, 


CAPJMFOLIACE^E.      (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.)         125 

bearing  at  summit  a  pair  of  small  bracts,  and  from  axil  of  each  a  filiform 
one-flowered  pedicel :  pedicels  similarly  2-bracteolate  at  summit,  and  a  pair  of 
larger  ovate  glandular-hairy  inner  bractlets  subtending  the  ovary :  flowers 
nodding.  —  From  the  mountains  of  California,  Colorado,  and  Maryland, 
northward  to  the  Arctic  Circle. 

5.    SYMPHORICARPOS,    Dill.        SNOWBERRY.    INDIAN 

CURRANT. 

Low  and  branching  shrubs,  erect  or  diffuse,  not  climbing  ;  with  small  and 
entire  short-petioled  leaves,  and  2-bracteolate  small  white  or  pinkish  flowers. 
—  Fruit  in  ours  white,  and  the  style  glabrous. 

*  Short-flowered :  corolla  urceolate-  or  open-campanulate,  only  2  or  3  lines  long : 

flowers  in  terminal  and  upper  axillary  clusters,  or  solitary  in  some  axils. 

1 .  S.  OCCidentalis,   Hook.      Robust,   glabrous,   or   slightly   pubescent : 
leaves  oval  or  oblong,  thickish  (larger  2  inches  long) :  axillary  flower-clusters 
not  rarely  pedunculate,  sometimes  becoming  spicate  and  an  inch  long :  corolla 
3  lines  high,  5-cleft  to  beyond  the  middle,  within  densely  villous-hirsute  with  long 
beard-like  hairs :  stamens  and  style  more  or  less  exserted.  —  Mountains  of  Colo- 
rado and  Montana,  northward  and  eastward.     "  Wolf-berry." 

2.  S.  racemOSUS,  Michx.     More  slender  and  glabrous :  leaves  round-oval 
to  oblong,  smaller :  axillary  clusters  mostly  few-flowered,  or  lowest  one-flow- 
ered :  corolla  2  lines  high,  5-lobed  above  the  middle,  moderately  villous-bearded 
within,  narrowed  at  base :  stamens  and  style  not  exserted. — Across  the  conti- 
nent.    "  Snowberry." 

Var.  pauciflorus,  Bobbins.  Low,  more  spreading:  leaves  commonly 
only  an  inch  long :  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  upper  ones,  few  and  loosely 
spicate  in  the  terminal  cluster.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  to  those  of  Oregon, 
Vermont,  and  northward. 

*  *   Longer-flowered :  corolla  from  oblong-campanulate  to  salverform,  5-lobed  only 

at  summit,  4  to  6  lines  long :  flowers  mostly  axillary. 

3.  S.  oreophilus,  Gray.     Glabrous  or  sometimes  with  soft  pubescence  : 
leaves  oblong  to  broadly  oval,  ^  to  f  inch  long :  corolla  tubular  or  ftinnelform, 
its  tube  almost  glabrous  within,  4  or  5  times  the  length  of  the  lobes :  nutlets 
of  the  drupe  oblong,  flattened,  attenuate  and  pointed  at  base.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i. 
279.     S.  montanus,  Gray.     Mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Arizona,  to 
California  and  Oregon. 

6.    L  ONI  CERA,    L.        HONEYSUCKLE.    WOODBINE. 

Erect  or  climbing  shrubs  ;  with  leaves  mostly  entire,  and  the  inflorescence 
various. 

*  Flowers  in  pairs  (or  threes)  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  the  ovaries  of  the  two 

either  distinct  or  connate  :  stems  erect  and  branching :  corolla  rather  short. 
H-  Bracts  at  the  summit  of  the  peduncle  very  small,  subulate :  bractlets  minute, 

rounded :   berries  red. 

1.  L.  Utahensis,  Watson.  Leaves  oval  or  elliptical-oblong,  rounded  at 
both  ends,  very  short-petioled,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  from  the  first,  or  soon 


126  RUBIAOE^E.     (MADDER  FAMILY.) 

glabrate,  reticulate-venulose  at  maturity,  1  or  2  inches  long :  peduncles  seldom 
over  a  half-inch  long:  corolla  honey-yellow  or  ochroleucous,  occasionally 
tinged  with  purple,  |  to  £  inch  long ;  the  tube  gibbous  at  base,  pilose-pubes- 
cent within.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  133.  Mountains  of  Utah,  Montana,  Oregon, 
and  northward. 
H-  H-  Bracts  oblong  to  ovate  or  cordate  and  foliaceous ;  in  fruit  enlarging  and 

enclosing  or  surrounding  the  two  globose  dark  purple  or  black  berries :  bractlets 

conspicuous  and  accrescent. 

2.  L.  involucrata,  Banks.     Pubescent,  sometimes  glabrate,  2  to  10  feet 
high :  leaves  from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  2  to  5  inches  long,  petioled  : 
peduncles  1  or  2  inches  long,  sometimes  3-flowered :  corolla  yellowish,  viscid- 
pubescent,  a  half-inch  or  more  long  :   bractlets  4  or  united  into  2,  viscid- 
pubescent.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  California  to  Alaska,  and  extending 
eastward  into  Canada. 

*  *  Flowers  in  variously  disposed  terminal  or  axillary  clusters,  commonly  verticil- 
late:  stems  twining:  uppermost  pair  or  two  of  leaves  connate  into  an  oval  or 
orbicular  disk :  corolla  with  more  or  less  elongated  tube :  berries  orange  or  red. 

3.  L.  ciliosa,  Poir.     Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  glaucous  beneath,  usually 
ciliate,  otherwise  glabrous :  whorls  of  flowers  single  and  terminal,  or  rarely 
2  or  3,  and  occasionally  from  the  axils  of  the  penultimate  pair  of  leaves, 
either  sessile  or  short-peduncled  :   corolla  glabrous  or  sparingly  pilose-pubes- 
cent, yellow  to  crimson-scarlet ;   limb  slightly  bilabiate ;  lower  lobe  3  or  4 
lines  long.  —  From  the  mountains  of  Arizona  and  California  to  those  of 
Montana  and  British  Columbia. 


ORDER  40.    RUBIACE^E.     (MADDER  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  (ours)  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  connected  by  in- 
terposed stipules,  or  verticillate  without  apparent  stipules,  the  calyx 
adnate  to  the  2  to  4-celled  ovary,  the  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of 
the  regular  corolla,  and  inserted  on  its  tube. 

*  Leaves  opposite,  with  entire  interpetiolar  stipules. 

1.  Kelloggia.     Flowers  generally  4-merous.     Calyx  with  obovate  tube  and  minute  teeth. 

Corolla  between  funnelforra  and  salverform.  Stamens  and  style  more  or  less  exserted. 
Ovary  2-celled.  Fruit  small,  dry  and  coriaceous,  beset  with  hooked  bristles,  separat- 
ing at  maturity  into  2  closed  carpels. 

*  *  Leaves  verticillate,  without  stipules. 

2.  Galium.     Flowers  4-merous,  sometimes  dioecious.    Calyx  with  globular  tube  and  obso- 

lete limb.  Corolla  rotate  ;  lobes  commonly  with  inflexed  acuminate  or  mucronate  tip. 
Stamens  with  short  filaments.  Style  2-cleft  or  styles  2.  Ovary  2-celled,  2-lobed. 
Fruit  didymous,  dry  (in  ours),  jointed  on  the  pedicel,  separating  into  two  closed  car- 
pels, or  only  one  maturing. 

1.    KELLOGGIA,    Torr. 

A  single  Californian  species,  most  nearly  allied  in  our  flora  to  Mitchella. 
1.   K.  galioides,  Torr.     Slender  and  glabrous  or  puberulent  perennial, 
a  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  sessile,  with  small  and  en- 


.    (MADDER  FAMILY.)  127 

tire  or  2-dentate  interposed  stipules :  fruit  and  paniculate  inflorescence  as  in 
Galiurn :  corolla  white  or  pinkish,  2  or  3  lines  long.  —  Mountain  woods,  mostly 
under  coniferous  trees,  California  and  Arizona  to  Washington  Territory  and 
N.  W.  Wyoming. 

2.    GALIUM,    L.       BEDSTRAW.    CLEAVERS. 

Herbs  (occasionally  with  suffrutescent  base)  with  sessile  leaves  and  small 
flowers  variously  arranged. 

#  Woody  at  base :  leaves  4  in  the  whorls ;  their  margins,  midrib,  and  angles  of 

stem  destitute  of  retrorse  hispidness  or  roughness :  fruit  hirsute  with  long  and 
straight  (not  at  all  hooked)  bristles:  Jlowers  dioecious:  stems  low  and  diffuse. 

1.  G.  Matthewsii,  Gray.     Glabrous  and  smooth,  paniculately  much 
branched,  woody  at  base :  leaves  rigid,  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  vein- 
less,  with  stout  midrib,  2  or  3  lines  long  or  more,  some  of  the  upper  cuspi- 
date-acute :  flowers  (of  fertile  plant)  naked-paniculate :  corolla  barely  a  line 
in  diameter :  bristles  of  immature  fruit  rigid,  not  longer  than  the  body.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  80.     S.  W.  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  E.  California. 

*  *  Wholly  herbaceous :    margins  and  midribs  of  the  leaves  and  angles  of  the 

stem  often  retrorse  hispid  or  rough :  bristles  on  the  fruit  more  or  less  hooked  or 
none :  flowers  not  dioecious. 

*-  Fruit  beset  with  hooked  bristles :  leaves  6  or  8  in  a  whorl. 

2.  G.  Aparine,  L.     Stems  1  to  4  feet  long,  retrorsely  hispid  on  the  angles, 
as  also  on  the  margins  and  midrib  of  the  oblanceolate  or  almost  linear  cuspidate- 
acuminate  leaves :   peduncles  rather  long,  1  to  3  in  upper  axils  or  terminal, 
bearing  either  solitary  or  2  or  3  pedicellate  white  flowers :  fruit  not  pendulous, 
granulate-tuberculate  and  the  tubercles  tipped  with  bristles.  —  From  Texas 
to  California  and  northward ;  eastward  mainly  as  an  introduced  plant. 

Var.  Vaillantii,  Koch.  Smaller,  more  slender :  leaves  seldom  an  inch 
long :  flowers  usually  more  numerous  :  fruit  smaller,  hirsute  or  hispidulous. 
—  Texas  to  California,  Montana,  and  British  Columbia. 

3.  G.  triflorum,  Michx.    Diffusely  procumbent,  smoothish :  herbage  sweet- 
scented  in  drying :  stems  a  foot  to  a  yard  long :  leaves  in  sixes,  elliptical-lan- 
ceolate to  narrowly  oblong  (inch  or  two  long),  scabrous  or  not  on  the  margins 
and  midrib  beneath  :    cymes  once  or  twice  3-rai/ed :  pedicels  soon  divaricate  : 
corolla  yellowish  white  to  greenish,  its  lobes  hardly  surpassing  the  bristles  of 
the  ovary. — Across  the  continent. 

•i-  -i-  Fruit  without  hooked  bristles :  leaves  4  to  6  in  a  whorl. 

•w-  Flowers  very  numerous  and  collected  in  a  terminal  and  ample  thyrsiform 

panicle  :  leaves  in  fours,  3-nerved,  blunt. 

4.  G.  boreale,  L.     Erect,  a  foot  or  two  high,  mostly  smooth  and  gla- 
brous, very  leafy  :  leaves  from  linear  to  broadly  lanceolate,  often  with  fasci- 
cles of  smaller  ones  in  the  axils  :  flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle  ;  the  uppermost 
leaves  being  reduced  to  pairs  of  small  oblong  or  oval  bracts  :  fruit  small,  his- 
pidulous, or  at  first  canescent  and  soon  glabrous  and  smooth.  —  From  New 
Mexico  and  California  north  to  Arctic  regions  and  east  to  Canada. 


128  VALERIANACE^E.      (VALERIAN  FAMILY.) 

•M-  *+  Flowers  few  in  number  and  scattered. 

5.  G.  bifolilim,  Watson.     Smooth  and  glabrous,  a  span  or  two  high, 
sparingly  branched,  slender :   leaves  oblanceolate  to  nearly  linear,  4  in  the 
whorls,  the  alternate  ones  smaller,  or  uppermost  nearly  reduced  to  a  single  pair  : 
flowers  on  solitary  naked  peduncles :  fructiferous  peduncles  about  the  length  of 
the  leaves,  horizontal,  and  the  minutely  hispidulous  fruit  decurved  on  the  naked 
tip.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  134.     Mountains  of  W.  Colorado  and  S.  Montana  to 
California. 

6.  G.  trifldum,  L.     Weakly  erect,  branching,   5   to   20  inches  high, 
smooth  and  glabrous,  except  the  retrorsely  scabrous  angles  of  the  stem  and 
usually  more  hispidulous  and  sparse  roughness  of  the  midrib  beneath  and 
margins  of  the  leaves:  these  in  sixes,  fives,  or  not  rarely  fours,  linear  or  oblan- 
ceolate, or  lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse,  4  to  7  lines  long :  peduncles  slender,  scat- 
tered, one  to  several-flowered ;  flowers  often  3-merous,  as  commonly  4-merous  : 

fruit  smooth  and  glabrous.  —  From  Texas  to  California,  northward  and  east- 
ward. 

Var.  pusillum,  Gray,  is  the  smallest  form,  a  span  or  two  high :  leaves 
only  in  fours,  3  or  4  lines  long,  narrow,  in  age  often  reflexed  :  peduncles 
1-flowered.  —  In  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  California,  and  northward. 

Var.  latifolium,  Torr.  The  larger  and  broadest-leaved  form  :  leaves 
6  or  7  lines  long,  often  2  lines  wide :  cymules  few  to  several-flowered.  — 
Canada  to  Texas  and  California. 


ORDER  41.    VALERIAWACE^E.     (VALERIAN  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules,  the  calyx-tube  adnate  to 
the  ovary,  which  has  one  fertile  one-ovuled  cell  and  two  abortive  or 
empty  ones,  stamens  1  to  3,  distinct,  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla 
and  inserted  on  its  tube.  —  Corolla  tubular  or  funnelform,  mostly  5- 
lobed :  flowers  in  terminal  cymes. 

1.    VALERIANA,    Tourn. 

Calyx-lirnb  of  5  to  15  setiform  lobes,  which  are  inrolled  and  inconspicu- 
ous until  fruiting.  Stamens  3.  Roots  of  peculiar  scent.  Leaves  various. 
Flowers  white  or  rose-colored. 

#  Erect  from  a  large  fusiform  perpendicular  stock  branching  below  into  deep  and 

thickened  roots :  leaves  thickish,  nervosely  veined,  not  serrate. 
1.  V.  edulis,  Nutt.  Glabrous  or  glabrate,  a  foot  or  at  length  3  feet  or 
more  high  :  radical  leaves  oblanceolate  to  spatulate,  tapering  into  a  margined 
petiole,  entire  or  some  sparingly  laciniate-pinnatifid  ;  cauline  rarely  none, 
commonly  1  to  3  pairs,  sessile,  and  pinnately  parted  into  3  to  7  linear  or  lan- 
ceolate divisions,  or  terminal  one  spatulate :  flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  yel- 
lowish white,  sessile  in  the  cymules,  which  form  an  elongated  thyrsiform 
naked  panicle.  —  Mountains  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  northward  and 
eastward. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  129 

#  *  Erect  from  creeping  or  ascending  rootstocks,  which  emit  slender  roots :  leaves 
thinnish,  loosely  veiny,  often  with  some  simple  and  some  divided  and  margins 
either  entire  or  dentate  on  same  plant ;  the  radical  ones  on  slender  naked  peti- 
oles :  corolla  white  to  light  rose-color, 

2.  V.  sylvatica,  Banks.    Stems  from  8  to  30  inches  high  :  radical  leaves 
mostly  simple  and  ovate  to  oblong,  occasionally  some  3  to  5-foliolate ;  cauline 
more  or  less  petioled,  3  to  ll-foliolate  or  parted,  the  divisions  entire  or  rarely 
few-toothed :  fruiting  cymes  open,  at  length  thyrsoid-paniculate :  corolla  2  or  3 
lines  long. — V.  dioica,  var.  sylvatica,  Gray.     Mountains  of  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona,  northward  and  eastward. 

3.  V.  Sitchensis,  Bong.     More  robust,  from  thicker  and  branching  as- 
cending rootstocks :  leaves  larger ;  cauline  short-petioled,  only  3  to  5-foliolate  ; 
the  divisions  orbicular  to  oblong-ovate,  or  in  the  upper  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
not  rarely  dentate  or  repand:  cymes  contracted:   corolla  fuimelform,  4  lines 
long.  —  Northern  Rocky  Mountains  and  northward. 


ORDER  42.    COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

Flowers  in  a  close  head  on  a  common  receptacle,  surrounded  by  an 
involucre,  with  (5  or  4)  stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla,  their  anthers 
united  in  a  tube. — Calyx-tube  aduate  to  the  1- celled  ovary,  the  limb 
{pappus)  crowning  its  summit  in  the  form  of  bristles,  awns,  scales,  etc., 
or  even  absent.  Corolla  strap-shaped  (ligulate}  or  tubular.  Style  2- 
cleft.  Fruit  an  akene.  — The  flowers  are  perfect,  monoecious,  dioecious, 
or  polygamous.  Strap-shaped  marginal  flowers  are  the  rays ;  heads 
with  prominent  rays  and  tubular  flowers  are  radiate  ;  and  a  head  com- 
posed entirely  of  strap-shaped  corollas  is  ligulate.  The  tubular  flowers 
compose  the  disk,  and  a  head  with  no  rays  is  discoid.  A  head  with  all 
its  flowers  alike  as  to  sex  is  homogamous,  when  unlike  heterogamous. 
The  leaves  of  the  involucre  are  scales  ;  and  the  bracts  or  scales  which 
are  often  found  upon  the  receptacle  among  the  flowers  are  chaff,  and 
when  this  is  wanting  the  receptacle  is  naked. 


Key  to  the  Tribes. 

Ser.  I.    TUBULIFLOR^:.     Corollas  tubular  and  regular  in  all  the  hermaph- 
rodite flowers. 
Heads  homogamous  and  discoid  :  flowers  all  hermaphrodite  and  never  yellow : 

anthers  not  caudate  at  base. 

Style-branches  elongated,  filiform-subulate,  hispidulous  throughout;  stig- 
matic  lines  only  near  the  base  :  leaves  alternate.  I.  VERNONIACE^E. 

Style-branches  elongated,  more  or  less  clavate-thickened  upward  and  ob- 
tuse, minutely  papillose-puberulent,  stigmatic  only  below  the  middle. 

II.    ECPATORIACEJE. 


130  COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

Heads  homogamous  or  heterogamous,  discoid  or  radiate  :  flowers  not  rarely 
yellow :  style-branches  of  hermaphrodite  flowers  with  stigmatic  lines 
extending  either  to  the  naked  summit  or  to  a  more  or  less  distinct 
pubescent  or  hispidulous  tip  or  appendage. 

Anthers  not  caudate  at  base  :  style-branches  in  hermaphrodite  flowers  flat- 
tened and  with  a  distinct  (but  sometimes  very  short)  terminal  appendage : 
disk-corollas  generally  yellow :  rays  of  same  or  different  color. 

III.   AsTEROIDEjE. 

Anthers  caudate  :  style-branches  of  hermaphrodite  flowers  slender,  destitute 
of  any  terminal  appendage,  the  stigmatic  lines  extending  quite  to  (or 
vanishing  near)  the  naked  obtuse  or  truncate  summit :  leaves  alternate : 
heads  in  our  genera  discoid IV.  INULOIDE.E. 

Anthers  not  caudate  :  style-branches  with  truncate  or  variously  appendieu- 
late  pubescent  or  hispid  tips :  involucre  not  scarious  :  receptacle  chaffy  : 
pappus  various  or  none,  never  of  fine  capillary  bristles. 

V.  HELIANTHOIDE^:. 

Anthers  not  caudate :  receptacle  naked :  pappus  from  chaffy  to  setiform 
or  none  :  herbage  often  punctate  with  resinous  or  pellucid  dots  or  glands  : 
otherwise  nearly  as  preceding VI.  HELENIOIDE^E. 

Anthers  not  caudate  :  receptacle  naked  or  sometimes  chaffy :  involucre  of 
dry  and  scarious  bracts :  style-branches  mostly  truncate :  pappus  coroni- 
form,  or  of  short  scales,  or  none VII.  ANTHEMIDE^E. 

Anthers  not  caudate  :  receptacle  naked :  involucre  little  or  not  at  all  im- 
bricated, not  scarious.  Pappus  of  numerous  soft-capillary  bristles. 

VIII.  SENECIONIDE^E. 

Anthers  conspicuously  caudate,  and  with  elongated  appendages  at  tip: 
style-branches  short  or  united,  destitute  of  appendage,  stigmatic  quite 
to  the  obtuse  summit,  mostly  smooth  and  naked :  involucre  much  imbri- 
cated :  receptacle  densely  setose  or  fimbrillate,  or  favose :  akenes  thick 
and  hard :  pappus  usually  plurisetose.  Heads  never  truly  radiate. 

IX.  CYNAROIDE.E. 

Ser.  II.    LIGULIFLORJE.    Corollas  all  ligulate  and  flowers  hermaphrodite. 
Receptacle  naked  or  chaffy :  anthers  not  caudate  :    style-branches  filiform, 
naked,  stigmatic  only  toward  the  base.     Herbage  with  milky  juice. 

X.  CICHORIACE^E. 


Tribe  I.    VERNONIACEJE.    Corollas  tubular,  5-lobed. 

1.  Vernonia.  Heads  several  to  many.flowered.  Involucre  of  dry  or  partly  herbaceous 
much  imbricated  bracts.  Receptacle  plane,  naked.  Corolla  regularly  5-cleft  into 
narrow  lobes.  Akenes  mostly  10-costate,  with  truncate  apex.  Pappus  double  ;  the 
inner  of  rigid  capillary  bristles,  outer  a  series  of  small  scales. 

Tribe  II.     EtJPATORIACE^.     Receptacle  in  most  cases  naked.     Leaves  either 

opposite  or  alternate. 

#  Akenes  5-angled  :  scales  of  the  involucre  mostly  lax,  from  thin-membranaceous  to  herba- 
ceous, nerveless  or  few-nerved,  either  imbricated  or  equal  and  about  in  one  row. 
2.  Eupatorliim.    Heads  few  to  many-flowered*    Receptacle  flat.     Pappus  wholly  of 
scabrous  capillary  bristles  which  are  mostly  in  one  row,  and  indefinitely  numerous. 


COMPOSITE.    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  131 

*  *  Akenes  10-costate  or  striate  :  scales  of  the  involucre  regularly  imbricated  ;  the  outer  ones 

successively  shorter. 

•»-  Scales  of  the  involucre  not  herbaceous,  conspicuously  striate-nerved  :  corolla  slender, 
5-toothed  at  summit ;  the  teeth  mostly  glandular :  pappus  a  single  series  of  bristles  : 
leaves  mostly  not  entire. 

3.  Kuhnia.     Pappus  conspicuously  plumose.    Scales  of  the  involucre  narrow,  in  few 

series.     Leaves  nearly  all  alternate. 

4.  Brickellia.     Pappus  from  barbellate  or  subplumose  to   merely  scabrous.      Leaves 

opposite  or  alternate. 

.»-  «-  Scales  of  the  involucre  somewhat  herbaceous  or  partly  colored,  not  conspicuously 
striate :  corollas  narrow,  with  gradually  dilated  throat  and  elongated  lanceolate  or  linear 
spreading  (rose-colored)  lobes :  pappus  about  a  single  series  of  capillary  or  stouter 
bristles:  leaves  punctate ,  entire. 

5.  L-iatris.     Heads  few  to  many-flowered.    Involucre  spirally  imbricate.    Akenes  slender 

or  tapering  from  apex  to  base,  pubescent.  Pappus  of  firm  and  mostly  equal  bristles, 
from  plumose  to  barbellate.  Leaves  alternate.  Herbs,  with  heads  in  a  terminal 
spike  or  raceme,  sometimes  becoming  paniculate. 

Tribe  III.  ASTEROIDE^J.  Heads  with  ligulate  ray-flowers  pistillate  or  rarely  neu- 
tral, or  with  the  flowers  all  hermaphrodite  and  tubular,  or  even  dioecious.  Receptacle 
seldom  chaffy.  Pappus  various,  sometimes  none.  Leaves  mostly  alternate. 

*  Disk  wholly  of  hermaphrodite  flowers,  of  the  same  color  as  the  ray  fif  present),  mostly 

yellow  ;  their  corollas  tubular  with  more  or  less  ampliate  throat  and  4  or  5-lobed  limb  : 
receptacle  not  chaffy,  flat  or  merely  convex:  involucre  closely  imbricated,  mostly  in 
several  series. 

«-  Pappus  chaffy  :  heads  radiate,  small,  paniculate  or  cymose-clustered  :  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre mostly  coriaceous,  the  outer  successively  shorter. 

6.  Gutierrezia.     Involucre  oblong-clavate  or  turbinate  to   campanulate.      Receptacle 
from  flat  to  conical,  commonly  alveolate  o  •  fimbrillate.    Style-appendages  mostly  slender. 
Rays  1  to  8.     Akenes  short,  obovate  or  oblong,  terete  or  5-angled. 

f-  t-  Pappus  of  a  few  (2  to  8)  elongated  awns  or  rigid  caducous  bristles  :  heads  radiate  or 
rayless,  solitary  at  the  end  of  the  branches. 

7.  Grindelia.     Heads  many-flowered,  hemispherical  or  at  first  globose :  the  scales  nu- 

merous and  narrow,  imbricated  in  many  series,  firm  and  rigid,  with  more  or  less 
herbaceous  tips.  Style-appendages  lanceolate  or  linear.  Akenes  short  and  thick, 
compressed  or  turgid,  or  the  outer  triangular,  truncate,  glabrous. 

-»~  -i-  -4-  Pappus  double  :  the  inner  of  numerous  capillary  scabrous  bristles  :  the  outer  com- 
posed of  minute  short  bristles  or  scales,  which  are  sometimes  even  obsolete:  heads 
mostly  radiate,  middle-sized,  terminating  the  stem  and  branches. 

8.  Chrysopsis.    Heads  many-flowered,  with  rays  numerous  or  wanting.    Involucre  cam- 

panulate or  hemispherical,  of  narrow  regularly  imbricated  scales.    Style-appendages 
from  linear-filiform  to  slender-subulate.     Akenes  from  obovate  to  linear-fusiform, 
compressed  or  turgid. 
•»-•(-•»-•»-  Pappus  of  numerous  capillary  scabrous  bristles,  simple,  in  one  or  more  series : 

receptacle  more  or  less  alveolate  and  the  alveoli  often  dentate :  style-appendages  from 

ovate-lanceolate  to  filiform  :  flowers  yellow. 

8.  Chrysopsis.     Species  with  outer  pappus  obscure  or  wanting  would  be  sought  here. 

9.  Aplopappus.     Heads  usually  many-flowered,  radiate,  rarely  discoid.    Disk-corollas 

narrow,  5-toothed.  Involucre  usually  (but  not  always)  broad :  the  bracts  with  or 
without  herbaceous  tips.  Akenes  from  turbinate  to  linear. 

10.  Bi^elovia.  Heads  3  to  30-flowered,  destitute  of  rays,  small.  Involucre  narrow:  the 
bracts  chartaceous  or  coriaceous,  mostly  destitute  of  foliaceous  or  herbaceous  tips. 
Akenes  narrow,  terete  or  angled,  hardly  compressed,  mostly  at  least  5-nerved.  Pappus 
of  somewhat  equal  bristles.  Inflorescence  not  racemiform. 


132  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

11.  Solidago.     Heads  few-  or  several-,  rarely  many-flowered  ;  mostly  radiate,  small,  com- 

monly in  racemiform  or  spicifonn  clusters,  sometimes  fastigiate-cymose  or  in  a  thyrsus. 
Involucre  narrow  :  its  bracts  mostly  not  herbaceous-tipped.  Akenes  terete  or  angu- 
late,  5  to  12-nerved  or  costate.  Pappus  of  equal  elongated  bristles. 

*  *  Disk  of  hermaphrodite  and  mostly  fertile  flowers  ;  their  corollas  mostly  yellow  :  the  ray 

not  yellow,  occasionally  wanting :  receptacle  naked,  flat  or  barely  convex, 
•t-  Pappus  a  single  series  of  long  awns  or  of  coarse  and  rigid  bristles,  or  in  the  conspicuous 

ray  chaffy. 

12.  Townsendia.    Involucre  broad,  many-flowered,  imbricated  :  the  bracts  lanceolate, 

with  scarious  margins  and  tips,  outer  usually  shorter  and  inner  more  membranaceous. 
Receptacle  broad.     Style-appendages  lanceolate.     Akenes  obovate  or  oblong,  much 
compressed,  and  with  thickish  margins,  those  of  the  ray  sometimes  triangular.    Awns 
or  bristles  of  the  pappus  scabrous. 
•»-  •*-  Pappus  of  numerous  capillary  bristles,  with  or  without  a  short  outer  series. 

13.  Aster.     Involucre  from  hemispherical  to  campanulate,  sometimes  oblong  or  tarlunate, 

imbricated  in  several  or  few  series  of  unequal  bracts,  mostly  in  part  herbaceous. 
Bays  numerous,  not  very  narrow.  Style-appendages  from  slender-subulate  to  ovate- 
acute,  commonly  lanceolate.  Akenes  mostly  compressed,  2  to  10-nerved,  and  the 
pappus  mostly  simple  and  copious,  rarely  distinctly  double.  Leafy-stummed  herbs, 
the  greater  part  perennials. 

14.  Erigeron.    Differs  from  Aster  in  the  more  naked-pedunculate  heads,  simpler  involucre 

of  narrow  and  erect  equal  bracts,  which  are  never  coriaceous,  nor  foliaceous  or  with 
distinct  herbaceous  tips,  narrower  and  usually  very  numerous  rays  often  occupying 
more  than  one  series,  very  short  and  roundish  style-appendages,  small  2-nerved  akenes, 
and  more  scanty  or  fragile  pappus,  in  many  with  a  conspicuous  short  outer  series. 
4-4-+-  Corolla  of  the  numerous  female  flowers  reduced  to  a  filiform  or  short  and  narrow 
tube,  wholly  destitute  of  ligule. 

15.  Conyza.     Heads  small,  many-flowered.     Bracts  of  the  campanulate  involucre  narrow, 

in  1  to  3  series.  Female  flowers  much  more  numerous  than  the  hermaphrodite  ;  their 
filiform  or  slender  tubular  corolla  truncate  or  2  to  4-toothed  at  the  apex.  Pappus  a  sin- 
gle series  of  soft  capillary  bristles,  sometimes  an  added  outer  series  of  short  bristles. 

*  *  *  Heads  discoid  and  unisexual :  corolla  of  the  fertile  flowers  filiform  :  pappus  of  capil- 

lary bristles. 

16.  Baccharis.    Heads  completely  dioecious,  many-flowered.    Involucre  regularly  imbri- 

cated. Receptacle  mostly  flat  and  naked,  rarely  chaffy.  Flowers  of  the  male  heads 
with  tubular-fun nelform  5-cleft  corolla :  the  female  with  corolla  reduced  to  a  slender 
truncate  or  minutely  toothed  tube.  Akenes  5  to  10-costate.  Pappus  of  the  male 
flowers  a  series  of  scabrous  and  often  tortuous  bristles :  of  the  fertile  flowers  of 
usually  more  numerous  and  fine  bristles,  and  often  elongated  in  fruit.  Shrubby  or 
herbaceous. 

Tribe  IV.  INULOIDE^E.  Female  flowers  ligulate  or  filiform.  Style-branches  fili- 
form or  flattish.  Pappus  capillary  or  none.  Involucre  commonly  dry  or  scarious. 
Ours  do  not  have  conspicuous  rays,  and  are  all  floccose-woolly  herbs. 

*  Involucre  of  few  scarious  bracts :  receptacle  chaffy ;  a  bract  subtending  each  female 

flower  or  akene :  anthers  sometimes  only  acutely  sagittate  or  auriculate :  the  short  style 
or  style -branches  not  truncate. 

17.  Evax.     Akenes  from  obcompressed  to  terete,  sometimes  minutely  papillose  or  puberu- 

lent.  Bracts  of  the  female  flowers  from  scarious  to  chartaceous.  Hermaphrodite 
flowers  sometimes  fertile,  destitute  of  pappus.  Receptacle  from  barely  convex  to 
subulate. 

*  *  Involucre  of  numerous  more  or  less  scarious  bracts  which  are  often  colored  or  petaloid 

at  the  summit:   receptacle  not  chaffy:    anther-tails  slender:    style  or  style-branches 
mostly  truncate. 

18.  Antennaria.     Heads  dioecious,  many-flowered.    Involucre  imbricated  in  many  series. 

Male  flowers  with  mostly  undivided  style  and  a  rather  scanty  pappus  of  clavellate 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  133 

or  apically  barbellulate  or  crisped  bristles.  Female  flowers  with  oblong  or  narrower 
and  terete  or  flattish  akenes,  and  a  copious  fine-capillary  pappus,  the  soft  and  naked 
bristles  of  which  are  commonly  united  at  base,  so  as  to  fall  in  a  ring.  Low  peren- 
nials. 

19.  Anaphalis.    Heads  dioecious,  but  usually  with  a  few  hermaphrodite  sterile  flowers  in 

the  centre  of  the  female  heads.  Pappus  of  male  flowers  of  bristles  little  if  at  all 
thicker  at  the  apex :  of  the  female  flowers  not  united  at  base  but  falling  separately. 
Otherwise  as  in  the  preceding  ;  the  female  plant  differing  from  the  following  only  in 
the  sterility  of  the  few  central  flowers. 

20.  Gnaphalium.     Heads  heterogamous,  fertile  throughout,  of  few  or  many  series  of 

female  surrounding  a  smaller  number  of  hermaphrodite  flowers.  Involucre  imbricated 
in  many  series  :  the  scarious  and  commonly  partly  woolly  bracts  with  or  without  col- 
ored papery  tips  or  appendages.  Style  of  hermaphrodite  flowers  2-cleft.  Pappus  of 
numerous  merely  scabrous  capillary  bristles,  in  a  single  series. 

Tribe  V.  HELIANTHOIDE^.  Female  flowers  ligulate  and  radiate,  or  the  heads 
sometimes  hornogamous  by  their  absence  :  disk-flowers  all  with  regularly  4  to  5-toothtd 
corolla.  Leaves  mostly  opposite. 

*  Ray-flowers  ligulate  and  fertile,  the  ligule  mostly  deciduous  ;  disk -flowers  hermaphrodite- 
sterile  :  akenes  usually  coriaceous  ;  the  style  mostly  entire :  receptacle  chaffy  through- 
out, except  in  No.  24. 

•»-  Involucre  double  ;  exterior  of  4  or  5  herbaceous  or  foliaceous  plane  bracts  ;  interior  of  a 
single  series  of  small  bracts,  which  completely  and  permanently  enclose  the  obovate  or 
oblong  more  or  less  compressed  smooth  and  glabrous  akenes  with  a  pericarp-like  acces- 
sory covering,  at  length  deciduous  together :  pappus  none. 

21.  Melampodium.      Fructiferous    bracts    commonly  indurated,    naked  or  unarmed. 

Receptacle  convex  or  conical.     Akenes  more  or  less  obovate  and  incurved. 
•*-  -t-  Involucre  broad,  of  plane  or  barely  concave  bracts  ;  innermost  subtending  obcom- 

pressed  (mostly  much  flattened)  akenes,  but  not  enclosing  nor  embracing  them. 

•H-  Ray-flowers  and  akenes  in  more  than  one  series,  and  with  elongated  exserted  deciduous 

ligules  :  the  akeues  falling  free,  or  with  only  the  subtending  bract. 

22.  Silpliium.     Heads  large,  many-flowered.     Involucre  of  thickish  more  or  less  folia- 

ceous imbricated  bracts ;  the  innermost  small  and  chaffy.  Receptacle  comparatively 
small,  the  central  part  somewhat  turbinate  in  age  :  its  chaffy  bracts  linear,  flat,  or 
involute  around  the  abortive  ovaries.  Corollas  of  the  ray  with  a  long  and  spreading 
ligule  on  a  very  short  tube  ;  of  the  disk  cylindrical-tubular.  Akenes  very  flat  and 
broad,  imbricated  in  2  or  3  series,  completely  free  from  the  subtending  bract  and  from 
those  of  adjacent  male  flowers,  surrounded  by  a  winged  margin  which  is  produced 
more  or  less  beyond  the  summit  on  each  side  into  a  callous  tooth  or  auricle.  Pappus 
none  or  sometimes  a  pair  of  short  rigid  awns  or  teeth,  with  which  the  wing  is  con- 
fluently  united. 

+»•  -H-  Ray-flowers  and  akenes  in  a  single  series,  with  very  short  or  even  obsolete  ligules : 
akenes  with  2  or  3  bracts  of  sterile  flowers  attached  to  their  base  on  the  inner  side, 
which  they  take  with  them,  and  commonly  also  the  subtending  involucral  bract,  when 
they  fall :  heads  small. 

23.  Parthenium.     Fertile  flowers  5,  with  obcordate  or  2-lobed  almost  sessile  concave 

ligule,  or  a  truncate  emarginate  cup.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  chartaceous  or  partly 
herbaceous,  and  the  inner  more  scarious  :  those  of  the  usually  conical  receptacle 
cuneate,  tomentose  at  summit,  partly  enclosing  the  sterile  flowers.  Akenes  oval  or 
obovate,  commonly  pubescent,  surrounded  by  a  filiform  callous  margin,  which  is 
firmly  coherent  at  base  with  the  bases  of  the  bracts  of  the  contiguous  pair  of  sterile 
flowers  and  of  the  subtending  bract,  at  length  tearing  away  from  the  akene  ;  the  sum- 
mit bearing  the  marcescent  corolla.  Pappus  of  two  chaffy  awns  or  scales,  or  some- 
times hardly  any. 

24.  Parthenice.     Fertile  flowers  6  to  8.  with  ligule  obsolete  or  reduced  to  2  or  3  small 

teeth :  sterile  flowers  40  or  50,  with  funnelform  corolla  Involucre  of  5  somewhat- 
herbaceous  oval  exterior  bracts,  and  of  6  or  8  somewhat  larger  orbicular-obovate  and 


134  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

more  scarious  interior  ones,  these  subtending  the  fertile  flowers.    Receptacle  convex, 
with  linear-oblong  or  spatulate  chaffy  bracts  subtending  the  outer  series  of  sterile 
flowers,  but  mostly  minute  or  wanting  to  the  inner  flowers.     Akenes  oblong-obovate, 
glabrous,  wingless,  but  acute-margined,  with  an  incurved  apiculation  inserted  by  a 
very  small  base,  falling  away  at  maturity  with  the  involucral  and  two  receptacular 
bracts,  but  these  readily  separating.     Pappus  none,  and  corolla  deciduous. 
*  *  Fertile  flowers  apetalous,  or  with  corolla  reduced  to  a  tube  or  ring  around  the  base  of 
the  2-parted  style  ;  disk-flowers  staminate,  anthers  slightly  united  and  their  short  ter- 
minal appendage  inflexed,  the  abortive  style  hairy  only  at  the  somewhat  enlarged  and 
depressed  summit,  the  ovary  a  mere  rudiment :  pappus  none  (or  a  vestige  in  Nos.  26 
and  27) :  heads  small ;  the  flowers  whitish  or  greenish. 

•«-  Head  androgynous  (rarely  all  male  in  No.  27),  having  few  female  flowers  at  the  margin  ; 
the  more  numerous  male  flowers  all  or  most  of  them  subtended  by  slender  and  com- 
monly spatulate  chaffy  bracts :  involucre  open. 

•H.  Akenes  turgid,  mostly  obovate  or  pyriform,  marginless. 

25.  Iva.     Female  flowers  1  to  5,  with  or  without  the  tube  or  cup  representing  a  corolla. 

Akenes  more  or  less  obcompressed,  glabrous,  puberulent,  or  glandular :  the  terminal 
areola  small. 

26.  Oxytenia.     Female  flowers  abort  5,  wholly  destitute  of  corolla.     Involucre  of  about 

5  dilated-ovate  and  rather  rigidly  acuminate  bracts.  Receptacle  convex,  small :  the 
10  to  20  sterile  flowers  subtended  by  slender  chaffy  bracts  with  cuneate-dilated  tips. 
Akenes  (immature)  very  villous,  nearly  pyriform,  with  large  terminal  areola  bearing 
around  the  base  of  the  style  a  fleshy  annular  disk.  Lower  part  of  the  disk-flowers 
and  their  chaff  beset  with  some  villous  hairs. 

•H-  •H-  Akenes  flattened,  obcompressed,  wing-margined. 

27.  Dicoria.    Female  flowers  one  or  two,  wholly  destitute  of  corolla :  male  flowers  6  to 

12,  with  mere  rudiments  of  ovary  and  style.  Involucre  of  5  oval  or  oblong  herbaceous 
bracts  ;  and  within  one  or  two  larger  and  broad  thin-scarious  bracts,  subtending  the 
fertile  flowers,  or  these  wanting  in  male  heads.  Receptacle  small,  flat,  with  a  few 
narrow  and  hyaline  chaffy  bracts.  Filaments  monad  el  phous  up  to  the  lightly  con- 
nected anthers.  Akenes  much  surpassing  the  outer  involucre,  oblong,  anteriorly  flat, 
convex  or  somewhat  angled  dorsally,  abruptly  bordered  by  a  thin-scarious  pectinate- 
dentate  wing  or  edge.  Pappus  rudimentary,  of  several  small  and  setiform  bracts. 

•i-  i-  Heads  unisexual,  monoecious  ;  the  fertile  with  solitary  or  2  to  4  completely  or  nearly 
apetalous  female  flowers  in  a  closed  nutlet-like  or  bur-like  involucre,  only  the  style- 
branches  ever  exserted  ;  the  sterile  of  numerous  male  flowers  in  an  open  involur.re, 
the  heads  in  a  raceme  or  spike :  akeues  turgid-obovoid  or  ovoid,  wholly  destitute  of 
pappus :  flowers  greenish  or  yellowish. 

•H-  Involucre  of  the  sterile  heads  gamophyllous :  the  receptacle  low,  and  abortive  style  with 
dilated  apex  radiately  fimbriate. 

28.  Ambrosia.    Involucre  of  the  male  flowers  from  depressed-hemispherical  to  turbinate, 

ft  to  12-lobed  or  truncate,  herbaceous.  Receptacle  flat  or  flattish,  usually  with  some 
filiform  chaff  among  the  outer  flowers.  Involucre  to  the  solitary  fertile  flower  nut- 
like,  apiculate  or  beaked  at  the  apex,  and  usually  armed  with  4  to  8  tubercles  or 
short  spines  in  a  single  series  below  the  beak.  Sterile  heads  spicate  or  racemose 
above  the  fewer  fertile  ones. 

29.  Franseria.     Heads  of  male  flowers  as  Ambrosia,  or  sometimes  intermixed  with  the 

female.    Fertile  involucre  1  to  4-flowered,  1  to  4-celled,  a  single  pistil  to  each  cell,  1  to 
4-rostrate,  more  or  less  bar-like,  being  armed  over  the  surface  with  several  or  numer- 
ous prickles  or  spines  (the  spiny  free  tips  of  component  bracts)  in  more  than  one 
series.     Leaves  mostly  alternate. 
•H-  ++  Involucre  of  the  sterile  heads  polyphyllous :  the  receptacle  cylindraceous. 

30.  X aiithiii in.    Involucre  of  the  globular  sterile  heads  one  or  two  series  of  small  narrow 

bracts  :  receptacle  distinctly  chaffy,  a  cuneate  or  linear-spatulate  chaffy  bract  partly 
enclosing  each  male  flower:  filaments  monadelphous.  Fertile  heads  a  closed  and 
ovoid  bur-like  2-celled  and  2-flowered  involucre,  1  to  2-beaked  at  the  apex,  the  surface 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  135 

clothed  with  uncinate-tipped  prickles:  each  flower  a  single  pistil,  maturing  a  thick 
ovoid  akeiie,  the  two  permanently  enclosed  in  the  indurated  prickly  involucre.  Leaves 
alternate. 

*  *  *  Ray-flowers  ligulate  and  fertile ;  the  ligule  with  very  short  tube  or  none,  persistent 

on  the  akene  and  becoming  papery  in  texture  :  disk-flowers  hermaphrodite  and  fertile, 
numerous,  subtended  or  embraced  by  chaffy  bracts ;  the  corolla  cylindraceous  :  leaves 
opposite  and  heads  singly  terminating  the  stem  or  branches. 

•»-  Leaves  all  or  mostly  entire,  sessile :  akenes  of  the  disk  compressed,  all  or  some  of  them 
toothed  or  awned  from  the  summit  of  the  angles  or  edges. 

31.  Zinnia.    Involucre  campanulate  or  cylindraceous:  its  closely  appressed-imbricated 
bracts  dry  and  firm,  broad,  with  rounded  summit  often  margined.    Receptacle  becoming 
conical  or  cylindraceous :  the  chaffy  bracts  conduplicate  around  the  disk-flowers.    Lobes 
of  the  disk-corolla  mostly  velvety-villous.     Pappus  when  present  of  erect  awns  or 
chaffy  teeth.     Rays  showy. 

•t-  •*-  Leaves  commonly  serrate,  slender-petioled :  akenes  not  compressed. 

32.  Heliopsis.     Involucre  short,  of  nearly  equal  oblong  or  lanceolate  bracts.    Receptacle 

from  high-convex  to  conical :  the  pointless  chaffy  bracts  partly  embracing  the  disk- 
ftowers.  Ligules  large  :  disk-corollas  glabrous.  Akeues  obtusely  4-angular,  with 
broad  truncate  summit,  wholly  destitute  of  pappus. 

*  *  *  *  Ray-flowers  ligulate  and  either  fertile  or  neutral,  or  even  wanting,  the  ligule 

not  persistent :  disk-flowers  hermaphrodite  and  fertile,  subtended  and  sometimes 
enwrapped  by  the  chaff:  pappus  a  cup  or  crown,  of  teeth  or  awns  from  the  2  to  4 
principal  angles,  or  of  a  few  stout  bristles,  or  none. 

-•-  Receptacle  high,  from  conical  to  columnar  or  subulate,  at  least  in  fruit. 

33.  Echinacea.     Involucre  imbricated  in  2  or  3  or  more  series :  its  bracts  lanceolate. 

Disk  at  first  only  convex,  becoming  ovoid  and  the  receptacle  acutely  conical :  chaffy 
bracts  of  the  latter  persistent,  carinate-concave,  acuminate  into  a  rigid  and  spinescent 
cusp.  Ligules  rose-colored  or  rose-purple.  Disk-corollas  cylindraceous,  with  5  erect 
teeth  and  almost  no  proper  tube.  Akenes  acutely  quadrangular,  somewhat  obpy- 
ramidal,  with  a  thick  coroniibrni  pappus  more  or  less  extended  into  triangular  teeth 
at  the  angles. 

34.  Ruclbeckia.     Involucre  looser,  spreading,  more  foliaceous.     Disk  from  hemispheri- 

cal or  globose  to  columnar,  and  receptacle  from  acutely  conical  to  cylindrical :  its 
chaffy  bracts  not  spinescent,  but  sometimes  soft-pointed.  Ligules  yellow  or  partly 
brown-purple.  Disk-corollas  with  a  short  but  usually  a  manifest  proper  tube. 
Akenes  4-angled,  prismatic.  Pappus  a  coriaceous  and  often  4-toothed  crown,  some- 
times none. 

35.  ILepachys.    Akenes  short  and  broad,  compressed,  acutely  margined  or  sometimes 

winged  at  one  or  both  edges,  on  a  slender-subulate  receptacle.  Pappus  a  chaffy  tooth 
over  one  or  both  edges,  or  none.  Chaffy  bracts  of  the  receptacle  conduplicate,  with 
thickened  and  truncate  summit,  embracing  and  hardly  surpassing  the  akenes,  at 
length  deciduous  with  them.  Corollas  of  the  disk  with  hardly  any  proper  tube. 
Ligules,  involucre,  &c.  of  Rudbeckia. 
•i-  •«-  Receptacle  from  flat  to  convex,  or  in  certain  species  conical :  akenes  not  winged  nor 

very  flat,  when  flattened  not  margined  or  sharp-edged.' 

•H-  Rays  fertile :  receptacle  flat  or  merely  convex  :  ray  akenes  commonly  triquetrous  or  ob- 
compressed  :  pappus  persistent  or  none. 

36.  Balsamorrhiza.     Akenes  destitute  of  pappus,  oblong :    of  the  disk  quadrangular 

and  often  with  intermediate  nerves.  Involucre  broad :  the  outer  bracts  foliaceous, 
sometimes  enlarged.  Chaff  linear-lanceolate.  Tuberous-rooted  low  herbs. 

37.  Wyethia.    Akenes  prismatic,  large,  4-angled,  or  in  the  ray  3-angled  and  in  the  disk 

often  flattened,  also  with  intermediate  salient  nerves.  Pappus  a  lacerate  chaffy  crown, 
or  cut  into  nearly  distinct  scales,  commonly  produced  at  one  or  more  of  the  angles 
into  chaffy  rigid  awns  or  teeth.  Involucre  campanulate  or  broader,  more  or  less  im- 
bricated :  outer  bracts  often  foliaceous.  Chaff  lanceolate  or  linear,  partly  embracing 
the  akenes.  Thick-rooted  and  large-headed  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves. 


136  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

++  +*  Rays  sterile,  rarely  wanting :  akenes  quadrangular-compressed  or  more  turgid :  chaffy 

bracts  of  the  convex  or  conical  receptacle  embracing  the  akenes. 
33.    Gymnolomia.    Pappus  none  or  a  minute  denticulate  ring :  the  truncate  apex  of  the 

short  akenes  commonly  at  length  covered  by  the  base  of  the  corolla,  the  tube  of 

which  is  usually  pubescent. 

39.  Helianthus.     Pappus  deciduous,  of  two  scarious  and  pointed  scales,  mostly  no  in- 

termediate ones.  Akenes  usually  glabrous  or  glabrate.  Tube  of  the  disk-corollas 
short,  and  the  throat  elongated. 

+-  4-4-  Receptacle  flat,  convex,  or  sometimes  becoming  conical :  akenes  of  the  disk  either 
flat-compressed  and  margined  or  thin-edged,  or  if  turgid  some  of  them  winged  :  pappus 
not  caducous. 

40.  Helianthella.    Rays  neutral,  rarely  wanting.    Pappus  of  delicate  scales  between  the 

two  chaffy  teeth  or  awns  which  surmount  the  two  acute  margins  of  the  akene,  or  these 
obsolete  in  age.  Ovary  often  wing-margined,  but  mature  akene  not  so. 

41.  Verbesina.      Involucre   campanulate  or  hemispherical,   imbricated.      Rays  fertile, 

sometimes  neutral  or  none.  Akenes  usually  winged  and  flat,  2-awned,  or  in  the  ray 
1  to  3-awned,  with  no  intermediate  scales,  and  even  the  awns  sometimes  wanting. 
Leaves  apt  to  be  decurrent  as  wings  on  the  stem. 

*  #  *  *  *  Akenes  obcompressed  or  sometimes  terete,  and  the  subtending  chaffy  bracts  flat 
or  hardly  concave ;  otherwise  as  in  the  last  section :  heads  many-flowered :  leaves 
mostly  opposite :  style-tips  of  the  disk-flowers  produced  into  a  cusp  or  cone  :  invo- 
lucre double :  receptacle  flat  or  merely  convex :  rays  in  ours  neutral. 
•t-  Akenes  never  with  retrorsely  barbed  awns. 

42.  Coreopsis.     Involucre  of  two  distinct  series  of  bracts,  all  commonly  united  at  the 

very  base ;  outer  foliaceous,  narrower,  and  usually  spreading  ;  inner  erect  or  incurved 
after  blooming,  each  series  commonly  8  in  number.     Rays  about  8.    Akenes  flat,  or- 
bicular to  linear-oblong,  winged  or  wingless,  truncate  or  emarginate  at  summit,  bearing 
2,  rarely  3  or  4  naked  awns,  scales,  or  teeth,  or  sometimes  destitute  of  pappus. 
•«-  f-  Awns  of  the  pappus  when  present  retrorsely  barbed  or  hispid. 

43.  BitTens.    Bracts  of  the  involucre  distinct,  or  united  only  at  the  common  base.    Akenes 

neither  winged  nor  beaked,  2  to  5-awned  :  the  awns  retrorsely  hispid.  Rays  neutral, 
yellow  or  white,  sometimes  wanting. 

44.  Thelesperma.    Bracts  of  the  inner  involucre  united  into  a  cup ;  outer  of  shorter 

and  narrow  bracts,  connate  at  base  with  the  inner.  Chaff  of  the  flat  receptacle  white- 
scarious.  Rays  about  8,  cuneate-obovate.  Disk-corollas  with  long  and  slender  tube, 
and  abrupt  campanulate  or  cylindrical  throat.  Anthers  wholly  cxserted.  Akenes 
slightly  obcompressed  or  terete,  narrowly  oblong  to  linear,  marginless,  beakless  :  the 
abrupt  summit  crowned  with  a  pair  of  persistent  and  stout  awns  or  scales,  or  some- 
times pappus  wanting.  Leaves  opposite. 

******  Ray-flowers  ligulate  and  fertile,  each  subtended  by  a  bract  of  the  mostly  one- 
seried  involucre  which  more  or  less  encloses  its  akene  ;  disk-flowers  hermaphrodite,  but 
some  or  all  of  them  sterile,  their  style-branches  subulate  and  hispid :  chaff  always 
present  between  ray  and  disk  flowers :  pappus  none  to  the  ray-akenes,  chaffy  or  else 
none  to  the  disk-flowers :  commonly  glandular-viscid  and  heavy-scented  herbs. 

45.  Madia.     Heads  many  to  several-flowered.     Involucre  ovoid  or  oblong,  few  to  many- 

angled  by  the  salient  narrow  backs  of  the  involucral  bracts.  Receptacte  flat  or  con- 
vex, bearing  a  single  series  of  bracts  enclosing  the  disk-flowers  as  a  kind  of  inner 
involucre,  either  separate  or  connate  into  a  cup.  Ray-flowers  1  to  20,  with  cuneate 
or  oblong  3-lobed  ligules  :  their  akenes  laterally  compressed,  and  enclosed  in  condu- 
plicate-infolded  involucral  bracts. 

46.  L,ayia.     Heads  many-flowered,  broad:  ray-flowers  8  to  20,  with  3-lobed  or  toothed 

ligules.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  flattened  on  the  back  below,  with  abruptly  dilated 
thin  margins  infolded  so  as  to  enclose  the  ray-akene.  Receptacle  broad  and  flat, 
bearing  a  series  of  thin  chaffy  bracts  between  the  ray-  and  disk-flowers.  Akenes  of 
the  ray  obcompressed,  almost  always  smooth,  destitute  of  pappus  ;  those  of  the  disk 
similar  or  more  linear-cuneate,  mostly  pubescent,  bearing  a  pappus  of  5  to  20  bristles, 
or  scales,  or  rarely  none. 


COMPOSITE.       (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.)  137 

Tribe  VI.  HEL,ENIOIDE.<E.  Disk-flowers  hermaphrodite  and  fertile.  Bracts  of 
the  involucre  not  scarious.  Differing  chiefly  from  the  last  tribe  in  entire  absence  of 
chaff. 

*  Involucre  of  narrow  equal  erect  bracts :   ligules  persistent  and  becoming  papery  on  the 

usually  striate-nerved  akenes  :  herbage  more  or  less  white-woolly  ;  no  oil-glands. 

47.  Riddellia.     Heads  with  3  or  4  ray-  and  5  to  12  disk-flowers,  all  fertile.     Involucre  of 

4  to  10  linear-oblong  coriaceous  woolly  bracts,  and  a  few  smaller  scarious  ones  within, 
sometimes  an  additional  narrow  outer  one.  Receptacle  small,  flat.  Ligules  as  broad 
as  long,  abruptly  contracted  at  base  into  a  short  tube,  truncate  and  2  to  3-lobed. 
Disk-corollas  with  short  externally  glandular-bearded  teeth.  Pappus  of  4  to  6  hyaline 
scales. 

*  *  Involucre  of  narrow  equal  erect  bracts,  in  only  one  series  :  ray-flowers  female  or  none, 

the  ligule  deciduous  ;  disk-corollas  4-toothed  :  akenes  flat,  with  only  marginal  nerves, 
usually  much  ciliate  :  plants  not  floccose-tomentose,  and  with  no  oil-glands. 

48.  Pericome.    Head  many-flowered,  homogamous.    Involucral  bracts  lightly  connate  by 

their  edges  into  a  campanulate  cup.  Disk-corollas  with  viscous-glandular  tube  and 
much  exserted  anthers.  Akenes  strongly  villous-ciliate.  Pappus  a  lacerate-ciliate 
crown,  and  sometimes  a  pair  of  short  awns,  one  from  each  angle  of  the  akene.  Yellow- 
flowered,  with  long-acuminate  leaves. 

*  *  *  Involucre  hardly  at  all  imbricated,  its  bracts  when  broad  nearly  equal  or  in  a  single 

series  :  ligules  not  persistent :  disk-flowers  numerous,  mostly  with  5  teeth :  akenes  few- 
nerved  or  angled,  or  more  numerously  striate-angled  when  turbinate  or  pyriform:  no 
oil-glands. 
•i-  Receptacle  flat  or  convex :  akenes  from  linear  to  obpyramidal,  mostly  quadrangular, 

rarely  5-angled  :  flowers  all  fertile. 

•H-  Involucre  mostly  hemispherical ;  the  bracts  from  oblong  or  oval  to  broader,  not  colored 
or  scarious-tipped. 

49.  Eriophyllum.     Involucre  of  one  or  sometimes  two  series  of  oblong  permanently 

erect  bracts,  either  distinct  or  sometimes  partially  united  into  a  cup,  at  least  in  fruit 
concave  at  centre,  partially  receiving  the  akenes.  Receptacle  from  convex  or  rarely 
conical  to  plane.  Ray-flowers  usually  with  broad  ligules,  very  rarely  none.  Akenes 
narrow,  from  clavate-linear  to  cuneate-oblong,  mostly  4-angled.  Pappus  of  nerveless 
and  mostly  pointless  scales.  Floccose-tomentose  or  rarely  glabrate  herbs. 

50.  Bali  i  a.    Involucre  hemispherical  or  obovate  and  lax  or  open  in  fruit ;  the  plane  bracts 

distinct  to  and  commonly  narrower  at  the  base,  not  embracing  akenes.     Receptacle 
mostly  flat.     Female  flowers  with  exserted  ligules,  or  rarely  none.    Akenes  narrow, 
quadrangular.    Pappus  of  several  scarious  scales.     Not  floccose-tomentose. 
•H-  -H-  Involucre  broadly  campanulate  or  turbinate  ;  its  bracts  from  linear-lanceolate  and 

spatulate  to  obovate  or  broader,  at  least  the  tips  membranaceous  and  colored  or 

petaloid. 

51.  Hymenopappus.    Involucre  broadly  campanulate  ;  its  bracts  6  to  12,  equal,  obovate 

to  broadly  oblong,  thin.  Ray-flowers  none.  Corolla  with  reflexed  or  widely  spread- 
ing lobes.  Akenes  obpyramidal,  4  to  5-angled,  with  attenuate  base,  the  faces  1  to  3- 
nerved,  the  nerves  at  maturity  sometimes  as  prominent  as  the  angles.  Pappus  of  10 
to  20  thin-scarious  and  mostly  hyaline  obtuse  scales. 

52.  Polypteris.    Involucre  from  broadly  campanulate  to  turbinate  ;  its  bracts  from  spatu- 

late to  linear-lanceolate,  commonly  in  two  series  and  equal.  Rays  in  our  species 
evolute  into  a  palmate  ligule  and  fertile.  Corolla  of  the  disk-flowers  with  long  lobes. 
Stamens  wholly  exserted.  Akenes  from  linear  and  downwardly  attenuate  to  clavate- 
obpyramidal,  4-sided,  minutely  pubescent.  Pappus  of  6  to  12  equal  hyaline-scarious 
scales. 

•H-  *+  -H-  Involucre  hemispherical  or  campanulate  ;  its  bracts  linear,  erect,  herbaceous  to  the 
ti;>,  inclined  to  embrace  the  akenes  :  heads  discoid,  or  with  an  inconspicuous  ligule. 

53.  Chsenactis.     Receptacle  flat.    Akenes  slender,  linear-tetragonal  or  more  compressed, 

pubescent.     Pappus  of  hyaline  nerveless  scales.     Leaves  mostly  cleft  or  compound. 


138  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

«-  -i-  Receptacle  from  convex  to  oblong:  involucre  of  more  than  one  series  of  bracts: 
akenes  short,  ohpyramidal  or  turbinate,  5  to  10-costate  or  angled,  mostly  silky-villous 
or  hirsute  :  disk-flowers  all  fertile. 

•H-  Receptacle  destitute  of  awn-like  nmbrillae  among  the  flowers. 

54.  Actinella.     Involucre    campanulate  or  hemispherical,  or  sometimes  broader;    its 

bracts  in  two  or  more  series,  erect,  often  rigid  ;  outer  sometimes  united.  Receptacle 
from  conical  to  convex.  Rays  fertile.  Pappus  of  5  to  12  thin  and  mostly  hyaline 
scales.  Mostly  low  herbs,  and  bitter-aromatic. 

55.  Helenium.     Bracts  of  the  involucre  spreading,  subulate  or  linear.    Rays  fertile  or 

sterile,  rarely  none.  Disk-corollas  with  4  to  5-toothed  limb  ;  the  teeth  obtuse,  glandu- 
lar-pubescent. Pappus  of  usually  5  or  6  thin  scarious  scales.  Leaves  commonly 
inipressed-punctate,  mostly  decurrent. 

4+  +•»•  Receptacle  (from  convex  to  globular)  beset  with  setiform  or  subulate  fimbrillaj  among 

the  flowers. 

56.  Gaillardia.    Involucre  broad  ;  the  bracts  in  2  or  3  series,  all  but  the  short  inner  series 

foliaceous  and  lax.  Ray-flowers  neutral ;  ligules  3-toothed  or  3-cleft.  Disk-corollaa 
with  5  ovate-triangular  to  subulate  teeth,  which  are  beset  with  jointed  hairs.  Akenes 
turbinate,  5-costate,  covered  with  long  villous  hairs.  Pappus  conspicuous,  longer 
than  the  akene,  of  5  to  10  hyaline-scarious  scales  with  a  costa  mostly  excurrerit  into 
an  awn. 

#  *  *  *  Involucre  of  the  small  heads  composed  of  a  few  equal  connivent  bracts  in  a  single 
series,  sometimes  one  or  two  small  additional  ones  at  base :  ligules  small,  not  per- 
sistent :  akenes  terete,  oblong  or  linear,  8  to  10-striate-costate :  leaves  opposite :  no  oil- 
glands. 

57.  Flaveria.     Heads  one  to  several-flowered :  the  flowers  all  fertile,  homogamous  and 

tubular,  or  one  female  and  short-ligulate.  Disk-corollas  5-toothed.  Involucre  of  2 
to  5  mostly  carinate-concave  bracts.  Pappus  none. 

*****  Involucre  a  series  of  equal  bracts,  either  distinct  or  united  into  a  cup  or  tube, 
dotted  or  striped  with  oil-glands  :  rays  when  present  fertile  ;  ligules  not  persistent : 
akenes  mostly  narrow  and  striate  :  pappus  various:  mostly  glabrous  and  smooth  herbs 
or  undershrubs,  strong-scented,  the  herbage  like  the  involucre  commonly  dotted  with 
some  oil-glands. 

58.  Dysodia.    Pappus  multisetose-polyadelphous,  i.  e.  all  or  most  of  the  10  or  more  scales 

resolved,  except  a  basal  portion,  into  several  or  indefinitely  numerous  capillary,  but 
rather  stiff  bristles.  Involucre  hemispherical  or  campanulate,  usually  with  a  series 
of  loose  accessory  bracts,  the  proper  bracts  generally  more  or  less  gamophyllous. 

59.  Hymenatherum.    Pappus  of  several  or  numerous  scales,  either  1  to  5  aristate  or 

pointed,  or  partly  resolved  into  as  many  bristles,  or  some  or  all  of  them  entire  and 
even  truncate.  Involucre  campanulate,  gamophyllous  high  up,  with  or  without  some 
loose  accessory  bracts.  Akenes  mostly  terete,  and  striate. 

60.  Pectis.    Heads  radiate,  several  to  many-flowered.    Involucre  naked  at  base,  or  nearly  so, 

cylindrical  or  campanulate,  of  few  or  several  equal  carinate  bracts  in  a  single  series. 
Disk-corollas  5-lobed,  one  or  two  sinuses  often  deeper,   thus  becoming  bilabiate.   / 
Akenes  linear,  terete  or  angled.    Pappus  of  few  or  numerous  bristles  or  awns,  some- 
times chaffy-dilated  at  base,  or  of  scales.    Opposite-leaved  herbs. 

Tribe  VII.  ANTHEMIDE 2E.  Akenes  usually  small  and  short,  with  no  pappus  or  a 
chaffy  crown,  or  a  circle  of  scales.  Strong-scented  or  bitter-aromatic  herbs  or  under- 
shrubs, with  alternate  leaves.  Distinguished  from  the  former  tribe  chiefly  by  the 
scarious  involucre. 

*  Receptacle  with  chaffy  bracts  :  heads  radiate. 

61.  Iieucampyx.    Involucre  broadly  hemispherical ;  its  bracts  broadly  oval,  equal,  in  2  or 

3  series  of  4  or  5  each,  their  margins  white-scarious.  Ray-flowers  8  or  10,  fertile; 
ligule  cuneate-obovate,  ample,  on  a  slender  glandular  tube.  Akenes  large,  obovate- 
trigonous,  with  narrowed  base  and  rounded  summit,  lightly  5-nerved,  glabrous, 
slightly  incurved.  Pappus  an  obscure  crown,  soon  obsolete. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  1-89 

62.  Achillea.1    Involucre  with  imbricated  bracts  as  in  the  last,  but  campanniate  or  obo- 

vate.  Chaffy  bracts  of  the  receptacle  membranaceous,  like  the  innermost  bracts  of  the 
involucre.  Kays  few  or  several,  short  and  broad.  Akenes  oblong  or  obovate,  obcom- 
pressed,  glabrous,  destitute  of  pappus. 

*  *  Receptacle  destitute  of  bracts  or  chaff. 

t-  Heads  radiate,  pedunculate,  solitary  at  the  summit  of  the  branches,  or  sometimes  corym- 
bose. 

63.  Matricaria.2    Receptacle  conical  or  ovoid,  or  rarely  lower  when  young.     Akenes  3  to 

5-ribbed  or  nerved  on  the  face  or  sides,  rounded  on  the  back. 
H-  -i-  Heads  discoid. 

64.  Tanacetum.    Heads  corymbosely  cymose  or  glomerate,  rarely  solitary,  many-flowered  ; 

female  flowers  with  tubular  3  to  5-toothed  corolla.  Akenes  5-ribbed  or  3  to  5-angular, 
with  broad  truncate  summit,  bearing  a  coroniform  pappus  or  none.  Anther-tips 
broad  and  mostly  obtuse. 

65.  Artemisia.    Heads  paniculately  disposed,  few  to  many-flowered,  small,  heterogamous, 

the  female  flowers  with  small  and  slender  tubular  corolla,  and  the  hermaphrodite 
either  sterile  or  fertile  ;  or  homogamous,  with  the  flowers  all  hermaphrodite  and  fer- 
tile. AntLer-tips  slender  and  pointed.  Akenes  obovate  or  oblong,  destitute  of 
pappus. 

Tribe  VIII.  SENECIONIDE^E.  Involucre  mostly  one  or  two  series  of  equal  bracts, 
sometimes  unequal  or  imbricated,  with  or  without  accessory  ones  at  base.  Leaves 
usually  alternate.  Chiefly  distinguished  by  the  copious  capillary  pappus,  simple  in- 
volucre, and  naked  receptacle. 

*  Involucre  a  series  of  soft  herbaceous  bracts  :  heads  subdicecious,  racemosely  or  corym- 

bosely disposed,  whitish  flowered :  herbs  with  ample  mostly  radical  leaves. 

66.  Petasites.    Akenes  narrow,  5  to  10-costate,  with  elongating  soft  and  white  pappus. 

*  *  Involucre  lax  (not  erect-connivent),  of  much  overlapping  bracts  (4  or  5),  many-  (at 

least  20-)  flowered:  herbs  with  opposite  leaves. 

67.  Haploesthes.     Heads  radiate  ;  flowers  all  fertile.     Involucre  short-campanulate,  of 

similar  rather  fleshy  orbicular  or  broadly  oval  bracts,  the  outer  strongly  overlapping 
the  inner.  Ligules  of  the  rather  few  and  short  ray-flowers  oval.  Akenes  linear,  terete, 
striate-costate,  glabrous.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  rather  rigid  and  scabrous  whitish 
bristles. 

*  *  *  Involucre  of  4  to  6  firm  and  concave  close  and  strongly  overlapping  bracts,  4  to  9- 

flowered :  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves. 

68.  Tetradymia.     Heads  homogamous.     Involucre  cylindrical  to  oblong.    Corollas  with 

lanceolate  or  linear  spreading  lobes.  Anthers  wholly  exserted.  Akenes  terete,  short, 
obscurely  5-nerved,  from  extremely  long-villous  to  glabrate  or  even  glabrous.  Pappus 
of  fine  and  soft  minutely  scabrous  capillary  long  bristles,  white  or  whitish. 

*  *  *  *  Involucre  of  numerous  or  several  connivent-erect  herbaceous  equal  bracts,  many- 

flowered  :  herbs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves. 

69.  Arnica.     Heads  conspicuously  radiate,  or  the  rays  rarely  wanting.    Involucre  cam- 

panulate,  of  several  thin-herbaceous  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear  equal  bracts  in  a  single 

1  The  Old- World  genus  Antkemis  has  a  naturalized  species  within  our  range  and  may  be 
characterized  as  follows  :  — 

Anthemis.  Involucre  hemispherical,  many-flowpred,  of  comparatively  small  imbricated 
bracts,  the  outer  successively  shorter.  Chaffy  bracts  of  receptacle  sometimes  hyaline,  some- 
times aristiform.  Akenes  terete  or  4  to  10-angled  or  ribbed,  not  flattened,  glabrous  ;  the 
truncate  summit  naked,  or  with  a  very  short  coroniform  or  auriculate  pappus.  Heads 
comparatively  large  —  See  p.  198. 

2  The  following  Old- World  genus  has  a  naturalized  species  within  our  borders  :  — 
Chrysanthemum.     Receptacle  from  flat  to  hemispherical.     Akenes  (at  least  of  the  disk) 

5  to  10-ribbed  or  nerved  all  round.  —See  p.  199. 


140  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

OP  somewhat  double  series.  Corollas  of  the  disk-flowers  with  a  commonly  elongated 
hirsute  tube.  Akenes  linear,  more  or  less  5  to  10-costate  or  angled.  Pappus  a  single 
series  of  numerous  rather  rigid  capillary  bristles,  from  scabrous  to  barbellate.  Leaves 
chiefly  opposite. 

70.  Senecio.     Heads  heterogamous  and  radiate,  or  by  the  absence  of  ray  homogamous  and 

discoid.  Corollas  yellow.  Pappus  of  soft-capillary  and  merely  scabrous  very  numer- 
ous bristles.  Leaves  alternate. 

Tribe  IX.  CYNAROIDE^.  Heads  homogamous  and  tubiflorous,  the  flowers  all 
hermaphrodite,  the  corolla  lobes  long  and  narrow.  Leaves  alternate,  the  teeth  or  mar- 
gins often  prickly. 

71.  Cnicus.1    Involucre  of  numerous  much  imbricated  and  often  prickly-tipped  bracts. 

Receptacle  densely  villous-setose.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  long-  and  soft-plumose, 
connate  into  a  ring  at  base  and  falling  from  the  akene  in  connection.  Leaves  more 
or  less  prickly. 

Tribe  X.  CICHORIACE^E.  Ligule  5-toothed  at  the  truncate  apex.  Receptacle 
almost  always  plane.  Herbs,  mostly  with  milky  and  bitter  juice,  and  alternate  leaves. 
In  ours  the  pappus  is  always  present  and  the  receptacle  naked. 

*  Pappus  chaffy  or  partly  so,  or  bristle-like,  or  plumose. 

72.  Krigia.     Heads  several  to  many-flowered.     Bracts  of  the  involucre  thin-herbaceous, 

equal.  Akenes  short-columnar,  many-ribbed,  terete  or  somewhat  angular,  with  broad 
truncate  summit.  Pappus  double;  outer  of  pointless  thin  scales;  inner  of  delicate 
naked  bristles.  Flowers  yellow. 

73.  Steplianomeria.    Heads  6  to  12-flowered,  rarely  3  to  20-flowered.     Involucre  cylin- 

draceous  or  oblong,  of  several  oppressed  and  equal  plane  meinbranaceous  bracts  and 
some  short  calyculate  ones,  not  rarely  with  2  or  3  of  intermediate  length,  thus  be- 
coming imbricate.  Akenes  5-angled  or  ribbed,  sometimes  with  intermediate  ribs. 
Pappus  a  series  of  plumose  bristles,  or  rarely  chaffy  awns.  Flowers  pink  or  rose 
color. 

74.  MIcroseris.     Heads  several  to  many-flowered,  on  naked  simple  scapes  or  peduncles. 

Corollas  mostly  with  a  hairy  tube.  Akenes  8  to  10-costate,  with  a  basal  callosity 
which  is  hollowed  at  the  insertion.  Pappus  simple  white ;  its  bristles  or  awns  naked, 
with  chaffy  base,  or  plumose.  Flowtrs  yellow. 

*  *  Pappus  of  capillary  bristles,  scabrous,  never  plumose  nor  chaffy. 
f-  Akenes  not  flattened  :  pappus  deciduous,  mainly  all  together,  soft  and  white. 

75.  Malacothrix.     Involucre  many-flowered,  either  imbricated  or  only  calyculate.     Re- 

ceptacle sometimes  with  or  sometimes  without  delicate  capillary  bristles  interposed 
among  the  flowers.  Akenes  short,  oblong  or  columnar,  glabrous,  terete  and  striately 
5  to  15-costate,  or  4  to  5-angled  by  the  prominence  of  stronger  ribs,  with  broad  trun- 
cate apex  having  an  entire  or  denticulate  border  or  sharp  edge.  Pappus  a  series  of 
soft  and  scabrous  bristles,  and  commonly  1  to  8  outer  and  stronger  ones  which  are 
more  persistent  and  smoother. 

•*-  -i-  Akenes  not  flattened  :  pappus  persistent,  or  bristles  falling  never  in  connection. 

•H-  Beak  to  the  akenes  none. 

=  Flowers  yellow. 

76.  Hieracium.     Involucre  several  to  many-flowered,  of  narrow  equal  bracts  and  some 

short  calyculate  ones.  Akenes  oblong  or  columnar,  smooth  and  glabrous,  mostly  10- 
ribbed  or  striate,  either  terete  or  4  to  5-angular,  commonly  of  same  thickness  to  the 
truncate  top,  but  in  several  species  tapering  to  a  narrower  summit.  Pappus  of  rather 

1  The  following  Old-World  genus  has  a  naturalized  species  within  our  range :  — 
Arctium.    Involucre  globular  ;  bracts  slender-subulate  or  aristiform  and  spreading  above 
the  broader  appressed  base,  hooked  at  tip.    Receptacle  densely  setose.     Pappus  of  numer- 
ous short  and  rigid  or  chaffy  bristles,  separately  deciduous.    Leaves  never  prickly.  —  See 
p.  212. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  141 

rigid  scabrous  fragile  bristles,  dirty  or  tawny,  rarely  white  and  soft.  Perennials, 
commonly  with  hispid  or  hirsute,  or  often  glandular  pubescence. 

77.  Crepis.     Involucre  few  to  many-flowered,  somewhat  imbricated,  or  more  commonly  a 

series  of  equal  bracts  and  some  short  calyculate  ones.  Akenes  from  columnar  to 
fusiform,  10  to  20-costate.  Pappus  of  copious  white  and  usually  soft  capillary  bristles. 
Annuals  or  perennials. 

=  =  Flowers  from  whitish  or  cream-color  to  violet  or  rose-red. 

78.  Prenanthes.    Heads  5  to  30-flowered,  mostly  nodding.    Akenes  terete  or  4  to  5-angled, 

commonly  striate,  with  truncate  summit.  Pappus  of  copious  rather  rigid  capillary 
bristles,  in  one  section  from  whitish  to  ferruginous.  Leafy-stemmed  perennials,  with 
paniculate  or  thyrsoidly  disposed  heads  ;  leaves  dilated. 

79.  !Lygodesmla.    Heads  3  to  12-flowered,  erect.     Akenes  terete,  obscurely  few-striate  or 

angled,  commonly  linear  or  slender-fusiform.  Pnppus  of  copious  and  usually  unequal 
capillary  bristles,  either  soft  or  rigidulous,  from  sordid-whitish  to  white.  Stems 
mostly  rush-like  and  striate ;  leaves  narrow-linear  or  reduced  to  scales.  Flowers 
rose-colored. 

•H-  ++  Beak  to  the  akenes  distinct  and  slender :  heads  erect. 

80.  Troximon.     Heads  many-flowered,  solitary,  terminating  simple  naked  scapes.     Invo- 

lucre campanulate  or  oblong,  more  or  less  imbricated.  Akenes  10-costate  or  10- 
nerved,  smooth,  not  muricate  nor  sculptured.  Pappus  white  or  whitish.  Flowers 
yellow,  orange,  or  rarely  purple. 

81.  Taraxacum.    Heads  many-flowered,  solitary,  terminating  simple  and  fistulous  naked 

scapes.  Involucre  campanulate  or  oblong,  a  single  series  of  nearly  equal  narrow 
bracts,  a  little  connate  at  base,  and  several  or  numerous  calyculate  bracts  at  the  base. 
Akenes  oblong-obovate  to  fusiform,  4  to  5-costate  or  angled,  muricate  or  spinulose, 
the  summit  abruptly  contracted  into  a  filiform  beak.  Pappus  soft  and  capillary,  dull 
white,  no  woolly  ring  at  its  base.  Flowers  yellow. 

82.  Pyrrhopappus.     Heads  and  involucre  nearly  of  the  last,  terminating  scappse  or 

leafy  steins  or  branches.  Akenes  oblong  or  linear-fusiform,  about  5-costate  or  sulcate, 
muriculate-rugulose,  tapering  abruptly  into  a  long  filiform  beak.  Pappus  copious, 
soft  and  capillary,  fulvous  or  rufous,  its  base  usually  surrounded  by  a  soft-villous 
ring.  Flowers  yellow. 

•»-  -i-  •*-  Akenes  flattened  :  pappus  of  copious  fine  and  soft  capillary  bristles  :  leafy-stemmed 
plants,  with  more  or  less  paniculate  heads. 

83.  iLactuca.1    Involucre  cylindraceous,  or  in  fruit  somewhat  conoidal,  several  to  many- 

flowered.  Akeues  obcompressed,  and  with  a  beak  or  narrowed  summit,  which  is 
more  or  less  expanded  at  apex  into  a  pappiferous  disk.  Pappus  of  bright  white  or 
rarely  sordid  bristles,  falling  separately. 

1.    VERNONIA,    Schreb.        IRON-WEED. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  pinnately-veined  leaves,  and  usually  purple 
or  rose-colored  flowers,  sometimes  varying  to  white. 

1.  V.  fasciculata,  Michx.  Glabrous,  .or  nearly  so,  2  to  5  feet  high: 
leaves  thickish,  from  linear  to  oblong-lanceolate,  conspicuously  spinulose-denticu- 
late :  heads  numerous  and  crowded  on  the  branches  of  the  compound  cyme :  invo- 
lucre (3  or  4  lines  high)  20  to  30-flowered ;  its  bracts  all  obtuse,  or  some  of 
the  uppermost  abruptly  mucronate-acute.  —  From  Dakota  to  Texas  within  the 
eastern  limits  of  our  range,  and  eastward  to  the  Mississippi  States. 

1  The  following  Old-World  genus  has  several  species  naturalized  within  our  range :  — 
Sonchus.    Involucre  campanulate  or  broader,  in  age  usually  broadened  and  fleshy-thick- 
ened at  base,  and  becoming  conical.    Akenes  obcompressed,  destitute  of  beak  or  neck  or 
dilated  pappiferous  disk.     Pappus  of  very  soft  and  fine  flaccid  bristles,  which  fall  more  or 
less  in  connection,  and  commonly  one  or  more  stronger  ones,  which  fall  separately. 


142  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

2.  V.  Jamesii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  a  foot  or  two  high : 
leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  linear,  like  those  of  narrowest  forms  of  the  last,  but 
smaller  and  less  or  obsoletely  denticulate :  heads  few  or  numerous  in  a  loose 
and  open  corymbiform  cyme,  all  pedunculate:  involucre  (4  or  5  lines  high)  15 
to  25-flowered ;  its  bracts  all  or  mostly  obtuse.  —  Fl.  ii.  94.  Plains  of  Ne- 
braska and  Arkansas  to  W.  Texas  and  E.  New  Mexico. 


2.    ETJPATORIUM,    Tourn.        THOROUGHWORT. 

Herbs  or  shrubby,  commonly  with  opposite  leaves,  mostly  resinous-  atoiu- 
iferous  and  bitter ;  the  small  heads  corymbosely  cymose  or  paniculate. 
*  Involucre  imbricated,  the  outer  bracts  successively  shorter:  herbs. 
•t-  Heads  5  to  IQ-jlowered:  leaves  verticillate. 

1.  E.  purpureum,  L.      From    pubescent    to   nearly  glabrous:    stem 
simple,  3  to  9  feet  high :  leaves  commonly  3  to  6  in  a  whorl,  from  oval-ovate 
to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  reticulate-veiny,  the  base 
narrowed  into  a  short  petiole  :    cymes  polycephaloue,  compound-corymbose 
and  numerous  :  involucre  whitish  and  flesh-colored  :  flowers  dull  flesh-color  or 
purple,  rarely  almost  white.  —  From  the  Sierra  Nevada,  eastward  across  the 
continent.     Known  as  "  Joe-Pye  Weed  "  and  "  Trumpet  Weed."     Varies 
exceedingly;  the  commonest  form  being 

Var.  maculatum,  Darl.  Stem  3  to  4  feet  high,  often  roughish-pubescent, 
commonly  purple,  striate  or  sulcate :  leaves  somewhat  rugose :  inflorescence 
more  compact. 

•H-  -t-  Heads  W  to  20-flowered :  leaves  opposite. 

2.  E.  Bruneri,  Gray.     Minutely  puberulent,  a  foot  or  two  high :   leaves 
acutely  sen-ate,  ovate-oblong,  2  or  3  inches  long,  very  short-petioled :   paniculate 
rather  slender  peduncles  bearing  3  or  more  sessile  or  short-peduncled  heads :  in- 
volucre campanulate,  at   least  2Q-Jlowered,  of    comparatively  few  obscurely 
striate  obtuse  bracts ;  the  outer  oval,  puberulent ;    inner  ones  scarious  and 
glabrous,  flesh-color :  akenes  glabrous.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  96.     Damp  ground,  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains  at  Fort  Collins,  N.  Colorado,  Dr.  Bruner. 

3.  E.  perfoliatum,  L.      Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  villous-pubescent,  fasti- 
giately  branched  above,  stout :    leaves  lanceolate,  connate-per foliate,  tapering 
gradually  to  an  acuminate  apex,  finely  and  closely  crenate-serrate,  rugose,  soft- 
pubescent,  or  almost  tomentose  beneath,  4  to  8  inches  long :  heads  small  but 
very   numerous,   in   dense   compound-corymbose   cymes,  mostly  1  Q-fiowered : 
bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  with  slightly  scarious  acutish  tips.  — 
From  Dakota,  within  the  N.  E.  limit  of  our  range,  to  Louisiana  and  eastward 
across  the  continent.     Known  as  "  Thoroughwort  "  and  "  Boneset." 

*  *  Involucre  of  bracts  all  of  the  same  length  or  nearlij  so,  in  one  or  two  series: 
leaves  opposite  and  petioled :  shrubs. 

4.  E.  ageratifolium,  DC.     Shrub  3  to  7  feet  high,  with  slender  and 
spreading  mostly  herbaceous  branches,  green  and  nearly  glabrous :    leaves 
deltoid-ovate,  coarsely  and  rather  obtusely  dentate,  2  or  3  inches  long,  slender- 
petioled :  heads  pedicelled,  numerous  in  corymbiform  cymes,  10  to  30-flowered  : 
involucral  bracts  8  bo  12,  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear.  —  E.  Berlandieri,  DC. 
From  S.  Colorado  to  Texas. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  143 

3.    KUHNIA,   L. 

Perennials,  with  mostly  alternate  leaves,  more  or  less  sprinkled  with  resin- 
ous atoms,  usually  with  scattered  or  cymose-clustered  heads  of  10  to  30 
whitish  or  at  length  purple  flowers;  pappus  mostly  tawny. 

1.  K.  eupatorioides,  L.  Stem  herbaceous,  2  or  3  feet  high:  leaves 
from  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  irregularly  few-toothed  or  upper  ones  entire, 
the  lower  narrowed  at  base  and  sometimes  short-petioled  :  pubescence  minute 
or  soft  and  cinereous,  or  hardly  any  :  heads  more  or  less  cymose-clustered.  — 
From  Montana  to  Texas  and  eastward  to  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey. 
Very  variable. 

Var.  corymbulosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  stouter,  some- 
Avhat  cinereous-pubescent  or  tomentulose  :  leaves  rather  rigid  and  sessile, 
from  oblong  to  lanceolate,  coarsely  veiny :  heads  rather  crowded.  —  From 
Dakota  and  Nebraska  to  Texas  and  eastward  to  the  Mississippi  States. 


4.    BRICKELLIA,   Ell. 

Herbs  or  undershrubs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  veiny  leaves  and  heads  of 
white,  ochroleucous,  or  even  flesh-colored  flowers. 

*  Heads  30  to  4Q-Jlowered ,  %  to  f  inch  long :  leaves  slender-petioled,  at  least  the 
lower  ones  opposite :  perennial  herbs. 

1.  B.  grandiflora,  Nutt.     Puberulent  or  almost  glabrous:   stem  2  or 
3  feet  high,  paniculately  branched  :  the  numerous  heads  pauiculate-cymose 
and  drooping :  leaves  broadly  or  narrowly  deltoid-cordate,  coarsely  dentate- 
serrate  and  with  an  entire  gradually  acuminate  apex,  the  larger  4  inches 
long  :    bracts   papery   and    scarious-margined    when    dried  :    pappus   white, 
inclined  to  be  deciduous.  —  In  the  mountains  from  New  Mexico  and  Arizona 
to  Montana  and  Oregon. 

Var.  minor,  Gray,  is  a  smaller  form,  with  leaves  only  an  inch  or  two  long, 
heads  proportionally  small,  involucre  fewer-flowered.  —  Clear  Creek,  Colo- 
rado, to  California  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  Arizona. 

*  *  Heads  9  to  25-Jlowered,  not  over  £  inch  long :  leaces  distinctly  petioled, 
mostly  alternate:  stems  shrubby  at  base. 

2.  B.  Wrightii,   Gray.      Usually  much  branched  from  a  woody  base, 
2  to  4  feet  high,  puberulent :  leaves  broadly  deltoid-ovate  or  rounded-cordate  and 
obtuse,  more  or  less  crenate-dentate,  ^  to  1^  inches  long:  heads  glomerate-panicu- 
late, the  clusters  shorter  than  or  little  surpassing  the  subtending  leaves :  in- 
volucre often  purple.  — PI.  Wright,  ii.  72.     From  Colorado  and  Arizona  to 
W.  Texas. 

3.  B.  microphylla,  Gray.     Glandular-puberulent  or  pubescent  and  viscid, 
a  foot  or  two  high  from  a  partly  woody  base,  paniculately  much  branched ;  the 
short  leafy  branchlets  terminated  by  1  to  3  heads :    leaves  subcordate  or  ovate  to 
oblong,  when  old  somewhat  scabrous,  sparingly  denticulate  or  nearly  entire, 
the  larger  ^  inch  long,  those  of  flowering  branchlets  a  line  or  two  long:  heads 
nearly  ^  inch  long,  about  15-flowered.  —  PI.  Wright,  i.  85.     From  S.  W. 
Colorado  to  California  and  Oregon. 


144  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

5.    LI  A  THIS,    Schreb,        BLAZING  STAR. 

Herbs,  with  simple  virgate  very  leafy  stems  from  a  tuberous  or  mostly  glo- 
bose and  corm-like  stock,  bearing  spicate  heads  of  rose-purple  flowers ;  the 
leaves  all  alternate,  narrow,  entire,  rigid,  mostly  glabrous. 

*  Pappus  very  plumose:  heads  16  to  60-jlowered. 

1.  Ii.  squarrosa,  Willd.     Pubescent  or  partly  glabrous  :  stem  stout,  6  to 
20  inches  high :  leaves  all  linear  and  rigid ;  the  lower  grass-like  :  heads  few, 
or  sometimes  numerous  in  a  leafy  spike  or  raceme,  the  larger  an  inch  or  more 
long :  bracts  of  the  involucre  much  imbricated,  all  herbaceous  and  acuminate, 
or  with  foliaceous  or  herbaceous  lanceolate  rigid  and  somewhat  pungent  tips ; 
these  usually  squarrose-spreadiug  and  prolonged.  —  Within  the  eastern  limit 
of  our  range  and  extending  eastward  across  the  continent. 

Var.  intermedia,  DC.  Heads  narrow :  bracts  of  the  involucre  erect  or 
little  spreading,  less  prolonged.  —  Same  range  as  the  type,  perhaps  extending 
a  little  farther  west. 

*  *  Pappus  plainly  plumose  to  the  naked  eye:  heads  4  to  G-flowered. 

2.  L.  punctata,  Hook.     Stems  a  span  to  30  inches  high  from  a  thick 
and  branching  or  sometimes  globular  stock,  stout :  leaves  all  narrowly  linear, 
as  well  as  bracts  commonly  punctate,  rigid  :  head  oblong  or  cyliudraceous, 
thickish,  from  \  to  f  inch  long,  mostly  numerous  and  crowded  in  a  dense 
spike :  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong,  abruptly  or  sometimes  more  gradually 
cuspidate-acuminate,  often  lanuginous-ciliate.  —  On  the  plains  from  the  Sas- 
katchewan to  Montana  and  southward  to  Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

#  *  *  Pappus  minutely  barbellate,  not  plumose :  heads  25  to  4Q-Jloivered. 

3.  L.  scariosa,  Willd.     Pubescent  or  glabrate :  stem  stout,  1  to  5  feet 
high  :  leaves  spatulate-  or  oblong-lanceolate  and  tapering  into  a  petiole,  4  to  6 
inches  long;    upper  narrowly  lanceolate;    uppermost  small,  linear,  sessile: 
heads  racemose  or  spicate,  few  or  numerous  (3  to  50),  about  an  inch  high 
and  wide  or  much  smaller :  iuvolucral  bracts  broadest  and  rounded  at  sum- 
mit, there  either  herbaceous  or  scarious  edged  and  tinged  with  purple  (rarely 
white-scarious).  —  From  the  Rocky  Mountains  eastward  across  the  continent. 
Extremely  variable. 


6.    GUTIERREZIA,   Lag. 

Ours  is  a  suffruticose  plant,  with  narrow  entire  and  alternate  leaves,  small 
heads  of  yellow  flowers,  and  pappus  of  ray  and  disk  similar,  consisting  of 
chaffy  scales  which  vary  from  narrowly  oblong  to  linear-subulate. 

1.  G.  EuthamiaB,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Bushy,  from  glabrous  to  puberulent, 
6  to  18  inches  high,  with  mostly  strict  and  fastigiately  polycephalous  branches : 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  verging  to  filiform :  heads  mostly  clavate-oblong,  few 
to  several-flowered,  not  over  2  lines  long,  some  short-pedunculate,  others  3  to  5 
in  a  glomerule :  flowers  of  disk  and  ray  not  numerous :  akenes  sericeous- 
pubescent. —  From  the  Saskatchewan  and  Montana  to  New  Mexico  and 
California. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  145 

7.    GRINDELIA,    Willd.        GUM-PLANT. 

Herbs  of  coarse  habit;  with  sessile  or  partly  clasping  and  usually  ser- 
rate rigid  leaves,  and  rather  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating  the 
branches ;  the  narrow  rays  numerous,  occasionally  wanting.  Heads  more  or 
less  viscid,  especially  before  blooming,  but  the  herbage  glabrous  (in  ours). 

*  Akenes  squarely  truncate  and  even  at  the  summit,  not  toothed:  pappus-awns 

2  or  3. 

1.  G.  squarrosa,  Dunal.      Commonly  only  a  foot  or  two  high  and 
branched  from  the  base :  leaves  rigid ;  cauline  from  spatulate-  to  linear-oblong 
and  with  half-clasping  base,  acutely  and  often  spinulosely  serrate  or  denticu- 
late ;  sometimes  radical  and  even  cauline  laciniate-pinnatifid :  involucre  strongly 
squarrose  with  the  spreading  and  recurving  short-filiform  tips  of  the  bracts : 
outer  akenes  commonly  corky-thickened  and  with  broad  truncate  summit, 
those  toward  the  centre  narrower  and  thinner-walled.  —  On  the  plains,  from 
the  Saskatchewan  to  Texas  and  westward  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Var.  nuda,  Gray.  Rays  wanting. — With  the  radiate  form  in  Colorado 
and  New  Mexico. 

*  #  Akenes  narrow,  excisely  truncate  or  bidentate  at  summit :  pappus  awns 
mostly  2. 

2.  G.  nan  a,  Nutt.     Rather  low  and  slender,  6  to  30  inches  high,  the 
larger  plants  corymbosely  and  freely  branched  above :  leaves  thinnish,  lanceo- 
late and  linear,  or  the  lower  spatulate,  entire  or  spinulose  serrate :  heads 
small :  bracts  of  the  involucre  with  slender  and  squarrose  soon  revolute  tips, 
as  in  the  last :  rays  16  to  30.  —  From  N.  W.  Wyoming  to  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington Territory  ;  replacing  G.  squarrosa  in  the  Northwest. 

8.    CHRYSOPSIS,    Nutt.        GOLDEN  ASTER. 

Herbs,  with  pubescence  from  hispid  to  silky,  leaves  entire  or  few-toothed, 
yellow  flowers  in  middle-sized  heads  terminating  the  stem  and  branches. 
Our  single  species  includes  a  multitude  of  forms,  the  more  marked  of  which 
are  given  as  varieties. 

1.  C.  villosa,  Nutt.  A  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  from  oblong  to  lanceo- 
late, rarely  few-toothed,  usually  cinereous  or  canescently  strigose  or  hirsute 
and  sparsely  hispid  along  the  margins  and  midrib,  an  inch  or  two  long :  heads 
mostly  terminating  leafy  branches,  sometimes  rather  clustered,  naked  at  base 
or  leafy- bracteate  :  involucre  campanulate,  4  or  5  lines  high  ;  its  bracts  com- 
monly strigulose-canescent,  sometimes  almost  smooth,  acute :  akenes  oblong- 
obovate,  villous  :  outer  pappus  of  chaffy  bristles.  —  On  open  ground  from 
the  Saskatchewan  to  Alabama  and  westward  across  the  continent. 

Var.  hispida,  Gray.  Small  and  low,  with  hirsute  and  hispid  pubescence, 
not  canescent :  heads  particularly  small :  involucre  not  canescent,  sometimes 
glabrous.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  65.  Saskatchewan  to  W.  Texas  and 
Arizona. 

Var.  discoidea,  Gray.  Heads  destitute  of  rays :  involucre  somewhat 
canescent :  otherwise  nearly  as  the  last.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  123.  Canons,  W.  Mon- 
tana, Watson. 

10 


146  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

Var.  foliosa,  Eaton.  Canescent  with  appressed  sericeous  pubescence, 
mostly  soft  and  destitute  of  hispid  bristles ;  but  stem  often  hirsute  or  villous : 
leaves  short,  oblong  or  elliptical :  heads  small,  rather  numerous  and  clustered. 
—  Bot.  King  Exp.  164.  Mountains  of  Wyoming  to  Utah  and  Arizona. 

Var  Kutteri,  Rothrock.  Most  like  the  preceding,  equally  sericeous- 
canescent  with  usually  longer  soft  hairs :  heads  of  double  the  size,  fully 
£  inch  high  and  wide,  solitary  or  few  in  a  cluster,  foliose-bracteate :  rays  30 
to  40,  £  inch  long.  —  Wheeler  Rep.  vi.  142.  S.  Arizona ;  also  Colorado,  where 
the  leaves  are  slightly  canescent. 

9.    APLOPAPPUS,    Cass. 

A  large  and  polymorphous  genus ;  mostly  herbaceous,  some  suff ruticose  : 
the  flowers  all  yellow,  and  occasionally  rayless,  thus  making  them  undistin- 
guishable  from  the  following  genus. 
*  Involucre  ofjirm  well-imbricated  or  rigid  bracts:  rays  numerous,  several,  or 

wanting :  pappus  commonly  fuscous  or  rufous,  and  more  or  less  rigid. 
4-  Heads  rayless:  akenes  senceous-canescent :  leaves  coriaceous,  dentate. 

1.  A.  Nuttallii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Herbaceous  from  a  woody  stock,  a  span 
to  a  foot  high  :  leaves  from  spatulate-oblong  to  almost  lanceolate :  heads  few 
terminating  the  branches,  one  third  inch  high :  involucre  hemispherical ;  the 
bracts  with  slightly  spreading  greenish  tips.  —  From    New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  to  Idaho  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

4-  4-  Heads  conspicuous! 'y  radiate,  large  and  showy:  rays  very  numerous,  J  to 

1  inch  long :  akenes  wholly  glabrous :  leaves  coriaceous,  entire. 
4H-  Stems  equably  and  very  leafy  up  to  the  sessile  or  subsessile  heads. 

2.  A.  Fremonti,  Gray.      A  foot  or  less  high,  simple  or  fastigiately 
branched  above :  leaves  lanceolate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  obscurely  3  to  5-nerved ; 
lower  narrowed  and  upper  partly  clasping  at  base:  involucre  (inch  or  less 
high)  broadly  campanulate ;  its  bracts  broadly  lanceolate,  conspicuously  and 
often  cuspidately  acuminate :  rays  £  inch  long :  akenes  obovate,  striate-nerved, 
almost  as  long  as  the  rigid  pappus.  — Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  65.    Colorado. 

Var.  "Wardi,  Gray.      Dwarf:    fascicled  stems  only  a  span  high:  leaves 
proportionally  small,  linear-lanceolate,  destitute  of    lateral  nerves:    heads 
one-half  smaller,  2  or  3  in  a  terminal  glomerule :  akenes  double  the  length 
of  the  scanty  pappus.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  128.     Wyoming,  L.  F.  Ward. 
4H-  4-v  Stems  simple,  above  with  decreasing  or  sparse  leaves  and  solitary  or  few 

naked  and  usually  pedunculate  heads,  at  base  a  tuft  of  ample  lanceolate-  or 

spatulate-oblong  radical  leaves. 

3.  A.  CFOCeus,  Gray.     Stem  stout  and  erect,  commonly  a  foot  or  two 
high,  and  with  radical  leaves  afoot  or  less  long  (including  the  petiole)  :  cauliue 
leaves  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  partly  clasping :  head  mostly  solitary :  invo- 
lucre a  fall  inch  in  diameter ;  its  bracts  ovate  to  spatulate-oblong,  very  obtuse,  lax, 
inner  with  scarious  erose-denticulate  margins :    rays  saffron-yellow,  sometimes 
inch  long :  akenes  narrowly  oblong,  nearly  the  length  of  the  pappus.  —  Proc. 
Acad.  Philad.  1863,  65.     Mountains  of  Colorado. 

4.  A.  integrifollUS,  T.  C.  Porter.     Stems  several  from  the  caudex, 
ascending,  a  foot  or  less  high :  radical  leaves  3  to  8  inches  (including  short 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  147 

petiole  or  taperiug  base);  cauline  lanceolate,  or  small  uppermost  linear: 
heads  solitary  or  2  or  3  in  axils,  smaller  than  in  foregoing :  iuvolucral  bracts 
narrowly  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  some  loose  outer  ones  usually  equalling  the 
disk  and  more  foliaceous :  rays  bright  yellow,  half-inch  long :  immature  akeues 
oblong.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvi.  79.  Mountain  meadows,  Wyoming, 
and  Montana. 

1-  -t-  -t-  Heads  conspicuously  radiate,  smaller :  rays  ^  to  barely  \  inch  long : 

akenes  silky  pubescent  or  villous. 

•w  Mostly  simple  stems  with  a  tuft  of  radical  leaves :  leaves  coriaceous,  entire  or  ^ 
spinulose-serrate,  the  cauline  diminished  upwards:    rays  20  to  50:  pappus 
pale,  rather  soft  and  fine. 

5.  A.  uniflorus,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stems  a  span  to  barely  a  foot  high, 
ascending  or  erect,  sometimes  5  to  ^-leaved,  sometimes  rather  scapiform  or  upper 
leaves  reduced  and  bract-like,  bearing  a  solitary  head,  rarely  one  or  two  from 
lower  axils :  leaves  lanceolate  or  sometimes  broader ;   radical  2  or  3  inches 
long  and  usually  petioled  :  involucre  commonly  4  inch  high  and  the  linear  or 
oblong-linear  bracts  all  of  same  length,  rather  loose,  outer  all  foliaceous. — A.  uni- 
florus  &  A.  inuloides,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  241.     From  the  Saskatchewan  to 
Montana,  Utah,  and  Colorado. 

6.  A.  lanceolatUS,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Habit  of  the  preceding:  stems  gen- 
erally more  leafy  and  bearing  3  to  15  heads;  these  when  few  subcorymbose, 
when  more  numerous  racemosely  or  paniculately  disposed  :  involucre  in  the 
type  fully  ^  inch  high  ;    its  bracts  rather  closely  imbricated  in  3  or  4  unequal 
series,  lanceolate,  acutish,  with  short  green  tips  and  whitish  coriaceous  base ; 
outer  successively  shorter,  occasionally  some  of  them  longer  and  more  herba- 
ceous.—  Eaton,  Bot.  King  Exp.   160.     From  the   Saskatchewan  to  British 
Columbia  and  N.  Nevada. 

Var.  Vaseyi,  Parry.  Heads  a  third  or  quite  half  smaller,  disposed  to 
be  racemose  and  involucre  closer.  —  Saskatchewan  to  Wyoming,  Utah,  and 
Colorado. 

•w-  -M-  Very  dwarf  from  a  multicipital  caudex,  leafy  up  to  the  small  heads :  leaves 
all  narrow  and  entire  :  rays  7  to  10  :  pappus  scanty,  somewhat  fulvous. 

7.  A.  multicaulis,  Gray.     Very  dwarf,  tufted,  tomentulose,  but  early 
glabrate  and  smooth  :  stems  1  to  3  inches  high  from  a  ligneous  caudex,  simple 
or  forked,  bearing  3  or  4  leaves  and  few  heads :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  or  the 
lowest  obscurely  spatulate,  an  inch  long :  bracts  of  the  involucre  large  and 
rather  few  (9  to  14),  from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  cuspidate-acuminate, 
marked  with  a  green  spot  below  the  slender  cusp,  or  the  outermost  with  a 
larger  foliaceous  tip.  —  Am.  Nat.  viii.  213.     On  rocks,  mountains  of  N.  W. 
Wyoming. 

•<-(•  -w-  -M-  Branching  and  leafy :  leaves  not  rigid,  dentate  or  pinnatifid,  the  teeth 
and  tips  bristle-tipped:  rays  conspicuous,  15  to  30:  pappus  rather  rigid,  its 
bristles  very  unequal  in  size  and  strength. 

8.  A.  rubiginosus,  Torr.  £  Gray.     One  to  three  feet  high,  viscid-glan- 
dular and  pubescent:    leaves  lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong,  incisely  pinnatifid  or 
dentate  with  salient  narrow  teeth :  heads  somewhat  cymosely  paniculate,  5  or  6 
lines  high,  usually  naked  pedunculate :  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-subulate, 


148  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

with  slender  spreading  green  tips:  rays  deep  golden-yellow.  —  Fl.  ii.  240.    From 
S.  Texas  to  the  plains  of  Colorado  as  far  as  the  mountains. 

9.  A.  spinulosus,  DC.     Canescently  puberulent  or  glabrate :  stems  a  span 
to  a  foot  high,  cymosely  branching  at  summit:  leaves  pinnately  and  the  lower 
o/len  bipinnately  parted  into  rather  numerous  lobes ;  lobes  and  teeth,  as  well  as 
oppressed  involucral  bracts  setaceous-tipped,  —  Plains,  from  the  Saskatchewan  to 
Texas  and  westward  to  Dakota,  Colorado,  and  Arizona. 

#  #  Bracts  of  the  involucre  from  ovate  to  lanceolate  or  even  linear,  not  rigid,  all 
of  equal  or  about  equal  length :  rays  several  or  numerous :  pappus  soft  and 
white  or  whitish:  leaves  all  entire. 

•»-  Heads  cymose  or  glomerate  at  the  summit  of  a  leafy  stem :  involucre  campanu- 
late:  rays  12  to  20,  small  and  narrow:  alcenes  short  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

10.  A.  Parryi,  Gray.     Green  and  almost  glabrous,  puberulent,  and  some- 
what viscid  above:   stems  6  to  18  inches  high:  leaves  oblong-obovate  and 
spatulate,  or  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate,  thinnish,  2  to  4  inches  long :   heads 
nearly  ^  inch  high,  rather  numerous :   involucral  bracts  oblong,  obtuse,  pale, 
and  in  about  three  moderately  unequal  ranks:  flowers  pale  yellow.  —  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  ii.  xxxiii.  10.     Mountains  of  Colorado  to  the  Wahsatch. 

•t—  -i-  Dwarf:  heads  solitary,  terminating  simple  st<ms  or  branches:  rays 

conspicuous. 

•w-  Wholly  herbaceous,  chiefly  alpine,  disposed  to  be  cespitose,  a  span  or  less  in 

height:  leaves  soft,  not  persistent :  involucre  hemispherical:  rays  15  to  20. 

=  Green,  not  woolly,  mostly  equably  leafy  up  to  the  head. 

11.  A.  pygmaJUS,  Gray.     Less  than  a  span  high,  soft-pubescent  or  gla- 
brate, not  viscid  nor  glandular  :    leaves  from   linear-spatulate  to  spatulate- 
oblong :   involucral  bracts  oblong,  outer  ones  foliaceous  and  loose,  very  obtuse, 
equalling  the  thinner  innermost :  akenes  pubescent.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiii. 
239.     Alpine  region  of  Colorado  mountains. 

12.  A.   Lyalli,   Gray.       Rather  taller,   larger-leaved,   viscid-puberulent: 
leaves  obovate-spatulate  to  oblanceolate  :  involucre  glandular ;  its  bracts  lanceo- 
late, acute,  sometimes  2  or  3  outermost  oblong  and  more  foliaceous  :  akenes 
and  ovaries  glabrous  or  nearly  so. — Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  64.     Alpine 
region  of  Colorado  mountains ;  also  in  Montana,  Oregon,  and  northward. 

=  =  Woolly  or  tomentose,  at  least  the  involucre,  above  less  leafy,  or  head 
pedunculate. 

13.  A.  lanuginosus,  Gray.     Fully  a  span  high  from  creeping  root- 
stocks,  floccose-tomentose :  leaves  soft,  narrowly  spatulate  or  upper  linear,  an 
inch  or  two  long ;  the  sparse  uppermost  almost  filiform :  bracts  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  thin,  nearly  equal,  in  two  series,  outer  barely  greenish : 
akenes  sericeous-canescent.  —  Wilkes  Ex.  Exped.  xvii.  347.    From  Montana, 
Watson,  to  the  mountains  of  Washington  Territory. 

*+  +•*•  Depressed-cespitose  from  a  multicipital  woody  caudex,  glabrous  or  puberu- 
lent :  leaves  rigid  and  persistent,  crowded  on  the  crowns  of  the  caudex  or  on 
short  shoots,  a  few  on  the  scapiform  flowering  stems :  rays  6  to  15:  akenes 
canescently  villous. 

14.  A.  acaulis,  Gray.    Leaves  from  spatulate  to  oblanceolate  or  linear, 
mucronate,  more  or  less  3-nerved  and  the  broader  ones  veiny,  commonly  sea- 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  149 

brous :  scapiform  flowering  stems  an  inch  to  a  span  high,  mostly  monocepha- 
lous :  brads  of  the  involucre  from  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  mucronately  acute  or 
acuminate,  destitute  of  greenish  tips;  the  outer  a  little  shorter  than  the  inner. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  353.  In  the  mountains  from  the  Saskatchewan  to 
California  and  Oregon. 

Var.  glabratus,  Eaton.  Glabrous  and  smooth  or  nearly  so  :  flowering 
stems  disposed  to  be  leafy  above  and  to  branch,  so  bearing  2  or  3  heads.  — 
Bot.  King  Exp.  161.  Wyoming  to  Nevada  and  Arizona. 

15.  A.   armerioides,   Gray.     Smooth  and  glabrous  :    flowering  stems 
naked  above  for  1   to  3  inches,  sometimes  nearly  scapiform :    bracts  of  the 
campanulate  involucre  broadly  oval,  rounded-obtuse  or  retuse,  muticous,  of  about 
three  lengths ;  the  outermost  much  shorter,  most  of  them  greenish  at  apex.  — 
Kocks  on  mountains,  from  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  S.  Utah. 

#  *  *  Heads  mostly  solitary,  terminating  leafy  branches:  involucre  of  lanceolate 

or  linear  bracts  in  few  ranks  and  of  somewhat  equal  length  ;  outer  with  con- 
spicuous leaf ;/  tips,  or  loose  and  foliaceous,  passing  into  leaves :  rays  few  and 
conspicuous,  or  wanting :  pappus  soft  and  slender :  low  and  many-stemmed 
from  a  suffrutescent  base :  leaves  soft,  spatulate-oblong  to  broadly  linear,  ses- 
sile, entire. 

16.  A.  SUflruticOSUS,  Gray.     Destitute  oftomentum:  stems  glandular- 
pubescent  or  puberulent :  heads  £  to  f  inch  high :  rays  2  to  5  and  somewhat 
exserted,  or  none  :  disk-flowers  10  to  30.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  542.     Alpine 
or  subalpine,  from  California  to  Oregon  and  N.  Wyoming. 

17.  A.  Macronema,   Gray.     Stems  stouter,   whitened  by  a  dense  and 
close  tomentum  :  head  commonly  larger,  one  inch  long :  rays  always  wanting.  — 
Loc.  cit.    Mountains  of  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  westward. 

10.     BIGELOVIA,    DC.        RATLESS  GOLDEN-ROD. 

Mostly  suffrutescent  or  more  shrubby  plants,  generally  few-flowered,  but 
grading  easily  into  both  Solidago  and  Aplopappus.  Includes  Linosyris. 

#  Heads  comparatively  large,  at  least  £  inch  long,  but  narrow,  5  to  2Q-Jlowered : 

bracts  of  the  involucre  chartaceous  and  acuminate,  some  of  the  outer  prolonged 
into  a  slender  herbaceous  tip  ;  when  numerous  the  vertical  ranks  are  more  or 
less  apparent:  low  and  suffrutescent,  with  linear  entire  leaves,  not  punctate 
nor  viscid. 

H-  Style-appendages  conspicuously  exserted:   akenes  pubescent:  stems  and 
branches  whitened  (at  least  when  young)  by  a  close  tomentum. 

1.  B.  Parry i,  Gray.     Stems  rather  strict,  leafy  to  the  summit:  leaves 
linear,  2  or  3  inches  long,  2  lines  or  less  wide,  obscurely  3-nerved,  glabrous ; 
upper  ones  hardly  diminished  in  size  and  overtopping  all  the  heads  of  the 
strict  and  narrow  thyrsiform-virgate  panicle:  heads  10  to  1 5- flowered :  bracts  of 
the  involucre  about  12.  —  Parks  of  the  Colorado  mountains. 

2.  B.  Howard!,  Gray.      Low,  rather  tufted,  canescently  tomentulose 
when  young  :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  rigid,  an  inch  or  two  long,  barely  a  line 
wide,   obscurely    \-nerved;    upper   mostly  overtopping   the  glomerate  narrow 
heads:  involucre  5-flowered ;  its  bracts  15  to  18. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  641. 
Parks  of  the  Colorado  mountains  to  New  Mexico  and  Utah. 


150  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

•»-  -i-  Style-appendages  hardly  exserted :  akenes  glabrous:  involucre  15  to  20- 
Jiowered :  herbage  glabrous  throughout. 

3.  B.  Engelmanni,  Gray.     A  span  or  two  high,  in  tufts  from  a  sub- 
terranean branching   caudex  :   stems   simple,  very  leafy  up  to  the  cymose- 
glomerate  heads :   leaves  all  narrowly  linear,  an  inch  or  two  long,  only  a 
line  wide,  rigid  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  regularly  imbricated  and  appressed, 
outer  similar  but  short,  all  abruptly  mucronate  or  short-cuspidate,  slightly 
greenish  below  the  tip.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  75.     Plains  of   Colorado  at 
Hugo  Station. 

*  *  Heads  narrow  or  small,  5-fiowered,  mostly  numerous  and  crowded :  involucre 
of  dry  chartaceous  more  or  less  keeled  bracts  imbricated  so  as  to  form  5  con- 
spicuous vertical  ranks :  shrubby  and  branching,  with  narrow  entire  leaves. 

+-  Akenes  and  ovaries  glabrous,  4  to  6-angled :  pappus  rigidulous :  bracts  of  the 
involucre  acute  or  acuminate,  numerous  and  strictly  5-ranked,  5  or  6  in  each 
vertical  rank :  herbage  not  punctate,  slightly  or  not  at  all  resinous. 

4.  B.  depressa,  Gray.     Obscurely  puberulent  and  pale,  a  span  or  two  high 
from  a  decumbent  woody  base :  branches  leafy  up  to  the  glomerule  or  fas- 
ciculate cyme  of  few  heads :  leaves  short,  about  ^  inch  or  less  long,  lanceolate 
or  lowest  rather  spatulate,  rigid,  mucronate-acute,  with  carinate  midrib  and  no 
veins :  heads  £  inch  long :  involucral  bracts  lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate 
into  an  almost  setaceous  tip.  —  Plains  of  S.  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  S. 
Utah. 

5.  B.  pulchella,  Gray.     Glabrous  and  green,  shrubby,  2  or  3  feet  high, 
fastigiately  much  branched,  very  leafy  up  to  fastigiate-cymose  heads :  leaves 
narrowly  linear,  plane,  an  inch  or  less  long,  rather  obtuse,  with  ciliolate-scabrous 
margins  and  midrib  not  prominent :  heads  f  to  £  inch  long :  involucral  bracts 
rigid-chartaceous,  much  carinate,  acute  and  cuspidate-mucronate.  —  W.  Texas 
to  New  Mexico  and  Colorado. 

6.  B.  Bigelovii,  Gray.     Canescent  with  fine  close  tomentum  when  young, 
glabrate,  shrubby,  a  foot  to  a  yard  high,  fastigiately  much  branched,  rigid  : 
branches  less  leafy,  bearing  a  few  fastigiate-clustered  heads,  ^  to  §  inch  high : 
leaves  nearly  filiform :  involucral  bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  thinnish,  all  pale.  — 
N.  New  Mexico  and  adjacent  Colorado. 

•i-  H-  Akenes  canescently  pubescent  or  villous  :  herbage  commonly  graveolent  and 

mostly  becoming  more  or  less  resinous  or  viscid. 

•*-*•  Leaves  numerous,  filiform  :  involucral  bracts  3  in  each  vertical  rank,  mostly 
with  small  subulate  spreading  or  recurving  tips. 

7.  B.  Greenei,  Gray.     Suffruticose,  about  a  foot  high,  green  and  gla- 
brous, more  or  less  balsamic-viscid :  leaves  very  numerous  on  the  branches, 
filiform-acerose,  but  flat,  and  margins  minutely  scabrous:  heads  numerous 
and  fastigiate-cymose,  3  or  4  lines  high.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  75.     Colo- 
rado, on  the  Huerfano  Plains  and  near  Twin  Lakes ;  also  in  Utah. 

•w-  ++  Leaves  numerous,  from  filiform-linear  to  broadly  linear  or  lanceolate :  bracts 
of  the  involucre  obtuse  or  somewhat  acute. 

8.  B.  graveolens,  Gray.     A  foot  to  a  yard  or  more  high,  bearing  nu- 
merous crowded  heads  :  these  ^  or  §  inch  high  :  leaves  mostly  fiocculent-tomen- 
tose  when  young,  often  glabrate  in  age,  not  rigid ;  the  larger  spatulate-linear,  or 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  151 

linear-lanceolate,  2  inches  long  and  2  lines  wide,  obscurely  if  at  all  3-nerved ; 
the  narrowest  almost  filiform,  at  least  when  dry,  and  margins  involute :  invo- 
lucre thin-chartaceous  when  dry :  corolla-lobes  or  teeth  short,  from  lanceolate 
to  nearly  ovate :  akenes  linear :  pappus  sojl.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  644. 
From  New  Mexico  and  S.  California  to  Dakota  and  British  Columbia.  An 
exceedingly  polymorphous  species,  the  following  varieties  representing  the 
principal  forms  within  our  range. 

Var.  glabrata,  Gray.  Includes  forms  with  the  usually  narrow  leaves 
early  glabrate  or  perhaps  glabrous  from  the  first,  sometimes  balsamic,  some- 
times not.  —  Not  rare  in  Colorado,  where  even  the  branches  sometimes  early 
lose  their  light  tomentum. 

Var.  albicaulis,  Gray.  Branches  for  the  most  part  permanently  and 
very  densely  white-tomentose  and  leaves  floccose-tomentose  :  involucre  either 
tomentulose  or  glabrate ;  its  bracts  commonly  acutish  :  corolla-lobes  more  or 
less  lanceolate  and  the  tube  villous-pubescent.  —  Mountains  of  Wyoming  to 
British  Columbia ;  also  in  California. 

Var.  latisquamea,  Gray.  Rather  stout,  white-tomentose  or  partly  gla- 
brate :  heads  numerous  in  the  corymbiform  cymes :  bracts  of  the  glabrous 
involucre  mostly  elliptical-oblong,  very  obtuse  :  lobes  or  teeth  of  the  corolla 
short,  someAvhat  lanceolate,  the  tube  glabrous.  —  S.  E.  Colorado  to  New 
Mexico  and  S.  Utah. 

9.  B.  Dotlglasii,  Gray.     Green,  no  tomentum:  from  6  inches  to  6  feet 
}\']gh,fastigiately  branched,  sometimes  resinous-viscid,  often  slightly  or  not  at  all 
so:  leaves  from  very  narrowly  linear  or  almost  filiform  (but  plane)  to  lanceo- 
late-oblong, mostly  3-nerved :   heads  few  or  numerous  and  fasti giate-cymose  : 
bracts  of  the  involucre  comparatively  few,  only  2  to  4  in  each  vertical  rank, 
from  broadly  to  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  Jirm-chartaceous :  pappus 
rigiduJous. —  From  Dakota  to  Washington   Territory  and  southward  into 
California  and  New  Mexico.     Very  variable,  with  the  following  principal 
forms. 

Var.  pumila,  Gray.  A  dwarf  northern  and  mountain  state,  a  span  or 
two  high,  glabrous  or  minutely  puberulent  and  disposed  to  be  viscidulous ;  the 
simple  branches  bearing  very  few  heads  in  a  close  cluster :  outer  involucral 
bracts  either  somewhat  greenish-tipped  or  passing  into  bract-like  leaves.  —  N. 
Montana  to  Washington  Territory  and  mountains  of  Utah. 

Var.  serrulata,  Gray.  Taller  :  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  ser- 
rulate-ciliolate,  sometimes  scabrous  and  rigid.  —  Common  through  the  whole 
dry  interior  region. 

Var.  tortifolia,  Gray.  Leaves  twisted  :  otherwise  like  the  preceding.  — 
Plains  of  Colorado  to  California. 

Var.  lanceolata,  Gray.  Low,  but  bearing  compact  cymes  of  numerous 
(5  to  7-flowered)  heads:  leaves  short,  lanceolate  or  broadly  linear,  puberu- 
leut.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  140. 

H-  t-  •(-  Akenes  and  ovaries  glabrous,  nearly  terete :  bracts  of  the  involucre 
rounded-obtuse :  suffrutescent,  green  and  glabrous. 

10.  B.  Vaseyi,  Gray.    A  span  or  two  high,  somewhat  balsamic-viscid, 
leafy  up  to  the  fastigiate-cymose  cluster  of  heads :  leaves  linear  or  spatulate- 
linear,  obtuse,  plane  :  involucre  3  or  4  lines  long ;  its  bracts  narrowly  oblong, 


152  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

firm-chartaceous,  and  all  but  innermost  with  a  thickened  greenish  spot  at 
the  very  obtuse  apex  :  pappus  fine  and  soft,  rather  short.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
xii.  58.  Colorado  mountains,  in  Middle  Park  and  Gunnison  Valley ;  also  in 
Utah. 

*  *  *  Heads  several  to  many-flowered :  bracts  of  the  involucre  coriaceous,  and 

usually  somewhat  herbaceous  or  thickened  at  the  obtuse  apex,  all  strictly  ap- 
pressed  and  imbricated,  but  the  vertical  ranks  inconspicuous :  akenes  pubescent : 
leaves  linear,  entire  or  sparingly  dentate  :  herbaceous  down  to  the  suffrutescent 
base. 

11.  B.  pluriflora,  Gray.    Leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire:  heads  15  to  18- 
flowered,  4  lines  high  :  involucre  somewhat  turbinate,  very  smooth ;  its  thinnish 
bracts  lanceolate,  acute:   otherwise  like  the  next,  of   which  it  is  probably  a 
form.  —  Colorado  ?  probably  on  the  Arkansas  or  South  Fork  of  the  Platte, 
James  in  Long's  expedition. 

12.  B.  Wrightii,  Gray.     Commonly  glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  stems  rather 
strict  and  slender,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  thickish,  narrowly  linear,  entire, 
sometimes  lower  ones  sparingly  laciniate-dentate,  margins  either  smooth  or  spar- 
ingly scabrous:  heads  (4  or  5  lines  high)  7  to  \5-Jlowered,  usually  numerous 
and  crowded  in  a  corymbiform  cyme :  bracts  of  the  involucre  oval-oblong  to 
broadly  lanceolate,  obtuse ;  the  back  at  or  near  the  apex  usually  greenish.  — 
W.  Texas  to  S.  Colorado  and  Arizona. 

Var.  hirtella,  Gray.  Leaves  cinereous-hirtellous  or  hirsute-pubescent  and 
roughish,  but  often  glabrate  in  age  or  only  ciliolate :  stems  sometimes  pubes- 
cent. —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  142.  Same  range. 

11.     SO  LID  AGO,   L.        GOLDEN-ROD. 

Herbs,  with  mostly  strict  stems,  entire  or  serrate  alternate  leaves,  the  cau- 
line  sessile  or  nearlv  so,  the  radical  tapering  into  margined  petioles  :  the  small 
heads  thyrsoid-glomerate,  or  sometimes  cymose,  or  more  commonly  in  raceme- 
like  secund  clusters  :  flowers  yellow. 

§  1.    Receptacle  honeycombed:  rays  generally  fewer  or  not  more  numerous  than 
disk-flowers.  — VIRGAUREA. 

*  Heads  mostly  large,  4  to  6  lines  long,  many-flowered,  collected  in  thyrsoidal  in- 

florescence which  is  not  at  all  secund  nor  raceme-like:  rays  6  to  14:  akenes 

pubescent:  leaves  veiny  from  a  simple  midrib,  mostly  bright  green  :  stems  low. 
Ours  are  mountain  or  high-latitude  forms. 

1.  S.  multiradiata,  Ait.  Villous-pubescent  above  or  glabrate:  leaves 
minutely  and  sparingly  serrate  above,  sometimes  entire ;  cauline  spatulate  to 
lanceolate,  all  tapering  gradually  to  the  base,  or  the  radical  into  a  slender  mar- 
gined petiole :  heads  generally  few  and  glomerate  in  a  single  terminal  roundish 
or  oblong  compact  cluster,  occasionally  with  one  or  two  looser  axillary  clusters 
or  branches :  brads  of  the  involucre  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute :  rays  numerous 
and  narrow.  —  S.  Virgaurea,  var.  multiradiata,  Torr.  £  Gray.  Across  the  con- 
tinent in  high  latitudes  and  extending  southward  along  the  Rocky  Mountains 
to  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  where  the  usual  form  is 

Var.  SCOpulorum,  Gray.  More  glabrous,  3  to  18  inches  high,  commonly 
strict:  heads  when  numerous  in  a  more  open  or  compound  cluster,  mostly 


COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  153 

smaller :   bracts  of  the  involucre  closer,  shorter,  aiicl  merely  acute.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acacl.  xvii.  187. 

2.  S.  humilis,  Pursh.     Glabrous,  disposed  to  be  glutinous,  bright  green  : 
stems  strict,  leafy :  upper  leaves  lanceolate  to  nearly  linear,  entire  ;  lower  and 
radical  becoming  spatulate  with  long  attenuate  base,  sparingly  appressed-ser- 
rate  above  the  middle  :  heads  rather  crowded  in  a  narrow  racemiform  paniculate 
simple  or  sparingly  branched  thyrsus :  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong-linear,  obtuse. 
—  S.  Virgaurea,  var.  humilis,  Gray,  Man.     In  the  mountains  of  New  Mexico 
and  Colorado,  and  extending  northward  to  the  British  possessions,  where  it 
ranges  eastward  across  the  continent. 

Var.  nana,  Gray.  A  high  alpine  form,  2  to  5  inches  high,  with  spatulate 
to  obovate  leaves,  and  few  heads  in  a  close  glomerule,  or  more  numerous  in  a 
spike-like  thyrsus.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  148.  S.  Virgaurea,  var.  humilis,  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  viii.  389.  S.  Virgaurea,  var.  alpina,  of  Fl.  Colorado  and  Wheeler's 
Report.  High  mountains  of  Colorado  and  in  the  Cascades. 

#  *  Heads  smaller,  2  or  3  (rarely  4)  lines  long,  not  in  a  terminal  cyme,  but  in 
paniculate  or  raceme-like  clusters,  ivhich  when  well  developed  are  collected  in  a 
terminal  compound  panicle  or  panicles;  when  the  clusters  are  raceme-like  and 
spreading  they  are  apt  to  be  secund:  stems  branching  only  at  summit. 

-*- Neither  alpine,  canescently  pubescent,  nor  the  leaves  triple-ribbed :  leaves  entire 

or  little  serrate. 

3.  S.   spectabilis,  Gray.     A  foot  or  two   high:    heads  numerous  and 
crowded  in  a  narrow  or  compound  and  broader  thyrsus :  cauline  leaves  lanceo- 
late, or  the  small  uppermost  becoming  linear,  acute ;  lower  and  radical  spatu- 
late-lanceolate  or  oblong,  acutish  or  obtuse,  often  an  inch  wide  and  obscurely 
triple-ribbed ;  radical  rarely  with  a  few  serratures  :  iuvolucral  bracts  lanceolate 
or  broader,  mostly  obtuse:  rays  8  to  15,  small:  akenes  pubescent.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xvii.  193.     S.  Guiradonis,  var.  spectabilis,  Eaton.    From  the  Eastern 
slopes  of  the  "Front  Range"  in  Colorado  to  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada. 

4.  S.  speciosa,  Nutt.     Commonly  3  to  6  feet  high  and  robust :  leaves 
thicker  and  generally  ample,  oval  or  oblong,  rather  abruptly  narrowed  into  a 
sessile  base,  or  the  larger  into  a  winged  petiole,  often  4  to  6  inches  long  and 
2  or  3  wide ;  uppermost  small  and  lanceolate  or  oblong ;  primary  veins  spread- 
ing and  obscure :  thyrsus  narrow,  composed  of  numerous  short  or  rarely  elon- 
gated spiciform  clusters,  rigid,  rather  showy:  heads  3  or  4  lines  long:  bracts  of 
the  well-imbricated  involucre  of  firm  texture,  narrowly  oblong,  very  obtuse, 
and  with  a  greenish  midnerve :  rays  conspicuous,  5  or  6 :  akenes  glabrous  or 
nearly  so.  —  Hardly  extending  into  our  range,  but  represented  at  its  eastern 
border  by  the 

Var.  rigidiuscula,  Torr.  &  Gray,  which  is  not  so  tall,  has  smaller  leaves, 
the  lower  being  spatulate  or  oblanceolate  and  only  2  to  4  inches  long  and 
hardly  an  inch  wide,  the  upper  more  rigid  and  rougher-edged,  and  the  thyrsus 
more  simple. 

•«-  •*-  Leaves  more  or  less  triple-ribbed,  or  with  a  pair  of  lateral  veins  continued 

parallel  to  the  midrib. 
•*-«•  Smooth  and  glabrous,  at  least  as  to  the  stem  and  bright  green  leaves :  injlores- 


COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

cence  when  developed  of  naked  and  secund  commonly  recurving  raceme-like 
clusters  collected  in  a  terminal  panicle. 

5.  S.  MissotiriensiS,  Nutt.     Low  or  middle-sized :  leaves  thicJcish,  with 
scabrous  margins,  mostly  tapering  to  both  ends,  and  the  serratures  ichen  pres- 
ent sharp  and  rigid;   lower  spatulate-lanceolate,  larger  4  to  6  inches  long; 
upper  mostly  linear  and  entire,  acute ;  sometimes  all  entire  :  racemiform  clus- 
ters approximated  in  a  short  and  broad  panicle,  recurving  in  age :  rays  6  to 
13,  small:  bracts  of  the  involucre  mostly  ovate.  —  From  the  eastern  slopes  of  the 
mountains  to  the  Mississippi  Valley  States. 

Var.  montana,  Gray.  Dwarf,  6  to  15  inches  high :  leaves  entire  or  with 
few  small  serratures ;  cauline  obscurely  triplinerved,  an  inch  or  two  long : 
panicle  small  and  compact,  at  most  2  or  3  inches  long ;  its  clusters  short, 
crowded,  seldom  recurved  or  much  secund.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii.  195. 
From  Idaho  to  Dakota  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

Var.  extraria,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  robust :  leaves  broader,  the 
largest  sometimes  an  inch  wide,  sparingly  serrate  or  entire :  heads  rather 
larger:  rays  more  conspicuous. —  Loc.  cit.  Dry  ground,  in  the  mountains, 
Colorado  to  S.  Arizona. 

6.  S.  S0rotina,  Ait.     Stem  stouter  and  taller,  2  to  7  feet  high,  very  smooth 
Up  to  or  near  the  ample  panicle,  which  is  sometimes  more  or  less  hairy  :  leaves 
thinner,  lanceolate  or  broader,  sharply  and  saliently  serrate:  rays  7  to  14,  mod- 
erately large  and  conspicuous :  bracts  of  the  involucre  broadly  linear.  —  From 
Oregon  to  Texas  and  eastward. 

+•*  •!-*  Minutely  pubescent  or  qlabrate,  not  cinereous  or  scabrous:  leaves  thinnish,  the 
lateral  ribs  generally  obscure :  panicle  mostly  erect  and  thyrsiform ;  heads  little 
if  at  all  secund:  rays  12  to  18,  small. 

7.  S.  elongata,  Nutt    One  to  three  feet  high  :  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong, 
3  or  4  inches  long,  very  sharply  and  mostly  coarsely  serrate :  thyrsus  rather 
compact,  3  to  8  inches  long,  its  branches  occasionally  spreading  :  bracts  of  the 
involucre  linear,  acutish  or  obtuse.  —  From  California  to  British  Columbia 
and  eastward  to  Montana. 

•w.  *+  *+  Pubescent  (at  least  the  stem),  either  hirsutely  or  canescently:  branches  of 
the  panicle  ivhen  well  developed  secund. 

=  Leaves  tapering  gradually  to  an  acute  or  acuminate  point,  generally  thin  or 
thinnish:  panicle  open,  of  naked  and  secund  mostly  recurving  racemiform  clus- 
ters :  bracts  of  the  involucre  narrow  and  thin :  rays  small  and  short. 

8.  S.  Canadensis,  L.     Stem  2  to  6  feet  high,  from  scabrous-puberulent 
to  hirsute :  leaves  mostly  lanceolate,  puberulent,  pubescent,  or  nearly  glabrous, 
sharply  serrate  or  the  upper  entire,  veiny,  and  with  lateral  ribs  prolonged  par- 
allel to  the  midrib :  heads  small,  ordinarily  only  2  lines  long  :  bracts  of  the 
involucre  small  and  pale,  narrowly  linear,  acutish  or  obtuse :  rays  9  to  16, 
more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers.  —  From  Arizona  to  British  Columbia 
and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

Var.  procera,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaves  less  serrate  or  the  upper  entire,  at 
least  the  lower  face  and  upper  portion  of  the  stem  cinereous-pubescent  with 
very  short  and  fine  pubescence  :  inflorescence  less  open  or  the  branches  ascend- 
ing in  less  developed  or  cultivated  plants :  heads  sometimes  larger.  —  From 
Idaho  to  Texas  and  the  Saskatchewan. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  155 

=  =  Leaves  obtuse  or  abruptly  apiculate,  firm  or  coriaceous :  pubescence  all  close : 
panicle  mostly  naked  and  compact :  bracts  of  the  involucre  broadish  and  obtuse, 
of  firm  texture:  rays  fewer  and  larger,  golden  yellow. 

9.  S.  nemoralis,  Ait.     Mostly  low,  with  fine  close  soft  or  (in  age)    sca- 
brous pubescence :   leaves  from  spatulate-obovate  to  oblanceolate  or  linear ; 
radical  and  lower  cauline  sparingly  serrate :  thyrsus  and  its  compact  racemiform 
clusters  secund,  commonly  recurved-spreading :  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong- 
linear  or  narrower,  obtuse:  rays  5  to  9.  —  From  Arizona  to  Nevada  and  east- 
ward across  the  continent. 

Var.  incana,  Gray.  Dwarf,  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  oval  or  oblong, 
rigid,  canescent,  sometimes  strongly  serrate  and  sometimes  mostly  entire: 
racemiform  clusters  erect  or  the  lower  spreading,  collected  in  a  dense  oblong 
or  conical  thyrsus.  —  From  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Montana  to 
Dakota  and  Minnesota. 

10.  S.  nan  a,  Nutt.     A  span  to  a  foot  high,  canescent  with  minute  dense 
puberulence,  not  scabrous  in  age :  leaves  mostly  obovate  or  spatulate  and  entire, 
small :  heads  broad,  few  or  rather  numerous  in  an  oblong  or  corymbiform  pani- 
cle, not  at  all  secund :  bracts  of  the  involucre  oval  or  oblong,  very  obtuse :  other- 
wise nearly  as  S.  nemoralis.  —  S.  pumila,  of  FI.  Colorado.     From  Wyoming 
to  N.  Arizona  and  Nevada. 

*  *  *  Heads  in  a  compact  and  corymbiform  thyrsus  or  cyme :  radical  leaves 

mostly  long-petioled  and  with  prominent  midrib. 
H-  Leaves  not  3-nerved  or  smooth:  heads  over  30-Jlowered:  rays  7  to  10,  rather 


11.  S.  rigida,  L.     Somewhat  cinereous  with  a  short  and  dense,  either  soft 
or  scabrous  pubescence :  stem  stout,  2  to  5  feet  high :  leaves  rigid,  obscurely 
serrate  or  entire ;  radical  and  lowest  cauline  oval  or  oblong,  rounded  at  both 
ends  or  acute  at  base,  3  to  7  inches  long;  upper  cauline  ovate-oblong,  gradu- 
ally smaller  upward,  with  slightly  clasping  or  decurrent  base :  clusters  dense  : 
heads  campanulate :  involucral  bracts  broad  :  akenes  turgid,  12  to  15-nerved. 
—  From  Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  eastward. 

•»-  -t-  Leaves  rigid,  3-nerved,  smooth  and  glabrous :  heads  5  to  8-JJowered :  rays  1 

to  3,  short. 

12.  S.  pumila,  Torr.  &  Gray.      Dwarf,  a  span  or  more  high,  many- 
stemmed  from  a  woody  cespitose  caudex,  glabrous  throughout,  punctate, 
somewhat  resinous :  radical  leaves  2  or  3  inches  long :  cyme  glomerate-fas- 
tigiate :  heads  narrowly  oblong :  involucral  bracts  rigid,  somewhat  carinate, 
and  with  small  green  tips  :  mature  akenes  flattish  and  5-nerved.  —  From  Texas 
through  S.  Colorado  to  Nevada  and  Idaho. 

§  2.  Receptacle  fimbrillate  or  pilose:  rays  very  small,  almost  always  more  numer- 
ous than  the  disk-flowers  and  never  surpassing  them  in  hzight :  heads  glomer- 
ately  and  fasciculately  cymose,  small :  leaves  very  numerous,  all  linear,  entire, 
1  to  5-nerved,  sessile :  akenes  villous-pubescent. 

13.  S.  OCCidentalis,  Nutt.     Stems  2  to  6  feet  high;  the  branches  termi- 
nated by  small  clusters  of  mostly  pedicellate  heads:  leaves  usually  3-nerved, 
glabrous  and  smooth  even  on  the  midrib,  and  margins  obscurely  scabrous :  bracts 


156  COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

of  the  involucre  rather  narrow:  rays  16  to  20:  disk-flowers  8  to  14.  —  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  226.     From  New  Mexico  to  Montana  and  westward. 

14.  S.  lanceolata,  L.  Comparatively  low,  cymosely  much  branched  above 
and  flat-topped,  heads  mostly  glomerate-sessile:  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  dis- 
tinctly 3-nerved  and  the  larger  with  an  additional  outer  pair  of  more  delicate 
nerves,  minutely  scabrous-pubescent  on  the  nerves  beneath:  outer  bracts  of  the 
involucre  ovate  or  oblong:  rays  15  to  20:  disk-flowers  8  to  12.  —  From  Mon- 
tana to  Canada  and  Georgia. 

12.    TOWNSENDIA,   Hook. 

Depressed  or  low  many-stemmed  herbs  of  the  Rocky  Mountains :  entire 
leaves  from  linear  to  spatulate :  heads  comparatively  large,  the  numerous  rays 
from  violet  or  rose-purple  to  white:  akene  commonly  beset  with  hairs  which 
are  forked  or  glochidiate-capitellate  (i.  e.  bidentate  at  apex  and  the  two  lobes 
recurved  or  re  volute,  thus  appearing  minutely  capitate). 

*  Bracts  of  the  involucre  conspicuously  attenuate-acuminate :  head  large :  involu- 
cre £  inch  or  more  high,  and  rays  £  inch  long. 

•t-  Caulescent,  somewhat  hirsute-pubescent,  but  the  foliage  at  length  glabrate :  invo- 
lucre naked;  its  bracts  from  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate :  rays  showy,  bright 
blue  or  violet. 

1.  T.  eximia,  Gray.    Stems  erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branching,  6  to  14 
inches  high :  leaves  spatulate  or  the  upper  lanceolate :  head  sparingly  leafy- 
bracted  or  naked  at  base :  involucral  bracts  ovate-lanceolate  and  somewhat 
rigidlt/  cuspidate-acuminate,  whitish-scarious  with  green  centre  :  akenes  broadly 
obovate,  almost  cartilaginous,  glabrate,  sprinkled  with  a  few  short  and  obscure 
glochidiate-tipped  hairs :  pappus  wholly  persistent,  of  2  subulate  at  length  cor- 
neous stout  awns  which  are  rather  shorter  than  the  akene,  and  a  circle  of  rigid 
scales.  —  PI.  Fendl.  70.    Mountain  sides,  New  Mexico  and  Colorado. 

2.  T.  grandiflora,  Nutt.     Stems  spreading  from  the  base,  sometimes 
divergently  branched  above,  a  span  or  two  high :  upper  leaves  often  linear, 
2  or  more  uppermost  subtending  the  head :  involucre  nearly  of  the  preceding  : 
akenes  narrowly  obovate,  sprinkled  with  glochidiate-capitellate  hairs:  pappus  in 
the  ray  reduced  to  a  crown  of  short  scales,  and  of  the  disk  plurisctose  and 
longer  than  the  akene.  —  Plains  and  hills,  Wyoming  and  W.  Nebraska  to  New 
Mexico. 

3.  T.  Parryi,  Eaton.    Stems  erect,  simple,  stout,  naked  and  pedunculiform 
above,  2  to  6  inches  high:  leaves  mostly  spatulate  :  bracts  of  the  very  broad 
involucre  lanceolate,  thinner,  with  softer  and  less  attenuate  tips,  or  the  outer 
barely  acuminate :  akenes  narrowly  obovate,  canescently  pubescent,  the  hairs  acute 
and  simple  or  many  of  them  1  to  2-dentate  at  tip :  pappus  of  the  ray  plurisetose 
like  that  of  the  disk,  or  somewhat  more  scanty.  —  Am.  Naturalist,  viii.  212. 
Wyoming,  Montana,  and  E.  Idaho. 

Var.  alpina,  Gray.  A  dwarf  and  alpine  form,  more  pubescent  and  cine- 
rous :  leaves  very  small,  at  most  £  inch  long :  flowering  stem  about  the  same 
length  or  hardly  any  :  involucral  bracts  less  pointed  :  "  rays  pink."  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xvi.  83.  Wyoming  on  the  high  divide  between  the  Stinking  Water 
and  the  Yellowstone,  Parry. 


COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.)  157 


and  monocephalous. 

4.  T.  COndensata,  Parry.     Very  lanuginous  with  long  and  soft  arach- 
noid hairs,  the  spatulate-obovate  leaves  rosulate-crowded  around  the  large  and 
broad  sessile  head,  the  whole  forming  a  globular  or  hemispherical  woolly  tuft, 
an  inch  and  a  half  high  and  surmounting  a  slender  stolouiform  caudex :  bracts 
of  the  involucre  linear  and  soft,  with  a  weak  attenuate  apex,  all  nearly  equal 
in  length  :  rays  100  or  more,  narrow:  pappus  of  ray  and  disk  plurisetose  and 
long. —Am.  Nat.  viii.  213.     Wyoming,  on  a  high  alpine  peak  of  the  Owl 
Creek  range,  J.  D.  Putnam. 

*  *  Bracts  of  the  involucre  not  prominently  if  at  all  acuminate :  heads  mostly 
smaller  or  narrower :  pappus  of  the  disk  and  often  of  the  ray  plurisetose. 

•*-  Hairs  on  the  akene  mostly  copious  and  slender,  simple  or  bifid,  the  lobes  ascend- 
ing or  merely  spreading :  heads  middle-sized,  more  or  less  naked-pedunculate : 
the  pink  or  rarely  white  rays  and  the  involucre  each  from  J  to  %  inch  long. 

5.  T.  florifer,  Gray.     A  span  or  more  high,  cinereous-hirsute :   stems 
rather  slender,  leafy :  leaves  linear  or  the  lowest  lanceolate-spatulate,  acute, 
mostly  apiculate-acuminate  :  involucral  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  little  unequal. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvi.  84.    Montana  to  Washington  Territory  and  Oregon. 

•t-  •»-  Hairs  on  the  akene  mostly  glochidiate-capitettate. 

•w-  Head  large,  £  to  1  inch  long  without  the  rays :  plants  green  and  glabrous, 
depressed-acaulescent :  leaves  large,  much  surpassing  the  head. 

6.  T.  Wilcoxiana,  Wood.      Leaves  linear-spatulate,  elongated,  1   to  3 
inches  long  including  the  petiole-like  base  :  head  mostly  solitary,  short-pedun- 
cled  or  subsessile :  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate  or  linear,  barely  acutish  : 
ray  and  disk  pappus  of  similar  slender  and  elongated  bristles.  —  Bull.  Torr.  Club, 
vi.  163;  Bot.  Gazette,  iii.  50.     Colorado  to  Arizona  and  Indian  Territory. 

7.  T.  Rothrockii,   Gray.     Leaves  more  broadly  spatulate  and   shorter, 
an  inch  long  or  less,  rosulate  around  the  solitary  head  which  is  closely  sessile  at 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  or  at  length  with  one  or  two  additional  heads  :  invo- 
lucre shorter  and  broader ;    its  bracts  oblong,  mostly  obtuse :  ray-pappus  of 
chaffy  bristles  not  longer  than  the  breadth  of  the  akene.  —  Wheeler  Rep.  vi.  148. 
In  the  alpine  regions  of  the  mountains  of  South  Park,  Colorado. 

•w-  -w-  Heads  from  \to  \  inch  long,  sessile  or  rarely  on  a  very  short  naked  peduncle : 
plants  sericeous-pubescent,  depressed-acaulescent  or  -caulescent :  ray-pappus 
mostly  plurisetose. 

8.  T.  sericea,  Hook.     Depressed-acaulescent,  with  closely  sessile  solitary 
or  few  heads  on  the  crown  next  the  ground,  surrounded  and  more  or  less  sur- 
passed by  the  linear  or  linear-spatulate  leaves,  an  inch  or  two  high  :  heads  an 
inch  or  less  long:   involucral  bracts   narrowly  lanceolate,  acute:   rays  white 
or  purplish  :  ray  and  disk  of  pappus  mostly  similar.  —  From  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona  northward  in  the  mountains  to  British  America.     Exceedingly 
variable. 

Var.  leptotes,  Gray,  has  heads  less  than  •£  inch  long,  all  but  the  primary 
ones  distinctly  pedunculate,  and  the  leaves  narrowly  linear  with  attenuate 
base.  —  Middle  Park,  Colorado,  Parry. 

9.  T.  incana,  Nutt.      Depressed-caulescent  or  subcaulescent,  an  inch  to 
a  span  high,  branching:   leaves  from  narrowly  spatulate  to  almost  linear; 


158  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

uppermost  around  the  sessile  (^  inch)  heads  and  seldom  surpassing  them:  invo- 
lucral  bracts  more  obtuse :  pappus  of  the  ray  from  J  to  •£  the  length  of  that 
of  the  disk.  —  Mountains  of  Wyoming  to  Utah  and  Nevada. 
t-t.-w.-H-  Heads  about  £  inch  long :  sessile  among  the  rosulate  leaves :   herbage 
soft-lanate :  pappus  deciduous  in  a  ring. 

10.  T.  spathulata,  Nutt.     Depressed  and  multicipital,  forming  a  tuft  an 
inch  or  so  high  :  leaves  crowded,  spatulate,  densely  villous-lanate ;  the  upper 
about  equalling  the  heads  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  : 
rays  rather  short,  pinkish  :  pappus  of  ray  and  disk  similar,  of  slender  bristles. 
—  Mountains  of  Wyoming. 

•M-  -M-  -M-  4-t-  Heads  small,  J  inch  high  (exclusive  of  the  rays),  mostly  short-pedun- 
culate :  involucre  of  broadly  lanceolate  and  barely  acute  bracts :   caulescent 
and  branching:  pappus  of  the  ray  shorter,  commonly  of  chaffy  bristles. 
=  Green  and  glabrate. 

11.  T.  glabella,  Gray.    An  inch  or  two  high,  nearly  simple,  sparsely 
pilose-pubescent  when  young :   leaves  thickish,  soon  glabrous,  spatulate,  an 
inch  or  less  long,  including  the  usually  slender  petiole ;  the  uppermost  usually 
surpassed  by  the  slender  and  naked  peduncle :   involucre  glabrous.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xvi.  86.     S.  W.  Colorado,  Newberry. 

=  =  Cinereous  with  fine  and  close  pubescence,  flowering  from  near  the  ground  at 
first,  but  becoming  taller  (4  to  10  inches  high)  and  loosely  branching. 

12.  T.  Fendleri,  Gray.     Leaves  linear:  bracts  of  the  involucre  unequal, 
in  about  3  ranks,  acute.  —  PL  Fendl.  70.     New  Mexico  and  S.  Colorado. 

13.  T.  Strigosa,  Nutt.     Flowering  when  only  \  inch  high,  often  attain- 
ing a  span  in  height :  early  leaves  spatulate ;   later  ones  linear :  heads  rather 
smaller :  bracts  of  the  involucre  broader,  acutish,  in  about  2  ranks,  the  outer 
shorter.  —  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

13.    ASTER,    Tourn.        STARWORT.    ASTER. 

The  largest  and  by  far  the  most  difficult  of  our  genera,  not  naturally  sepa- 
rated from  Erigeron.  All  are  herbs,  mostly  perennial,  and  especially  charac- 
teristic of  North  America.  Includes  Machceranthera  and  Diplopappus. 

§  1.  Involucral  bracts  (at  least  the  outer  ones)  with  green  herbaceous  tips  or 
appendages,  or  wholly  or  partly  foliaceous,  imbricated  or  many-ranked,  their 
margins  not  scarious :  akenes  from  obovate-oblong  to  linear,  3  to  several- 
nerved:  pappus  rather  fine  and  soft  (in  one  or  two  species  more  coarse  and 
rigid),  simple  (with  no  exterior  series).  —  ASTER  proper. 

*  Involucre  well  imbricated:  the  bracts  appressed  and  coriaceous,  with  more  or 
less  spreading  herbaceous  tips:  akenes  narrow,  5  to  \Q-nerved:  pappus  more 
rigid  than  in  the  following  groups :  rays  showy,  blue  or  violet :  leaves  firm, 
acutely  serrate,  more  or  less  scabrous,  none  of  them  cordate  or  clasping ;  the 
radical  tapering  at  base  into  margined  petioles. 

1.  A.  Sibiricus,  L.  A  span  to  afoot  high,  somewhat  cinereous-pubescent 
or  puberulent,  or  the  foliage  scabrous  :  heads  solitary,  terminating  the  stem 
or  corymbiform  branches  :  leaves  oblong-spatulate  to  broadly  lanceolate,  1  to 
3  inches  long :  involucre  3  lines  high,  shorter  than  the  disk ;  its  bracts  narrowly 


COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  159 

-* 

lanceolate,  with  mostly  acute  and  loose  herbaceous  tips:  rays  3  or  4  lines 
long,  violet :  akenes  pilose-pubescent  —  Mountains  of  Wyoming  and  Montana, 
and  far  northward. 

2.  A.  COnSpiCUUS,  Lindl.     Scabrous  :  stem  2  feet  high,  stout,  rigid,  bear- 
ing several  or  numerous  corymbosely  cymose  heads :  leaves  rigid,  ovate,  oblong, 
or  the  lower  obovate,  ample,  4  to  6  inches  long :   involucre  about  equalling  the 
disk,  5  to  6  lines  high ;  its  bracts  in  several  series,  minutely  glandular-puberulent, 
lanceolate,  acute,  the  greenish  tips  little  spreading  :  rays  £  inch  long,  violet 
akenes  minuteli/  pubescent. —  In  the  mountains,  from  the  Yellowstone  north- 
ward. 

*  *  Involucre  and  usually  branchlets  viscidly-glandular,  rather  well  imbricated: 
rays  15  to  40,  showy,  violet  to  purple:  akenes  narrow,  several-nerved:  leaves 
all  entire  or  the  lower  with  few  teeth;  cauline  all  sessile  or  partly  clasping. 
•<-  Stem  simple :  leaves  and  heads  proportionally  large :  alpine  or  subalpine. 

3.  A.  integrifolius,  Nutt.     Stem  afoot  or  more  high,  stout,  sparsely  leafy, 
villous-pubescent  but  glabrate,  bearing  few  or  several  racemed  or  thyrsoid 
heads:  leaves  firm,  oblong  to  spatulate,  4  to  7  inches  long;  the  smaller  upper 
ones  lanceolate,  half-clasping ;   lowest  tapering  into  a  long  winged  petiole : 
heads  £  inch  high  :    involucre  and  branchlets  viscid-glandular ;    its  bracts 
linear,  not  squarrose :  rays  bluish  purple.  —  From  Colorado  to  Montana  and 
westward. 

4.  A.  Kingii,  Eaton.     A  span  or  less  high,  cespitose:  leaves  mainly  radical, 
spatulate,  entire,  or  with  few  sharp  teeth,  mucronate,  thinnish,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  1  to  3  inches  long:  flowering  stems  pubescent  and  above  glandular, 
bearing  solitary  or  3  to  5  middle-sized  heads :  involucre  4  or  5  lines  high,  merely 
piiberulent-glandnlar,  hardly  at  all  viscid ;  the  bracts  linear-lanceolate  with  at- 
tenuate and  sf/uarrose-spreading  green  tips:  rays  white  — Bot.  King  Exp.  141. 
In  the  Wahsatch  Mountains. 

•*-  H-  Stems  branching :  leaves  comparatively  small :  neither  alpine  nor  subalpine. 

•*-*•  Involucre  of  the  small  and  scattered  heads  not  squarrose  ;  the  green  tips  of  the 

bracts  more  or  less  erect :  slender  and  low  species,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  less  high. 

5.  A.  campestris,  Nutt.     Pruinose-pubcrulent  and  viscidulous,  somewhat 
heavy-scented  :  leaves  linear,  about  an  inch  long,  a  line  or  two  wide,  or  lower 
narrowly  spatulate,  mostly  glabrate,  some  obscurely  3-nerved  :  involucre  3  or  4 
lines  high,  hemispherical,  of  rather  few-ranked  and  little  unequal  linear  acute 
bracts:   rays  3  or  4  lines  long,  light  violet  or  purple.  —  From  Montana  and 
Idaho  to  Washington  Territory  and  California. 

6.  A.  Fendleri,  Gray.     Rigid,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  sparseli/  hispid  n- 
lous:  the  linear  one-nerved  firm  leaves  hispid-ciliate,  otherwise  usually  smooth 
and  glabrous :    involucre    somewhat   campannlate,  3   lines   high ;    0'iter  bracts 
shorter,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  prui nose-glandular :  rays  violet,  4  lines  long.  — 
PI.  Fendl.  66.     A.  Ntittallii,  var.  Fendleri,  Gray.     Plains  and  sand-hills,  from 
W.  Kansas  to  S.  Colorado  and  N.  New  Mexico. 

++  •*•*  Involucre  of  middle-sized  heads  well  imbricated ;   the  unequal  bracts  with 
loose  squarrose-spreading  tips:  leaves  not  rigid,  spreading. 

7.  A.  Novae-AngliSB,  L.     Stem  stout  and  strict,  2  to  8  feet  high,  very  leafy 
to  the  top,  coarsely  hirsute  or  hispid  with  many-jointed  hairst  also  with  glandular 


160  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

» 

pubescence :  leaves  lanceolate  or  broadly  linear,  pubescent,  2  to  5  inches  long, 
entire,  slightly  if  at  all  narrowed  below,  half-clasping  by  a  strongly  auricu- 
late-cordate  base :  heads  crowded :  rays  50  to  60  or  more,  fully  half-inch  long, 
purple.  —  From  Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  eastward. 

Var.  roseus,  DC.    Kays  rose-colored.  —  Occasionally  with  the  ordinary 
form. 

8.  A.  OblongifoliuS,  Nutt.     About  2  feet  high :    stem  hirsute-pubescent, 
very  leafy,  corymbosely  branched:    leaves  from  narrowly  oblong  to  broadly 
linear,  larger  cauline  2  inches  long,  somewhat  puberulent :  involucre  aromatic- 
scented,  the  linear  bracts  granulose-glandular  and  viscidulous  :  rays  25  to  30, 
bright  violet,  5  or  6  lines  long.     Hardly  within  our  range,  but  represented  in 
Colorado  by 

Var.  rigidlllus,   Gray.      Low,   more   fastigiate,   with  more   rigid   and 
hispidulous  scabrous  leaves.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  179. 

*  #  *  Heads  small,  paniculate:  lower  cauline  and  radical  leaves  cordate  and 

petioled :  no  glandular  or  viscid  pubescence:  akenes  compressed,  3  to  5-nerved : 
rays  violet,  purplish,  or  white. 

9.  A.  sagittifolius,  Willd.     Green,  from  glabrous  to  sparsely  pilose- 
pubescent  :  stem  strict,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves  oblong-  and  ovate-lanceolate, 
acutely  more  or  less  serrate ;  radical  and'  lowest  cauline  narrowly  cordate,  on 
naked  petioles;   upper  subcordate  or  truncate  at  base  and  contracted  into  a 
winged  petiole,  3  to  5  inches  long  ;    uppermost  linear-lanceolate  and  sessile  : 
heads  densely  thyrsoid-paniculate :  bracts  of  the  involucre  subulate-linear  and 
mostly  attenuate,  the  tips  rather  loose.  —  In  Dakota  within  the  eastern  limit 
of  our  range,  and  extending  eastward. 

#  #  *  #  No  cordate  petioled  leaves ;    radical  leaves  all  acute  or  attenuate  at 

base :  not  glandular  nor  viscid  nor  silky-canescent :  akenes  compressed,  few- 
nerved. 

•»-  Whole  plant  very  smooth  and  glabrous :  heads  rather  large,  showy,  with  Jirm 
closely  imbricated  oppressed  green-tipped  bracts  :  leaves  on  flowering  branch- 
lets  mostlij  reduced  to  rigid  subulate  bracts :  akenes  glabrous. 

10.  A.  laevis,  L.     Rather  stout,  2  to  4  feet  high,  rigid  :  leaves  from  ovate 
or  oblong  to  lanceolate,  4  or  5  inches  long,  decreasing  upward ;  radical  and 
lowest  cauline  contracted  below  into  a  winged  petiole ;  upper  all  with  auricu- 
late  or  snbcordate  partly  clasping  base  :   heads  sparsely  thyrsoid-paniculate, 
on  short  and  rigid  branchlets:  involucre  campanulate  or  obscurely  turbinate; 
the  whitish  coriaceous  bracts  bearing  abrupt  rhomboid  or  deltoid  short  green 
tips :  rays  20  or  30,  broadish,  sky-blue  verging  to  violet.  —  Eastern  slopes  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

Var.  Geyeri,  Gray.     A  foot  or  two  high  :    involucre  broader  and  less 
imbricated ;  its  bracts  of  thinner  texture,  mostly  attenuate-acute,  the  green 
tip  less  definite.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  183.     In  the  mountains  of  Idaho  and  Wyo- 
ming and  northward. 
•»-  -i-  Heads  rather  small  (3  or  4  lines  high),  thyrsoidly  or  corymbosely  arranged  ; 

bracts  rigid,  narrow,  with  subulate  green  nearly  erect  tips:   rays  numerous, 

bright  white,  4  lines  long :  akenes  minutely  pubescent. 

11.  A.  Porteri,  Gray.    A  foot  or  less  high,  glabrous  and  smooth  (except 
ciliation  of  lowest  leaves),  either  simple  or  branching  above:  leaves  linear  or 


COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE    FAMILY.)  161 

lower  spatulate-liuear,  2  to  4  inches  long,  I  to  3  lines  wide ;  radical  spatulate  : 

heads  broad  :  involucral  bracts  linear-subulate ;  outer  little  shorter  than  inner. 

—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvi.  99.    A.  ericoides,  var.  strictus,  Porter,  Fl.  Colorad.  56. 

Common  in  the  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains. 

H—  H—  •»-  The  numerous  small,  heads  racemosely  arranged :  unequal  bracts  well 
imbricated,  with  squarrose  or  at  least  spreading  herbaceous  obtuse  or  merely  mu- 
cronate  tips :  cauline  leaves  small,  linear  and  entire,  scarcely  narrowed  at  the 
abrupt  sessile  or  partly  clasping  base:  akenes  canescent-hirsute :  rays  white, 
rarely  tinged  with  blue  or  purple. 

12.  A.  multiflorus,  Ait.     Low,  a  foot  or  two  high,  bushy-branched, 
cinereous  or  green :  leaves  rigid,  scabrous-ciliate ;  uppermost  passing  into  m 
volucral  bracts ;  these  mostly  with  obtuse  tips :    heads  in  the  ordinary  forms 
little  over  2  lines  long,  and  with  only  10  to  15  or  20  rays.  —  From  Arizona  to 
British  Columbia  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

13.  A.  commutatus.     A  foot  or  so  high,  with  divergent   branches  : 
heads  more  scattered  and  twice  or  even  thrice  the  size  of  those  of  A.  mu/ti/lorus, 
3  or  4  lines  high  and  broad  :  rays  20  to  30 :  otherwise  nearly  as  the  preceding. 
— From  Saskatchewan  and  Dakota  to  Utah  and  E.  Oregon. 

-i-  -i-  •«-  H-  Involucre  in  some  imbricated  and  with  short  close  tips,  in  others  more 
loose  and  herbaceous :  heads  when  numerous  either  thyrsoid  or  open-paniculate 
on  erect  or  ascending  branches. 
•H-  Cauline  leaves  sessile,  but  neither  with  cordate  or  auriculate  base  (with  1  or  2 

exceptions),  nor  with  abrupt  winged  petiole-like  lower  portion. 

—-  Herbage  inclined  to  be  glabrous ;  the  branches  often  pubescent  in  lines :  leaves 
(at  least  some  of  them)  serrate  or  denticulate:  stems  branching  and  with  sev- 
eral to  many  heads:  none  alpine  or  subalpine:  Eastern  forms. 
a.    Involucre  close  and  erect ;  its  bracts  imbricated  in  successive  lengths. 

14.  A.  paniculatus,  Lam.     Stem  2  to  8  feet  high,  freely  and  panicu- 
lately  branched  :  leaves  from  elongated  oblong  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  mostly 
attenuate-acuminate,  sharply  serrate  or  denticulate,  or  upper  entire,  thin  :  heads 
about  J  inch  high,  in  loose  and  open  mostly  leaf/  panicles :  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre narrowly  linear,  with  tapering  acute  or  acuminate  green  tips :  rays  3  or  4 
lines  long,  white  varying  to  purplish  or  violet.  —  A  very  polymorphous  species, 
including  also  part  of  the  forms  heretofore  included  under  A.  Tradescantl, 
simplex,  tenuifolius,  and  carneus.     From  E.  Montana  to  Louisiana  and  east- 
ward ;  abundant  in  the  Northeastern  States. 

15.  A.  salicifolius,  (Lam  ?)  Ait.     Resembles  the  preceding,  equally 
branching :  leaves  commonly  less  elongated,  less  serrate  or  entire,  of  firmer  tex- 
ture, apt  to  be  scabrous,  and  the  fine  reticulation  of  the  veinlets  manifest : 
involucre  more  imbricated;  its  bracts  firmer,  linear,  with  shorter  and  more  defi- 
nite green  tips,  these  acute,  or  obtusish:  heads  disposed  to  be  thyrsoid  or  racemose- 
glomerate  on  the  ascending  branches  :    rays  purplish  to  violet,  rarely  white.  — 
Includes  A.  carneus,  in  part.    From  E.  Montana  to  Texas  and  northeastward ; 
most  abundant  in  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

b.     Involucre  loose,  and  less  imbricated  ;  its  bracts  about  equal. 

16.  A.  junceus,  Ait.     Slender,  1  to  3  feet  high,  the  smaller  plants  sim- 
ple-stemmed and  with  few  heads,  smooth  and  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  linear  or 

11 


162  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

nearly  so,  3  to  5  inches  long,  2  to  4  lines  wide,  entire,  or  lower  with  rare  den- 
ticulations :  involucre  3  lines  high ;  its  bracts  all  small,  narrowly  linear  and 
erect,  thiuiiish,  manifestly  imbricated  in  2  or  3  series,  and  the  outer  more  or  less 
shorter  (thus  connecting  with  A.  paniculatus  of  the  preceding  subdivision)  : 
rays  light  violet-purple,  4  or  5  lines  long.  —  A.  cestivus,  Gray,  Man.  mainly. 
Wet  meadows  in  the  mountains  north  to  the  British  possessions,  and  thence 
eastward. 

17.  A.  longifolius,  Lam.    Afoot  to  a  yard  high,  glabrous  or  pubescent, 
leafy :  leaves  elongated-lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  sparingly  serru- 
late, 3  to  7  inches  long,  tapering  to  both  ends  :  involucre  4  or  5  lines  high,  little 
or  not  at  all  imbricated;  its  bracts  all  of  nearly  equal  length:  rays  3  or  4  lines 
long,  violet  or  purplish,  rarely  almost  white.  —  Low  moist  grounds,  Montana 
to  Labrador,  and  south  to  New  England. 

=  =  Inclined  to  be  pubescent  or  scabrous,  at  least  in  the  upper  parts  of  the  stem, 
which  is  often  monocephatous :  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so :  frequently  alpine  or 
subalpine :  Western  forms. 

a.  Involucre  conspicuously  and  regularly  imbricated,  of  oblong-linear  or  spatu- 
late  bracts;  outer  bracts  successively  shorter ;  all.  loosely  erect  or  little  spread- 
ing, with  mostly  obtuse  and  broadish  tips.    • 

18.  A.  adsceudens,  Lindl.     A  span  to  two  feet  high,  rather  rigid,  from 
nearly  glabrous  to  strigulose :    stems  commonly  brandling,  bearing  few  or 
rather  numerous  loosely  paniculate  or  subcorymbose  heads  (4  or  5  lines  high)  : 
leaves  of  firm  and  thickish  texture,  linear  to  spatulate-lanceolate,  with  mar- 
gins commonly  ciliate  or  scabrous  :    bracts  of  the  hemispherical   involucre 
moderately  unequal  and  in  comparatively  few  ranks  :  rays  3  or  4  lines  long, 
violet  or  purple.  —  From  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  Nevada,  Montana,  and 
the  Saskatchewan. 

b.  Involucre  more  or  less  imbricated  but  looser  ;  the  bracts  all  narrow  (linear  or 
subulate),  th/nnish,  from  moderately  to  hardly  unequal,  loosely  erect,   mostly 
acute,  with  not  at  all  broadened  tips,  nor  ivith  the  outermost  foliaceous. 

1.    Low,  1  to  2  feet  high  or  less,  with  solitary  or  few  heads:  chiefly  in  the  moun- 
tains and  northward. 

19.  A.  AndinilS,  Nutt.     Dwarf,  with  decumbent  stems  2  or  3  inches  long 
from  filiform  creeping  rootstocks ;  bearing  a  solitary  comparatively  large  head : 
leaves  %  inch  long;  radical  and  lower  cauline  spatulate;  cauline  (2  or  3)  linear- 
lanceolate:  heads  4  lines  high:  rays  (35  to 40)  violet.  —  In  the  mountains  of 
Wyoming,  near  perpetual  show,  Nuttall.     Not  since  found  ;  thought  possibly 
to  be  an  alpine  state  of  the  following. 

20.  A.  Fremonti,  Gray.    A  span  to  afoot  or  more  high,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so  :  stem  slender,  erect:  leaves  with  margins  either  quite  naked  and  smooth  or 
obscurely  scabrous;   radical  and  lowest  cauline  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  or 
somewhat  obovate,  inch  or  two  long,  and  tapering  into  a  slender  margined 
petiole;  cauline  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  commonly  half-clasping  at 
base :  heads  solitary  in  the  smaller  specimens,  several  in  the  larger,  one  third 
to  half  an  inch  high,  somewhat  naked-ped uncled  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  nar- 
rowly linear,  some  of  the  outer  shorter. —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  191.     A.  adscendens, 
var.  Fremonti,  Torr.  &  Gray.     In  the  mountains  below  the  alpine  region  from 
Colorado  to  Montana  and  westward  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascades. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  163 

2.    Tall,  3  to  8  feet  high,  paniculately  poli/cephalous:  in  low  grounds  and  to  the 

south. 

21.  A.  hesperius,  Gray.    From  nearly  glabrous  and  smooth  to  scabrous- 
pubescent  :  leaves  lanceolate,  entire  or  the  larger  with  a  few  denticulations, 
2  to  5  inches  long,  3  to  8  lines  wide :  heads  rather  crowded,  4  or  5  lines  high : 
involucre  of  narrowly  linear  or  more  attenuate  erect  bracts,  either  unequal  and 
imbricated,  or  with  some  loose  and  slender  exterior  ones  which  equal  the 
inner:   rays  either  white  or  violet,  3  or  4  lines  long  — Synopt.  Fl.  i.  192. 
S.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  Arizona  and  S.  California.     Has  been  taken 
for  A.  longifolius,  Novi-Belgii,  cestivus,  etc. 

c.    Involucre  loose  and  with  conspicuous  foliaceous  outer  bracts,  which  equal  the 
inner,  either  ascending  or  squarrose. 

22.  A.  foliaceus,  Lindl.     Smooth  and  glabrous,  or  upper  part  of  stem 
pubescent :  leaves  from  broadly  lanceolate  to  oblong  and  the  lower  spatulate  ; 
upper  cauline  very  commonly  with  partly  clasping  and  sometimes  even  sub- 
cordate-auriculate   base :    heads  |  inch  high :    involucre  with    lanceolate  or 
broadly  linear  outer  bracts :  rays  violet  or  purple,  in  the  larger  heads  nearly 
£  inch  long.  —  In  the  Pacific  States  from  California  to  Alaska,  extending 
eastward  into  our  range  under  the  following  forms. 

Var.  frondeus,  Gray.  Stem  simple  or  with  sparing  erect  flowering 
branches,  sparsely  leaved:  leaves  comparatively  ample,  4  or  5  inches  long; 
lower  tapering  into  winged  petioles,  upper  often  with  clasping  base :  heads 
solitary  or  few,  naked-pedunculate,  broad :  involucral  bracts  linear-lanceolate, 
loose  and  not  imbricated,  all  equalling  the  disk,  occasionally  the  outermost 
broader  and  leaf -life. —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  193.  A.  adscendens,  var.  Parryi,  Eaton. 
Subalpiue,  from  the  borders  of  British  Columbia  to  those  of  Colorado. 

Var.  apricus,  Gray.  Like  a  dwarf  state  of  the  preceding  variety,  growing 
in  exposed  places,  somewhat  rigid,  thicker-leaved :  stems  ascending  from 
tufted  rootstocks,  a  span  or  two  high,  bearing  solitary  or  2  to  3  broad  heads : 
involucral  bracts  all  alike,  somewhat  spatulate-linear,  obtuse  or  acutish  :  rays 
"  deep  blue-violet  and  reddish-purple  intermixed."  —  Loc.  cit.  High  moun- 
tains of  Colorado,  and  in  Washington  Territory. 

Var.  Parryi,  Gray.  Includes  some  ambiguous  forms,  seemingly  between 
the  preceding  variety  and  A.  Fremonti,  with  stems  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  with 
smooth  and  thickish  rather  large  leaves,  mostly  naked  heads ;  the  involucre 
sometimes  foliaceous-bracteate  in  the  manner  of  the  present  species,  some- 
times wholly  of  the  narrow  and  closer  bracts  of  A.  Fremonti.  —  Loc.  cit. 
Mountains  of  Colorado,  subalpine,  and  S.  Wyoming. 

Var.  Burkei,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  rather  stout,  simple  or  branched 
above,  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  thickish,  very  smooth,  ample  ;  upper  cauline 
mostly  oblong,  and  with  broadly  half-clasping  usually  auriculate  insertion : 
heads  solitary  or  several,  very  broad :  involucre  of  oblong  or  spatulate  and 
obtuse  loosely  imbricated  bracts,  the  outer  commonly  shorter,  or  outermost 
sometimes  more  foliaceous  and  equalling  the  disk.  —  Loc.  cit.  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, Burke ;  also  in  Washington  Territory,  the  Wahsatch,  New  Mexico,  and 
Arizona. 

Var.  Canbyi,  Gray.  Like  the  preceding  form  in  foliage,  apparently  tall 
and  stout  (base  of  stem  and  lower  leaves  wanting),  leafy  throughout  the 


164  COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

thyrsoid  panicle  of  numerous  subsessile  heads :  upper  leaves  rather  broadly 
oblong  and  with  broad  half-clasping  base  obscurely  auriculate :  bracts  of  the 
involucre  imbricated,  with  small  and  erect  lanceolate  green  tips,  only  in  some 
heads  a  few  of  the  outermost  loose  and  foliaceous,  but  seldom  equalling  the 
disk.  —  Loc.  cit.  A.  Canbyi,  Vasey.  On  White  River  in  Western  Colorado, 
Vasey. 

Var.  Eatoni,  Gray.  Rather  tall,  2  or  3  feet  high,  branching,  bearing 
numerous  and  smaller  paniculate  or  glomerate  heads,  and  comparatively  nar- 
row lanceolate  leaves :  involucre  loosely  imbricated ;  outer  and  sometimes 
inner  bracts  foliaceous,  either  erect  or  squarrose-spreading. —  Loc.  cit.  194. 
British  Columbia  to  California  and  northeastward  to  Montana. 

•«-»•  -M-  Base  of  most  of  the  cauline  leaves  auriculate-  or  cordate-clasping. 

23.  A.  puniceus,  L.     Stem  commonly  3  to  7  feet  high,  loosely  branch- 
ing above,  rather  stout,  often  red  or  purple,  hispid  with  spreading  bristles : 
leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  from  coarsely  and 
irregularly  serrate  to  sparingly  denticulate  or  sometimes  entire,  commonly 
scabrous  above  and  often  hispid  along  the  midrib  beneath  :    heads  (4  to  6 
lines  high)  subsessile,  either  sparsely  paniculate  or  thyrsoid-crowded :  invo- 
lucre of  loose  and  thin  soft  and  narrowly  linear  merely  herbaceous  bracts : 
rays  £  inch  long,  violet,  varying  to  purple  or  occasionally  white.  —  Through- 
out the  Eastern  States  and  extending  into  our  range  through  Dakota. 

§2.  Pappus  double:  involucral  bracts  narrow  and  appressed,  well  imbricated: 
rays  10  to  18,  violet:  akenes  narrow,  villous :  low  and  tufted  plants,  tvith 
rigid  steins  thickly  beset  with  small  linear  or  lanceolate  entire  and  rigid  leaves. 
—  IANTHE. 

#  Head  &  inch  high,  broad,  solitary:  akenes  flat,  with  stroncj  nerves. 

24.  A.  SCOpulorum,  Gray.     Puberulent  and  somewhat  cinereous:    stems 
tufted,  rigid,  only  a  span  high,  terminated  by  a  solitary  pedunculate  head : 
leaves  short,  3  to  6  lines  long,  rigid,  from  oblong  to  linear  or  the  loivest  spatulate, 
the  broader  obtuse  with  an  abrupt  mucro,  callous-margined :  involucre  broadly 
campanulate ;  its  bracts  imbricated  in  about  3  series,  scabro-puberulent,  lanceo- 
late :  rays  |  inch  long,  light  violet :  outer  pappus  sometimes  distinctly  chaffy. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvi.  98.     Diplopappus  alpinus,  Nutt.     Mountains  of  Mon- 
tana and  Wyoming  to  Nevada  and  California. 

25.  A.  Stenomeres,  Gray.     More  slender,  6  to  10  inches  high,  green, 
minutely  scabrous:  solitary  naked  pedunculate  head  larger:  leaves  all  linear, 
$  to  1  inch  long,  a  line  wide,  acutely  mucronate,  hardly  margined :  involucre 
broad ;  its  bracts  barely  in  two  moderately  unequal  series,  linear,  thinnish,  often 
pubescent :   rays  pale  violet,  over  ^  inch  long :  outer  pappus  sctulose.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xvii.  209.  —  Mountains  of  Montana  and  Idaho. 

*  *  Heads  $  to  J  inch  high,  narroiv:  akenes  less  compressed,  lightly  few-nerved : 
outer  pappus  of  few  or  indistinct  unequal  short  bristles. 

26.  A.  ericsefolius,  Rothrock.      About  a  span  high,   canescent  and 
glandular-scabrous,  much  branched :  branches  erect  or  diffuse,  terminated  by 
somewhat  pedunculate  heads  :  leaves  commonly  hispid-ciliate,  erect  or  little 
spreading,  3  to  6  lines  long ;  lowest  spatulate  and  tapering  into  a  petiole ; 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  165 

upper  from  linear  to  nearly  filiform  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  in  about  3  series, 
lanceolate,  acute  or  apiculate,  thinnish,  scarious-margined :  rays  purple  or 
violet,  sometimes  white.  —  Bot.  Gazette,  ii.  70.  Diplopappus  ericoides,  Torr. 
&  Gray.  From  Kansas  and  Texas  to  Utah,  Arizona,  and  California. 

§  3.  Pappus  simple :  bracts  of  the  involucre  imbricated  and  oppressed,  destitute 
of  folia  ceous  or  herbaceous  tips,  often  scarious-edged  or  more  or  less  dry :  rays 
fertile:  leaves  mostly  entire.  —  OKTHOMERIS. 

*  Involucre  well  imbricated,  of  small  and  narrow  bracts,  greener  than  in  others  of 

this  section :  low  and  slender  herbs,  leafy-stemmed,  branching  above  ;  with  lin- 
ear erect  leaves,  and  several  small  white-rayed  heads :  akenes  not  compressed, 
very  glabrous. 

27.  A.  ptarmicoides,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Rather  rigid,  6  to  20  inches  high 
in  a  tuft,  from  smooth  to  puberulent,  bearing  a  corymbiform  cyme  of  several 
or  numerous  heads :    leaves  firm,  linear  or  the  lower  spatulate-lanceolate : 
bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  thickish,  rather  rigid :  rays 
2  to  4  lines  long,  broadish  :    pappus  white,  of  rather  rigid  bristles,  longer 
ones  manifestly  clavellate  at  tip.  — From  Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan  and 
New  England. 

*  *   Involucre  appressed-imbricated  in  several  series  of  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate 

dry  chartaceous  bracts :  akenes  compressed,  more  or  less  pubescent :  stems  leafy, 
bearing  several  or  solitary  pedunculate  heads. 

•i-  Involucral  bracts  ihin,  acute,  commonly  tomentose  (at  least  when  young) :  akenes 
hirsute,  becoming  glabrate :  heads  showy,  4  to  6  lines  high. 

28.  A.  Engelmanni,  Gray.     Rather  tall  and  robust,  green,  puberulent  to 
glabrous:  leaves  thin,  ovate-oblong  to  broadly  lanceolate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  the 
larger  sometimes  with  a  few  small  teeth,  upper  acuminate  :  heads  \  inch  high  : 
involucral  bracts  acute  or  acuminate  ;  some  outer  ones  partly  herbaceous,  or  with 
loose  pointed  tips  ;  inner  purplish  :  rays  |  inch  long.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiii. 
238.     A.  elegans,  var.  Engelmanni,  Eaton.     Mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and 
Wyoming,  to  the  Cascades. 

29.  A.  elegans,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Slender,  1  to  3  feet  high,  mostly  scabro- 
puberulent :   leaves  thickish,  pale,  lanceolate,  inch  or  two  long,  erect,  the  upper 
apiculate-mucronate  :  heads  several  at  summit  of  simple  stem  or  branches, 
comparatively  small  and  few-flowered,  4  or  5  lines  high  :   involucral  bracts  all 
close  and  conspicuously  woolly-ciliate,  barely  acute,  outer  ovate,  none  with  pointed 
tips:  rays  rather  few,  about  4  lines  long.  — Fl.  ii.  159.    Mountains  of  Wyoming 
and  Montana  to  Nevada  and  Oregon. 

•f—  -»—  Involucral  bracts  firmer,  glabrous,  all  the  outer  obtuse :  akenes  merely 
pubescent:  heads  smaller,  3  lines  high. 

30.  A.  glailCUS,  Torr.    &   Gray.      Throughout   smooth   and   glabrous, 
glaucescent  or  pale  :    stems  a  foot  high  from  extensively  creeping  filiform 
rootstocks,  branching,  bearing  several  or  numerous  paniculate  heads  :  leaves 
thickish,  lanceolate,  1  to  3  inches  long,  £  to  \  inch  broad,  rather  obtuse  :  invo- 
lucre imbricated  in  about  3  ranks  :  rays  bright  violet,  4  to  6  lines  long.  —  Fl. 
ii.  150.     Mountains  of  Wyoming  to  Colorado  and  Utah. 


166  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

#  #  #  Involucre  less  imbricated,  hemispherical;  the  bracts  partly  greenish,  in  few 

ranks,  with  or  without  scarious  margins :  low-stemmed  or  acaulescent,  from  a 
thick  rootstock,  with  solitary  or  few  pedunculate  heads,  %  inch  or  more  high : 
leaves  thickish  and  narrow. 

•t—  Heads  terminating  short  leafy  stems  which  arise  from  creeping  and  woody 
rootstocks:  involucral  bracts  acuminate  and  mucronate-tipped  :  akenes  oblong, 
very  villous. 

31.  A.  Parryi,  Gray.     Tomentose-pubescent  and  cinereous,  a  span  high  : 
leaves  mostly  spatulate  and  obtuse  with  a  mucronate  point,  an  inch  or  more 
long :  heads  usually  solitary  on  peduncle  surpassing  the  leaves,  very  broad:  bracts 
of  the  involucre  oblong-lanceolate,  densely  cinereous-pubescent :  rays  white,  over 
§  inch  long.  —  Am.  Nat.  viii.  212.     Mountains  of  Wyoming. 

32.  A.  Xylorrhiza,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Less  pubescent  and  glabrate,  4  to  8 
inches  high  :  leaves  from  narrowly  spatulate-lanceolate  to  linear,  1  or  2  inches 
long,  1  to  3  lines  wide  ;  tlie  upper  commonly  equalling  the  1  to  3  peduncles :  heads 
smaller :    involucral  bracts  more  attenuate :    rays  "  pale  red  "  or  "  pale  rose- 
color,"  4  lines  long.  —  Mountains  of  Wyoming. 

•*-  •«-  Heads  (large  for  the  plant)  solitary  on  simple  and  scapiform  stems,  which 
with  the  cluster  of  narrow  radical  leaves  rise  from  a  thickened  caudex:  invo- 
lucral bracts  acutish :  akenes  linear,  glabrate :  pappus  strongly  denticulate. 

33.  A.  pulchellus,  Eaton.     Stems  2  to  4  inches  long:   radical  leaves 
from  spatulate  to  narrowly  linear,  1  to  2  inches  long,  obtuse,  in  our  form  only 
a  line  wide  :  akenes  striate.  —  Bot.  King.  Exp.  143.     Alpine  from  Wyoming 
and  Montana  to  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory. 

#  #  *  *  Involucre  little  imbricated,  with  peduncles  and  upper  part  of  stem  viscid- 

glandular  :  heads  %  inch  high,  with  conspicuous  violet  or  purple  rays. 

34.  A.  pauciflorus,  Nutt.     Stem  6  to  20  inches  high  from  a  slender 
creeping  rootstock,  simple  and  bearing  few  heads,  or  branching  above :  leaves 
moderately   fleshy,   linear,   or   radical   subspatulate   or  elongated-lanceolate, 
uppermost  reduced  to  bracts :  bracts  of  short  hemispherical  involucre  rather 
fleshy  and  green,  moderatelv  unequal  and  rather  loose,  in  only  2  or  3  ranks : 
akenes  narrow,  compressed,  striate-nerved,  appressed-pubescent.  —  In  saline 
soil  from  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  Utah,  and  eastward  to  Dakota  and 
the  Saskatchewan. 

§  4.  Involucre  of  2  or  3  series  of  linear  nearly  eqval  bracts  ;  the  outer  foliaceous, 
resembling  the  upper  leaves:  ray-flowers  with  the  ligule  generally  wanting: 
akenes  narrow,  not  compressed,  appressed-pubescent :  pappus  simple,  very 
soft.  —  Cox  YZOPSIS. 

35.  A.  angustus,  Torr.  &  Gray.     A  span  to  a  foot  high,  branching, 
leafy-stemmed,  nearly  glabrous,  except  that  the  linear  chiefly  entire  leaves 
are  somewhat  ciliate :  numerous  rather  small  heads  disposed  to  be  racemose- 
paniculate  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  acute  :  corolla  of  tbe  ray-flowers  reduced 
to  the  tube  and  much  shorter  than  the  elongated  style.  —  Fl.  ii.  162.     Wet 
saline  soil  from  Colorado  and  Utah  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Minnesota. 

§  5.  Involucre  imbricated  in  many  rows ;  the  bracts  linear,  coriaceous  below,  with 
foliaceous  spreading  tips:  rays  numerous  and  conspicuous,  violet  or  bluish 
purple:  akenes  narrowed  downward,  compressed:  receptacle  honeycombed: 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  167 

pappus  copious  and  simple,  of  rather  rigid  and  unequal  bristles :  leafy- 
stemmed  and  branching,  the  showy  heads  terminating  the  branches,  the  invo- 
lucre canescent  or  even  viscid,  and  the  leaves  from  dentate  to  bipinnately-parted. 
—  MACH^ERANTHERA. 

*  Involucre  densely  hispidulous  as  well  as  viscid,  very  squarrose:   akenes  gla- 

brous or  glabrate :  leaves  from  inciscly  dentate  to  entire,  the  teeth  hardly  at  all 
bristle-tipped :  rays  brig/it  violet. 

36.  A.  Patterson!,  Gray.     A  span  or  two  high,  branched  from  the  summit 
of  the  tap-root :  stems  or  branches  ivith  soft  or  cottony  pubescence  or  glabrate : 
leaves  thickish,  spatulate  or  Ungulate,  entire  or  coarsely  few-toothed,  none  widened 
at  base :   heads  solitary  or  few :    involucral  bracts  lanceolate :  rays  about  30, 
fully  £  inch  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiii.  272.     JUacJueranthera  canescens, 
var.  a/jn'na,  Porter,  Fl.  Colorad.  59.      Moist  ground  along  streams,  Gray's 
Peak,  Colorado. 

37.  A.  Bigelovii,  Gray.     A  foot  or  two  high,  robust :  stem  leafy,  branch- 
ing above,  roughish-hirsute  to  glabrate;  the  flowering  branches  or  peduncles  glandu- 
lar-hirsute, terminated    by   showy   large   heads  :   leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
irregularly  and  sometimes  incisely  dentate,  sometimes  entire ;  radical  lanceolate- 
spatulate ;  cauline  oblong  to  lanceolate,  usually  with  broadish  partly  clasping 
base :  involucral  bracts  very  numerous,  linear-attenuate  or  the  prolonged  and 
much  recurved  tips  almost  filiform  :  rays  very  many,  an  inch  or  less  long.  — 
Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  97.     Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

*  #  Involucre  from  nearly  glabrous  to  glandular-puberulent,  but  not  lu'sjiidulous: 
akenes  densely  pubescent  or  villons:  leaves  generally  with  bristle-tipped  teeth. 

H-  Leaves  at  most  incisely  dentate. 

38.  A.  Coloradoensis,  Gray.     A  span  or  less  high,  forming  a  tuft  of 
short  few-leaved  steins  on  a  strong  tap-root,  canescently  pubescent,  not  at  all 
glandular  :  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  about  an  inch  long,  coarsely  den- 
tate, the  teeth  tipped  with  conspicuous  bristles  :   heads  solitary,  broadly  hemi- 
spherical, £  inch  high  :  involucral  bracts  small  and  numerous,  well  imbricated, 
subulate-lanceolate :  rays  35  to  40,  violet-purple,  barely  £  inch  long :  akenes 
densely  canescent-villous,  £  the  length  of  the  comparatively  rigid  pappus.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  76.     Common  in  South  Park,  Colorado,  and  at  the  San 
Juan  Pass. 

39.  A.  canescens,  Pursh.     Commonly  a  foot  or  two  high  and  loosely 
much  branched,  bearing  numerous  paniculate  heads,  sometimes  dwarf  and  with 
simple  contracted   inflorescence,  pale   and  cinereous-puberulerit  or  minutely 
canescent,  or  greener  and  glabrate  :  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  or  the  lower 
spatulate,  from  entire  to  irregularly  dentate,  or  occasionally  lacinnite,  the  rigid 
teeth  mostly  with  mucronate  tip  :    involucre  of  rigid  usually  well-imbricated 
bracts:  rays  violet,  4  or  5  lines  long:  akenes  narrow,  canescent.  —  Fl.  ii.  547. 
Mach<jer  anther  a  canescens  and  M.  pulverulenta  of  the  "Western  Reports.     A 
polymorphous  species.     From  Arizona  to  Texas  and  northward  to  British 
Columbia  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

Var.  latifolius,  Gray.  Green,  minutely  soft-pubescent,  2  feet  or  more 
high  :  leaves  thinnish,  nearly  rnernbranaceous,  comparatively  large,  some- 
times spatulate-oblong,  and  over  ^  inch  wide  :  heads  large  and  few:  involucre 
hemispherical ;  tips  of  its  bracts  mostly  attenuate-subulate  and  squarrose- 


168  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

spreading,  canescent  and  obscurely  glandular.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  206.     Machce- 
ranthera  canescens,  var.  latifolia,  Gray.     New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Colorado. 

Var.  viSGOSUS,  Gray.  Canescent  or  cinereous  :  leaves  narrow,  rather 
rigid ;  the  upper  mostly  entire,  the  lower  coarsely  dentate :  involucre  cam- 
pan  ulate  or  turbinate,  squarrose ;  the  prominent  foliaceous  tips  of  the  bracts 
viscid-glandular,  either  spreading  or  recurved.  —  Loc.  cit.  Wyoming  to 
California. 
H-  •»-  Leaves  1  to  3-pinnately  deft  or  parted :  involucre  hemispherical,  its  bracts 

mostly  looser:  stem  diffuse!  if  branched. 

40.  A.  tanacetifolius,  HBK.  Pubescent  or  viscid,  very  leafy,  a  foot 
or  two  high :  lowest  leaves  2  to  3-pinnately  parted ;  uppermost  simply  pin- 
natifid  or  on  the  flowering  branchlets  entire  :  heads  £  inch  high  :  bracts  of 
the  involucre  narrowly  linear,  with  slender  mostly  linear-subulate  spreading 
foliaceous  tips,  or  the  outermost  almost  wholly  foliaceous :  rays  numerous, 
£  inch  long  or  more,  bright  violet:  akenes  rather  broad,  villous.  —  dfaclim- 
ranthera  tanaceti folia,  Nees.  From  Nebraska  to  Texas  and  westward  to 
Arizona  and  California. 


14.    ERIGERON,    L.        FLEABANE. 

Heads  disposed  to  be  solitary  and  long-pedunculate ;  rays  variously  colored  ; 
disk-flowers  yellow,  not  changing  to  purple:  akenes  generally  2-nerved. 

§  1.  Pays  elongated  and  conspicuous,  wanting  in  a  few  species,  occasionally 
abortive  in  one  or  two :  no  rayless  female  flowers  between  the  proper  ray  and 

disk.  —  EUERIGERON. 

#  Commonly  dwarf  from  a  multicipital  caudex,  alpine  or  subalpine,  with  rather 
large  and  mostly  solitary  heads:  involucre  loose  and  spreading,  and  copiously 
lanate:  rays  about  100,  narrow:  leaves  entire. 

1.  E.  Tinifloms,  L.     Stems  an  inch  to  a  span  or  two  high,  few-leaved, 
often  naked  and  pedunculiform  at  summit :  radical  leaves  spatulate  or  oblan- 
ceolate,  inch  or  two  long ;  cauline  lanceolate  to  linear  :  involucre  usually  hirsute 
as  well  as  lanate,  occasionally  becoming  naked  ;  the  linear  acute  bracts  rather 
close,  or  merely  the  short  tips  spreading :  rays  purple  or  sometimes  white, 
2  or  3  or  rarely  4  lines  long.  —  Alpine,  from  Colorado  and  California  north- 
ward and  across  the  continent  in  high  latitudes. 

2.  E.  lanatus,  Hook.     Stems  about  a  span  high,  scapfform  or  few-leaved : 
radical  leaves  spatulate  to  obovate,  about  £  inch  long,  tapering  into  a  narrowed 
base  or  into  a  slender  margined  petiole ;  some  primary  ones  occasionally  pal- 
mately  3-lobed ;  cauline  one  or  two,  small  and  linear,  or  hardly  any :  head 
not  larger  than  that  of  the  last,  and  involucre  similar,  but  densely  soft-lanate : 
rays  rather  broader,  3  lines  long,  white. — Alpine  in  Montana  and  British 
Columbia. 

3.  E.  grandiflorus,  Hook.     Stems  a  span  or  two  high,  rather  stout, 
usually  several-leaved:  radical  leaves  obovate-spatulate,  an  inch  or  so  long; 
cauline  oblong  to  lanceolate,  usually  £  inch  or  less  long:  heads  larger:  invo- 
lucre £  inch  high,  very  woolly ;  its  linear  and  attenuate-acuminate  bracts  squar- 
rose-spreading  or  the  tips  recurved :  rays  violet  or  purple,  J  to  ^  inch  long.  — 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  169 

Rocky  Mountains,  in  or  near  the  alpine  region,  from  British  Columbia  to 
Colorado. 

Var.  elatior,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  leafy  up  to  the  1  to  4  pedunculate 
heads,  pubescent,  but  hardly  hirsute :  leaves  oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate,  2  to 
4  inches  long ;  cauline  closely  sessile  by  a  broad  base :  involucre  fully  £  inch 
high  :  rays  £  inch  long.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiii.  237.  Subalpine  and  lower, 
in  the  mountains  of  Colorado. 

*  *  Perennials  from  a  rootstock  or  caudex,  neither  stoloniferous  nor  flag  elliferous : 

involucre  from  hispid  or  villous  to  glabrous,  but  not  lanate. 

•*-  Comparatively  tall  and  large  (afoot  or  more  high),  leafy-stemmed,  glabrous  to 
soft-hirsute :  leaves  rather  large,  entire  or  occasionally  toothed :  heads  rather 
large,  with  numerous  rays:  mountain  forms. 

•«•  Rays  50  to  70,  comparatively  broad :  involucre  rather  loose :  heads  solitary  or 
on  larger  plants  few  and  corymbosely  disposed:  pappus  simple. 

4.  E.  salsuginosus,  Gray.     Stem  12  to  20  inches  high,  the  summit  or 
peduncles  more  or  less  pubescent :  no  bristly  or  hirsute  hairs :  leaves  very 
smooth  and  glabrous,  bright  green,  thickish  ;  radical  and  lower  cauline  spatulate 
to  nearly  obovate,  with  base  attenuate  into  a  margined  petiole  ;  upper  cauline 
ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  sessile,  conspicuously  mucronate ;  uppermost  small 
and  bract-like :  bracts  of  the  involucre  loose  or  even  spreading,  linear-subulate 
or  attenuate,  viscidulous,  at  most  pubendous :  disk  over  ^  inch  in  diameter :  rays 
purple  or  violet,  %  inch  or  more  long. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvi.  93.     Alpine, 
from  New  Mexico  and  California  to  the  far  north. 

Var.  glacialis,  Gray.  A  span  high,  few-leaved,  monocephalous :  leaves 
smaller.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  Pt  2.  209.  Alpine  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

5.  E.  Coulteri,  Porter.     Stem  6  to  20  inches  high,  equally  leafy,  bearing 
solitary  or  rarely  2  or  3  slender-pedunculate  heads :  leaves  membranaceous, 
obovate  to  oblong,  either  entire  or  serrate  with  several  sharp  teeth,  pilose-pubes- 
cent to  glabrous,  cauline  hardlij  mucronate:  disk  about  ^  inch  wide:  involucre 
less  attenuate  and  spreading,  obscurely  viscidulous  bid  hirsute  with  spreading 
hairs :  rays  rather  narrowly  linear,  ^  inch  or  more  long,  white,  varying  to  pur- 
plish.—  Fl.  Colorado,  61.     Mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  California. 

•*-*.  -M-  Rays  100  or  more  and  narrow:  involucre  closer:  pappus  more  or  less  dou- 
ble, but  the  exterior  minute :  stems  erect,  tufted,  generally  leafy  to  the  summit 
and  bearing  few  to  several  heads :  leaves  entire :  mountain  forms  but  not 
alpine. 

6.  E.  macranthus,  Nutt.     From  hirsute-pubescent  to  nearly  glabrous, 
more  leafy  than  the  next :  stem  10  to  20  inches  high  :  leaves  from  lanceolate  to 
ovate ;  upper  often  reduced  in  size  :  involucre  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  but  com- 
monly minutely  glandular :  rays  %  inch  long :  short  outer  pappus  sometimes 
nearlij  chaff y.  —  Mountains  from  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  Utah. 

7.  E.  glabellus,  Nutt.    From  partly  glabrous  to  copiously  hirsute,  disposed 
to  be  naked  above:  stems  6  to  20  inches  high  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lowest 
somewhat  spatulate ;  upper  linear-lanceolate  and  gradually  reduced  to  subu- 
late bracts  :  heads  considerably  smaller :  involucre  strigosely  hirsute  or  pubescent : 
rays  violet,  purple,  and  rarely  white,  ^  to  ^  inch  long:  outer  pappus  setulose. — 
From  Colorado  and  Utah  northward  and  eastward. 


170  COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

Var.  mollis,  Gray.     Somewhat  cinereous  with  a  soft  and  short  spreading 
pubescence,  a  foot  or  two  high,  leafy  to  the  top :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate : 
cinereous  pubescence  of  the  involucre  soft  and  spreading.  —  Proc.  Acad. 
Philad  1863,  64.     Mountains  of  Colorado. 
•»—  -*-Low,  rarely  a  foot  high,  conspicuously  hispid  or  hirsute  with  spreading  bristly 

hairs:   leaves  entire,  narrow:  involucre  close:   rays  numerous,  occasionally 

wanting:  pappus  conspicuously  double. 
•M.  Sparingly  branched  stems  from  the  crown  of  a  tap-root,  more  or  less  leaf;/ : 

heads  middle-sized:  disk  $  to  %  inch  in  diameter:  involucre  hispid:  rays  50 

to  80,  occasionally  wanting  in  the  second  species. 

8.  E.  pumilus,  Nutt.    Radical  and  lower  cauline  leaves  from  spatulate- 
linear  to  lanceolate,  a  line  or  two  wide ;  upper  linear :  rai/s  white,  4  lines 
long :  outer  pappus  of  sJtort  bristJes  little  or  not  at  all  thicker  than  the  inner 
ones  and  more  or  less  intermixed  with  them.  —  Dry  plains,  Dakota  to  Colo- 
rado, and  in  the  mountains  to  Utah. 

9.  E.  COncinnus,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Like  the  preceding,  but  usually  with 
more  dense  and  shaggy  hirsuteness  and  less  rigid  leaves  :  stems  not  rarely  some- 
what copiously  branched  :  rays  violet  or  blue,  rarely  white :  "outer  pappus  con- 
spicuous and  chaffy.  —  Fl.  ii.  174.     In  arid  regions  from  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  to  Wyoming  and  British  Columbia. 

Var.  aphanactis,  Gray.    Discoid,  the  rays  being  nearly  destitute  of  ligule 
or  wanting.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  540.  —  Colorado  to  Nevada  and  California. 
•*-*•  -M-  More  branched  and  leaf//,  over  a  span  high ;  with  smaller  heads,  fewer  rays, 
and  somewhat  naked  involucre  more  imbricated. 

10.  E.  Brandegei,  Gray.     A  very  imperfectly  known  plant,  green, 
sparsely  hispidulous-hirsute :   radical  leaves  spatulate-linear ;   cauline  linear 
and  small,  or  upper  minute :  bracts  of  involucre  short-linear,  almost  naked  : 
rays  30  or  more,  white :  outer  pappus  of  coriaceous  chaffy  scales,  which  are 
commonly  confluent  with  the  scanty  bristles  of  the  inner.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i. 
Pt.  2.  210.    Adobe  plains,  S.  W.  Colorado,  on  the  borders  of  New  Mexico, 
Brandegee. 

H_  *-  .»_  Dwarf,  cespitose  from  a  multicipital  caudex,  with  monocephalous  flower- 
ing stems :  radical  leaves  dissected :  pappus  simple. 

11.  E.  compositus,  Pursh.     From  hirsute  to  glabrate,  with  slender 
margined  petiole  setose-ciliate :  radical  leaves  much  crowded  on  the  crowns  of 
the  caudex,  usually  1  to  3-ternately  parted  into  linear  or  short  and  narrow 
spatulate  lobes,  the  few  on  the  erect  flowering  stems  3-lobed  or  entire  and 
linear  :  involucre  3  or  4  lines  high,  sparsely  hirsute  :  rays  from  40  to  60,  not 
very  narrow,  white,  purple,  or  violet,  mostly  3  or  4  lines  long.  —  Alpine  re- 
gions, from  S.  Colorado  and  California  to  British  Columbia  and  northward. 

Var.  discoideus,  Gray.  Kays  wanting  or  abortive :  head  commonly 
smaller.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiii.  237.  —  Same  range  as  the  type. 

Var.  trifidus,  Gray.  Small  blade  of  leaves  simply  3  to  5-fid  :  the  lobes 
from  oblong  to  obovate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvi.  90.  E.  trijidus,  Hook. 
Mountains,  N.  Colorado  to  British  Columbia. 

Var.  pinnatisectus,  Gray.  Usually  a  large  form :  numerous  violet- 
purple  rays  5  lines  long  :  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  9  to  11  linear  and  entire 
or  rarely  2  to  3-cleft  divisions.  — Loc.  cit.  Mountains  of  Colorado. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  171 

+-  -i-  •«—•»-  Dwarf  or  low  species,  alpine,  entire-leaved,  cespilose  from  a  multi- 
cipital  caudex,  no  fine  pubescence,  monocephalous :  leaves  few  on  the  simple 
stems,  at  least  the  radical  broader  than  linear :  rays  numerous  and  not  very 
narrow:  pappus  simple  or  nearly  so. 

++  Involucre  glabrous  but  pruinose-glandular,  brownish  purple :  smooth  and  green. 

12.  E.  leiomerus,   Gray.      A  span  high,  smooth   and  very  glabrous: 
leaves  bright  green,  mainly  radical  and  spatulate,  very  obtuse,  from  2  to  6 
lines  wide ;   cauline  only  2  or  3  and  smaller  •  involucre  3  lines  high,  close ; 
the  bracts  lanceolate  and  not  attenuate :  rays  about  40,  linear,  violet,  3  or  4 
lines  long.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  211.     Aster  glacialls  in  Bot.  King  Exp.     Moun- 
tains of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Nevada. 

•w.  -M.  Involucre  hirsute  or  pubescent,  greenish. 

13.  E.  ursinus,  Eaton.     A  span  or  two  high,  loosely  cespitose:  leaves 
duller  green,  mostly  smooth  and  glabrous,  but  their  margins  more  or  less  hir- 
sute-ciliate,  spatulate  to  narrowly  oblanceolate ;  cauliue  ones  lanceolate  or  linear 
and  acute:   involucre  (3  tines  high)  and  naked  summit  of  flowering  stem  hirsute- 
pubescent:  rays  40  or  50,  purple,  narrowly  linear,  3  lines  long.  —  Bot.  King 
Exp.  148.     Alpine  and  subalpiue,  mountains  of  Wyoming  to  S.  Colorado, 
Utah,  and  California. 

14.  E.  radicatUS,  Hook.     A  span  high  or  less,  densely  tufted :  leaves  all 
spatulate-lmear  or  somewhat  wider,   broadest  a  line  or  two  wide,  hirsute  or 
hirsutely  citiate,  or  sometimes  almost  naked,  then  glabrous ;  no  glandular  rough- 
ness: involucre  more  or  less  villous-pubescent,  barely  3  lines  high:  rays  white 
oi-  purple,  2  or  3  lines  long.  —  Alpine  or  subalpiue,  from  British  America  to 
Wyoming,  S.  Colorado,  and  Utah. 

15.  E.  glandulosus,  Porter.     Cespitose  from  a  stout  caudex,  a  span  to 
a  foot  high,  rigid,  granul  one-glandular  or  glandular-scabrous,  and  with  sparse 
or  hispid  hairs,  especially  on  the  margins  of   the  leaves :   leaves  thickish, 
spatulate  to  linear-oblanceolate,  1  to  3  inches  long :  head  4  or  5  lines  high : 
involucre  glandular  or  viscid  as  well  as  pubescent:   rays  40  or  50,  violet  or 
purple,  4  to  6  lines  long.  —  Fl.  Colorado,  60.     Mountains  of  Colorado. 

4_  ^_  H_  H_  H_  None  truly  alpine ;  with  entire  leaves,  not  hispidly  hirsute :  invo- 
lucre close,  disposed  to  be  imbricated  and  rigid:  rays  not  very  numerous  or 
wanting. 

•M-  A  span  or  tu-o  high :  leaves  only  few  and  narrow  on  the  simple  or  sparingly 
branched  stems ;  but  radical  ones  with  obovate  or  spatulate  blade  ^  inch  long  : 
rays  IS  to  30,  pale  violet  or  purple:  akenes  compressed,  2  to  3-nerved:  pappus 
nearly  simple. 

16.  E.  tener,  Gray.     Canescent  with  very  fine  pubescence  :  stems  several 
from  a  caudex,  weak  and  ascending,  bearing  single  or  2  or  3  heads  :  involucre 
minutely  canescent ;  its  narrow  and  close  bracts  unequal,  somewhat  in  2  or  3 
ranks  :  rays  25  to  30.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvi.  91.     High  mountains  of  Utah 
and  California  to  those  of  Wind  River,  Montana. 

*+  ++  A  span  1o  near  a  foot  high,  cespitose,  silver y-canescent,  with  simple  and 
monocephalous  stems:  leaves  from  narrowly  spatulate  to  linear:  rays  40  or 


172  COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

50,  white  or  purple  changing  to  white:  akenes  slender  and  nearly  terete,  8  to 
10-nerved  or  striale:  pappus  double;  the  outer  subulate  and  conspicuous. 

17.  E.  canus,  Gray.     Silvery  appressed  pubescence  obviously  strigulose 
under  a  lens,  that  of  the  involucre  loose  and  spreading :  stems  4  to  9  inches 
high,  leafy  :    linear  cauline  leaves  gradually  diminishing  upward ;    radical 
spatulate-lanceolate  or  narrower  :   head  4  lines  high  :   rays  narrow,  3  lines 
long:  akenes  glabrous.  —  PL  Fendl.  67.    N.  New  Mexico  and  Colorado;  also 
on  the  Platte  in  Wyoming. 

«-*•  -w-  -^Either  low  or  comparatively  tall,  leafy -stemmed  or  somewhat  scape-like: 

akenes  compressed,  2  or  3-nerved. 

=  Leaves  all  narrowly  linear  to  Jiliform,  the  broadest  not  over  a  line  wide : 
involucre  3  or  4  lines  high,  of  equal  bracts. 

18.  E.  OChroleucus,  Nutt.     Low,  a  span  or  two  high,  somewhat  cespi- 
tose,  from  pubescent  to  glabrate :  stems  usually  simple,  naked  above  and 
mostly  monocephalous :  leaves  rather  rigid,  the  radical  2  or  3  inches  long : 
involucre  hirsute-pubescent :  rays  40  to  60,  "  ochroleucous,"  white  or  purplish  : 
outer  pappus  setulose.  —  Gravelly  soil,  N.  Wyoming  and  Montana  to  Idaho. 

=  =  Leaves  from  narrowly  linear  to  oblong. 

a.     Stems  naked  above,  mostly  simple  and  monocephalous,  a  span  or  two  high : 
pappus  simple. 

19.  E.  Eatoni,  Gray.     Stems  several  from  the  crown  of  a  strong  tap 
root,  slender  and  weak,  diffuse,  3  to  9  inches  long,  simple  or  with  2  or  3 
monocephalous  branches:   leaves  all  linear,  thickish,  minutely  pubescent; 
radical  about  2  inches  long  and  the  broadest  2  lines  wide :  heads  only  3  lines 
high :  bracts  of  the  sparsely  hirsute  involucre  little  unequal :   rays  seldom 
over  20,  at  most  3  lines  long,  white  or  purplish. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvi  91. 
E.  ochroleucus,  Eaton,  Bot.  King  Exp.  152.    Mountains  of  Colorado,  Wyo- 
ming, and  Utah. 

b.     Stems  more  leafy  and  disposed  to  branch,  but  sometimes  monocephalous: 
pubescence  cinereous :  outer  pappus  setulose,  sometimes  obscure  or  none. 

20.  E.  CSBSpitOSUS,  Nutt.      Low,  a  span  to  rarely  a  foot  high,  many- 
stemmed  and  ascending  or  spreading  from  a  stout  caudex,  from  cinereous  to 
canescent  with  dense  and  fine  short  pubescence:   stems  of  smaller  plants 
monocephalous :  radical  leaves  spatulate  to  lanceolate,  and  cauline  lanceolate- 
oblong  to  linear,  |  to  2  inches  long :  heads  short-peduncled,  3  or  4  lines  high : 
bracts  of  the  involucre  rather  unequal :  rays  40  or  50,  linear,  3  or  4  lines  long, 
white,  sometimes  tinged  with  rose-color. — From  the  Saskatchewan  to  New 
Mexico  and  westward. 

21.  E.  COrymboSUS,  Nutt.     Taller,  often  a  foot  or  two  high,  erect  from 
creeping  rootstocks,  soft-cinereous  with  mostly  spreading  short  pubescence  : 
radical  leaves  narrow-lanceolate  or  spatulate-lanceolate,  largest  3  or  4  inches 
long  and  3  or  4  lines  wide,  3-nerved  ;  cauline  linear  and  narrow :  heads  some- 
times solitary,  usualltj  several  and  cori/mboseli/  disposed  on  short  slender  pedun- 
cles: involucre  3  lines  high,  canescently  pubescent:  rays  30  to  50,  mostly 
narrow  and  3  to  5  lines  long,  blue  or  violet,  apparently  sometimes  white. — 
Mountains  of  Montana  to  those  of  Washington  Territory  and  California. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  173 

c.     Stems  leafy,  mostly  branched  above  and  bearing  few  or  several  heads:  pubes- 
cence not  cinereous  nor  spreading,  either  strigose  or  none :  pappus  simple. 

22.  E.  decumbens,  Nutt.     Slender,  commonly  low  or  spreading,  6  to 
18  inches  high,  strigulose-pubescent  or  puberulent,  or  glabrate  :  leaves  linear 
or  sometimes  linear-spatulate  (radical  not  rarely  4  to  6  inches  long  and  only 
a  line  or  two  wide) :   involucre  minutely  hirsute  or  pubescent :  rays  15  to  40, 
white,  purplish,  or  violet-tinged  — Mountains,  from  Montana  and  Utah  to 
Oregon  and  California. 

#  #  *  Perennial  by  stoloniform  creeping  rootstocks,  or  creeping  leafy  stems  or 

stolons:  ra>/s  ven/  numerous  (100  or  more)  and  narrow:  low  ground  forms. 

23.  E.  Philadelphicus,  L.     Soft  hirsute,  a  foot  or  two  high,  spreading 
by  rosulate  offsets  borne  on  apex  of  stoloniform  creeping  rootstocks:  stem  striate- 
angled,  erect,  corymbosely  branching  above  and  bearing  several  small  heads  : 
leaves  oblong,  or  lowest  spatulate;  upper  cauline  half-clasping,  obtuse,  spar- 
ingly and  coarsely  serrate  or  entire :  peduncles  thickened  under  the  head :  rays 
pink,  almost  filiform  :  pappus  simple. — Across  the  continent. 

24.  E.  flagellaris,  Gray.     More  or  less  cinereous  with  appressed  pubescence : 
stems  slender,  diffusely  decumbent  and  flagelliform  but  leafy,  some  prostrate, 
many  at  length  rooting  at  the  apex  and  proliferous :  leaves  small,  entire ;  radical 
spatulate  and   petioled ;    those   of    the   branches   becoming  linear :   solitary 
peduncles  2  to  5  inches  long:  rays  white  or  purplish:   pappus  double.  —  PI. 
Feudl.  69.     From  the  Upper  Platte  to  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  W.  Texas. 

*  *  *  #  Mostly  cinereous-pubescent  or  strigose  annuals,  leafy-stemmed  and  very 

branching,  often  diffusely :  heads  conspicuously  radiate  and  mostly  paniculate : 
low  grounds  and  plains. 

4-  Akenes  narrow,  little  compressed,  tvith  a  broad  and  whitish  truncate  apex  and  a 
simple  capillary  pappus:  rays  40  to  70  :  leaves  always  entire. 

25.  E.  Bellidiastrum,  Nutt.     Diffusely  or  loosely  branched,  a  span  or 
two  high,  cinereous-pubescent :  leaves  spatulate-linear  or  the  lowest  broader, 
an  inch  or  less  long :  heads  paniculate,  short-peduncled  :  rays  light  purple.  — 
Nebraska  to  New  Mexico. 

•«-  •*-  Akenes  compressed,  2-nerved:  pappus  double:  inner  often  fragile  or  decidu- 
ous :  rays  mostly  more  numerous :  leaves  sometimes  toothed  or  lobed. 

26.  E.  divergent,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Diffusely  branched  and  spreading,  a 
foot  or  less  high,  cinereous-pubescent  or  hirsute :    leaves  linear-spatulate  or  the 
upper  linear  and  lowest  broader  and  sometimes  laciniately  toothed  or  lobed: 
heads  2  or  3  lines  high  :  rays  white  or  purplish,  very  numerous :  involucre  hir- 
sute :  inner  pappus  of  rather  scanty  bristles  ;  outer  of  short  subulate  scales.  — 
Fl.  ii.  175.    From  Nebraska  to  W.  Texas  and  westward  to  the  coast. 

27.  E.  StrigOSUS,  Muhl.     Pubescence  appressed,  of  ten  strigose:  stem  erect, 
seldom  over  2  feet  high,  leafy,  branched  above,  bearing  cymose  or  paniculate 
heads :  leaves  lanceolate  and  the  upper  entire ;  lower  from  spatulate-lanceolate 
to  oblong,  often  serrate:  rays  mostly  white,  not  excessively  numerous  nor  very 
narrow  :  involucre  with  few  or  no  bristly  hairs  :  outer  pappus  a  short  crown  of  dis- 
tinct or  partly  united  slender  scales,  persistent  after  the  fragile  inner  pappus 
has  fallen.  —  From  Canada  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Texas,  and  westward  to 
Oregon  and  California. 


174  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

Var.  Beyrichii,  Gray.  A  slender  form,  with  minute  or  even  cinereous 
pubescence,  smaller  heads,  and  rays  from  white  to  pale  rose-color.  —  Synopt. 
Fl.  i.  219.  Within  the  eastern  limits  of  our  range. 

§  2.  Rays  inconspicuous  or  slender,  numerous,  sometimes  not  exceeding  the  disk : 
within  them  a  series  of  rayless  filiform  female  flowers  (commonly  none  in  No. 
29) :  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so:  pappus  simple.  —  TRI MORPHIA. 

28.  E.  acris,  L.     More  or  less  hirsute  pubescent,  varying  towards  glabrous 
(not  glandular)  :  cauline  leaves  mostly  lanceolate,  the  lower  and  radical  spatu- 
late :  involucre  hirsute :   rays  slender,  equalling  or  moderately  surpassing  the 
disk  and  pappus,  purple:  filiform  female  flowers  numerous.  —  In  the  mountains 
of  Colorado  and  northward  to  British  Columbia,  thence  across  the  continent. 

Var.  Drcebachensis,  Blytt.  Somewhat  glabrous,  or  even  quite  so: 
involucre  also  green,  naked,  at  most  hirsute  only  at  the  base,  often  minutely 
viscidulous  :  slender  rays  somewhat  slightly  exserted,  sometimes  minute  and 
filiform  and  shorter  than  the  pappus.  —  Same  range  as  the  type. 

Var.  debilis,  Gray.  Sparsely  pilose :  stems  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  slender, 
1  to  3-cephalous :  leaves  bright  green  ;  radical  obovate  or  oblong ;  cauliue 
spatulate  to  lanceolate,  short :  involucre  sparsely  hirsute  or  upper  part 
glabrate,  the  attenuate  tips  of  the  bracts  spreading :  rays  in  flower  rather 
conspicuously  surpassing  the  disk.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  220.  Mountains  of  N. 
Montana,  northward  and  eastward. 

29.  E.  armeriajfolillS,  Turcz.     Sparsely  hispid-hirsute  or  the  leaves  gla- 
brous and  most   of   the   narrowly  linear  and  elongated  cauline   bristly-ciliate: 
inflorescence  more  racemose  and  strict :  involucre  sparsely  hirsute :  rays  filiform, 
extremely  numerous,  slightly  surpassing  the  disk,  ivhitish,  no  filiform  rat/less 
flowers  seen.  —  From  the  mountains  of  California  and  Colorado  to  the  Sas- 
katchewan. 

§  3.  Rays  of  the  small  (2  lines  high)  and  narrow  seemingly  discoid  (and  mostli/ 
thijrsoid-paniculate)  heads  inconspicuous,  little  if  at  all  surpassing  the  disk  or 
pappus :  leaves  more  or  less  hispid-ciliate.  —  C^ENOTUS,  in  part. 

30.  E.  Canadensis,  L.    From  sparsely  hispid  to  almost  glabrous  :  stem 
strict,  1  to  4  feet  high,  with  numerous  narrowly  paniculate  heads,  or  in  depauper- 
ate plants  only  a  few  inches  high  and  with  few  scattered  heads  :  leaves  linear, 
entire,  or  the  lowest  spatulate  and  incised  or  few-toothed  :  rays  white,  usually  a 
little  exserted  and  surpassing  the  style-branches.  —  Waste  grounds,  throughout 
the  continent. 

31.  E.  divaricatus,  Michx.     Low,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  diffusely  much 
branched,  somewhat  fastigiate :  leaves  all  narrowly  linear  or  subulate,  entire : 
rays  purplish,  rarely  surpassing  the  style-branches  of  the  pappus.  —  Fl.  ii.  123. 
Open  grounds  from  Colorado  to  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

15.    CONYZA,   Less. 

1.  C.  Coulterif  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  commonly  branched,  bearing 
numerous  small  heads  in  a  mostly  crowded  thyrsoid  leafy  panicle,  viscidly 
pubescent  or  partly  hirsute  :  cauline  leaves  linear-oblong,  the  lower  spatulate- 
oblong  and  with  partly  clasping  base,  from  dentate  to  laciniate-pinnatifid,  an 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  175 

inch  or  two  long  :  involucre  1  or  2  lines  high,  hirsute  with  rather  soft  spread- 
ing hairs,  considerably  shorter  than  the  soft  pappus  :  flowers  whitish.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  355.  W.  Texas  and  Colorado  to  Arizona  and  California. 

16.    BACCHARIS,   L. 

More  or  less  shrubby  :  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  and  the  branches  striate, 
bearing  small  heads  of  white  or  yellowish  flowers. 

1.  B.  "Wriglltii,  Gray.     Herbaceous  from  a  woody  base,  very  smooth  and 
glabrous,  a  foot  or  two  high,   diffusely  branching,   sparsely   leaved :    slender 
branches  terminated  by  solitary  heads :  leaves  linear,  small ;  uppermost  linear- 
subulate:  involucre  campanulate,  4  or  5  lines  high;  its  bracts  lanceolate,  gradu- 
ally acuminate,  conspicuously  scarious-margined,  with  a  green  back :  pappus 
very  copious  and  pluriserlal,  soft,  elongating  in  fruit,  fulvous  or  purplish,  four 
times  the  length  of  the  scabrous-glandular  8  to  10-nerved  akene.  —  PI.  Wright. 
i.  101.     W.  Texas  to  S.  Colorado  and  Arizona. 

2.  B.  salicina,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Branching  shrubs,  3  to  12  feet  high,  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so,  usually  viscous,  with  a  resinous  exudation:  leaves  mostly 
subsessile,//wrt  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  sparingly  toothed,  rarely  entire  :  heads 
or  glomendes  pedunculate :  involucre  campanulate,  about  3  lines  high  ;  its  bracts 
ovate  and  acutish  :  pappus  more  or  less  copious,  but  mostly  unisenal,  conspicu- 
ously elongating  in  fruit,  white,  soft  and  flaccid:  akeues  10-nerved.  —  Fl.  ii.  258. 
Colorado  to  Texas. 

3.  B.  glutinosa,  Pers.     Stems  herbaceous  above  but  woody  toward  the 
base,  3  to  10 feet  high:  branches  somewhat  striate-angled :  leaves  elongated-lan- 
ceolate, serrate  with  few  or  several  scattered  teeth  on  each  side,  more  or  less 
distinctly  3-nerved  from  near  the  base,  3  or  4  and  the  larger  5  or  6  inches 
long  :  heads  mostly  3  lines  long,  numerous  and  corymbosely  cymose  at  the  summit 
of  comparatively  simple  stems  or  branches  :  involucre  stramineous  :  pappus  not 
very  copious,  nor  flaccid,  and  elongated  hardly  at  all  in  fruit:  akene  5-nerved. — 
From  S.  California  to  S.  Colorado  and  Texas. 

17.    EVAX,    Gaertn. 

Dwarf  and  depressed  annuals,  floccose- woolly.  In  ours  the  heads  are  small 
and  aggregated  in  terminal  foliose-involu crate  glomerules. 

1.  E.  prolifera,  Nutt.  Rather  stout:  stem  often  a  span  hi<;h,  simple 
and  erect,  or  with  ascending  branches  from  the  base,  bearing  numerous  small 
spatulate  leaves  and  a  capituliform  glomerule,  half  an  inch  in  diameter;  whence 
proceed  1  to  3  nearly  leafless  branches  similarly  terminated,  sometimes  again 
proliferous  :  fructiferous  bracts  scarious,  oval  or  oblong,  mainly  naked  ;  those 
embracing  staminate  flowers  more  herbaceous  and  woolly-tipped,  of  firmer 
or  more  herbaceous  texture  :  staminate  flowers  each  on  a  filiform  stipe  repre- 
senting an  abortive  ovary.  —  Diaperia  prolifera,  Nutt.  Dry  ground,  Colorado 
to  Dakota  and  Texas. 

18.    ANTENNAE- 1  A,    Gajrtn.        EVERLASTING. 

Mostly  low,  canescently  and  often  floccosely  woolly  herbs,  with  whitish  or 
purplish  flowers :  bracts  of  the  involucre  pearly  white,  rose-color,  or  brownish, 
never  yellow. 


176  COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.) 

§  1.    Bristles  of  the  male  pappus  hardly  at  all  thickened  bat  minutely  barbellate 

near  the  apex:  akenes  puberulent :  bracts  of  the  involucre  brownish. 
1.  A.  dimorpha,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Depressed,  cespitose  from  a  stout  mul- 
ticipital  caudex,  bearing  rosulate  clusters  of  spatulate  leaves  :  heads  solitary 
and  subsessile  at  the  crown,  or  raised  on  a  sparsely-leaved  stem  of  an  inch  or 
less  in  height :  male  head  4  lines  high,  with  broad  and  obtuse  involucral 
bracts ;  female  becoming  i  to  f  inch  long,  the  inner  bracts  narrow  and  long- 
attenuate  into  a  hyaline  acuminate  tip :  pappus  of  the  fertile  flowers  of  long 
and  fine  smooth  bristles.  —  Fl.  ii.  431.  Dry  hills,  from  Wyoming  to  California 
and  British  Columbia. 

§  2.    Bristles  of  the  male  pappus  stouter,  with  thickish  and  clavate  or  scarious- 

dilated  tips. 

*  Not  surculose-stolomferous :  stems  simple  from  the  subterranean  branching  cau- 
dex, leafy,  naked  at  summit,  and  bearing  a  cluster  of  broad  heads :  inner 
bracts  of  the  male  involucre  all  with  conspicuous  ivory-white  papery  obtuse  tips  ; 
those  of  the  female  with  hardly  any  tips  and  more  scarious :  herbage  silver y- 
lanate. 

2  A.  luzuloides,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Closely  silky-woolly:  stems  slender,  a 
span  to  a  foot  high  ;  leaves  all  narrowly  linear,  or  some  of  the  lowest  narrowly 
lanceolate-spatulate,  small  uppermost  linear-subulate :  heads  small  (2  lines,  or 
the  female  barely  3  lines  long),  several  or  numerous :  involucre  glabrous  nearly 
or  quite  to  the  base  ;  the  inner  bracts  in  the  female  heads  obtuse  :  akenes  gland, 
ular:  the  spatulate  and  as  it  were  petaloid  tips  of  the  male  pappus  obtuse. 
—  Fl.  ii.  430.  From  Wyoming  to  Oregon  and  British  Columbia. 

3.  A.  Carpathica,  R.  Br.     Floccoseli/  white-woolly,  rather  stout :  lower 
leaves  spatulate-lanceolate  and  the  upper  linear  :  heads  broad,  3  or  4  lines  long : 
involucre  conspicuously  woolly  at  base,  more  or  less  livid,  except  the  white  tipi 
to  the  bracts  of  the  male;  the  inner  bracts  of  the  female  commonly  acutish 
and    thiu-scarious :    akenes  smooth  and  glabrous.  —  In   the   Northern   Rocky 
Mountains,  and  extending  south  to  Oregon ;  represented  in  the  lower  Rocky 
Mountains  as  far  south  as  New  Mexico,  by  the 

Var.  pulcherrima,  Hook.  Stems  6  to  18  inches  high:  leaves  mostly 
larger,  the  radical  often  half  an  inch  or  even  almost  an  inch  wide  :  heads  more 
numerous,  often  in  a  compound  cyme :  bristles  of  the  male  pappus  with  more 
strongly  and  abruptly  or  even  scariously  dilated  tips. 

*   *  Surculose-proliferous  by  either  subterranean  or  leafy  shoots  or  stolons. 
•i-  Heads  in  a  ci/mose  cluster,  sometimes  solitary :  involucre  woolly  at  base. 

4.  A.  alpina,  Gartn.     Somewhat  cespitose:   radical  shoots  few  and  short : 
flowering  stems  1  to  4  inches  high,  bearing  2  to  5  heads,  sometimes  a  single 
head :  radical  leaves  spatulate,  %  inch  long :  involucre  3  lines  high,  livid-brown- 
ish; the  inner  of  the  male  heads  with   whitish  oblong  tips,  of  the  female 
wholly  livid  and  scarious  and  from  acutish  to  acuminate  :  akenes  glandular.  — 
High  mountains  of  Colorado  and  California,  and  far  northward. 

5.  A.  dioica,  Gsertn.     Freely  surculose  and  forming  broad  mats :  flowering 
stems  2  to  8  or  even  12  inches  high,  bearing  few  or  numerous  heads:   radical 
leaves  from  obovate  to  spatulate,  half  -inch  to  nearly  an  inch  long,  rarely  glabrate 
above :  bracts  of  the  involucre  in  both  sexes  with  colored  (white  or  rose-colored) 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  177 

and  obtuse  papery  tips  :  akenes  smooth  and  glabrous  or  sometimes  minutely 
glandular.  —  Throughout  the  mountain  region  at  all  elevations  and  north- 
ward, thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 

Var.  congesta,  DC.,  has  heads  sessile  in  a  rosulate  tuft  of  leaves  termi- 
nating depressed  stems,  like  the  sterile  creeping  ones.  —  Alpine  on  Sierra 
Blanca,  S.  Colorado,  and  similar  but  taller  forms  from  the  mountains  of 
Wyoming,  etc. 

6.  A.  plantaginifolia,   Hook.     Freely  surculose  by  long  and  slender 
sparsely  leafy  stolons  :  flowering  stems  more  scapiform,  6  to  18  inches  high,  bear- 
ing small  linear  or  lanceolate  leaves  and  a  cluster  of  several  heads :  radical 
leaves  from  roundish  ovate  to  obovate  and  spatulate,  the  larger  an  inch  or  two 
long,  soon  glabrate  and  green  above,  silvery-canescent  beneath  with  a  com- 
pletely pannose  coating,  3  to  5-nerved:  involucre  very  woolly  at  base;  inner 
bracts  of  the  male  heads  with  oval  or  oblong  obtuse  ivory-white  tips,  of  the 
larger  (4  to  6  lines  long)  female  heads  with  white  or  whitish  narrow  and  acute 
tips  :  akenes  minutely  glandular.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  Washington  Terri- 
tory and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

•*-•  H—  Heads  looseli/  paniculate :  involucre  almost  glabrous. 

7.  A.  racemosa,   Hook.      Stoloniferous  as  in  the  last,  lightly  woolly, 
becoming  glabrate :  flowering  stems  6  to  20  inches  high,  slender,  sparsely 
leafy,  bearing  few  or  numerous  racemosely  or  paniculately  disposed  heads : 
leaves  thin  ;  the  radical  broadly  oval,  an  inch  or  two  long ;  lower  cauline  ob- 
long ;  upper  small  and  lanceolate :  involucre  scarious,  brownish ;  the  male 
2  or  3  lines  long,  of  obtuse  bracts,  the  inner  white-tipped  ;  female  3  or  4  lines 
long,  of  narrow  and  mostly  acute  bracts  :  akenes  glabrous.  —  From  the  moun- 
tains of  Wyoming  to  the  Cascades  and  the  British  border. 

19.    ANAPHALIS,    DC.        EVERLASTING. 

1.  A.  margaritacea,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Commonly  afoot  or  two  high,  in 
tufts, very  leafy,  the  white  floccose  wool  rarely  becoming  tawny:  leaves  2  to 
5  inches  long,  from  rather  broadly  to  linear-lanceolate,  soon  glabrate  and 
green  above,  the  broader  ones  indistinctly  3-nerved  :  heads  numerous,  corym- 
bosely  cymose:  bracts  of  the  involucre  very  numerous,  almost  wholly  pearly 
white,  radiating  in  age.  —  Antennaria  margaritacea,  R.  Br.  Higher  moun- 
tains of  Colorado  and  California  and  far  northward ;  across  the  continent  in 
its  cooler  portions. 

20.     GNAPHALIUM,   L.        CUDWEED.    EVERLASTING. 

Floccose  woolly  herbs :  with  sessile  and  sometimes  decurrent  entire  leaves, 
and  cymosely  clustered  or  glomerate  heads  of  whitish  or  yellowish  flowers. 
Ours  belong  to  the  section  in  which  the  bristles  of  the  pappus  are  not  united, 
but  fall  separately. 

*  Involucre  woolly  only  at  base,  the  scarious  bracts  from  white  to  brownish  straw- 
color  :  more  or  less  fragrant  herbs,  erect,  a  foot  or  two  high :  akenes  smooth 
and  glabrous. 

1-  G-.  Sprengelii,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Stems  usually  stout,  6  to  30  inches 
high :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lowest  spatulate,  densely  white-woolly, 

12 


178  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

or  sometimes  thinly  floccose,  the  short  decurrent  bases  or  adnate  auricles  rather 
broad,  slightly  if  at  all  f/landular  or  heavy-scented :  heads  in  single  or  few  close 
glomerules  terminating  the  stem  or  branches :  involucre  hemispherical,  white 
or  yellowish,  becoming  rusty-tinged.  —  G.  luteo-album,  var.  Sprengelii,  Eaton. 
From  Texas  and  Colorado  to  S.  California  and  N.  Oregon. 

2.  G.  decurrens,  Ives.      Stem   stout,  2  or  3   feet   high,  corymbosely 
branched  above  and  bearing  cymosely  crowded  glomerules  of  broad  heads :  leaves 
very  numerous,  lanceolate  or  the  upper  linear,  obviously  adnate-decurrent,  the 
upper  face  becoming  naked  and  green  in  age  and  with  the  stem  glandular-pubes- 
cent or  viscid,  white-woolly  beneath,  stronghj  balsamic-scented:  involucre  cam- 
panulate,  white,  becoming  rusty-tinged.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  i.  380.    From  Texas 
and  New  Mexico  to  Washington  Territory  and  British  Columbia,  and  eastward 
to  New  England. 

*  *  Involucre  less  imbricated,  more  involved  in  wool,  the  scarious  tips  of  ihe  nearly 
equal  bracts  inconspicuous  and  dull-colored :  heads  glomerate  and  leafy-bracte- 
ate,  only  a  line  or  so  in  length :  low  and  branching  annuals,  a  few  inches  or 
rarely  afoot  high :  akenes  either  smooth  or  scabrous. 

3.  G.  palUStre,  Nutt.     Loosely  floccose  with  long  wool,  erect,  at  length 
diffuse  or  weak  :  leaves  3  to  5  lines  wide,  spatulate  or  the  uppermost  oblong  or 
lanceolate:    tips  of  the  linear   involucral  bracts  white,  obtuse.  —  In  moist 
grounds  from  New  Mexico  to  Wyoming  and  westward. 

4.  G.  strictum,  Gray.     Appressed-woolly :  stem  strict  and  simple,  a  span 
to  a  foot  high,  sometimes  branching  or  with  ascending  stems  from  the  base  : 
leaves  all  linear,  seldom  a  line  wide :  heads  in  spicately  disposed  glomerules  in 
the  axils  or  on  short  lateral  branches :  involucral  bracts  with  brownish  or  some- 
what whitish  tips,  obtuse.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  110.     Rocky  Mountain  region, 
from  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

21.    MELAMPODIUM,   L. 

Branching  herbs,  with  opposite  mostly  sessile  leaves,  and  pedunculate  heads 
terminating  the  branches  or  in  the  forks.  In  our  species  the  rays  are  con- 
spicuously exserted  and  white,  and  the  fructiferous  bracts  hooded. 

1.  M.  ciner0um,  DC.  Branched  from  the  base,  a  span  to  a  foot  high, 
cinereous  or  even  silvery-canescent  with  a  close  pubescence,  or  greener  :  leaves 
linear  or  the  lower  lanceolate  or  spatulate,  entire  or  undulate,  or  even  sinuate- 
pinnatifid :  ligules  5  to  9,  cuneate-oblong,  2  to  3-lobed  at  apex,  3  to  6  lines 
long :  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate,  appressed,  slightly  united  at  base :  fruc- 
tiferous bracts  nearly  terete,  somewhat  incurved,  muricate  with  sharp  tubercles ; 
its  hood  about  the  length  of  the  body  and  very  much  wider,  nearly  smooth, 
its  truncate  and  usually  even  margin  commonly  incurved.  —  From  S.  and  E. 
Colorado  to  Arizona,  Texas,  and  W.  Arkansas. 

22.    SILPHIUM,  L.       ROSIN-WEED. 

Tall  and  coarse  perennials :  with  resinous  juice,  large  leaves,  and  ample 
pedunculate  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Our  species  is  the  "  Compass-Plant," 
with  alternate  deeply  pinnatifld  or  bipinnatifid  leaves,  and  large  heads  (sessile 
or  nearly  so)  racemosely  disposed  along  the  naked  summit,  and  very  rough 
herbage, 


COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  179 

1.  S.  laciniatum,  L.  Stem  3  to  6  and  even  12  feet  high  :  radical  leaves 
a  foot  or  two  long,  loug-petioled,  once  or  twice  pinnately  parted  or  below 
divided,  the  divisions  and  lobes  lanceolate  to  linear ;  cauline  with  petiole  sim- 
ply dilated  at  base,  or  with  stipuliform  and  sometimes  palmatifid  appendages ; 
upper  sessile  and  reduced  to  bracts :  involucre  inch  or  more  high  and  broad  : 
rays  numerous,  inch  or  two  long,  bright  yellow.  —  Prairies,  from  Dakota  to 
Texas  and  eastward  to  Wisconsin  and  Alabama. 

23.    PAB.THENIUM,    L. 

Ours  is  an  acaulescent  cespitose  perennial,  with  the  ligule  wanting. 

1.  P.  alpinum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Densely  tufted  on  a  thick  branching  cau- 
dex,  depressed,  rising  only  1  or  2  inches  :  leaves  crowded,  silvery-cauescent  with 
a  flue  appressed  pubescence,  and  villous  in  the  axils,  spatulate-linear,  barely  an 
inch  long,  entire  :  heads  solitary  and  nearly  F<vsile  among  the  leaves  :  pappus 
a  pair  of  oblong-lanceolate  membranaceous  scales.  —  Mountains  of  Wyoming. 

24.    PARTHENICE,    Gray. 

Allied  to  both  Parthenium  and  Iva. 

1.  P.  mollis,  Gray.  Annual,  with  odor  of  Artemisia,  4  to  6  feet  high, 
paniculately  branched,  minutely  cinereous  throughout,  wholly  destitute  of  any 
coarser  pubescence:  leaves  all  alternate,  ovate,  some  of  the  larger  (10  or  12 
inches  long)  subcordate,  acuminate,  irregularly  or  doubly  dentate,  long-peti- 
oled  :  heads  small,  2  lines  broad,  numerous  in  loose  axillary  and  terminal 
somewhat  leafy  panicles  :  flowers  greenish-white. —  S.  Colorado  to  Arizona. 

25.    IVA,    L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs .  with  entire  or  serrate  leaves,  at  least  the  lower  ones  oppo- 
site, and  small  spicatety  or  racemosely  or  paniculately  disposed  or  scattered 
and  commonly  nodding  heads. 

*  Heads  crowded  in  narrow  spike-like  clusters  which  are  aggregated  in  a  naked 

panicle :  leaves  hng-petioled. 

1.  I.  xanthiifolia,  Nutt.    Tall  and  coarse,  3  to  5  feet  high,  pubescent,  at 
least  when  young :  leaves  mainly  opposite,  broadly  ovate,  ample,  coarsely  or 
incisely  serrate,  acuminate,  3-ribbed  at  base,  puberulently  scabrous  above : 
panicles  axillary  and  terminal :  outer  involucral  bracts  5,  broadly  ovate  and 
herbaceous ;   inner  of  as  many  membranaceous  dilated-obovate  or  truncate 
ones,  which  are  strongly  concave  at  maturity  and  half  embrace  the  obovate- 
pyrif orm  aiid  glabrate  akenes.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  Idaho  and  the  Sas- 
katchewan. 

*  *  Heads  spicately  or  racemosely  disposed  in  the  axils  of  leaves  or  foliaceous 

bracts,  and  nodding. 

2.  I.  ciliata,  Willd.     Rather  stout,  2  to  6  feet  high,  strigose  and  hispid  : 
leaves  nearly  all  opposite,  ovate,  acuminate,  sparsely  serrate,  the  base  abruptly 
contracted  into  a  hispid  petiole  ;  spikes  strict,  3  to  8  inches  long  ,•  their  bracts 
lanceolate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  foliaceous,  surpassing  the  at  length  deflexed 
heads,  hispid-ciliate,  as  are  the  3  or  4  herbaceous  and  unequal  distinct  or  partly 
united  bracts  of  the  involucre.  — From  New  Mexico  to  Nebraska  and  eastward. 


180  COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.) 

3.  I.  axillaris,  Pursh.  Stems  or  branches  nearly  simple,  ascending,  a 
foot  or  two  fnyh  :  leai'es  from  obovate  or  oblong  to  nearly  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  ses- 
sile, rarely  over  an  inch  long,  even  the  uppermost  usually  much  surpassing 
the  mostly  solitary  heads  in  their  axils ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  connate  into  a 
4  or  5-lobed  or  sometimes  parted,  or  merely  crenate  cup.  —  From  New  Mexico 
to  Dakota  and  the  Saskatchewan,  and  westward. 

26.    OXYTENIA,    Nutt. 

Shrubby  species,  with  Artemisia-like  habit. 

1.  O.  acerosa,  Nutt.  Shrubby,  but  soft-woody,  3  to  5  feet  high,  canes- 
cent,  with  erect  branches  sometimes  leafless  and  rush-like  :  leaves  when  present 
alternate,  pinnately  3  to  5-parted  into  long  filiform  divisions,  or  uppermost 
entire :  heads  numerous,  2  lines  long,  in  dense  panicles.  —  Dry  plains,  S.  W. 
Colorado  to  S.  E.  California. 

27.    DICORIA,    Torr.  &  Gray. 

1.  D.  Brandegei,  Gray.  Strigulose-canescent,  diffusely  and  alternately 
branched  leaves  of  the  branches  oblong-lanceolate  or  partly  spatulate,  ob- 
tuse, mostly  entire,  an  inch  or  less  long  and  with  slender  petiole :  heads 
sparse,  racemose-paniculate  ;  fertile  flower  solitary  ;  its  dilated-cuneate  hyaline 
subtending  bract  hardly  surpassing  the  outer  involucre :  akene  naked  and 
exserted,  bordered  with  pectinate  callous  teeth  connected  by  an  indistinct  sca- 
rious  margin.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  76.  Sandy  bottoms  of  the  San  Juan, 
near  the  boundary  between  Colorado  and  Utah. 

28.    AMBROSIA,    Tourn.        RAGWEED. 

Coarse  herbs  .  with  mostly  lobed  or  dissected  opposite  and  alternate  leaves, 
and  dull  inconspicuous  flowers :  sterile  heads  racemose  or  spicate  and  with 
no  bracts :  fertile  flowers  usually  glomerate  in  axils  below. 

*  Involucre  of  sterile  heads  3-ribbed :  no  chaff"  on  the  receptacle :  leaves  palmately 

cleft,  ample,  petioled. 

1.  A.  trifida,  L.     Tall  and  stout,  3  to  12  feet  high  or  more,  roughish 
hispid  or  almost  glabrous  :  leaves  all  opposite,  very  deeply  3-lobed  or  the  lower 
5-lobed ;  the  lobes  acuminate,  serrate  :  sterile  racemes  long  and  dense :  fertile 
heads  clustered  and  as  if  involucrate  by  short  bracts :  fruit  very  thick,  with  5 
to  7  strong  ribs  or  angles  terminating  above  in  spinous  tubercles  around  the 
base  of  the  conical  beak.  —  From  the  plains  of  Colorado  eastward  across  the 
continent. 

#  #  Involucre  of  sterile  heads  not  ribbed :  receptacle  ivith  some  chaff :  leaves  mostly 

1  to  3-pinnatiJid  or  dissected. 

2.  A.  artemisissfolia,  L.     Variously  pubescent  or  hirsute,  paniculately 
branched,  a  foot  or  two  high,  or  taller  :  leaves  thinnish,  biptnnatifid  or  pinnately 
parted  with  the  divisions  irregularly  pinnatifid  or  sometimes  nearly  entire,  on 
the  flowering  branches  often  undivided  :  sterile  heads  pedicelled  :  fruit  short- 
beaked,  armed  with  4  to  6  short  acute  teeth  or  spines.  —  A  weed  in  waste  and 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  181 

cultivated  grounds  across  the  continent,  known  variously  as  "  Roman  Worm- 
wood," "Ragweed,"  and  "Bitter-weed." 

3.  A.  psilostachya,  DC.  From  slender  running  rootstocks,  stouter,  2 
to  6  feet  high,  with  strigose  and  some  loose  hirsute  pubescence  :  leaves  thickish; 
upper  simply  and  lower  twice  pinnatifld  ;  the  lobes  mostly  lanceolate  and  acute: 
sterile  heads  commonly  short-pedicelled  :  fruit  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils 
below,  rugose-reticulated,  obtusely  short-pointed,  either  wholly  unarmed  or  with 
four  short  either  blunt  or  acute  tubercles.  —  From  the  Saskatchewan  to  Texas 
and  westward  across  the  continent. 


29.    FRANSERIA,    Cav. 

Ours  are  herbaceous,  with  chiefly  alternate  leaves,  and  the  spines  of  the 
fruiting  and  1  to  2-flowered  involucre  comparatively  few. 

#  Fruiting  involucre  seldom  over  a  line  long,  in  the  same  plant  bearing  either 
1  or  2  flowers. 

1 .  F.  tenuifolia,  Gray.     Erect,  1  to  5  feet  high,  leafy  to  the  top,  hispid, 
variously  pubescent,  or  glabrate :  leaves  mostly  2  to  3-pinnately  parted  or  dis- 
sected into  narrowly  oblong  or  linear  lobes,  the  terminal  elongated :  sterile 
racemes  commonly  elongated  and  paniculate :  fertile  heads  in  numerous  glom- 
erules  below,  in  fruit  minutely  glandular,  usually  2-flowered,  armed  with  6 
to  18  short  and  stout  incurving  spines,  their  tips  almost  always  hooked,  and 
an  excavated  cartilaginously  bordered  areola  above  each.  —  PL  Fendl.  80. 
From  Colorado  to  California,  Texas,  and  southward. 

#   *  Fruiting  involucre  3  or  4  lines  long  at  maturity,  and  longer  stout  or  broad 
spines :  stems  low. 

2.  F.  Hookeriana,  Nutt.    Diffusely  spreading  from  an  annual  root,  freely 
branched,  hirsute-pubescent  or  hispid:  leaves  of  ovate  or  roundish  outline,  1  to 
3  inches  broad,  and  bipinnatifld,  or  the  upper  oblong  and  pinnatifld:   sterile 
racemes  solitary  or  paniculate :  fruiting  involucre  armed  with  flat  and  thin 
lanceolate-subulate  smooth  and  glabrous  long  and  straight  spines,  l-flowered. — 
From  the  Saskatchewan  to  Texas  and  westward  across  the  continent. 

3.  F.  discolor,  Nutt.     A  foot  or  less  high,  erect  from  perennial  slender 
creeping  root-stocks  :  leaves  canescently  tomentose  beneath,  green  and  glabrate  above, 
interruptedly-pinnatifld,  oblong  in  outline,  comparatively  large,  the  lowest  often 
6  inches  long ;  the  lobes  usually  short  and  broad :  sterile  racemes  commonly 
solitary :  fruiting  involucre  2-flowered,  canescent,  armed  with  rather  short  cortical- 
subulate  very  acute  and  straight  spines.  —  Plains,  Nebraska  to  Wyoming,  Colo- 
rado, and  New  Mexico. 

4.  F.  tomentOSa,  Gray.     A  foot  high,  rather  stout,  erect,  from  an  appar- 
ently perennial  base,  canescent.  with  a  dense  sericeous  tomentinn:  leaves  vert)  white 
beneath,  cinereous  above,  pinnately  3  to  5-cleft  or  parted ;  the  terminal  division 
large,  oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate,  serrate ;  upper  lateral  similar  but  smaller ; 
lowest  commonly  very  small  and  entire :  fruiting  involucre  3  lines  long,  2- 
flowered,  nearly  glabrous  ;  the  short  spines  conical -subulate,   very  acute,  and  the 
very  tip  usually  uncinate-incurved.  —  PI.  Fendl.  80.     Along  streams  or  river- 
beds, Kansas  and  E.  Colorado. 


182  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

30.    XANTHIUM,    Tourn.        COCKLE-BUR.    CLOT-BUR. 

Coarse  annuals :  with  branching  stems,  alternate  and  usually  lobed  or 
toothed  leaves,  and  mostly  clustered  heads,  botli  sexes  in  terminal  and  larger 
axillary  clusters,  the  male  uppermost ;  the  lower  axillary  clusters  of  few  or 
solitary  female  heads. 

1.  X.  Canadense,  Mill.  Stem  often  punctate  with  brown  spots:  leaves 
cordate  or  ovate,  3-ribbed  from  the  base,  with  dentate  margins  and  often  in- 
cised or  lobed,  on  long  petioles  :  fruiting  involucre  about  an  inch  long,  densely 
beset  with  rather  long  prickles,  the  two  stout  beaks  at  maturity  usually  hooked 
or  incurved,  the  surface  and  base  of  the  prickles  more  or  less  hispid. — 
X.  strumarium,  var.  Canadense,  Torr.  &  Gray.  From  Texas  to  the  Saskatche- 
wan and  westward. 

31.    ZI1TNIA,   L. 

With  opposite  and  mostly  entire  sessile  leaves,  single  heads  terminating  the 
branches,  and  showy  flowers.  In  ours  the  leaves  are  narrow  and  rigid,  connate- 
sessile  and  crowded,  and  the  akeues  2  to  4-aristate. 

1.  Z.  grandiflora,  Nutt.  Scabrous:  stems  or  branches  a  span  or  more 
high  from  a  stout  woody  base :  leaves  linear,  3-nerved  at  base  :  involucre  nar- 
row, 4  lines  long :  ligules  4  or  5,  at  maturity  5  to  8  lines  long,  dilated-obovate 
or  roundish,  light  yellow  or  sulphur-color,  becoming  white.  —  Plains  and  bluffs, 
E.  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 

32.    HELIOPSIS,    Pers. 

"With  loosely  branching  stems,  veiny  and  mostly  serrate  3-ribbed  leaves  on 
naked  petioles,  and  pedunculate  showy  heads  with  numerous  yellow  rays. 

1.  H.  Isevis,  Pers.  Smooth  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  throughout,  3  or  4 
feet  high :  leaves  bright  green,  thiimish,  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  from 
a  truncate  or  slightly  cuneate-decurrent  base,  acuminate,  coarsely  and  sharply 
serrate  with  numerous  teeth,  3  to  5  inches  long  :  heads  somewhat  corymbose : 
rays  broadly  linear,  an  inch  long :  akenes  wholly  glabrous  and  smooth.  — 
Near  Canon  City,  Colorado,  Brandegee;  chiefly  a  form  of  the  Atlantic  States. 

33.    ECHINACEA,    Moench. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  rather  stout  erect  stems,  undivided  leaves,  the  lower 
long-petioled,  and  solitary  large  heads  on  long  peduncles  terminating  the  stem 
and  few  branches.  Rays  from  flesh-color  to  rose-purple,  much  elongating 
with  age. 

1.  E.  angustifolia,  DC.  Hispid,  a  foot  or  two  high,  mostly  simple: 
leaves  from  broadly  lanceolate  to  nearly  linear,  entire,  3-nerved,  all  attenuate 
at  base,  the  lower  into  slender  petioles  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  in  only  about 
2  series.  —  Within  the  eastern  limit  of  our  range  and  extending  eastward. 

34.    RUDBECKIA,    L.        CONEFLOWER. 

With  alternate  leaves,  either  simple  or  compound,  and  showy  pedunculate 
heads  terminating  stem  and  branches  :  rays  yellow,  even  sometimes  wanting, 
the  lisk  from  fuscous  to  purplish  black. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  183 

#  Disk  from  hemispherical  to  ovoid,  black  or  dull  brown :  akenes  small,  quadran- 

gular, wholly  destitute  of  pappus :  leaves  undivided :  involucre  soon  reflexed. 

1 .  R.  hirta,  L.     Rather  stout,  1  to  3  feet  high,  rough-hispid  and  hirsute : 
leaves  from  oblong  to  lanceolate,  sparingly  serrate  or  nearly  entire,  2  to  5 
inches  long,  the  lower  narrowed  into  margined  petioles :  rays  when  well  devel- 
oped an  inch  or  two  long,  golden  yellow,  sometimes  deeper  colored  toward 
the  base :  disk  at  first  nearly  black,  in  age  dull  brown,  becoming  ovoid  in 
fruit.  —  Dry  and  open  ground,  from  Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  east- 
ward across  the  continent. 

#  #  Disk  from  globular  to  cylindrical,  yellowish  or  brownish :  akenes  comparatively 

large,  somewhat  compressed,  with  a  crown-like  pappus:  involucre  loose  and 
fohaceous  but  not  usually  reflexed. 

•*-Rays  few  or  several,  inch  or  two  long,  drooping,  pure  yellow :  disk  dull  yellowish  ; 
the  tip  of  the  chaff y  bracts  canesce.nl :  pappus  a  short  4-toothed  or  nearly  entire 
crown:  nearly  all  the  leaves  cleft  or  divided:  stems  branching. 

2.  R.  laciniata,  L.    Glabrous  and  smooth,  sometimes  minutely  scabrous, 
at  least  on  the  margins  and  upper  face  of  the  leaves :  stem  2  to  7  feet  high, 
branching  above :  leaves  veiny,  broad,  incisely  and  sparsely  serrate ;  radical 
commonly  pinnately  5  to  7-foliolate  or  nearly  so,  and  divisions  often  lacini- 
ately  2  to  3-cleft ;  lower  cauline  3  to  5-parted,  upper  3-cleft,  and  those  of  the 
branches  few-toothed  or  entire — Moist  ground,  from  Montana  to  Arizona 
and  New  Mexico,  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

•«-  •*-  Rays  wanting :  disk  brownish ;  the  tip  of  the  chajfy  bracts  puberufent :  re- 
ceptacle bodkin-shaped :  scarious  cup-shaped  pappus  very  conspicuous :  stems 
stout,  simple. 

3.  R.  OCCidentalis,  Nutt.     Nearly  glabrous  and  smooth,  or  somewhat 
scabrous-puberulent :   leaves  undivided,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
entire,  or  irregularly  and  sparingly  dentate,  4  to  8  inches  long ;  upper  sessile  by  a 
rounded  or  subcordate  base ;  lower  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  winged 
petiole,  rarely  a  pair  of  obscure  lateral  lobes :  disk  in  age  becoming  1  ^  inch 
long,  and  akenes  2  lines  long.  —  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  vii.  355.     Mountains 
of  Wyoming  to  Idaho  and  Oregon. 

4.  R.  montana,  Gray.      Smoother,  somewhat  glaucous,  tall  and  very 
stout :  leaves  8  to  1 2  inches  long,  pinnately  parted  into  3  to  9  oblong-lanceolate 
divisions,  or  the  lanceolate  uppermost  cauline  with  2  to  4  narrow  lateral  lobes : 
disk  cylindraceous  or  cylindrical,  at  length  often  3  inches  long  and  an  inch  in 
diameter:  akenes  with  the  deep  coroniform  pappus  3  or  4  lines  long.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xvii.  217.     Mountains  of  Colorado. 

35.    LEPACHYS,    Raf. 

Herbs,  with  pinnately  parted  leaves,  and  terminal  long-peduncled  showy 
heads,  the  drooping  rays  yellow  or  partly  brown-purple  :  truncate  inflexed  tips 
of  the  chaff  pubescent ;  disk  yellowish,  becoming  darker. 

1  L.  COlumnaris,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Scabrous,  1  or  2  feet  high,  branching 
from  the  base :  divisions  of  the  cauline  leaves  5  to  9,  from  oblong  to  narrowly 
linear,  sometimes  2  to  3-cleft :  rays  commonly  an  inch  or  more  long,  normally 


184  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

all  yellow :  disk  at  length  columnar,  an  inch  or  more  long.  —  Plains,  from  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Texas. 

Var.  puleherrima,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  part  or  even  the  whole  upper  face 
of  the  ray  brown-purple.  —  From  Arizona  to  Texas  and  Nebraska. 

36.    BALSAMORRHIZA,   Hook. 

Low ;  with  thick,  deep  and  balsamic  roots  ;  a  tuft  of  radical  leaves  mostly 
on  long  petioles ;  and  short  simple  few-leaved  flowering  stems  or  naked  scapes, 
bearing  large  and  mostly  solitary  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

*  Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so ;  the  principal  ones  cordate  or  with  cordate  base  and 

lonq-petioled. 

1.  B.  sagittata,  Nutt.    Silvery-can escent,  and  the  involucre  white-woolly : 
radical  leaves  from  cordate-oblong  to  hastate,  4  to  9  inches  long,  the  base  2  to 
6  inches  wide,  on  petioles  of  greater  length ;  the  few  and  inconspicuous  cauline 
from  linear  to  spatulate :  scape  at  length  a  foot  or  more  high :  rays  1  to  2 
inches  long.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  to  Montana  and  British  Columbia. 
Used  for  food  by  the  Indians. 

#  #  Leaves  neither  entire  nor  cordate,  varying  from  laciniately  dentate  to  bipin- 

nately  divided :  heads  solitary  on  a  naked  scape  or  one  bearing  a  pair  of  small 
opposite  leaves  towards  the  base. 

2.  B.  macrophylla,  Nutt.     Green,  not  at  all  canescent,  glabrate,  except 
the   ciliate  margins   of  the   leaves,  usually  minutely  glandular-viscidulous : 
leaves  ample,  ovate  or  oblong  in  outline,  a  span  to  a  foot  long,  some  with  only  one 
or  two  lobes  or  coarse  teeth,  most  of  them  pinnately  parted  into  broadly  lanceo- 
late and  commonly  entire  lobes :  scapes  a  foot  or  two  high  :  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre from  narrowly  lanceolate  to  spatulate  and  foliaceous,  an  inch  or  two 
long,  nearly  equal,  either  half  or  fully  the  length  of  the  rays.  —  Trans.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.  vii.  350.     Rocky  and  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Wyoming  to  Utah. 

3.  B.  Hookeri,  Nutt.     Canescent  with  fine  sericeous  or  more  tomentose  pu- 
bescence, but  not  at  all  hirsute  :  scapes  and  leaves  a  span  to  a  foot  high  ;  the 
latter  lanceolate  or  elongated-Mong  in  outline,  pmnately  or  bipinnately  parted  into 
lanceolate  or  linear  divisions  or  lobes,  or  some  of  them  only  pinnatifid  or  incised : 
involucre  from  canescently  puberulent  to  lauate;  its  bracts  from  linear-  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  either  unequal  and  well  imbricated  or  sometimes  the  outer- 
most foliaceous  and  enlarged.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  301 .    West  of  our  range, 
but  represented  by 

Var.  incana,  Gray.  Densely  white-tomentose :  leaves  often  of  broader  out- 
line. —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  266.  B.  incana,  Nutt.  Wyoming  and  Montana  to 
N.  California. 

37.    WYETHIA,    Nutt. 

Stout  and  mostly  low ;  with  ample  undivided  pinnately  veined  alternate 
leaves  (mostly  entire),  and  large  heads  of  mostly  yellow  flowers. 

*  Rays  from  pale  ye/low  or  dull  straw-color  to  white. 

1.  "W.  helianthoides,  Nutt.  A  span  to  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  simple 
and  with  a  single  large  head,  or  rarely  3  or  4,  hirsute :  leaves  from  oval  to 


COMPOSITE.       (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.)  185 

broadly  lanceolate,  denticulate  or  entire,  4  to  8  inches  long,  mostly  narrowed 
at  base  into  a  short  margined  petiole  :  heads  an  inch  high  :  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre narrowly  lanceolate,  numerous  :  rays  nearly  2  inches  long :  akenes  4 
lines  long,  either  prismatic-quadrangular  or  flattish,  12-nerved:  pappus  some- 
times minute,  chaffy  coroniform  and  cleft  into  few  or  several  teeth.  —  Northern 
Ilocky  Mountains,  in  moist  valleys,  S.  W.  Montana  to  E.  Oregon. 

#  #  Rays  bright  yellow. 

•»-  Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout,  usually  balsamic-viscid:  leaves  lanceolate  to 

oblong. 

2.  W.  amplexicaulis,  Nutt.    A  foot  or  two  high,  robust :  leaves  mostly 
lanceolate-oblong,  entire  or  denticulate ;  radical  often  a  foot  or  more  long ; 
upper  cauline  partly  clasping  by  a  rounded  or  somewhat  narrowed  base :  heads 
solitary  or  several,  short  peduncled  :  involucral  bracts  broadly  lanceolate,  one  or 
two  outer  ones  occasionally  foliaceous  and  larger :  rays  l£  inches  long :  akenes 
with  a  conspicuous  crown  cleft  into  acute  teeth,  and  sometimes  a  small  awn. 
—  From  Colorado  to  Montana  and  British  Columbia.    Called  "  Pe-ik  "  by  the 
Indians. 

H-  H-  Hirsutely  pubescent  or  scabrous :  leaves  elongated-lanceolate  or  linear. 

3.  W.  Arizonica,  Gray.     Hirsutely  pubescent,  a  foot  high,  bearing  a  sin- 
gle or  few  heads :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  or  the  upper 
and  sessile  cauline  broader:  involucre  of  rather  foliaceous  and  erect  bracts: 
rays  8  to  12 :  pappus  a  very  narrow  crown,  extended  into  3  or  4  stout  subulate 
teeth,  or  into  1  or  2  short  awns.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  655.     S.  Colorado  to 
S.  Utah  and  Arizona. 

4.  W.  SCabra,  Hook.     Very  scabrous,  a  foot  or  two  high,  rigid :  cauline 
leaves  linear,  thick,  4  to  6  inches  long,  £  inch  wide,  sessile,  attenuate-acute : 
involucral  bracts  imbricated  in  3  or  4  series,  all  the  outer  with  an  appressed 
base,  which  is  acuminate  into  a  longer  subulate  filiform  spreading  very  hispid- 
scabrous  appendage :  rays  several,  •£  inch  long :  akenes  acutely  angled,  the  3  or 
4  angles  extended  into  a  pappus  of  as  many  short  blunt  teeth,  which  are  barely 
confluent  at  base.  —  New  Mexico  and  S.  Colorado  to  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

38.    QYMNOLOMIA,   HBK. 

With  erect  branching  stems,  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  and  heads  of  yellow 
flowers  ;  resembling  small-flowered  species  of  Helianthus. 

1 .  G.  multiflora,  Benth.  &  Hook.  A  foot  to  a  yard  high,  pubescent  or 
scabrous,  sometimes  also  hispid,  often  much  branched :  leaves  from  narroAvly 
linear  to  lanceolate,  either  alternate  or  mainly  opposite,  entire  or  obscurely 
denticulate:  rays  10  to  15,  golden  yellow:  disk  hemispherical,  in  age  little 
more  elevated  and  receptacle  obtusely  conical ;  its  bracts  linear,  obtuse  or  the 
inner  acute  :  akenes  smooth.  —  Hel-i  omen's  multiflora,  Nutt.  Very  polymor- 
phous. From  Arizona  to  Wyoming  and  W.  Texas. 

39.    HELIANTHUS,    L.        SUNFLOWER. 

Usually  tall  or  coarse ;  with  a  part  or  all  the  leaves  opposite  and  simple ; 
heads  peduncled  and  terminating  the  stems  or  branches,  with  yellow  rays, 
and  either  yellow  or  purple  disk-flowers. 


186  COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.) 

§  1.  Annuals :  receptacle  fiat  or  nearly  so:  all  but  the  lower  leaves  usually  alter- 
nate, pet!  oled,  3-ribbed:  involucre  spreading  ;  its  bracts  attenuate:  disk  brown- 
ish or  dark  purple. 

1.  H.  annuus,  L.    Robust,  when  well  developed  tall,  hispid,  hispidulous, 
or  scabrous :  stem  often  spotted  or  mottled :  leaves  ovate  and  the  lower  cordate, 
serrate,  the  larger  6  to  12  inches  long,  the  blade  of  the  cauliue  ones  longer  than 
their  petiole :  bracts  of  the  involucre  from  broadly  ovate  to  oblong,  aristiform- 
acuminate,  below  hispidly  ciliate :  disk  in  the  wild  plant  commonly  an  incli  or 
more  in  diameter.  — •  Includes  H.  lenticular  is,  Dougl.,  and  many  other  forms. 
From  the  Saskatchewan  to  Texas  and  westward.    The  "  Common  Sunflower," 
extensively  cultivated  everywhere  and  thus  becoming  very  tall  and  with  enor- 
mous heads.     Fruit  used  by  the  Indians  for  food  and  oil. 

2.  H.  petiolaris,  Nutt.     A  foot  to  a  yard  high,  more  slender,  loosely 
branching,  strigose-hispidulous,  rarely  hirsute :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  entire  or  sparin'/ly  denticulate,  I  to  3  inches  long,  cuneately  attenuate 
or  the  lower  abruptly  contracted  into  a  long  and  slender  petiole :  bracts  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate  or  oblong- lanceolate,  with  acute  and  mucronate  or  some- 
times more  attenuate  tips,  seldom  at  all  ciliate :  disk  £  inch  or  more  in  diame- 
ter..—  About  the  same  range  as  the  last. 

§  2.    Perennials:  receptacle  convex,  or  at  length  low-conical:  lower  leaves  almost 
always  opposite. 

*  Involucre  loose,  becoming  more  or  less  squarrose ;  its  bracts  almost  equal,  filiform- 

attenuate :  disk  usually  dark  purple  or  turning  brownish :  all  but  the  lower  leaves 
long-linear  or  filiform. 

3.  H.  orgyalis,  DC.     Stem  smooth  and  glabrous,  often  10  feet  high, 
very  leafy  to  the  top :  leaves  mostly  alternate,  from  long-linear,  8  to  16  inches 
long,  commonly  2  to  4  lines  wide,  or  the  lowest  lanceolate,  to  almost  filiform, 
slightly  papillose-scabrous,  the  lower  narrowed  into  a  petiole  and  sometimes 
serrulate:  bracts  of  the  involucre  filiform-attenuate,  those  of  the  receptacle 
entire :  akenes  oblong-obovate  with  a  rounded  summit,  3  lines  long.  —  Dry 
plains,  Nebraska  to  Texas,  west  to  S.  E.  Colorado. 

#  #  Involucre  closer,  of  more  imbricated  and  unequal  ovate  or  oblong  but  not  folia- 

ceous  bracts:  leaves  from  lanceolate  to  ovate:  herbage  not  tomentose  nor  con- 
spicuously cinereous. 

4.  H.  rigidus,  Desf.    A  foot  or  two  (rarely  6  to  8  feet)  high,  rigid,  spar- 
ingly branched :   leaves  very  firm-coriaceous  and  thick,  both  sides  hispidulous- 
scabrous,  shagreen-like,  entire  or  serrate ;  lower  oblong  and  ovate-lanceolate, 
attenuate  at  base  into  short  winged  petioles ;  upper  mostly  lanceolate :  heads 
comparatively  large,  show//;  disk  £  inch  high,  dark  purple  or  brownish:  invo- 
lucre pluriserially  imbricated ;  its  bracts  mainly  ovate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  rigid, 
appressed,  densely  and  minutely  ciliate.  —  Plains  and  prairies  from  Michigan 
to  Texas  and  west  to  E.  Colorado. 

5.  H.  pumilus,  Nutt.     Hispid  and  scabrous  throughout :  stems  simple,  a 
foot  or  two  high,  bearing  5  to  7  pairs  of  leaves  and  a  few  rather  short-peduncled 
heads :  leaves  mostly  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  nearly  so,  1  \  to  4  inches 
long,  rigid,  abruptly  contracted  at  base  into  a  short  margined  petiole :  invo- 
lucre less  than  half-inch  high,  white  hirsute  or  scabro-hispidulous ;  its  bracts 


COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.)  187 

imbricated  in  about  3  series,  oblong-lanceolate,  acutish :  disk  yellow.  —  Eastern 

Rocky  Mountains  and  adjacent  plains,  from  Wyoming  to  Colorado. 

*  *  *  Involucre  looser  and  the  bracts  disposed  to  be  more  taper-pointed,  or  folia- 

ceous:  disk  yellow  or  yellowish. 

•t-  Stems  smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous:  leaves  mostly  lanceolate  or  narrower: 
involucral  bracts  linear-subulate,  loose  or  soon  squarrose-spreading. 

6.  H.  grosse-serratus,  Martens.     Stem  very  smooth  and  glabrous,  com- 
monly glaucous,  6  to  10  feet  high,  bearing  numerous  rather  cymosely  disposed 
and  short-peduncled  heads  :  leaves  slender-petioled,  thinnish,  oblong-lanceolate 
or  narrower,  or  some  of  the  cauline  almost  deltoid-lanceolate,  gradually  acu- 
minate, sharply  serrate,  or  upper  merely  denticulate,  slightly  scabrous  above, 
luh/t  sh  and  soft-puberulent  beneath  ;  larger  cauline  commonly  8  to  10  inches  and 
the  petiole  an  inch  or  two  long:  deep  yellow  oblong  rays  over  an  inch  long. 
—  Dry  plains,  from  Texas  to  Dakota  and  as  far  east  as  Ohio. 

7.  H.  Maximiliani,  Schrader.     Hispidulous-scabrous :  stem  stout,  2  or  3 
(and  even  10  to  12)  feet  high,  below  mostly  rough-hispid :  leaves  almost  all  alter- 
nate, thickish,  becoming  rigid,  very  scabrous  above,  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate 
at  both  ends,  mostly  subsessile,  all  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate :  involucre  of 
more  rigid  bracts :  rays  numerous,  often  inch  and  a  half  long,  golden  yel- 
low. —  Prairies  and  plains  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  from  the  Saskatchewan 
to  Texas. 

8.  H.  Nuttallii,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Stem  slender,  2  to  4  feet  high,  commonly 
simple,  smooth  and  glabrous:  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  upper  linear,  3  to  6  inches 
long,  3  to  9  lines  wide,  short-petloled  or  subsessile,  serrulate  or  entire :  bracts  of 
the  involucre  naked  or  somewhat  hirsute  at  base :  palea3  of  the  pappus  long 
and  narrow.  —  Fl.  ii.  324.     In  wet  soil,  W.  Wyoming  and  Utah  to  Oregon, 
Washington  Territory,  and  British  Columbia. 

H-  -»-  Stems  pubescent  or  hirsute :  leaves  ovate  or  subcordate :  involucral  bracts 
lanceolate,  loose,  hirsute-ciliate. 

9.  H.  tuberosus,  L.     Stem  5  to  10  feet  high,  branching  at  summit: 
leaves  mostlv  alternate  on  the  branches,  acuminate,  dull  green,  minutely  pu- 
bescent and  occasionally  cinereous  beneath,  soon  scabrous  above :  bracts  of 
the  involucre  attenuate-acuminate  :  rays  often  inch  and  a  half  long,  12  to  20  : 
bracts  of  the  receptacle  hirsute-pubescent  on  the  back :  akenes  more  or  less 
pubescent  at  summit  and  margins,  mostly  long  and  slender.  —  The  "Jerusa- 
lem Artichoke,"  widely  cultivated  for  its  fleshy  tubers,  and  found  under  various 
forms,  especially  in  the  E.  United  States.    An  indigenous  form  coming  within 
our  range  is 

Var.  subcanescens,  Gray.  Mostly  dwarf,  about  2  feet  high,  compara- 
tively small-leaved,  rough-hispidulous  or  scabrous,  but  the  lower  face  of  the 
leaves  whitish  with  soft  and  fine  pubescence.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  280.  Plains 
of  Minnesota,  Dakota,  etc. 

40.    HELIANTHELLA,    Torr.  &  Gray. 

Leafy-stemmed  :  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  with  tapering  base,  opposite  or 
alternate :  rays  broad,  yellow :  disk  yellow  or  purplish-brown :  akeues  flat, 
from  cuneate-obovate  and  emarginate  to  slightly  obcordate. 


188  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

*  Chaffy  bracts  of  the  receptacle  soft  and  scarious :  akenes  with  some  long  viHous 

hairs  on  the  margins  and  sometimes  on  the  faces. 
H-  Heads  showy,  large  or  middle-sized,  solitary,  or  some  later  ones  axillary :  bracts 

of  the  involucre  loose  and  lanceolate-attenuate  or  linear,  more  or  less  foliaceous, 

conspicuously  hirsute-ciliate  :  disk  yellowish. 

1.  H.  quinquenervis,  Gray.     Somewhat  hirsutely  pubescent  or  almost 
glabrous :  stems  solitary  or  scattered,  2  to  4  feet  high :  leaves  mostly  opposite, 
oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  4  to  9  inches  long,  uppermost  sessile,  lower 
ones  tapering  into  margined  petioles,  and  the  lowest  (afoot  or  more  long)  into 
longer  petioles :   head  mostly  long-peduncled,  ample,  the  disk  a  full  inch  in 
diameter :  rays  15  to  20,  pale  yellow,  commonly  inch  and  a  half  long:  pappus 
of  2  slender  awns,  of  half  the  length  of  the  akene,  and  nearly  thrice  the  length  of 
the  squamellce,  which  form  a  conspicuous  finely  dissected  fringe.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xix.  10.     H.  unijlora  of  the  Fl.  Colorado  and  Bot.  King's  Exp.     Moun- 
tains from  Dakota  and  Montana  to  S.  Colorado. 

2.  H.  Parryi,  Gray.     Hispidulous-hirsute :  stems  numerous  from  a  thick- 
ened root,  a  foot  high,  rather  slender :  leaves  mostly  alternate,  more  rigid,  lanceo- 
late and  an  inch  or  two  long,  or  the  lowest  and  radical  oblong-spatulate  and  of 
double  the  size :  heads  and  rays  barely  half  the  size  of  the  preceding :  pappus  of 
jimbriately  dissected  squamellw  only,  or  with  a  pair  of  slender  awns  not  surpass- 
ing these.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  G8.     Mountains  of  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico. 

i-  -i-  Heads  small :  involucre  more  imbricated :  rays  few  and  hardly  surpassing 
the  dark  purple  disk. 

3.  H.  microoepliala,  Gray.      Hispidulous-scabrous :    stems  numerous 
from  a  greatly  thickened  root,  a  foot  or  less  high,  slender,  somewhat  panicu- 
lately  or  corymbosely  branched  at  summit  and  bearing  several  heads  :  leaves 
rigid,  all  but  the  lower  alternate ;  radical  lanceolate-spatulate ;  upper  cauline 
nearly  linear  and  sessile,  an  inch  long  :  involucral  bracts  linear-oblong,  mostly 
obtuse :  rays  not  over  3  lines  long :  pappus  of  several  slender  squamellae  inter- 
mixed with  the  long  hairs,  two  marginal  ones  often  extended  and  awn-like.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  10.    Borders  of  Colorado  and  adjacent  New  Mexico  and 
Utah. 

*  *  Chaffy  bracts  of  the  receptacle  Jirm-chartaceous :  stems  afoot  or  two  high. 

4.  H.  tmiflora,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Minutely  pubescent  or  glabrate :  leaves 
more  commonly  opposite,  sometimes  all  alternate,  oblong-lanceolate,  2  to  5 
inches  long;   lower  short-petioled :  involucre  pubescent  or  slightly  hirsute: 
rays  a  full  inch  long :  akenes  more  or  less  ciliate  :  pappus  a  pair  of  long  awns 
and  rather  conspicuous  squamellae.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  10.   //.  multi- 
caulis  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.    Mountains  of  Montana  and  E.  Idaho  to  S.  Utah. 

41.    VERBESINA,    L. 

Flowers  yellow  or  rarely  white.  Ours  belongs  to  §  Ximenesia,  in  which  the 
heads  are  broad,  the  involucre  of  spreading  linear  and  foliaceous  equal  bracts, 
and  the  disk  and  receptacle  merely  convex :  the  rays  are  numerous  and  con- 
spicuous. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  189 

1.  V.  encelioides,  Benth.  &  Hook.  A  foot  or  two  high,  freely  branch- 
ing, pale  and  cinereous  or  sometimes  canescent :  leaves  mostly  alternate,  and 
the  upper  face  green,  from  ovate  or  cordate  to  deltoid-lanceolate,  variously 
serrate  or  laciniate-dentate,  most  with  winged  petioles,  and  commonly  with 
auriculate-dilated  appendage  at  base:  disk  three  fourths  inch  in  diameter: 
rays  12  to  15,  an  inch  long,  deeply  3-cleft  at  summit:  akenes  obovate,  mostly 
broadly  winged  and  with  short  awns.  —  Ximenesia  encelioides,  Cav.  Erom 
S.  Colorado  and  Arizona  to  Texas. 

42.    COREOPSIS,  L.       TICKSEED. 

Pedunculate  heads  terminating  the  branches :  rays  mostly  showy,  yellow, 
party-colored,  or  rose-colored.  In  ours  the  akene  is  wingless. 

1.  C.  tinctoria,  Nutt.     Glabrous,  2  or  3  feet  high:  leaves  opposite  and 
all  1  to  2-pinnately  divided  into  lanceolate  or  linear  divisions:  outer  involucre 
short  and  close :  rays  ^  to  f  inch  long,  either  yellow  with  crimson-brown  base  or 
nearly  all  crimson  brown:  disk-flowers  dark  purple  or  brown :  akenes  moderately 
incurved :  pappus  none  or  an  obscure  border.  —  From  Colorado  and  Arizona  to 
the  Saskatchewan  and  Texas. 

2.  C.  involucrata,  Nutt.     Somewhat  pubescent  or  glabrous,  1  to  3  feet 
high  :  leaves  opposite  and  all  pinnately  3  to  7-divided  or  parted  ;  the  divisions 
serrate,  incised,  or  again  cleft :  bracts  of  the  outer  involucre  1 2  to  20,  mostly 
surpassing  the  inner,  slender,  hispid  on  the  back  and  margins :  rays  sometimes 
an  inch  long,  golden  yellow:  disk-Jlowers  dull  yellow:  akenes  straight,  with  2 
short  acute  teeth.  —  Plains  of  E.  Colorado  to  Texas  and  W.  Illinois. 

43.    BIDENS,    Tourn.        BUR-MARIGOLD. 

Leaves  opposite,  simple  or  compound :  heads  of  mostly  yellow  flowers  soli- 
tary or  paniculate. 

§  1.    Akenes  flat,  from  obovate  to  cuneiform,  not  at  all  contracted  at  summit,  2  to  4- 
awned:  outer  involucre  f  of  iaceous  and  spreading. 

*  Heads  erect,  rayless,  or  rarely  with  1  to  5  small  rays :  disk  greenish  yellow :  leaves 

mostly  petioled  and  divided. 

1.  B.  frondosa,  L.     Glabrous  or  somewhat  hairy,  branching,  2  to  6  feet 
high  :  leaves  except  the  uppermost  pinnately  3  to  5-divided  into  lanceolate  or 
broader  sharply  serrate  petiolulate  leaflets :  outer  involucre  often  very  leafy  : 
akenes  obovate  or  oblong,  more  or  less  hairy,  2-awned.  —  Shady  or  moist  rich 
ground,  common  everywhere.     The  common  "  Stick-tight." 

*  *  Heads  commonly  with  conspicuous  rays :  leaves  all  sessile  and  undivided ; 

upper  pairs  somewhat  connate  round  the  stem :  margins  of  the  cuneate  akenes 
and  the  rigid  awns  retrorsely  hispid. 

2.  B.  cernua,  L.    Stem  glabrous  or  setulose  hispid,  from  a  span  to  a  yard 
high :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  coarsely  and  irregularly  sharply  serrate :  heads 
conspicuously  nodding  after  anthesfs,  commonly  surpassed  by  the  foliaceous 
outer  involucre :  rays  ovate  or  oval,  little  surpassing  the  disk  or  wanting :  akenes 
usually  4  awned. —  Across  the  continent,  especially  in  the  more  northern  lati- 
tudes.    In  wet  grounds. 


190  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

3.  B.  chrysanthemoides,  Michx.    Glabrous,  often  decumbent  at  base, 
a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  lanceolate,  rather  minutely  and  evenly  serrate :  heads 
rather  large,  little  or  not  at  a/I  nodding:  outer  involucre  seldom  surpassing  the 
inner,  conspicuously  surpassed  by  the  oval  or  broadly  oblong  rays:  akeues  2  to 
4-awned.  —  Wet  grounds,  across  the  continent ;  on  the  plains  around  Denver. 

§  2.  Akenes  narrow,  linear-tetragonal ;  the  outer  shorter  and  more  truncate  than 
the  inner,  which  generally  taper  upward :  outer  involucre  seldom  foliaceous  or 
enlarged:  leaves  (in  ours)  all  once  to  thrice  3  to  5-nately  parted  or  divided,  and 
the  rays  inconspicuous  or  none. 

4.  B.   bipinnata,  L.     Primary  and  secondary  divisions   of  the  leaves 
rather  ovate  or  deltoid-lanceolate  in  circumscription,  and  the  lobes  mostly  acute : 
akenes  oil  slender,  the  inner  ones  5  to  9  lines  long,  outermost  moderately  shorter 
and  thicker  :   awns  3  or  4,  sometimes  only  2.  —  A  common  weed  in  waste 
ground  throughout  the  continent.     Commonly  known  as  "  Spanish  Needles." 

5.  B.  tenuisecta,  Gray.     A  foot  or  two  high,  branched  from  the  base, 
sparsely  hirsute  or  glabrous :  leaves  2  to  3-ternately  or  pinnately  dissected  into 
narrow  linear  lobes :  heads  on  naked  rather  long  and  stout  peduncles,  many- 
flowered,  4  or  5  lines  high  in  flower :  akenes  glabrous,  2-awned ;  inner  5  lines 
long,  with  tapering  summit;  outermost  3  lines  long,  stouter  and  with  broad 
summit  and  usually  short  awns :  rays  yellow,  mostly  surpassing  the  disk.  — 
PI.  Fendl.  86.     Along  water-courses,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 


44.    THELESPERMA,    Less. 

Smooth  and  glabrous  perennials:   with  opposite  usually  finely  dissected 
leaves,  and  pedunculate  heads  :  the  rays  golden  yellow. 

*  Lobes  of  the  disk-corollas  linear  or  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  throat :  pappus 
evident:  chaff  of  receptacle  falling  with  and  partly  embracing  the  akenes. 

1.  T.  ambigUUm,  Gray.     Afoot  high,  spreading  by  creeping  rootstocks, 
rather  rigid  and  naked  above :  leaves  bipinnately  divided  into  narrowly  linear 
or  filiform  lobes  :  bracts  of  the  outer  involucre  8,  subulate-linear,  almost  equalling 
or  half  the  length  of  the  inner,  which  are  connate  to  or  above  the  middle :  rays 
broad,  over  ^  inch  long,  rarely  wanting :  disk  usually  purple  turning  brownish  : 
outer  akeues  becoming  coarsely  papillose ;  the  stout  pappus-scales  not  longer  titan 
the*  width  of  the  akene.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  16.     T.  jUifolium  of  most  of 
the  Western  Reports.     From  Montana  to  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  W. 
Texas. 

2.  T.  gracile,  Gray.     More  rigid,  a  foot  or  two  high,  from  a  deep  root, 
less  branched,  naked  above :  leaves  once  or  twice  3  to  5-nately  divided  or 
parted  into  filiform-linear  or  broader  lobes,  or  some  upper  ones  filiform  and 
entire :   bracts  of  the  outer  involucre  4  to  6,  very  short,  ovate  or  oblong ;  of  the 
inner  one  connate  to  above  the  middle,  the  edges  of  their  lobes  slightly  scari- 
ous :  disk  mostly  yellow,  scarcely  brownish  after  anthesis :  akenes  less  papillose 
or  roughened,  the  breadth  of  the  summit  exceeded  bi/  the  subulate  awns:  rays  usu- 
ally none,  rarely  present  and  2  or  3  lines  long,  —  Loc.  cit.     Plains,  Nebraska 
and  Wyoming  to  W.  Texas  and  Arizona. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  191 

#  *  Lobes  of  disk-corollas  ovate  or  oblong,  decidedly  shorter  than  the  throat : 
pappus  shorter  and  coroniform  or  obsolete  :  very  leafy  below,  sending  up  long 
and  naked  peduncles :  outer  involucre  short. 

3.  T.  SUbnudum,  Gray.  Rather  stout :  leaves  thickish  and  rigid,  once 
or  twice  terriately  parted  into  linear  or  lanceolate  lobes :  peduncles  4  to  10 
inches  long :  head  £  inch  high  :  rays  sometimes  none,  sometimes  ample :  pap- 
pus a  minute  4  to  5-toothed  naked  crown,  or  obsolete.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x. 
72.  Green  River,  Wyoming,  Parry ;  mainly  in  New  Mexico,  N.  Arizona,  and 
S.  Utah. 

45.    MADIA,   Molina.        TARWEED. 

Glandular  and  viscid  herbs,  mostly  heavy-scented :  with  entire  or  merely 
toothed  leaves,  some  or  all  of  them  alternate :  heads  axillary  and  terminal. 
Ours  belongs  to  the  §  Eu madia,  in  which  the  rays  are  few  and  inconspicuous 
or  none  and  the  pappus  none. 

1.  M.  glomerata,  Hook.  A  foot  or  so  high,  rigid,  very  leafy,  hirsute, 
glandular  only  toward  the  inflorescence  :  leaves  narrowly  linear :  heads  glom- 
erate :  rays  2  to  5  or  sometimes  none,  not  surpassing  the  about  equal  number 
of  disk-flowers :  akenos  narrow,  those  of  the  disk  4  to  5-angled  ;  of  the  ray 
somewhat  curved  and  1-nerved  on  each  face.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado,  to 
the  Saskatchewan,  the  Sierras  of  California,  Oregon,  and  Washington  Ter- 
ritory. 

46.    LAYIA,    Hook.  &  Am. 

Branches  terminated  by  showy  heads  of  (in  ours)  white  flowers  :  pappus  of 
10  to  20  stout  bristles,  which  are  plumose  below  the  middle  :  herbage  hispid 
or  hirsute,  somewhat  viscid,  above  beset  with  scattered  stipitate  blackish 
glands. 

1.  L.  glandulosa,  Hook.  &  Am.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  dif- 
fusely branched :  lower  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  laciuiate-pinnatifid  or 
incised,  upper  narrow  and  entire  :  rays  8  to  13,  large  and  conspicuous  (bright 
white  or  tinged  with  rose),  j  to  f  inch  long,  3-lobed:  villous  hairs  of  the  pap- 
pus bristles  copious,  the  outer  straight  and  erect,  the  inner  soon  crisped  and 
interlaced  into  a  woolly  mass.  —  Barren  ground,  from  New  Mexico  through 
S.  W.  Colorado  to  Idaho,  and  westward. 


47.    RIDDELLIA,  Nutt. 

Low  and  corymbosely  branched  woolly  herbs :  with  alternate  and  spatulate 
or  linear  leaves,  the  cauline  entire :  small  heads  of  yellow  flowers :  bracts 
of  the  involucre  distinct,  but  connected  by  the  intricate  wool  so  as  to  seem 
connate. 

1.  R.  tagetina,  Nutt.  Loosely  or  somewhat  villosely  lanate,  sometimes 
glabrate  in  age,  rather  widely  branched  :  radical  and  even  lower  cauline  leaves 
often  ladniate-pinnatifid:  heads  numerous,  mostly  cymosely  clustered  and 
short-ped uncled  :  scales  of  the  pappus  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  usually  obtuse, 
£  or  £  the  length  of  the  disk-corolla.  —  W.  Texas  to  E.  Colorado  and  Arizona. 


192  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

48.    PEB.ICOME,    Gray. 

The  name  refers  to  the  coma  of  long  hairs  all  round  the  margin  of  the 
akenes. 

1.  P.  caudata,  Gray.  Rather  tall,  widely  branching,  strong-scented,  very 
minutely  puberuleut :  leaves  opposite,  long-petioled,  green  and  minutely  some- 
what resinous-atomiferous,  triangular-hastate,  2  to  5  inches  long,  with  sparingly 
crenate-dentate  or  entire  margins,  caudately  long-acuminate,  as  also  in  less 
degree  are  the  basal  angles :  heads  numerous  in  terminal  corymbiform  cymes, 
half-inch  or  less  high ;  flowers  golden  yellow,  conspicuously  longer  than  the 
glabrous  involucre :  pappus  a  crown  of  hyaline  scales  which  are  more  or  less 
connate  and  fimbriate-lacerate  at  summit,  the  fringe  dissected  into  bristles  or 
hairs  somewhat  simulating  those  of  the  margin  of  the  akene.  —  PI.  Wright,  ii. 
82.  Rocky  canons,  etc.,  S.  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

49.    ERIOPHYLLUM,   Lag. 

Mostly  floccose  herbs :  with  alternate  or  partly  opposite  leaves,  and  pedun- 
cled  heads :  flowers  golden  yellow.  In  ours  the  heads  are  mostly  solitary  or 
scattered  and  conspicuously  pedunculate. 

I.  E.  csespitosum,  Dougl.  Floccosely  white-woolly,  many-stemmed 
from  the  root :  leaves  in  age  with  upper  face  often  glabrate ;  lower  ones  from 
spatulate  or  cuneate  to  roundish  in  outline,  from  iricisely  3  to  5-lobed  to  pin- 
nately  parted  or  the  upper  varying  to  linear  and  entire  :  involucral  bracts  8 
to  12,  oblong  or  oval:  tube  of  disk-corollas  mostly  hirsute-glandular  and 
longer  than  the  pappus,  which  is  variable,  sometimes  very  short,  sometimes 
obsolete.  —  Bahia  lanata,  DC.  Common  from  Montana  to  British  Columbia 
and  thence  southward.  Very  variable,  one  form  within  our  range  being 

Var.  integrifolium,  Gray.  Low,  often  dwarf,  cespitose-tufted,  3  to  10 
inches  high :  leaves  from  narrowly  spatulate  or  oblanceolate  and  entire  to 
more  dilated  and  3-lobed  at  summit,  or  at  base  and  on  sterile  shoots  cuueate 
and  incisely  lobed:  involucre  of  6  bracts:  pappus  about  equalling  the  very 
glandular  but  not  hirsute  corolla-tube.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  25.  Bahia 
integrifolia,  DC.  Mountains  of  Wyoming,  Montana,  and  westward. 

50.    BAHIA,   Lag. 

Sometimes  canescent  but  not  woolly :  with  opposite  or  sometimes  alternate 
leaves,  and  rather  small  pedunculate  heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating  the 
branches. 

*  Scales  of  the  pappus  4  to  8,  obovate  or  spatulate,  with  rounded  or  truncate  scari- 
ous  summit :  leaves  dissected  or  cleft,  mostly  opposite. 

1.  B.  oppositifolia,  Nutt.  A  span  or  two  high,  fastigiately  branched 
and  many-stemmed,  very  leafy  up  to  the  short-peduncled  heads,  cinereous  with 
fine  close  pubescence :  leaves  petioled,  palmately  or  pedately  3  to  5-parted 
into  linear  divisions  little  broader  than  the  margined  petiole :  bracts  of  the 
involucre  oblong  or  oval,  comparatively  close :  rays  5  or  6,  oval,  hardly  sur- 
passing the  disk-flowers :  akenes  slender,  glandular :  pappus  half  the  length 
of  the  corolla-tube.  —  Sterile  hills  and  plains,  Nebraska  to  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  193 

*  *  Scales  of  the  pappus  about  10,  linear-lanceolate,  and  with  a  distinct  rib: 

leaves  all  alternate  and  entire. 

2.  B.  nudicaulis,  Gray.    Cinereous-puberulent  and  glabrate,  upper  part 
of  the  scapiform  stem  and  involucre  minutely  glandular,  a  span  or  two  high : 
leaves  nearly  all  radical,  oval  or  spatulate-oblong,  tapering  into  a  slender  peti- 
ole :  heads  solitary  or  few  and  somewhat  corymbosely  paniculate,  nearly  £  inch 
high :  involucre  of  about  1 0  oblong  bracts :  rays  6  to  9,  oblong :  pappus  fully 
half  the  length  of  the  cuneate-linear  sparsely  hairy  akene ;  the  thin  margins  of 
the  paleas  of  the  pappus  erose.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  27.     Wind  Kiver 
Mountains,  N,  W.  Wyoming,  Parry. 

3.  B.  Oblongifolia,  Gray.     Smaller:  steins  sparsely  leafy  almost  to  the 
3-cepha/ous  naked  inflorescence:   leaves  narrowly  oblong:  head  only  4  lines  high, 
narrow :  paleas  of  the  pappus  firmer,  smoother,  and  with  entire  edges,  little 
shorter  than  the  glabrate  akene  —  Loc.  cit.    On  the  San  Juan  and  Rio  Colorado, 
S.  E.  Utah  or  adjacent  Colorado. 

*  *  *  Leaves  once  or  twice  palmate! y  or  pedately  divided :  akenes  mostly  hirsute 

along  the  slender  attenuate  base. 
•H-  Leaves  mainly  opposite :  raya'  none  •  pappus  of  broad  and  very  obtuse  scales. 

4.  B.  Neo-Mexicana,  Gray.     A  span  or  more  high,  minutely  puberu- 
lent :  leaves  3  to  7-parted  into  narrow  linear  divisions ;  uppermost  little  shorter 
than  the  slender  peduncles:  involucre  of  about  10  sparingly  pubescent  spatu- 
late  bracts .  disk-corollas  small,  with  glandular  tube,  almost  equalled  by  the 
obovate  scales  of  the  pappus,  which  are  much  thickened  at  and  near  the  base. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  27.     New  Mexico  and  S.  Colorado. 

-<-  i-  Leaves  mainly  alternate:  rays  16  to  20,  obovate-oblong..  yellow:  pappus 

none. 

5.  B.  chrysanthemoides,  Gray.     Taller  and  stouter,  1  to  4  feet  high, 
puberulent  or  below  glabrous,  above  with  the  flowering  branches  and  short 
peduncles  glandular  pubescent  and  viscid :  leaves  1  to  3-ternately  divided  or 
parted  ;   the  lobes  from  oblong  and  obtuse  to  nearly  linear :  heads  5  or  6  lines 
high  and  broad  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  16  to  20,  crowded,  from  oblong-lan- 
ceolate to  obovate-oblong,  most  of  them  conspicuously  acuminate.  —  Proc. 
Am    Acad.  xix.  28.     Vdlanova  chrijsanthemoides,  Gray.     Along  mountain- 
water-courses,  Colorado  to  S  Arizona. 

51.    HYMENOPAPPUS,   L'Her. 

Mostly  floccose-tomentose  and  with  sulcate-angled  erect  stems,  alternate 
mostly  1  to  2-pinnatifid  or  parted  leaves,  and  cymose  or  solitary  pedunculate 
heads  of  white  or  yellow  floAvers. 

*  Flowers  white ;  the  tube  long  and  slender  and  stamens  much  exserted :  pappus 

of  very  small  scales  forming  a  crown,  or  obsolete :  akenes  puberulent :  involucre 
of  partly  white-petal  oid  bracts. 

1 .  H.  COrymbosus,  Torn  £  Gray.  Slender  and  glabrate,  naked  above : 
lower  leaves  2-pinnately  and  the  small  upper  ones  mostly  simply  parted  into 
narrowly  linear  acute  divisions  and  lobes  :  heads  3  or  4  lines  high  :  bracts  of 
the  involucre  shorter  than  the  flowers,  obovate-oblong,  the  petaloid  summit 

13 


194  COMPOSITE.    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

only  greenish  white:  akenes  puberulent  —  Fl.  ii.  372.     Prairies,  Nebraska 
to  Arkansas  and  Texas,  extending  westward  to  within  the  eastern  limits  of 
our  range. 
#  *  Flowers  dull  white  to  yellow :  pappus  conspicuous,  of  spatulate  or  narrow 

scales  which  have  a  manifest  rib  :  akenes  villous :   involucre  greener,  less  peta- 

loid. 

2.  H.  tenilifolius,  Pursh.    Lightly  tomentose,  or  soon  glabrate  and  green, 
leafy :  leaves  rather  rigid,  once  or  twice  pinnately  parted  into  very  narrowly 
linear  or  filiform  divisions,  their  margins  soon  revolute :  heads  only  3  or  4 
lines  high,  numerous  and  cymose :  involucre  rather  erect  and  close ;  its  bracts 
oblong-obovate,  greenish  with  whitish   apex  and  margins :   corolla  dull  white : 
akenes  long-villous.  —  Fl.  ii.  742.    Plains,  from  Nebraska  to  Arkansas,  Texas, 
and  Utah. 

3.  H.  filifolillS,  Hook.     Tomentose-canesccnt,  or  somewhat  denudate  and 
glabrate,  na  ke<  above:  stems  a  span  to  a  foot  high  .sometimes  scapiform  :  leaves 
nearly  as  in  the  last,  or  of  more  filiform  rigid  divisions :  heads  a  third  to  half 
inch  high,  yew  or  solitary :  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong  or  obovate-oblong, 
largely  green  or  else  white-woolly,  the  tips  whitish  or  purplish-tinged:  corolla  yel- 
I»wish  white  or  sometimes  clear  yellow:  akenes  very  long-villous.  —  Probably  the 
//.  tenuifohus  of  Fl.  Colorado  as  well  as  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.    From  Nebraska 
and  Montana  to  New  Mexico  and  S.  California. 

52.    POLYPTERIS,   Nutt. 

Herbs  more  or  less  scabrous-pubescent :  with  undivided  and  mostly  entire 
petiolate  leaves,  all  or  the  upper  alternate :  loosely  cymose  or  paniculate  and 
pedunculate  heads  of  rose-purple  flowers.  In  ours  the  rays  are  palmately 
3-cleft. 

1-  P.  Hookeriana,  Gray.  Stout,  1  to  4  feet  high,  above  glandular- 
pubescent  and  somewhat  viscid  :  leaves  from  narrowly  to  broadly  lanceolate : 
involucre  many-flowered,  broad,  ^  inch  or  more  high,  of  12  to  16  lanceolate 
bracts  in  two  series,  the  outer  looser  and  often  wholly  herbaceous,  inner  with 
purplish  tips  :  ray-flowers  8  to  10,  the  rose-red  rays  ^  inch  long,  but  sometimes 
reduced  or  abortive  :  pappus  of  the  disk  of  thin  scales  attenuate  at  apex  into 
a  slender  point  or  short  awn,  nearly  the  length  of  the  akene.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xix.  30.  Sandy  plains,  from  Nebraska  to  Texas,  and  extending  within 
the  eastern  limits  of  our  range. 

53.    CH^NACTIS,   DC. 

With  alternate  mostly  pinnately  dissected  leaves,  pedunculate  solitary  or 
cymose  heads  of  yellow  or  (in  ours)  white  or  flesh-colored  flowers,  and  pappus 
mostly  of  entire  or  merely  erose  persistent  scales  (iu  ours  8  to  14). 

1.  C.  Douglasii,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Canescent  with  a  fine  somewhat  floccose 
tomentum,  or  sometimes  glabrate,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high :  leaves  mostly 
of  broad  outline  and  bipinnately  parted  into  crowded  short  and  very  obtuse 
divisions  and  lobes :  heads  from  j  to  f  inch  long,  in  larger  plants  several  or 
numerous  and  corymbosely  cymose :  scales  of  the  pappus  from  linear-ligulate 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  195 

to  narrowly  oblong  and  from  ^  to  £  the  length  of  the  corolla.  —  From  Mon- 
tana to  New  Mexico  and  westward. 

Var.  alpina,  Gray.  Dwarf,  3  to  5  inches  high,  consisting  of  a  rosette  or 
thick  tuft  of  leaves  with  very  approximate  divisions,  and  naked  or  scapiform 
steins,  bearing  mostly  solitary  heads,  surmounting  the  subterranean  branches 
of  a  multicipital  perennial  caudex  or  rootstock. —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  341.  Alpine 
region  of  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming,  California,  and  north  to 
Washington  Territory. 

54.    AC  TI  NELL  A,    Pers.,  Nutt. 

Low  mostly  herbaceous  plants  :  with  punctate  and  often  resinous-atomifer- 
ous,  aromatic  herbage :  leaves  all  alternate  arid  narrow  or  with  narrow  lobes  : 
the  heads  of  yellow  flowers  commonly  slender-pedunculate. 

§  1 .  Involucre  of  numerous  herbaceous  or  nearly  membranous  nearly  equal  and 
similar  bracts,  distinct  to  the  base :  heads  mostly  solitary  on  long  or  scapiform 
peduncles,  rarely  sessile  in  the  cluster  of  leaves. 

*  Leaves  mostly  quite  entire,  all  on  the  crowns  of  the  caudex,  which  bear  a  simple 

scapiform  peduncle  (or  none):  involucre  villous-lanate :  scales  of  the  pappus 
usually  produced  at  apex  into  an  awn. 

1.  A.  scaposa,  Nutt.    Loosely  villous  and  glabrate,  rather  sparsely  cespitose, 
the  branches  of  the  caudex  being  slender  and  often  ascending :  scape  a  span 
to  afoot  high,  occasionally  leafy  along  the  base:  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate  or 
some  of  the  earlier  ones  spatulate,  not  rarely  laciniate-lobed.  —  From  Texas 
and  New  Mexico,  but  extending  into  Colorado  under  the  following  form : 

Var.  linearis,  Nutt.     Leaves  all  narrowly  linear  and  entire,  more  rigid. 

2.  A.  acaulis,  Nutt.     Densely  cespitose,  the  branches  of  the  caudex  short, 
thick,  and  crowded,  canescently  villous  or  sericeous,  sometimes  more  naked  : 
leaves  thickish,  all  entire,  from  spatulate  to  nearly  linear,  commonly  short, 
£  inch  to  2  inches  long,  densely  crowded  on  the  caudex :  scape  %  inch  to  6 
inches  high:  rays  3  to  5  inches  long  (rarely  wanting). —  Mountains  and  the 
bordering  plains  and  hills,  Dakota  to  Montana,  and  south  to  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona. 

Var.  glabra,  Gray.  Leaves  green,  spatulate-linear,  from  sparingly  villous 
or  glabrate  to  nearly  glabrous,  even  to  the  base  and  axils.  —  Man.  363.  Rocky 
hills  and  bluffs,  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  Utah. 

3.  A.    depressa,   Torr.   &   Gray.      Pulvinate-cespitose :    leaves   densely 
crowded  on  the  very  thick  dense  branches  of  the  caudex,  spatulate-linear, 
£  inch  long,  either  sericeous-canescent  or  glabrate :  head  strictly  sessile,  im- 
mersed among  the  long -villous  bases  of  the  leaves.  —  PI.  Fendl.  100.     Mountains 
of  W.  Colorado  or  E.  Utah. 

*  *  Leaves  all  quite  entire,  crowded  on  the  caude,-,  also  scattered  along  the  sim- 

ple or  sparingly  branched  stems :  peduncles  slender :  heads,  etc.,  as  in  the  last 
group. 

4.  A.  leptoclada,  Gray.     A  span   or  two  high,  slender,  sparsely  and 
loosely  silky-villous,  glabrate,  the  linear  leaves  and  lower  part  of  the  stems 
not  rarely  glabrous.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  107.    New  Mexico  and  S.  W.  Colo- 
rado. 


196  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

*  *  *  Leaves  mostly  parted  or  dissected  into  narrow  linear  lobes,  crowded  on  the 

thick  comparatively  simple  caudex  and  scattered  on  the  short  flowering  stems : 
heads  large  :  involucre  very  woolly :  scales  of  the  pappus  attenuate  into  a  subu- 
late but  hardly  awned  point. 

5.  A.  Brandegei,  Porter.     Leaves  glabrate,  with  2  or  3  lobes  toward  the 
upper  part,  or  some  entire,  narrowly  linear,  only  2  or  3  on  the  somewhat  scapiform 
simple  flowering  stem  (a  span  or  more  in  height)  :  head  therefore  conspicuously 
pedunculate,  $  inch  high  and  wide :  involucral  bracts  lanceolate :  rays  12  to  16,  3  or 
4  lines  long.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiii.  373.     A.  grandiftora,  var.  glabrata, 
Porter,  Fl.  Colorad.  76.     Alpine  region  of  the  mountains  of  S.  Colorado. 

6.  A.  grandiflora,  Torr.  &  Gray.     A  span  or  two  high,  very  stout,  floc- 
cose-woolly,  somewhat  glabrate  in  age  :  stem  simple  or  branching  below,  leafy : 
leaves  with  petiole  scarious-dilated  at  base,  lower  ones  2  to  3-ternately  or  quinately 
parted,  upper  with  3  to  5  simple  lobes :  involucre  about  an  inch  broad,  very 
woolly ;  its  bracts  linear:  rays  30  or  more,  over  ^  inch  long. — Alpine  regions, 
from  Montana  to  Colorado. 

§  2.    Involucre  double  or  of  two  distinct  series  of  coriaceous  or  rigid  oppressed 
bracts,  the  outer  connate  at  base :  leafy-stemmed  and  branching. 

7.  A.  Kichardsonii,  Nutt.    A  span  to  a  foot  high,  in  tufts  from  a  mul- 
ticipital  caudex,  puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous,  woolly  in  the  axils  of  radical 
leaves,  polycephalous :  upper  leaves  mostly  once  and  lower  twice  ternately 
parted  into  long  and  simple  filiform-linear  lobes,  rather  rigid :  involucre  2  or 
3  lines  high,  6  to  9-angled ;  the  6  to  9  bracts  of  the  outer  strongly  cariuate, 
united  for  the  lower  quarter  or  third :  rays  broadly  or  sometimes  narrowly 
cuneate,  2  to  4  lines  long.  —  Plains,  Saskatchewan  and  E.  Oregon  to  Utah 
and  New  Mexico. 

55.    HELBNIUM,    L.        SNEEZE-WEED. 

Herbs,  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  commonly  resinous-atomiferous  and 
punctate,  and  with  pedunculate  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

*  Leaves  not  decurrent,  entire :  rays  long  and  narrow :  bracts  of  the  involucre 

numerous  in  two  series,  tardily  reflexed  in  fruit :  heads  comparatively  few  and 
large. 

1.  H.  Hoopesii,  Gray.     Slightly  tomentose  or  pubescent  when  young, 
soon  glabrate  :  stem  stout,  1  to  3  feet  high,  leafy,  bearing  several  or  sometimes 
solitary  large  heads :  leaves  thickish,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  lower  spatulate 
with  long  tapering  base :  rays  becoming  an  inch  long,  tardily  reflexed  :  disk 
^  to  f  inch  high,  hemispherical :  scales  of  the  pappus  ovate-lanceolate,  long 
attenuate-acuminate,  a  little  shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad. 
1863,  65.     Mountains  of  Montana  to  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  California. 

*  *  Stem  ivinged  by  the  decurrent  serrate  or  denticulate  leaves :  rays  cuneate  or 

oblong,  soon  drooping :  ini'o/iicre  small  and  simple,  of  linear  or  subulate  bracts, 
soon  reflexed :  heads  more  numerous  (corymbose)  and  smaller. 

2.  H.  autumnale,  L.      Nearly  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent:   stem 
very  leafy,  narrowly  winged,  2  to  6  feet  high :  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate- 
oblong  :  heads  about  ^  inch  in  diameter,  usually  equalled  by  the  rays :  pappus 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  197 

commonly  £  or  f  the  length   of   disk-corolla.  —  From  Arizona  to  British 
Columbia  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

56.     GAILLABDIA,    Fougeroux. 

Herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  ample  shoAvy  heads  on  terminal  peduncles. 
Ours  are  more  or  less  pubescent  or  hirsute  and  leafy-stemmed,  with  yellow 
rays  and  disk-flowers  apt  to  turn  brown,  villous  akenes,  and  scales  of  the  pap- 
pus slender-awned. 

1.  G.  aristata,  Pursh.     More  or  less  hirsute,  often  2  feet  or  more  high  : 
leaves  lanceolate  or  broader,  or  lower  spatulate./rora  entire  to  laciniate-dentate  or 
sinuate-pinnatifid :  rays  in  the  largest  heads  l£  inches  long :  lobes  of  disk-corolla 
subulate-acute  and  tipped  with  a  cusp :  pappus  aristate.  —  From  New  Mexico 
and  S.  Colorado  to  Oregon,  British  Columbia,  and  the  SaskatcheAvan. 

2.  G.  pinnatiflda,  Torr.      Cinereous-pubescent:  peduncles  scapiform  or 
from  short  leafy  stems,  5  to  10  inches  long:  some  or  even  all  the  leaves  pinna- 
tifid,  sometimes  linear  or  with  linear  lobes,  sometimes  spatulate  and  sinuate 
or  even  entire :  teeth  of  the  disk-corolla  short  and  broad,  obtuse,  pointless:  pappus- 
scales  lanceolate.  —  On  the  plains,  Colorado  and  Arizona  to  W.  Texas. 

57.    PLAVERIA,   Juss. 

Glabrous  herbs ;  with  small  and  fascicled  or  glomerate  heads  of  yellowish 
or  yellow  flowers,  and  opposite  sessile  leaves;  akenes  mostly  smooth  and 
glabrous. 

1.  P.  angustifolia,  Pers.  Erect,  a  foot  or  two  high :  leaves  from  linear 
to  lanceolate,  serrulate  or  entire,  sessile  by  broadish  or  little  contracted  base  : 
heads  in  subsessile  or  short-pedunculate  or  leafy-involucrate  chiefly  terminal 
glomerules:  involucre  of  mostly  3  bracts,  3  to  5-flowered  or  some  only  2- 
flowered.  —  Alkaline  soil,  E.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  W.  Texas. 

58.    DYSODIA,    Cav.        FETID  MARIGOLD. 

Herbs,  mostly  strong-scented,  Avith  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  and  solitary 
or  somewhat  paniculate  heads  of  yellow  floAvers.  Ours  has  an  involucre  with 
accessory  bracts,  pubescent  akenes,  and  opposite  pinnately  divided  leaves. 

1.  D.  Chrysanthemoides,  Lag.  Much-branched  and  ill-scented  annual, 
leafy  up  to  the  subsessile  or  short-pedunculate  small  heads :  leaves  1  to  2-pin- 
nately  parted  into  linear  lobes :  involucre  purplish-tinged  or  greenish,  of  8  or 
10  scarious-tipped  oblong  bracts,  and  some  linear  loose  accessory  ones :  rays 
few  and  inconspicuous,  not  surpassing  the  disk.  —  From  Arizona  and  Colorado 
to  Minnesota  and  Louisiana,  and  now  spreading  eastward  to  the  Atlantic 
States. 

59.    HYMENATHERUM,    Cass. 

Low  herbs,  mostly  pleasant-scented ;  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  and 
rather  small  radiate  heads  of  yelloAv  flowers.  Our  species  is  wholly  glabrous. 

1.  H.  aureum,  Gray.  A  span  or  two  high,  erect  or  diffuse,  much 
branched,  bearing  numerous  short-peduncled  heads :  leaves  mostly  alternate, 


198  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

pinnately  parted  into  7  to  9  linear-filiform  pointless  divisions :  involucre  3  lines 
high  :  rays  about  12,  oblong,  3  lines  long:  pappus  of  6  or  8  quadrate  or  oblong 
and  erose-truncate  scales,  in  length  little  exceeding  the  breadth  of  the  akene. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  42.  Plains  of  Colorado  to  W.  Texas. 


0.    PECTIS,   L. 

Mostly  low  and  spreading  herbs,  usually  glabrous  and  scented ;  with  narrow 
opposite  leaves  conspicuously  dotted  with  round  oil-glands;  small  heads  of 
yellow  flowers ;  and  slender  rigid  bristles  fringing  at  least  the  base  of  the 
leaves. 

1.  P.  angustifolia,  Torr.  A  span  or  two  high,  lemon-scented:  leaves 
narrow-linear :  heads  subsessile  or  short -peduncled,  fastigiate  or  cymose  at 
the  end  of  the  branches :  bracts  of  the  involucre  about  8,  linear,  at  length 
with  involute  margins :  pappus  a  crown  of  4  or  5  mostly  connate  scales,  and 
not  rarely  one  or  two  slender  usually  short  awns.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  214. 
Dry  ground,  Colorado  and  Arizona  to  Texas. 

61.    LEUCAMPYX,    Gray. 

Named  from  the  circle  of  bracts  of  the  head  being  white-bordered. 

1.  L.  Newberryi,  Gray.  Perennial  herb,  a  foot  or  two  high,  flocculent- 
woolly,  glabrate  in  age :  leaves  2  to  3-pinnately  parted  into  filiform-linear  seg- 
ments :  heads  few  or  several  at  the  naked  summit  of  the  stem  :  involucre 
nearly  J  inch  broad  :  rays  £  inch  long,  obscurely  3-lobed  at  summit,  at  first 
yellow,  soon  changing  to  cream-color  or  white :  akenes  2  lines  long,  turning 
black.  —  Fl.  Colorado,  77.  S.  W.  Colorado,  and  W.  New  Mexico. 

62.    ACHILLEA,1  Vaill.        YARROW. 

Herbs ;  with  small  and  corymbosely  cymose  heads  of  white,  yellow,  or  even 
rose-colored  flowers ;  disk  commonly  yellow. 

1.  A.  Millefolium,  L.  From  villous-lanate  to  glabrate:  stems  simple, 
a  foot  or  two  high :  leaves  elongated  and  narrow  in  outline,  sessile,  bipmnately 
dissected  into  numerous  small  and  linear  to  setaceous-subulate  divisions : 
heads  numerous,  crowded  in  a  fastigiate  cyme :  involucre  oblong ;  its  bracts 
pale  or  sometimes  fuscous-margined,  or  even  wholly  brownish :  rays  4  or  5, 
about  the  length  of  the  involucre,  white,  occasionally  rose-color.  —  Common 
throughout  the  Northern  hemisphere.  Called  either  "  Yarrow  "  or  "  Milfoil." 
Exceedingly  variable. 

1  The  Old-World  genus  Anthemis  has  several  species  naturalized  in  this  country,  one  of 
which  is  an  excessively  common  weed  at  the  East,  and  becoming  abundant  within  our  range. 
It  may  be  characterized  as  follows :  — 

A.  Cotula,  L.  Stem  rather  low :  herbage  unpleasantly  strong-scented :  leaves  finely 
3-pinnately  dissected :  receptacle  conical :  rays  mostly  neutral  and  white  or  abortive  :  akenes 
10-ribbed,  rugose  or  tuberculate. — Known  as  "Mayweed"  or  "Dog-FenneL"  Maruta 
Cotula,  DC. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  199 

63.    MATBICABIA,!    Tourn.,  L. 

Herbs,  with  finely  once  or  thrice  dissected  leaves,  and  pedunculate  heads, 
the  rays  white  (or  wanting)  and  the  disk-flowers  yellow. 

1.  M.  discoidea,  DC.  Annual,  somewhat  aromatic,  glabrous,  a  span  to 
a  foot  high,  very  leafy  :  leaves  2  to  3-pinnately  dissected  into  short  and  narrow 
linear  lobes :  heads  all  short-peduncled  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  broadly  oval, 
white-scarious  with  greenish  centre,  hardly  half  the  length  of  the  well-devel- 
oped greenish-yellow  ovoid  disk :  akenes  oblong,  somewhat  angled,  with  an 
obscure  coroniform  margin  at  summit,  this  occasionally  produced  into  one  or 
two  conspicuous  oblique  auricles  of  coriaceous  texture.  —  From  W.  California 
to  Montana  and  far  northward ;  becoming  naturalized  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

64.    TANACETUM,    Tourn.        TANSY. 

Strong-scented,  alternate-leaved,  yellow-flowered  perennials.  Ours  are  low, 
with  stems  rather  slender  and  naked  above,  bearing  rather  small  (2  lines 
broad)  globular  heads,  and  leaves  simply  or  pedately  3  to  5-cleft. 

1 .  T.  Nuttallii,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Silvery-canescent,  loosely  cespitose,  a  span 
high :  leaves  short,  mostly  broad-cuneate  with  tapering  base,  obtusely  3  to  5- 
lobed  at  the  broad  summit ;  those  of  the  flowering  stems  usually  oblong  or 
linear  and  entire :  heads  few,  somewhat  paniculate  or  loosely  clustered,  some  of 
them  slender-pedunculate:    involucre  very  scarious.  —  JT1.  ii.  415.    Mountains 
of  N.  Wyoming. 

2.  T.  capitatum,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Silvery-canescent,  densely  cespitose,  a 
span  high  :  leaves  simply  or  pedately  3  to  5-parted  into  linear  lobes,  or  some 
of  them  only  3-cleft  at  summit :  flowering  stems  scapiform  or  2  to  4-leaved : 
heads  10  or  more,  sessile  in  a  globose  glomerule.  —  Loc.  cit.     Mountains  of 
N.  Wyoming. 

65.    ARTEMISIA,   Tourn.,  L.        WORMWOOD.    SAGE-BRUSH. 

Herbs  and  low  shrubs,  bitter-aromatic ;  with  alternate  leaves  and  small 
paniculate  heads,  commonly  nodding ;  the  flowers  yellow  or  whitish,  usually 
sprinkled  with  resinous  globules. 

§  1.    Heads  heterogamous ;  the  dislc-flowers  hermaphrodite  bat  sterile,  their  ovary 

abortive,  and  style  mostly  entire :  receptacle  not  hairy.  — •  DRACUNCULUS. 
*  AJccnes  and  flowers  beset  with  long  cobwebby  and  crisped  hairs :  spinescent 

undershrub. 

1.  A.  spinescens,  Eaton.  Stout  and  densely  branched,  rigid,  4  to  18 
inches  high,  villous-tomentose :  leaves  small,  pedately  5-parted  and  the  divis- 

1  The  following  species  of  the  Old- World  genus  Chrysanthemum  has  become  extensively 
naturalized,  its  broad  heads  and  conspicuous  white  raya  making  it  very  prominent.  It 
may  be  characterized  as  follows  :  — 

C.  Leucanthemum,  L.  Glabrous,  a  foot  or  two  high,  simple  or  sparingly  branched :  cau- 
line  leaves  spatulate,  and  the  upper  gradually  narrower,  becoming  small  and  linear,  pinnately 
dentate  or  incised,  partly  clasping  at  base ;  radical  broader,  petioled :  head  broad  and  flat : 
rays  inch  long :  pappus  none.  —  Known  as  "  Ox-eye  Daisy  "  or  "  Whiteweed."  Leucanthe- 
mum  vulgare,  Lam. 


200  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

ions  3-lobed ;  lobes  spatulate :  heads  globose,  racemosely  glomerate  on  short 
and  leafy  branchlets,  which  persist  as  slender  spines :  bracts  of  the  involucre 
5  or  6,  broadly  obovate  :  female  flowers  1  to  4  ;  hermaphrodite-sterile  flowers 
4  to  8.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  180.  Whole  desert  region  of  Wyoming,  Utah, 
Nevada,  and  Idaho. 

*  *  Akenes  nearly  glabrous :  no  spines. 
•*-  Leaves  dissected. 

2.  A.  Canadensis,  Michx.     A  foot  or  two  high:  glabrous  or  mostly  with 
at  least  the  radical  and  sometimes  all  the  leaves  either  sparsely  or  canescently 
silky-pubescent :  leaves  mostly  2-pinnately  divided  into  narrow  linear  or  almost 
filiform  but  plane  lobes,  of  thickish  texture:  heads  1  or  2  lines  long,  very  nu- 
merous in  a  compound  oblong  or  pyramidal  virgate  panicle :  involucre  greenish, 
glabrous  or  rarely  pubescent.  —  Across  the  continent  to  the  north,  and  extend- 
ing southward  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

3.  A.  borealis,  Pall.     A  span  or  two  high  from  a  stout  caudex :  stems 
simple :  leaves  silky-pubescent  or  silky-villous ;  radical  and  lower  1  to  2-ternately 
or  pinnately  divided  into  linear  lobes  ;  uppermost  linear  and  entire  or  3-parted  : 
heads  2  lines  broad,  comparatively  few,  crowded  in  a  narrow  (rarely  compound) 
spiciform  thyrsus  with  leaves  interspersed:  involucre  pilose  or  glabrate,  pale- 
fuscous  to  brownish.  —  In  the  alpine  region  of  Colorado,  and  far  northward 
across  the  continent. 

4.  A.  pedatifida,  Nutt.     Cespitose,  with  a  stout  lignescent  caudex,  very 
dwarf,  canescent  throughout  with  a  fine  and  close   pubescence  :   leaves  chiefly 
crowded  in  radical  tufts  and  on  the  base  of  the  (inch  or  two  high)  rather  naked 
flowering  stems,  once  or  twice  3-parted  into  narrowly  spatulate  or  nearly  linear 
obtuse  entire  divisions:  heads  (hardly  2  lines  broad)  few,  loosely  spicately  or 
racemosely  disposed,  canescently  pubescent.  —  Dry  ground,  in  the  mountains 
of  Wyoming,  Montana,  and  Idaho. 

•«—  •<—  Leaves  entire  or  3-cleft  or  -parted :  the  whole  plant  or  at  least  the  base  some- 
what woody. 

5.  A.  dracuncilloides,  Pursh.     Glabrous:  stems  2  to  4  feet  high,  either 
virgately  or  paniculately  branched  :  leaves  mostly  entire,  narrowly  or  sometimes 
more  broadly  linear,  some  3-cleft :  heads  very  numerous  in  a  compound  and 
crowded  or  open  and  diffuse  panicle,  many -flowered.  —  On  plains,  from  Sas- 
katchewan to  Texas,  and  westward  across  the  continent. 

6.  A.  filifolia,  Torr.     Minutely  canescent,  even  to  the  3  to  ^-flowered  invo- 
lucre, 1  to  3  feet  high,  with  virgate  rigid  branches,  very  leafy :  leaves  all  slender 
filiform,  commonly  3-parted ;  the  upper  and  those  in  axillary  fascicles  entire : 
heads  very  small,  crowded  in  an  elongated  leafy  panicle.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii. 
211 .    Plains,  from  Nebraska  to  New  Mexico  and  W.  Texas. 

§  2.  Heads  heterogamous ;  the  disk-flowers  hermaphrodite  and  fertile,  with  2-cleft 
style.  —  EUARTEMISIA.  Ours  have  the  akenes  obovoid  or  oblong  and  wholly 
destitute  of  pappus. 

*  Receptacle  beset  with  long  woolly  hairs. 

1.  A.  scopulorum,  Gray.  Herbaceous,  a  span  or  two  high  from  a  stout 
multicipital  caudex,  silky-canescent :  stems  simple,  bearing  3  to  12  spicately  or 
racemosely  disposed  hemispherical  (rarely  solitary)  heads :  radical  and  few  lower 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  201 

cauline  leaves  pinnately  5  to  ^-divided,  and  divisions  3-parted  into  spatulate-linear 
lobes ;  uppermost  simply  3  to  5-parted  or  entire  :  involucre  2  Hues  broad,  vil- 
lons ;  its  bracts  brown-margined :  corollas  hirsute  at  summit.  —  Proc,  Acad. 
Pliilacl.  1863,  66.  Alpine  region,  mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Wyoming. 

8.  A.  frigida,  Willd.     Herbaceous  from  a  suffrutescent  base,  silky-canes- 
cent  and  silver y,  about  a  foot  high :  stems  simple  or  branching,  bearing  numerous 
racemosely  disposed  heads  in  an  open  panicle :  leaves  mainly  twice  ternately  or 
quinately  divided  or  parted  into  linear  crowded  lobes,  and  usually  a  pair  of  sim- 
ple or  3-parted  stipuliform  divisions  at  base  of  the  petiole :  heads  globular, 
barely  2  lines  in  diameter :  involucre  pale,  canesrent,  its  outer  bracts  narrow 
and    herbaceous  :    corollas  glabrous.  —  From    Minnesota  to  Texas  and  west- 
ward to  New  Mexico,  Nevada,  and  Idaho, 

*  *  Receptacle  not  v'lluus. 
-»-  Annual  and  biennial. 

9.  A.  biennis,  Willd.     Wholly  glabrous,  inodorous  and  nearly  insipid : 
stem  strict,  1  to  3  feet  high,  leafy  to  the  top,  bearing  close  glomerules  of  small 
heads  in  the  axils  from  toward  the  base  of  the  stem  to  the  somewhat  naked 
and  spiciform  summit :    leaves    1   to  2-piunately  parted    into   lanceolate   or 
broadly  linear  laciniate  or  iucisely  toothed  lobes;  or  the  uppermost  small, 
sparingly  pinnatifid  and  less  toothed.  —  Open  grounds  from  California  and 
Oregon  to  Hudson's  Bay;  also  now  spreading  to  the  eastern  seaboard  farther 

south. 

•H-  -i-  Perennials. 

•M-  Heads  many-flowered,  broad  (2  to  5  lines),  several  or  numerous  and  loosely 
racemose  or  paniculate  on  mostly  simple  stems :  alpine  and  subalpine,  with  dis- 
sected leaves  and  no  cottony  tomentum. 

10.  A.  Norvegica,  Fries.    Rather  stout,  5  to  25  inches  high,  from  villous 
or  pubescent  to  glabrate :  leaves  twice  3  to  7-parted  into  linear  or  lanceolate  or 
more  dilated  segments :  heads  4  or  5  lines  broad,  loosely  racemose  or  racemose- 
paniculate,  most  of  them  long-ped  uncled :  bracts  of  the  involucre  broadly  brown- 
margined  :  corollas  loosely  pilose,  rarely  almost  glabrous.  —  Mostly  A.  arctica 
of  the  Western   Reports.     From  the  high  mountains  of  S.  Colorado  and 
S.  California  far  northward. 

11.  A.  Parryi,  Gray.     Rather  stout,  a  foot  or  less  high,  wholly  glabrous, 
leafy  up  to  the  loosely  paniculate  inflorescence  of  numerous  short-peduncle d 
heads :  leaves  2  to  3-pinnatel •/  parted  into  mostly  linear  thickish  lobes  :  involucre 
2  or  3  lines  broad,  its  bracts  greenish  with  brownish  margins  and  with  tae 
corollas  glabrous.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  361.     Mountains  of  Colorado,  at 
Saugre  de  Cristo  Pass. 

•w-  -w-  Heads  comparatively  small  (1  to  3  lines  high  and  broad),  12  to  many- 
flowered,  variously  paniculate :  floicers  glabrous :  herbs,  mostly  whitened  (at 
least  when  young  and  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves)  with  cottony  tomentum. 

=  Tall,  with  numerous  amply  paniculate  heads,  strict  stems,  and  undivided  elon- 
gated-lanceolate or  linear  leaves,  3  to  1  inches  long. 

12.  A.  serrata,  Nutt.     Stems  6  to  9  feet  high,  very  leafy :  leaves  green  and 
glabrous  above,  white-tornentoso  beneath,  lanceolate  or  uppermost  linear,  all 
serrate  with  sharp  narrow  teeth,  pinnately  veined,  the  earliest  sometimes  pin- 


202  COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

nately  incised :  heads  rather  few-flowered,  less  than  2  lines  long,  greenish, 
hardly  pubescent.  —  Prairies,  Dakota  to  Illinois. 

13.  A.  longifolia,  Nutt.     Stem  2  to  5 feet  high:  leaves  entire,  at  first  to- 
mentulose,  but  usually  glabrate  above,  white-tomentose  beneath,  linear  or 
linear-lanceolate  (1  to  5  lines  wide)  :  heads  usually  canescent,  2  or  3  lines 
long.  —  Minnesota  and  Nebraska  to  Montana. 

=  =  jYbJ  80  tall :  leaves  more  or  less  cleft  or  divided,  or  when  entire  compara- 
tively short,  not  filiform  nor  narrowly  linear. 
a.     Involucre  from  canescent  to  tvoolly,  12  to  20-fiowered. 

14.  A.  LudOViciana,  Nutt.    A  foot  to  a  yard  high,  simple  or  with  virgate 
branches,  sometimes  paniculate,  completely  and  somewhat.  fiocculently  tvhite-tomen- 
tose,  or  upper  face  of  leaves  sometimes  early  glabrate  and  green  :  leaves  from 
linear-lanceolate  to  oblong,  sometimes  nearly  all  undivided  and  entire ;  com- 
monly the  lower  with  a  few  coarse  teeth  or  incisions,  or  2  to  3-cleft,  or  irregularly 
3  to  ^-parted  into  lanceolate  or  linear  entire  lobes  :  heads  gfomerately  paniculate, 
not  over  2  lines  long :  involucre  woolly-lomentose.  —  Including  also  var.  gnapha- 
lodes,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Across  the  continent  from  the  west  to  Michigan  and 
Illinois. 

15.  A.  Mexicana,  Willd.     Paniculate!//  branched,  2  to  4  feet  high,  less 
tomentose :  leaves  narrow-lanceolate  to  linear,  commonly  attenuate,  some  3  to 
5-cleft  or  parted  ;  radical  cuneate,  incisely  pinnatifid  or  trijid :  heads  very  nu- 
merous in  an  ample  loose  panicle,  many  pedicellate,  1  to  2  lines  long  :  involucre 
arachnoid-canescent  or  glabrate,  largely  scarious.  —  A.  Ludoviciana,  var.  Mexi- 
cana, Gray.    Dry  plains,  from  S.  Nevada,  S.  Colorado,  and  Arizona  to  Texas 
and  Arkansas. 

b.    Involucre  glabrous,  20  to  40-fiowered. 

16.  A.  franserioides,  Greene.    Glabrous  throughout,  or  minutely  and 
obscurely  puberulent :  stem  rather  stout,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves  compara- 
tively ample,  green  above,  pale  and  barely  cinereous  beneath;  lower  bipinnately 
and  upper  simply  pinnately  parted  into  lanceolate-oblong  obtuse  entire  or  2  to  3- 
clejl  divisions  and  lobes :  heads  numerous,  loosely  racemose  on  the  branches  of  the 
leafy  elongated  panicle,  2  or  3  lines  broad.  —  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  x.  42.     Moun- 
tains of  S.  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

17.  A.  discolor,  Dougl.    A  foot  high,  mostly  slender,  glabrous  or  gla- 
brate except  the  lower  face  of  the  leaves :  these  white  with  close  cottony  tomen- 
tumt  1  to  2-pinnately  parted  into  narrow  linear  or  lanceolate  entire  or  sparingly 
laciniate  divisions  and  lobes ;  heads  glomerate  in  an  interrupted  spiciform  or  virgate 
panicle,  1  or  2  lines  high.  —  Mountains  of  British  Columbia  and  Montana  to 
Utah,  Nevada,  and  California. 

Var.  incompta,  Gray.  Stouter,  with  coarser  or  less  dissected  leaves, 
having  mostly  broader  lobes,  or  the  upper  entire.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  373.  A.  in- 
compta, Nutt.  Mountains  from  Wyoming  and  Montana  to  California  and 
Washington  Territory. 

==  =  ==  Rather  low:  leaf-divisions  narrowly  linear  or  filiform:  heads  15  to  20- 
fiowered,  in  a  narrow  thyrsoid  or  spiciform  panicle. 

18.  A.  "Wrightii,  Gray.    Cinereous  or  canescent,  or  radical  shoots  some- 
times white-tomentose,  10  to  20  inches  high,  very  leafy  up  to  the  panicle : 


COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  203 

leaves  pinnately  5  to  7-parted  into  very  narrow  linear  and  by  revolution  fili- 
form entire  divisions :  involucre  minutely  cinereous-canescent,  becoming 
glabrate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  48.  Plains  of  Southern  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico. 

.w.  MH.  -w-  Heads  small  and  narrow,  very  few-flowered :  flowers  glabrous :  stems 
woody  at  base. 

19.  A.  Bigelovii,  Gray.      Silvery-canescent  throughout,  a  foot  high: 
leaves  from  oblong-  to  linear-cuueate,  mostly  3-toothed  at  the  truncate  apex, 
about  \  inch  long :  heads  very  numerous  and  crowded  in  the  oblong  or  virgate 
thyrsiform  panicle,  tomentose-canescent,  containing  only  one  or  two  hermaph- 
rodite and  as  many  female  flowers,  all  fertile.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  110.    Rocky 
banks,  Colorado,  on  the  Upper  Canadian  and  Arkansas. 

§  3.  Heads  homogamous,  the  flowers  all  hermaphrodite  and  fertile:  receptacle  not 
hairy.  —  SE-RIPHIDIUM.  Ours  are  the  true  "Sage-brushes,"  being  rather 
shrubby,  canescent  or  silvery  with  a  flne  or  close  tomentum,  and  heads  not 
nodding. 

20.  A.  arbllSCUla,  Nutt.     Dwarf,  a  span  or  rarely  a  foot  high,  with  a 
stout  base  and  slender  flowering  branches :  leaves  short,  cuneate  or  flabelliform, 
3-lobed  or  parted,  with  the  lobes  obovaie  to  spatulate-linear,  sometimes  again  2-lobed  ; 
those  subtending  the  heads  usually  entire  and  narrow :  panicle  strict  and  com- 
paratively simple  and  naked,  often  spiciform  and  reduced  to  few  rather  scat- 
tered sessile  heads  :  involucre  5  to  9-flowered.  —  High  mountains  and  elevated 
plains,  from  Wyoming  and  Utah  to  Idaho  and  California. 

21.  A.  tridentata,  Nutt.     Larger,  I   to  &  (or  even  12)  feet  high,  much 
branched :  leaves  cuneate,  obtusely  3-toothed  or  3-lobed,  or  even  4  to  7 '-toothed,  at  the 
truncate  summit,  uppermost  cuneate-linear :   heads  densely  paniculate :   involucre 
5  to  8-jloivered,  its  outer  or  accessory  tomentose-canescent  bracts  short  and 
ovate.  —  From  Montana  to  Colorado  and  westward.    Immensely  abundant ;  the 
characteristic  "  Sage-brush,"  or  "  Sage-wood." 

22.  A.   trifida,  Nutt.     A  foot  or  two  high,   sometimes  lower,  much 
branched  :  leaves  3-cleft  and  3-parted ;  the  lobes  and  the  entire  tipper  leaves  nar- 
rowly linear  or  slightly  spatulate-dilated :  heads  numerous  in  the  contracted 
leafy  panicle,  or  spicately  disposed  on  its  branches  :  involucre  3  to  5-flowered, 
rarely  6  to  9-flowered,  its  outer  or  accessory  bracts  oblong  to  short-linear  or 
lanceolate.  —  Wyoming  and  Utah  to  Washington  Territory  and  California. 

23.  A.  cana,  Pursh.     A  foot  or  two  high,  freely  branched,  silvery  canes- 
cent  :  leaves  lanceolate-linear  or  narrower,  somewhat  tapering  to  both  ends,  an  inch 
or  two  long,  entire,  rarely  ivith  2  or  3  acute  teeth  or  lobes,  margins  not  revolute : 
heads  glomerate  in  a  leafy  contracted  panicle,  6  to  ^-flowered,  rarely  5-flowered, 
usually  with  one  or  two  linear  subulate  accessory  bracts. — Plains,  Saskatche- 
wan to  Montana,  Dakota,  and  Colorado. 


66.    PETASITES,   Tourn.        BUTTER-BUR.    SWEET  COLTSFOOT. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  thickish  and  creeping  rootstocks,  sending  up  scapiform 
simple  flowering  stems  and  ample  radical  leaves  on  strong  petioles,  cottony- 
tomentose  or  glabrate ;  the  flowers  whitish  or  purplish. 


20-1  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

1.  P.  sagittata,  Gray.  Leaves  from  deltoid-oblong  to  reniform-hastate, 
from  acute  to  rounded-obtuse,  repand-dentate,  very  white-tomentose  beneath, 
when  full  grown  7  to  10  inches  long :  heads  short-racemose  becoming  corym- 
bose.—  Bot.  Calif,  i  407.  Wet  ground,  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and 
northward ;  across  the  continent  in  northern  latitudes. 

67.    HAPLOESTHES,    Gray. 

The  name  refers  to  the  few  (4  or  5)  bracts  of  the  involucre. 

1.  H.  Greggii,  Gray.  Somewhat  fleshy,  herbaceous  or  suffrutescent,  a 
foot  or  two  high,  fastigiately  branched,  glabrous,  leafy  up  to  the  loose  cymes 
of  a  few  slender-pedunculate  naked  heads  :  leaves  all  opposite,  very  narrowly 
linear  or  filiform,  entire  ;  the  lower  connate  at  base  :  heads  2  or  3  lines  high : 
flowers  yellow :  ligules  1  or  2  lines  long.  —  PI.  Feudl.  109.  Saline  soil,  S.  E. 
Colorado  to  W.  Texas. 

68.    TETRADYMIA,   DC. 

Low  and  rigid  shrubs,  sometimes  spinescent,  canescently  tomentose ;  with 
alternate  and  sometimes  fascicled  narrow  and  entire  leaves,  cymose  or  clus- 
tered heads  of  yellow  flowers,  and  a  copious  white  pappus. 

*  Involucre  4-flowered,  of  4  or  5  bracts:  pappus  extremely  copious:  akenes  either 

very  villous  or  glabrous :  under  shrubs,  afoot  or  two  high. 

1.  T.  canescens,  DC.    Permanently  canescent  with  a  dense  close  tomentum, 
unarmed,  fastigiately  branched  :  leaves  from  narrowly  linear  to  spatulate-lanceo- 
latc,  an  inch  or  less  long :  heads  |  to  £  inch  long,  most  of  them  short-pedun- 
culate.—  Hills  and  plains,  N.  Wyoming  and  British  Columbia  to  New  Mexico, 
Arizona,  and  California. 

Var.  inermis,  Gray.  A  form  with  shorter  and  crowded  branches,  shorter 
leaves  more  inclined  to  spatulate  and  lanceolate,  and  smaller  heads.  —  Bot. 
Calif,  i.  408.  The  commonest  form. 

2.  T.  glabrata,  Gray.      Whitened  with  looser  at  length  deciduous  tomentum, 
unarmed:   branches  more  slender,  spreading:    leaves   at   length  naked  and 
green,  primary  ones  slender-subulate,  cuspidate,  on  young  shoots  appressed,  half- 
inch  long ;  those  of  fascicles  in  their  axils  spatulate-linear,  fleshy,  pointless : 
heads  mostly  short-pedunculate :  involucre  often  glabrate.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  ii. 
122.     From  Colorado  and  Utah  to  California  and  Oregon. 

3.  T.  Nuttallii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Pubescence  and  foliage  of  T.  canescens, 
var.  inermis,  bearing  rigid  divergent  spines  in  place  of  primary  leaves :  leaves  of 
the  axillary  fascicles  mostly  spatulate:  heads  more  glomerate.  —  Fl.  ii.  447. 
Utah  and  Wyoming. 

*  *  Involucre  5  to  9-flowered,  of  5  or  6  broader  bracts :  proper  pappus  less  copi- 

ous, reduced  nearly  or  quite  to  a  single  series  of  bristles,  which  are  covered  by  a 
false  pappus  of  extremely  long  very  soft  and  white  woolly  hairs  which  densely 
clothe  the  akene:  shrubs  2  to  4  feet  high,  at  least  the  branches  densely  white- 
tomentose. 

4.  T.  spinosa,  Hook.  &  Arn.     Branches  divaricate,  rigid,  bearing  rigid 
and  straight  or  recurved  spines  in  place  of  primary  leaves  :  secondary  leaves 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  205 

fascicled  in  the  axils,  small,  fleshy,  linear-clavate,  glabrous  or  glabrate :  heads 
scattered,  pedunculate,  fully  £  inch  long :  pappus  of  comparatively  rigid  capil- 
lary bristles,  a  little  surpassing  the  wool  of  the  akene.  —  From  S.  Wyoming 
to  Arizona,  S.  E.  California,  and  E.  Oregon. 

69.    ARNICA,    L. 

Perennial  herbs;  with  erect  stems,  simple  or  branching,  opposite  leaves, 
and  comparatively  large  long-pedunculate  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

*  Radical  leaves  cordate  at  base,  on  slender  or  sometimes  winged  petioles  ;  cauline 
all  opposite,  in  1  to  3  pairs,  dentate  or  denticulate. 

1.  A.  COrdifolia,  Hook.     A  foot  or  two,  or  when  alpine  a  span  or  two 
high,  pubescent,  or  the  steins  hirsute  and  peduncles  villous :  lower  cauline  as 
well  as  radical  leaves  long-petioled,  deeply  cordate,  yet  sometimes  only  ovate ; 
upper  cauline  small,  sessile  :   heads  few,  in  smaller  plants  solitary :  involucre 
§  inch  long,  pubescent  or  villous :  rays  commonly  an  inch  long  :  akenes  more 
or  less  hirsute.  —  From  the  mountains  of  Colorado  to  those  of  California  and 
British  Columbia. 

Var.  eradiata,  Gray.  An  ambiguous  form;  with  smaller  and  ray  less 
heads,  and  oblong-ovate  at  most  subcordate  leaves.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  381. 
Montana  and  E.  Oregon. 

2.  A.  latifolia,  Bong.     Minutely  pubescent  or  commonly  glabrous,  with 
smaller  heads  than  the  preceding :  only  radical  leaves  cordate  or  subcordate  and 
petioled  ;  cauline  2  or  3  pairs,  equal,  ovate  or  oval,  usually  sharply  dentate,  closely 
sessile  by  a  broad  base,  or  lowest  with  contracted  base :  akenes  commonly  gla- 
brate or  glabrous.  —  Pine  woods,  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah  to  Oregon, 
British  Columbia,  and  Alaska. 

*  *    No  cordate  leaves ;  radical  leaves  petioled,  tapering  or  abrupt  at  base. 

H-  Leafy  to  the  top:  cauline  leaves  seldom  less  than  4  pairs,  and  the  upper  not 

conspicuously  diminished. 

3.  A.  ChamissoniS,  Less.     From  tomentose  or  viflous-pubescent  to  nearly 
glabrous:  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  denticulate  or  dentate,  acute  or  ob- 
tuse ;  lowest  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole,  upper  broad  at  base  and  somewhat 
clasping:  akenes  hirsute-pubescent. — Including  A.  mollis,  Hook.;  also  A.  lati- 
folia in  part,  of  the  Western  Reports.     Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah  to 
those  of  California  and  far  northward. 

4.  A.  longifolia,  Eaton.     Many-stemmed  in  a  tuft,  minutely  puberulent: 
cauline  leaves  elongated-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  entire  or  denticulate, 
somewhat  nervose,  3  to  6  inches  long,  lower  with  narrowed  bases  connate-vagi- 
nate:  heads  corymbosely  disposed,  short-peduncled  :  akenes  minutely  glandu- 
lar, not  hairy.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  186.     Wahsatch  Mountains  and  westward. 

5.  A.  foliosa,  Nutt.     Tomentose-pubescent,  strict :  leaves  lanceolate,  denticu- 
late, nervose ;  upper  parti'/  clasping  by  narrowish  base,  lower  with  tapering  bases 
connate :  heads  short-peduncled,  rarely  solitary :  akenes  hirsute-pubescent  or 
glabrate. — A.  Chamissonis  of  the  Western  Reports,  in  part.     From  the  Sas- 
katchewan to  Oregon  and  southward  along  the  mountains  to  N.  California 
and  Colorado. 


206  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

•i—  -t-  Less  leafy :  cauline  leaves  1  or  2  (rarely  3)  pairs,  and  the  upper  mostly 

small. 

6.  A.  Parry i,  Gray.     A  foot  or  less  high,  slender,  simple,  somewhat  hir- 
sutely  pubescent  and  above  glandular  :  leaves  membranaceous,  commonly  den- 
ticulate ;  radical  oval  to  ovate-oblong,  1  to  3  inches  long,  abruptly  or  cuneately 
contracted  at  base  into  a  short  margined  petiole  ;  cauline  remote  :  involucre  hir- 
sute and  glandular,  £  inch  or  less  high :  heads  rat/less,  occasionally  some 
outermost  corollas  ampliate  :  akenes  glabrous  or  with  a  few  sparse  hairs.  — 
Am.  Nat.  viii.  213.     A.  angustifolia,  var.  eradiata,  Gray.     Mountains  from 
Colorado  to  Wyoming  and  westward. 

7.  A.  alpina,  Oliu.     A  span  to  18  inches  high,  pubescent,  hirsute,  or  at 
summit  villous,  strict,  simple  and  monocephalous,  occasionally  3-cephalous : 
leaves  thickish,  from  narrowly  oblong  to  lanceolate,  or  the  radical  oblong- spat  ulate 
and  small  uppermost  linear,  entire  or  denticulate,  3-nerved  ;  bases  of  the  cau- 
line hardly  at  all  connate :  heads  conspicuously  radiate :  akenes  hirsute-pubescent, 
rarely  glabrate.  —  A.  angustifolia,  Vahl.     In  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and 
California;  across  the  continent  in  high  latitudes. 

70.     SENECIO,    Tourn.        GROUNDSEL. 

A  very  large  genus;  with  alternate  leaves  aud  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 
Ours  all  belong  to  the  section  of  perennials  having  the  pubescence  (if  any)  of 
a  tomentose  or  floccose  kind  and  never  viscid  nor  hirsute. 

*  Heads  an  inch  or  distinctly  over  \  inch  high,  very  many -/lowered. 
•«-  Heads  radiate. 
*+  Alpine  species. 

1.  S.  Soldanella,  Gray.     Apparently  glabrous  from  the  first,  a  span  high, 
somewhat  succulent :  leaves  mostly  radical  and  long-petioled,  from  round-reni- 
form  to  spatulate-obovate,  denticulate  or  entire  ;  cau/ine  one  or  two  or  none :  head 
solitary,  erect,  two  thirds  to  nearly  a  full  inch  high :   iuvolucral  bracts  lan- 
ceolate and  a  very  few  calyculate  ones:  rays  6  to  10,  oblong,  a  quarter-inch 
long.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  67.      High  alpine,  in   the   mountains   of 
Colorado. 

2.  S.  amplectens,  Gray.     Lightly  fioccose-woolly  at  first,  soon  glabrate, 
a  foot  or.  so  high,  few  to  several-leaved,  terminated  by  one  or  two  long-pedun- 
culate nodding  heads :  leaves  thinner  than  in  the  foregoing,  from  denticulate  to 
conspicuously  and  sharply  dentate ;  radical  obovale  to  spatidate,  tapering  into  a 
winged  petiole ;  cauline  as  large  or  larger,  oblong  or  narrower,  half-clasping 
or  more,  the  upper  by  a  broad  base :  involucre  over  half-inch  high,  of  linear 
bracts  and  a  few  loose  calyculate  ones  :  rays  linear,  inch  long  or  more,  acute  or 
acutely  2  to  3-toothed  at  tip.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiii.  240.     Alpine  and 
subalpine  region,  mountains  of  Colorado. 

Var.  taraxacoides,  Gray.  Only  a  span  or  two  high,  with  fewer  and 
smaller  cauline  leaves ;  these  and  the  radical  commonly  spatulate  and  with 
tapering  base,  not  rarely  laciniately  subpinnatifid :  head  smaller,  even  down 
to  half-inch,  and  with  rays  of  only  the  same  length.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad. 
1863,  67.  High  alpine,  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Nevada. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  207 

•w-  +•«•  Not  alpine,  with  leafy  stems  a  foot  or  so  high. 

3.  S.  megaceph.alu.8,  Nutt.     About  a  foot  high,  loosely  floccose- woolly, 
tardily  glabrate,  leafy :  leaves  entire,  lanceolate,  or  the  radical  spatulate-lan- 
ceolate  and  tapering  into  a  petiole,  and  uppermost  cauline  attenuate,  thickish : 
heads  1  to  3,  short-ped uncled,  8  lines  to  an  inch  high :  involucre  calyculate  by 
some  very  loose  and  subulate  elongated  accessory  bracts :  rays  over  £  inch 
long.  —  From  the  mountains  of  Idaho  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  near  the  Brit- 
ish boundary. 

H-  •*-  Heads  rayless,  nodding :  some  sparse  crisped  hairs  in  place  oftomentum. 

4.  S.  BigelOVii,  Gray.     Robust,  2  or  3  feet  high,  leafy  up  to  near  the 
racemiform  or  simply  paniculate  inflorescence,  at  length  glabrate  :  leaves  from 
elongated-oblong  to  lanceolate,  denticulate  or  dentate,  acute  or  acuminate; 
radical  and  lower  cauline  3  to  6  inches  long,  abrupt  at  base  and  naked-peti- 
oled,  or  tapering  into  a  winged  petiole  or  partly  clasping  base ;  upper  lanceo- 
late with  partly  clasping  base  :  heads  in  small  plants  few  or  solitary.  —  Pacif. 
R.  Rep.  iv.  111.     Includes  also  var.  Hallii,  Gray.     Mountains  of  Colorado, 
New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

*  *  Heads  middle-sized  or  small,  half-inch  or  less, 
•*-  Nodding,  rayless:  leafy-stemmed. 

5.  S.  CermiUS,  Gray.    Quite  glabrous,  2  or  3  feet  high :  leaves  lanceolate 
or  the  larger  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  denticulate,  rarely  with  a  few  scattered 
coarser  teeth,  all  tapering  at  base  into  a  barely  margined  petiole,  or  upper 
into  a  narrowed  not  clasping  base :  heads  (4  to  almost  6  lines  long)  several 
or  numerous  in  the  panicle,  most  of  them  decidedly  nodding :  flowers  pale 
yellow.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  u.  xxxiii.  10.    Mountains  of  Colorado,  wholly  below 
the  alpine  region. 

•+-  •»-  Heads  erect,  mostly  radiate. 

+*  Stems  numerously  and  nearly  equably  leafy  to  the  top:  leaves  from  entire  to 
lar.iniate-dentate,  never  divided  or  dissected,  nor  narrowly  linear :  glabrous  or 
very  early  glabrate. 

=  Low,  alpine:  heads  subsolitary,  radiate. 

6.  S.  Fremonti,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Many-stemmed  from  a  thickish  caudex, 
a  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  thickish,  from  rounded-bbovate  or  spatulate  to 
oblong,  1  to  2  inches  long,  obtuse,  obtusely  or  acutely  dentate,  sometimes  even 
pinnatifid-dentate ;  lower  abruptly  contracted  into  a  winged  petiole ;  upper- 
most sessile  by  broadish  base  :  heads  |  inch  high :  rays  3  to  5  inches  long.  — 
Fl.  ii.  445.     Alpine  regions,  from  the  British  boundary  to  S.  Colorado,  Utah, 
and  California. 

Var.  OCCidentalis,  Gray.  More  slender,  with  rounder  leaves  and  heads 
longer-peduncled  ;  in  high  alpine  stations  becoming  very  dwarf,  and  flowering 
almost  from  the  ground.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  618.  Mountains  of  N.  Wyoming, 
Montana,  and  California. 

=  =  Rather  low,  with  numerous  cymosely  paniculate  and  small  heads,  always 

rayless. 

7.  S.  rapifolius,  Nutt.     About  a  foot  high :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong, 
throughout  very  sharply  and  unequally  dentate,  rather  fleshy ;  radical  tapering 


208  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

into  a  petiole,  cauline  mostly  clasping  by  a  broad  subcordate  base :  heads  3 
lines  high,  about  15-flowered:  involncral  bracts  8  to  10,  narrowly  oblong. — 
Rocky  Mountains,  Wyoming,  about  the  sources  of  the  Platte. 

=====  Tall,  with  corymbosely  cymose  and  radiate  heads:  leaves  nearly  mem- 

branaceous. 

8.  S.  triangularis,  Hook.    Rather  stout :  stem  simple,  2  to  5  feet  high, 
bearing  several  or  somewhat  numerous  heads  in  a  corymbiform  open  cyme : 
leaves  all  more  or  less  petroled  and  thickly  dentate  with  more  or  less  salient 
teeth,  deltoid-lanceolate,  or  the  lower  triangular-hastate  or  deltoid-cordate,  and 
uppermost  lanceolate  with  cuneate  base:  rays  6  to  12.  —  From  the  Saskatche- 
wan to  Washington  Territory  and  southward  in  the  mountains  to  Colorado 
and  California. 

9.  S.  serra,  Hook.     Strict,  2  to  4  feet  high,  very  leafy,  sometimes  simple 
and  bearing  rather  few  heads,  commonly  branching  at  summit,  then  bearing 
numerous  corymbosely  paniculate  smaller  heads :  leaves  4  to  6  inches  long, 
all  lanceolate  and  tapering  to  both  ends,  sessile  by  a  narrow  base,  or  the  lowest 
oblong-spatulate  and  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  •usually  with  the  whole  margin 
thickly  serrate  or  serrulate  with  very  acute  salient  teetli :  rays  5  to  8.  —  In  the 
Western  Reports  principally  under  the  name  of  S.  Andinus.     Mountains  of 
Colorado  to  Idaho  and  Wyoming. 

Var.  integriusculus,  Gray.  Heads  smaller,  3  or  4  lines  high,  and  nar- 
rower, fewer-flowered :  leaves  minutely  serrate  or  denticulate,  or  the  upper 
entire,  sometimes  all  entire  or  nearly  so,  generally  shorter  and  smaller,  or 
broader  and  not  acuminate.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  387.  S.  Andinus,  Nutt.  From 
Wyoming  to  Oregon  and  California. 

*+  •*-*•  Stem  not  numerously  but  somewhat  equably  leafy  up  to  the  inflorescence : 
leaves  all  entire  or  denticulate:  involucre  Jleshy-thickened. 

10.  S.  crassuhlS,  Gray.     A  foot  or  less  high,  glabrous:   stem  5  to  7- 
leaved,  bearing  3  to  8  pedunculate  rather  large  and  thick  heads :  leaves  ob- 
long-lanceolate, apiculate-acute,  2  to  5  inches  long ;  radical  and  lowest  cauline 
spatulate  or  obovate-oblong,  narrowed  into  a  short  winged  petiole;   upper 
sessile  by  partly  clasping  or  decurrent  base :  involucre  40  to  50-flowered,  of  12 
fleshy-thickened  but  thin-edged  bracts,  the  base  also  thickened,  the  whole 
becoming  conical  and  multangular  in  fruit :  rays  about  8.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
xix.  54.    S.  integemmus,  Gray,  in  part ;  5.  lunens,  var.  Hookeri,  Eaton,  in  part. 
Subalpine,  mountains  of  Colorado  to  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

•M-  -M.  -M-  Stems  either  few-leaved  or  with  the  upper  leaves  reduced  in  size ;  the  inflo- 
rescence therefore  naked :  none  with  narrow  linear  /eaves. 

=  Tall  and  simple-stemmed,  with  a  fibrous  cluster  of  roots :  leaves  fleshy  coria- 
ceous, all  entire  or  barely  denticulate. 

11.  S.  hydrophilus,  Nutt.    Very  glabrous  or  smooth  :  stem  robust,  2  to 
4  feet  high,  strict :  leaves  lanceolate ;  radical  oblanceolate  and  stout-petioled, 
sometimes  a  foot  long ;  upper  c-mline  sessile  or  partly  clasping  :  heads  numer- 
ous in  a  branching  cyme:  bracts  8  to  12:  di.sk-flowers  15  to  30;  rays  3  to  6 
and  small,  or  none — In  water  or  very  wet  ground,  from  Colorado  and  Cali- 
fornia to  Montana  and  British  Columbia. 


COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  209 

=  =  Plants  mostly  in  clumps  or  tufts,  or  from  tufted  or  creeping  rootstocks. 

a.  Stems  mostly  robust,  generally  a  foot  to  3  or  5  feet  high,  bearing  numerous 
heads  in  a  cyme:  rays  8  to  12,  conspicuous  :  leaves  from  entire  to  dentate,  none 
really  cordate  nor  with  permanent  tomentum.     None  truly  alpine. 

12.  S.  integerrimus,  Nutt.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  radical  elon- 
gated-oblong, quite  entire  or  denticulate ;   upper  ones  reduced  and   bract-like, 
attenuate-subulate  from  a  dilated  base :  heads  several,  umbellately  cymose,  com- 
monly ^  inch  high:  involucral  bracts  narrow,  acute  or  acuminate.  —  Dakota 
to  Wyoming  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

13.  S.  lugens,  Richards.      Lightly  floccose-woolly  when  young,  in  the 
typical  form  early  glabrate  and  bright  green :  stem  6  inches  to  2  feet  high, 
few-  and  small-leaved  and  naked  above,  terminated  by  a  cyme  of  several  or 
rather  numerous  heads  :  radical  and  lower  cauline  leaves  spatulate,  varying  to 
oval  or  oblong,  either  gradually  or  abruptly  contracted  at  base  into  a  winged  or 
margined  short  petiole,  usually  repand-  or  callous-denticulate  ;  upper  cauline  lan- 
ceolate or  reduced  and  bract-like  :   bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  with 
obtuse  or  acutish  commonly  blackish  tips:  rays  10  or  12,  conspicuous.  —  In- 
cludes var.  Hookeri  and  var.  Parryi.    Through  the  whole  Rocky  Mountains  to 
New  Mexico  and  westward  to  California. 

Var.  foliosus,  Gray.  Floccose  wool  usually  persistent  up  to  flowering, 
and  vestiges  remaining  to  near  maturity :  stem  seldom  over  a  foot  high, 
stouter,  more  leafy  to  near  the  inflorescence:  leaves  comparatively  large, 
oblong  to  broadly  lanceolate :  heads  often  very  numerous  and  crowded  in  the 
corymbiform  cyme,  then  narrower:  tips  of  involucral  bracts  conspicuously 
blackish.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  413.  S.  lugens,  var.  exaltatus,  Eaton.  Mountains  of 
Colorado  and  Utah. 

Var.  exaltatus,  Gray.  Lightly  floccose  when  young,  and  not  rarely  with 
looser  and  more  persistent  scattered  hairs :  stem  stout,  1  to  3  or  even  4  or  5 
feet  high  :  leaves  thickish ;  radical  longer-petioled,  from  spatulate-lanceolate 
to  ubovate  or  ovate,  the  broader  ones  abrupt  and  sometimes  even  subcor- 
date  at  base ;  cauline  occasionally  laciniate-dentate :  heads  mostly  numer- 
ous in  the  cyme.  —  Loc.  cit.  S.  exaltatus,  Nutt.  Wet  ground,  British 
Columbia  and  Idaho  to  California,  extending  within  the  western  limits  of 
our  range. 

b.  /Stems  low,  only  2  to  6  inches  high,  scapiform :  leaves  clustered  on  the  rootstock 
or  caudex,  entire  or  crenate;  those  of  the  scape  reduced  to  mere  bracts.    Chiefly 
alpine  or  subalpine. 

1.   Leaves  thick  and  coriaceous,  tapering  into  a  petiole,  crowded  on  the  multicipital 

caudex. 

14.  S.  werneriaefolius,  Gray.     Woolly  and  canescent,  tardily  glabrate  : 
leaves  quite  entire,  erect  or  ascending,  from  spatulate-linear  (2  or  3  inches  long, 
including  the  petiole-like  base)  to  elongated-oblong  and  short-petioled,  the  mar- 
gins sometimes  revolute :  scape  a  span  high,  rather  stout,  bearing  2  to  8  heads ; 
these  4  or  5  lines  high  :  rays  10  or  12,  oblong,  2  lines  long,  rarely  few  or  want- 
ing.—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  54.    S.  aureus,  var.  wernericefolius,  Gray.    Moun- 
tains of  Colorado,  alpine. 

14 


210  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

15.  S.  petrSBUS,  Klatt.     Glabrous  or  early  glabrate:  leaves  from,  orbicular- 
obovate  or  oval  (£  to  £  inch  long)  to  cuneate-oblong,  entire  or  3  to  7 -crenate-toothed 
at  the  broad  summit,  abruptly  petioled  :  scapes  I  to  3  inches  high,  bearing  solitary 
or  several  clustered  heads ;  these  4  or  5  lines  high  :  rays  6  to  10,  golden  yellow, 
3  lines  long.  —  S.  aureus,  var.  alpinus,  Gray.     Alpine  region  of  the  mountains 
of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  California. 

2.    Leaves  round-cordate,  crenate,  purple-tinged  beneath,  slender-petioled ,  more  or 
less  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  scape :  plants  very  glabrous. 

16.  S.  renifoliUS,  Porter.    Two  inches  high  from  filiform  creeping  root- 
stocks  :  leaves  thickish,  resembling  those  of  Ranunculus  Cymbal-aria,  rounded- 
subcordate  or  reniform,  only  about  £  inch  wide,  coarsely  5  to  7-crenate :  scape 
or  peduncle  little  surpassing  the  leaves,  bearing  a  solitary  comparatively  large 
(£  inch  long)  head:  rays  about  8,  oblong,  4  lines  long.  —  Fl.  Colorad.  83. 
High  alpine  region  on  Whitehouse  Mountain,  in  Central  Colorado,  at  13,000 
feet,  J.  M.  Coulter. 

c.    Stems  afoot  or  two  high  or  less,  bearing  some  leaves  and  corymbosely  ci/mose 

heads.     Mostly  not  alpine:  usually  somefloccose  foment um. 

1.   Leaves  from  entire  or  serrate  to  pinnatifid  in  the  same  species,  none  pinnately 
divided :  rays  sometimes  wanting. 

17.  S.  canus,  Hook.     Permanently  tomentose-canescent,  or  at  length  floccu- 
lent,  but  rarely  at  all  glabrate  :  stems  from  a  span  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  some- 
times all  undivided  or  even  entire,  the  radical  and  lower  from  spatulate  to  oblong, 
\  to  \\  inches  in  length,  slender-petioled,  sometimes  laciuiate-toothed  or  pin- 
natifid :  akenes  very  glabrous.  —  From  Dakota  to  Colorado  and  west  to  Cali- 
fornia and  British  Columbia. 

18.  S.  aureus,  L.     Very  early  glabrate,  usually  quite  free  from  wool  at 
flowering  and  a  foot  or  two  high  from  small  rootstocks  :  radical  leaves  mostly 
rounded  and  undivided,  and  cauline  lanceolate  and  pinnatifid  or  laciniate :  most 
polymorphous  species,  of  which  the  typical  form  is  bright  green,  1  to  3  feet 
high  :  leaves  thin  ;  principal  radical  ones  roundish,  cordate  or  truncate  at  base, 
crenate-dentsite,  1  to  3  inches  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  petioles;  lower 
cauline  similar,  with  2  or  3  lobes  on  the  petiole,  or  lyrately  divided  or  lobed; 
others  more  laciniate-pinnatifid  and  lobes  often  incised  ;  uppermost  sparse 
and  small,  with  closely  sessile  or  auriculate-dilated  incised  base :  akenes  quite 
glabrous.  —  Very  abundant,  across   the   continent.      The   following   are  the 
principal  forms  within  our  range. 

Var.  Balsamitae,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Less  glabrate,  not  rarely  holding  more 
or  less  wool  until  iruiting :  depauperate  stems  a  span  or  two,  larger  fully 
2  feet  high :  principal  or  earliest  radical  leaves  oblong,  sometimes  oval,  com- 
monly verging  to  lanceolate,  inch  or  two  long,  serrate,  contracted  into  slender 
petioles;  the  succeeding  lyrately  pinnatifid:  heads  usually  rather  small  and 
numerous  :  akenes  almost  always  hispudulous-pubescent  on  the  angles.  — From 
Texas  to  Colorado  and  British  Columbia  and  eastward  to  Canada. 

Var.  COmpactUS,  Gray.  A  span  or  two  high,  in  close  tufts,  rather  rigid, 
when  young  whitened  with  fine  tomentum,  glabrate  in  age :  radical  leaves 
oblanceolate  or  attenuate-spatulate,  entire  or  3-toothed  at  apex,  or  pinnatijid-den- 
tate,  an  inch  or  more  long,  thick  and  firm  at  maturity ;  cauline  lanceolate  or 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  211 

linear,  entire  or  pinnatifid:  heads  rather  numerous  and  crowded  in  the  cyme, 
rather  small :  ovaries  papillose-hispid  ulous  on  the  angles  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  391. 
From  Colorado  to  N.  W.  Texas ;  mostly  in  saline  soil. 

Var.  borealis,  Torr  £  Gray.  A  foot  down  to  a  span  high,  at  summit 
bearing  either  numerous  or  few  heads ;  these  not  rarely  rayless :  leaves  thick- 
ish ;  radical  from  roundish  with  abrupt  or  even  truncate  base  to  cuneate-obovate 
and  cuneate-spatulate,  ^  to  1  inch  long,  slender-petioled ;  cauline  seldom  much 
pinnatifid  :  akenes  glabrous.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado,  California,  and  north- 
ward, where  it  extends  across  the  continent. 

Var.  croceus,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  two  high,  glabrous  or  early 
glabrate :  leaves  somewhat  succulent ;  radical  oblong  to  roundish,  sometimes 
lyrate ;  cauline  very  various :  heads  usually  numerous  in  the  cyme :  Jlowers 
saffron-colored  or  orange,  at  least  the  rays,  or  these  sometimes  wanting. — 
Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  68.  Mountains  of  Colorado  to  Montana,  Nevada, 
and  California. 

Var.  subnudllS,  Gray.  Wholly  glabrous  or  glabrate,  slender,  a  span  or 
two  high,  bearing  2  or  3  small  cauline  leaves  and  a  solitary  head,  or  not  rarely  a 
pair:  radical  leaves  few,  spatulate  or  obovate,  sometimes  roundish,  half-inch 
or  less  long,  occasionally  lyrate ;  cauline  incised  or  sparingly  pinnatifid  :  rays 
conspicuous.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  391.  Wyoming  to  British  Columbia  and  Cali- 
fornia. 

19.  S.  Fendleri,  Gray.     Very  canescent  with  foccose  wool,  in  age  tardily 
glabrate:  stems  rather  stout,  5  to  15  inches  high,  leafy,  the  larger  plants 
branching :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  narrower ;  radical  sometimes  almost  entire, 
more  commonly  like  the  cauline  sinuately  pectinate-pinnatifid  or  even  pinnately 
parted,  the  short  oblong  divisions  incisely  2  to  4-lobed :  akenes  glabrous.  —  PL 
Fendl.  108.     Mountains  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

2.   Leaves  mostly  once  pinnatelij  divided  or  parted  and  again  lobed  or  incised. 

20.  S.  eremophilus,  Richards.     Stems  freely  branching,  leafy  up  to  the 
inflorescence:  leaves  mostly  oblong  in  outline,  laciniately-pinnatifid  or  pin- 
nately parted,  the  lobes  usually  incised  or  dentate :  heads  in  corymbiform 
cymes,  short-peduncled  :  bracts  commonly  purple-tipped :  rays  7  to  9  :  akenes 
minutely  papillose  or  glabrous.  —  In  the  Rocky  Mountains,  from  New  Mexico 
to  the  Mackenzie  River. 

H-fm.MH.-M-  Stems  leafy,  numerously  or  somewhat  equably  so  up  to  the  top :  leaves 
all  pinnately  lobed  or  parted  or  entire,  their  divisions  (or  the  whole  leaf)  linear 
to  filiform. 

2J.  S.  Douglasii,  DC.  Lignescent  and  sometimes  decidedly  shrubby 
at  base,  many-stemmed,  a  foot  or  two  or  even  5  or  6  feet  high,  either  white- 
tomentose  or  glabrate  and  green  :  leaves  thickish,  sometimes  all  entire  and 
elongated-linear,  more  commonly  pinnately  parted  into  3  to  7  linear  or  nearly 
filiform  entire  divisions :  heads  several  or  numerous  and  cymose,  from  i  to  ^ 
inch  high :  rays  8  to  1 8 :  akenes  canescent  with  a  fine  strigulose  pubescence.  — 
S.  longilobns,  Benth. ;  S.  filifolius,  Nutt.  Plains  and  hills,  Nebraska  to  Texas 
and  westward  to  California. 


212  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


71.     C  NIC  ITS,1    Tourn.,  L.,  partly.        PLUMED  THISTLE. 

Stout  herbs;  with  sessile  leaves,  commonly  with  prickly  teeth  and  tips, 
and  large  or  middle-sized  heads :  the  flowers  red  or  purple,  rarely  white  or 
yellowish. — Cirsium,  DC. 

*  Bracts  of  the  ovoid  or  hemispherical  involucre  appressed-imbricate'd  and  the 

outer  successively  shorter,  all  with  loose  and  dilated  fimbriate  or  lacerate  wliite- 
scarious  tips. 

1.  C.  AmericanuS,   Gray.     A   foot   or  two   high,   branching   above: 
branches  bearing  solitary  or  scattered  naked  heads :  leaves  white-tomentose 
beneath,  lanceolate  or  broader,  sinuately  pinnatifid,  or  some  merely  dentate, 
others  pinnately  parted,  weakly  prickly :  heads  erect,  an  inch  high  :  principal 
bracts  of  the  involucre  naked-edged  or  merely  fimbriate-ciliate  below,  and  the 
dilated  scarious  apex  as  broad  as  long,  fimbriate-lacerate,  tipped  with  a  barely 
exserted  cusp ;  innermost  with  lanceolate  nearly  entire  scarious  tips :   flow- 
ers ochroleucous  :   stronger  pappus-bristles  dilated-clavellate  at  tip.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xix.  56.     Lower  mountains  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to 
California. 

*  *  Bracts  of  the  involucre  mostly  loose,  not  appressed-imbricated  nor  rigid,  taper- 

ing gradually  from  a  narrow  base  to  a  slender-prickly  or  muticous  apex;  outer 
not  very  much  shorter  than  the  inner,  wholly  destitute  of  dorsal  glandular  ridge 
or  spot :  pappus-bristles  not  clavellate-tipped. 

2.  C.  Parryi,  Gray.     Green,  lightly  arachnoid  and  villous  when  young, 
2  feet  or  so  high :    leaves  lanceolate,  sinuate-dentate,  not  decurrent,  moderately 
prickly:  heads  several  and  spicately  glomerate  or  more  racemosely  panicu- 
late, more  or  less  bracteose-leafy  at  base  :  accessory  and  outer  proper  bracts  or 
some  of  them  pectinately  fimbriate-ciliate  down  the  sides,  innermost  with  more  or 
less  dilated  or  margined  mostly  lacerate-fimbriate  tips :    corollas  pale  yellow ; 
the  lobes  longer  than  the  throat :  pappus  of  fine  soft  bristles,  none  of  them 
obviously  clavellate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  47.     Mountains  of  Colorado  and 
Utah. 

3.  C.  eriocephalus,  Gray.    Loosely  arachnoid- woolly  and  partly  gla- 
brate,  very  leafy  :  leaves  pinnalifid  into  very  numerous  and  crowded  and  numer- 
ously prickly  short  lobes,  the  base  decurrent  on  the  stem  into  prickly  wings :  heads 
several,  sessile,  and  crowded  in  a  leaf-subtended  at  first  nodding  glomerule; 
the  subtending  leaves  and  the  involucral  bracts  densely  long-woolly,  all  very  slender- 
prickly  :  corollas  light  yellow  or  yellowish.  —  Alpine  region  of  the  Rocky 
mountains  of  Colorado. 

*  *  *  Bracts  of  the  involucre  moderately  unequal  or  the  lower  not  rarely  about 

equalling  the  upper,  more  rigid  and  imbricated  at  base,  but  most  of  them  with 

1  The  naturalized  genus  Arctium,  "  Burdock,"  may  be  known  by  the  hooked  tips  of  its 
involucral  bracts  forming  a  bur,  otherwise  unarmed ;  large  mostly  cordate  leaves ;  and 
rather  small  heads  of  pink  or  purplish  flowers.  The  species  is 

A.  Lappa,  L.,  and  is  3  to  5  feet  high, with  cymose  heads,  leaves  green  and  glabrous  above 
but  whitish  with  cottony  down  beneath,  and  in  the  larger  forms  with  the  bur  an  inch  or 
more  in  diameter,  its  bracts  all  spreading  and  glabrous. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  213 

more  or  less  herbaceous  spine  scent-tipped  spreading  upper  portion,  and  no 
glandular  dorsal  ridge. 

4.  C.  Eatoni,  Gray.     A  foot  or  so  high,  mostly  simple,  loosely  arachnoid- 
woolly  or  glabrate  :    leaves  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  parted  into  short  lobes, 
mostly  very  prickly,  either  green  and  glabrate,  or  remaining  whitish-woolly 
beneath  :  heads  an  inch  high,  few  or  several  and  sessile  in  a  terminal  cluster: 
involucre  from  arachnoid-ciliate  to  glabrate  or  apparently  glabrous  ;  its  principal 
bracts  erect,  with  broadish  appressed  base,  abruptly  attenuate  into  the  subu- 
late-acerose  slightly  herbaceous  spinesceut  portion,  outermost  little  shorter 
than  the  inner:  corolla  whitish.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  56.     Cirsium  folio- 
sum  and  C,  Drummondii  in  part,  of  the  Western  Reports.    Mountains  of  Colo- 
rado, Utah,  and  Nevada. 

5.  C.  Neo-MexicamiS,  Gray.      Stout,  2  to  4  feet  high;  herbage  and 
commonly    squarrose    involucre    copiously   while-woolly :    leaves   from   sinuate- 
dentate  to  pinnatifid,  not  very  prickly :  heads  solitary,  terminating  the  stem 
or  branches,  often  2  inches  high  and  broad:  principal  bracts  of  the  involucre 
with  spinescent  rigid  tips  %  to  1  inch  long:  corolla  from  white  to  pale-pur- 
ple.—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  45.    Plains  of  S.  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and 
Arizona. 

*  *  *  *  Bracts  of  the  involucre  regularly  and  chiefly  appressed-imbricated  in 
numerous  ranks ;  the  outer  successively  shorter,  not  herbaceous-tipped  or 
appendaged. 

H-  Flowers  from  rose-purple  to  white :  involucre  glabrous  or  early  glabrate,  the 
light  arachnoid  wool  caducous;  its  bracts  coriaceous,  not  at  all  glandular  on 
the  back,  outer  tipped  with  a  short  weak  prickle  or  cusp,  innermost  wholly 
unarmed. 

6.  C.  Drummondii,   Gray.     Green  and  somewhat   villous-pubescent,  or 
when  young  lightly  arachnoid-woolly,  either  stemless  and  bearing  sessile  heads 
in  a  cluster  on  the  crown,  or  caulescent  and  even  2  or  3  feet  high,  with  solitary 
or  several  loosely  disposed  heads :  leaves  from  sinuate  or  almost  entire  to  pinnately 
parted,  moderately  prickly :  larger  heads  fully  2  inches  high :  involucral  bracts 
weak-prickly  pointed,  innermost  with  more  scarious  and  sometimes  obviously 
dilated  and  erose-fimbriate  tips  :    corollas   either  white  or  sometimes  rose- 
purple.  —  Proc.  Am.   Acad.  x.  40.     From  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and 
California  to  the  far  north. 

Var.  acaulescens,  Gray.  Smaller,  with  heads  (solitary  or  several  on 
the  crown,  encircled  by  the  radical  leaves)  only  inch  and  a  half  long,  or  less, 
and  proportionally  narrow :  outer  involucral  bracts  with  a  longer  but  rather 
weak  prickle.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  to  California. 

7.  C.  scariosus,  Gray.      White  with  cottony  tomentum,  at  least  the  lower 
face  of  the  leaves :  stem  about  a  foot  high  :  leaves  of  lanceolate  outline,  mostly 
pinnately  parted  into  lanceolate  long-prickly  lobes ;  upper  face  sometimes  villous, 
sometimes  only  cottony  and  early  glabrate :  heads  2  or  3  in  a  sessile  cluster, 
or  solitary  on  short  leafy  branches :  innermost  bracts  of  involucre  commonly 
with  more  conspicuous  erose  or  entire  scarious  tips :  corollas  pale  or  white. — 
Synopt.  Fl.  i.  402.    Mountain  plains,  Wyoming  and  Utah. 


214  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

H-  H-  Flowers  usually  rose  or  flesh-colored :  involucral  bracts  closely  appressed, 
coriaceous,  commonly  with  a  glandular  or  viscid  ridge,  short  line  or  a  broader 
spot  on  the  back  near  the  summit :  heads  naked,  solitary  or  scattered. 

=  Leaves  pinnately  parted  into  narrow  and  linear  mostly  entire  divisions. 

8.  C.  Pitcheri,  Torr.     A  foot  or  two  high,  with  herbage  persistently 
white-tomentose  throughout :  lower  leaves  a  foot  or  so  long,  with  divisions 
either  entire  or  some  again  pinuately  parted  into  shorter  lobes,  weakly  prickly- 
tipped  ;  the  winged  rhachis  not  wider  than  the  divisions :  heads  few  or  soli- 
tary, 2  inches  high  :  involucre  glabrate ;  the  bracts  rather  small,  viscid  down 
the  back,  tipped  with  small  short  prickle :  corollas  ochroleucous.  —  Extending 
into  Dakota  and  the  northeastern  limit  of  our  range  from  the  shores  of  the 
Great  Lakes. 

=  =  Leaves  from  undivided  to  pinnately  parted,  the  lobes  lanceolate  or  broader, 
disposed  to  be  white-lomentose  above  as  well  as  below:  prickle  on  cusp  of  invo- 
lucral bracts  more  or  less  rigid. 

9.  C.  ochrocentrus,  Gray.     Resembles  the  next,  usually  taller,  even  to 
6  or  8  feet  high,  the  white  tomentum  mostly  persistent :  leaves  commonly  but 
not  always  deeply  pinnatijid  and  armed  with  long  yellowish  prickles:  heads  1  or 
2  inches  high :  principal  bracts  of  the  involucre  broader  and  flatter,  the  viscid 
line  on  the  back  narrow  or  not  rarely  obsolete,  tipped  with  a  prominent,  spreading 
yellowish  prickle:  corollas  purple,  rarely  white.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  57. 
Plains,  W.  Texas  to  Colorado  and  Arizona. 

10.  C.  undulatus,  Gray.     A  foot  or  two  high,  persistently  white-tomen- 
tose :  leaves  rarely  pinnately  parted,  moderately  prickly :  heads  commonly  1^  inch 
high :  principal  bracts  of  the  involucre  mostly  thickened  on  the  back  by  the 
broader  glandular-viscid  ridge,  comparatively  small  and  narrow,  tipped  with  an 
evident  spreading  short  prickle :  corollas  rose-color,  pale  purple,  or  rarely  white. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  42.     Plains,  from  Oregon  to  the  Great  Lakes  and 
southward  to  New  Mexico. 

Var.  canescens,  Gray,  is  a  form  with  smaller  heads,  sometimes  not  over 
an  inch  high,  the  leaves  varying  from  ciliately  spinulose-dentate  to  deeply 
pinnatifid.  —  New  Mexico  and  S.  Utah  to  Minnesota. 

=  ====  Leaves  in  the  same  species  from  undivided  to  pinnately  parted,  the  lobes 
from  ovate  to  lanceolate,  upper  face  soon  glabrate  and  green :  involucral  bracts 
tipped  with  weak  prickles  or  sometimes  hardly  any. 

11.  C.  altissimus,  Willd.     Stem  branching,  3  to  10  feet  high :  leaves  in 
the  typical  form  ovate-oblong  or  narrower,  sometimes  with  merely  spiuulose- 
ciliate  slightly  toothed  margins,  sometimes  laciniate-cleft  or  sinuate,  or  lower 
ones  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid,  weakly  prickly  :  heads  l£  to  2  inches  high:  invo- 
lucral bracts  firm-coriaceous,  abruptly  tipped  with  a  spreading  set  if  or  m  prickle, 
the  short  outermost  ovate  or  oblong :  roots  fascicled  and  not  rarely  tuberous- 
thickened  below  the  middle,  in  the  manner  of  Dahlia.  —  East  of  our  range, 
but  represented  by 

Vsir.  filipendulus,  Gray.  Smaller,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  roots  tuberiferous : 
leaves  commonly  deeply  pinnatifid:  heads  few,  only  1^  inch  high.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xix.  56.  Prairies  and  thickets,  Texas  and  Colorado. 


COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.)  215 

12.  C.  Virginianus,  Pursh.  Stem  slender,  2  or  3  feet  high,  simple  or 
branching :  leaves  narrow,  varying  as  in  the  last :  heads  more  naked -peduncu- 
late, only  an  inch  long:  involucral  bracts  small  and  narrow,  thinner,  tapering 
into  a  very  weak  short  spreading  bristle-like  prickle,  sometimes  hardly  any :  flowers 
rose-purple.  —  From  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Virginia. 


72.    KBIGIA,    Schreb. 

Low  herbs ;  with  rather  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating  slender 
naked  peduncles  or  scapes.  Ours  belongs  to  the  §  Cynthia,  in  which  the 
involucral  bracts  are  9  to  18  and  thin,  and  pappus  of  10  to  15  oblong  scales 
and  15  or  20  slender  capillary  bristles. 

1.  K.  amplexicaulis,  Nutt.  Caulescent,  not  tuberiferous,  glaucous: 
stem  a  foot  or  two  high,  1  to  3-leaved,  bearing  one  or  two  or  few  somewhat 
umbellate  heads  on  moderately  long  peduncles :  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse, 
entire,  repand  and  denticulate,  or  radical  somewhat  lyrately  lobed;  these 
contracted  into  winged  petioles;  cauliuc  partly  clasping  by  a  broad  base. — 
Cynthia  Virginica,  Don.  From  Colorado  to  New  York  and  Georgia. 


73.    STEPHANOMERIA,   Nutt. 

Mostly  smooth  and  glabrous ;  with  branching  or  rarely  virgate  and  often 
rigid  or  rush-like  stems,  small  or  merely  scale-like  leaves  on  the  flowering 
branches,  and  usually  paniculate  heads  of  rose-colored  or  flesh-colored  flowers. 
In  ours  the  heads  are  ^  to  ^  inch  high,  mostly  5-flowered  and  with  about  the 
same  number  of  involucral  bracts. 

*  Perennials,  paniculately  branched  from  thick  and  tortuous  roots,  with  striate  and 

rush-like  branches,  small-leaved  or  nearly  leafless  above :  pappus  bristles  not  at 
all  dilated  at  base,  but  plumose  below  the  middle. 

1.  S.  runcinata,  Nutt.     Comparatively  stout  and  rigid,  a  foot  or  two  high, 
with  spreading  branches:  heads  mostly  4  or  5  lines  high  and  scattered  along 
the  branches :  lower  leaves  runcinate-pinnatijid,  commonly  lanceolate ;  upper 
linear  or  reduced  to  scales :  pappus  dull  white,  plumose  only  to  near  the  base. 
—  Plains,  from  Nebraska  and  Wyoming  to  Texas,  Arizona,  and  California. 

2.  S.  minor,  Nutt.     More  slender  and  with  ascending  branches  bearing  usu- 
al/>/  terminal  and  smaller  heads:  cauline  leaves  all  slender,  often  filiform :  pappus 
white,  very  plumose  down  to  base. —  Plains  and  mountains,  from  the  borders 
of  British  America  to  those  of  Mexico. 

*  *  Annuals  or  biennials :  bristles  of  the  white  or  whitish  pappus  plumose  above 

but  naked  below  the  middle,  at  base  more  or  less  dilated. 

3.  S.  exigua,  Nutt.    A  foot  or  two  high,  with  slender  branches  and 
branchlets :  radical  and  lower  cauline  leaves  pinnatifid  or  bipinnatifid,  those 
of  the  branches  mainly  reduced  to  short  scales :  bristles  of  the  pappus  9  to 
18,  their  more  or  less  dilated  or  chaffy  bases  commonly  a  little  connate. — 
From  Wyoming  to  Texas  and  westward  to  Nevada  and  E.  California. 


216  COMPOSITE.    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

74.    MICBOSEKIS,    Don. 

Glabrous  or  merely  puberulent,  acaulescent  or  subcaulescent ;  with  heads  of 
yellow  flowers  terminating  naked  scapes  or  elongated  simple  peduncles. 

*  Pappus  of  \5  to  20  white  and  soft  plumose  bristles  ivith  chaffy  base:  akenes 

linear-columnar,  of  same  diameter  from  base  to  summit :   stems  more  or  less 
branching  and  leaf-bearing. 

1.  M.  nutans,  Gray.     Slender,  a  foot  or  so  high :  fusiform  roots  either 
fascicled  or  solitary  :  leaves  from  entire  and  spatulate-obovate  to  pinuately 
parted  into  narrow  linear  lobes :  heads  8  to  20-flowered,  slender-peduncled  : 
involucre  of  8  to  10  linear-lanceolate  gradually  acuminate  principal  bracts: 
bristles  of  pappus  several  times  longer  than  the  oblong  scale  at  the  base.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  208.    From  British  Columbia  and  Montana  to  S.  W. 
Colorado  and  California. 

*  #  Pappus  of  20  to  24  narrowly  linear-lanceolate  silvery-white  scales,  occupying 

two  or  more  series,  very  gradually  attenuate  into  a  slender  awn:  akenes  attenu- 
ate-fusiform. 

2.  M.  troximoides,  Gray.     Acaulescent  or  nearly  so :  leaves  tufted  on 
the  caudex,  rather  fleshy,  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  undulate,  4  to 
6  inches  long :  scapes  a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  involucre  f  inch  high :  pappus 
£  inch  or  more  long,  its  almost  setiform  scales  £  line  wide  below.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  ix.  211.    Hills  and  open  plains,  Montana  and  Idaho  to  Washington  Ter- 
ritory and  California. 

75.    MALACOTHBIX,    DC. 

Leafy -stemmed  or  scapose ;  with  pedunculate  heads  of  yellow  or  white 
flowers,  sometimes  becoming  purplish  tinged.  In  ours  the  involucre  is  of 
narrow  bracts  and  short-peduncled  on  the  leafy  spreading  branches. 

1.  M.  sonchoides,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  high  :  lower  leaves 
oblong,  pinnatifid,  with  short  and  dentate  lobes,  rhachis  of  the  principal  leaves 
also  dentate:  akenes  linear-oblong,  15-striate-ribbed,  somewhat  angled  by  5 
moderately  stronger  ribs,  the  summit  with  a  15-denticulate  white  border. — 
Fl.  ii.  486.  Plains  of  W.  Nebraska  to  New  Mexico  and  westward. 


76.     HIERACIUM,    Tourn.         HAWKWEED. 

Perennial  herbs :  often  with  toothed  but  never  deeply  lobed  leaves :  heads 
paniculate,  rarely  solitary :  flowers  yellow,  or  white  in  one  species. 

§  1.    Involucre  of  the  comparatively  large  heads  irregularly  more  or  less  imbri- 
cated :   pappus  of  copious  and  unequal  bristles :    akenes  columnar,  truncate. 
In  ours  the  stems  are  leafy  to  the  top,  the  cauline  leares  all  closely  sessile. 
1.    H.  Timbellatum,  L.     A  foot  or  two  high,  strict,  bearing  a  few  some- 
what  umbellately  disposed  heads:  leaves  narrowly  or  sometimes  broadly  lanceo- 
late, nearly  entire,  sparsely  denticulate,  occasionally  laciniate-dentate,  all  narrow 
at  base :  involucre  usually  livid,  glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  outermost  bracts  loose 
or  spreading.  —  From  Lake  Superior  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  northward. 


COMPOSITE.    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  217 

2.  H.  Canadense,  Michx.     Taller,  robust,  with  corymbose!,/  or  panicu- 
lately  cymose  heads:  leaves  from  lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong,  acute,  sparsely 
and  acutely  dentate  or  even  laciniate,  at  least  the  upper  partly  clasping  and  broad 
or  broadish  at  base:  involucre  usually  pubescent  when  young,  glabrate,  occa- 
sionally glandular ;  the  narrow  outermost  bracts  loose :  pappus  sordid.  —  Across 
the  continent  near  the  British  boundary  and  northward. 

§  2.  Involucre  a  series  of  equal  bracts  and  a  few  short  ones :  pappus  of  more  or 
less  scanty  equal  bristles:  akenes  in  some  species  slender  or  tapering  to  the 
summit. 

*  Hirsute  with  long  and  whitish  or  yellowish  shaggy  denticulate  hairs  comm.only 

from  a  small  papilla,  commonly  but  not  always  on  the  involucre  also:  flowers 
yellow. 

3.  H.  longipilum,  Torr.    Stout,  leafy  to  near  the  middle  of  the  stem, 
and  with  linear-lanceolate  or  subulate  bracts  up  to  the  narrow  panicle :  pubes- 
cence mainly  glandular-setose  and  most  abundant,   the  bristles  upright,  com- 
monly \  to  1  inch  long,  fulvous  or  rufous :  leaves  spatulate-oblong  or  upper 
lanceolate,  thickish,  the  radical  commonly  present  in  a  tuft  at  flowering  time  : 
involucre  20  to  30-flowered,  and  with  short  peduncles  more  or  less  tomentu- 
lose  as  well  as  glandular,  in  a  narrow  almost  virgate  panicle :  akenes  fusiform  : 
pappus  at  maturity  fuscous.  —  Woods  and  prairies,  from  Nebraska  to  Texas, 
within  the  eastern  limit  of  our  range,  and  eastward  to  Michigan. 

4.  H.  Scouleri,  Hook.     Robust,  a  foot  or  two  high:  hairs  long  and  soft 
setose,  whitish  or  yellowish:  leaves  lanceolate  or  spatulate-lanceolate,  3  to  6 
inches  long :  panicle  irregular  or  branching :  involucre  somewhat  furfuraceous 
and  glandular,  also  sparsely  or  copiously  beset  with  long  bristly  hairs :  akenes 
columnar  and  short:  pappus  whitish.  —  From  Montana  to  Oregon  and  south  to 
the  Wahsatch. 

*  *  Dark-hirsute  and  somewhat  glandular  (also  whitish  with  short  tomentum)  on 

the  involucre:  leaves  and  lower  part  ofscapiform  stems  not  even  pilose :  flowers 
yellow :  pappus  sordid. 

5.  H  gracile,  Hook.     Pale  green,  in  tufts  :  leaves  nearly  all  in  radical 
clusters,  obovate-  to  oblong-spatulate  and   attenuate  into  petioles,  entire  or 
repand-denticulate :   stems  or  scapes  slender,  8  to  18  inches  high,  cinereous 
above,  bearing  few  or  several  racemosely  disposed  livid  heads,  the  lower 
linear-bracteate  :  involucre  usually  blackish-hairy  at  base :  akenes  short  co- 
lumnar.—  Includes  H.  triste,  mostly,  of  the  Western  Reports.     Mountains  of 
Colorado,  Utah,  and  northward. 

Var.  detonsum,  Gray.  A  span  to  nearly  a  foot  high,  with  rather  smaller 
heads :  dark  hirsute  hairs  wholly  wanting,  or  only  some  smaller  ones  on  the 
involucre.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  427.  //.  triste,  var.  detonsum,  Gray.  Mountains 
of  Colorado  and  California  to  those  of  British  Columbia. 

*  *  *  Not  bristly  (occasionally  scattered  bristles  on  the  involucre  and  panicle), 

but  at  least  the  radical  leaves  and  base  of  stem  sparsely  or  thickly  setose-hirsute 
with  long  spreading  hairs. 

•»-  Flowers  white :  stems  leafy :  akenes  linear-columnar,  not  at  all  narrowed 
upward :  pappus  sordid :  leaves  entire  or  denticulate. 

6.  H.  albiflorum,  Hook.    A  foot  to  a  yard  high,  smaller  plants  with 


218  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

simple  and  larger  with  compound  open  cyme :  leaves  oblong,  thin,  upper 
with  usually  narrowed  sessile  base,  lower  tapering  into  petiole :  involucre  of 
linear-lanceolate  bracts,  pale  or  livid,  mostly  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  not  rarely 
a  few  bristly  hairs.  —  From  Colorado  and  Utah  to  California  and  British 
Columbia. 

•»-  -t-  Flowers  yellow:  stems  rather  scapose  (2  to  several-leaved) :  leaves  entire  or 
slightly  denticulate. 

7.  H.  cynoglossoides,  Arvet.     Stem  a  foot  or  less  high  (either  from 
naked  base  or  more  commonly  a  radical  tuft  of  leaves),  simple,  2  to  several- 
leaved,  bearing  few  or  several  cymosely  disposed  heads,  setose-hirsute  or 
hispid  at  base :  leaves  lanceolate  to  spatulate-oblong,  at  least  the  lower  con- 
spicuously setose-hirsute ;  upper  sometimes  glabrous :  involucre  glandular,  some- 
times as  also  peduncles  glandular-hispidulous :  akenes  rather  short-columnar: 
pappus  whitish.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  68.    IT.  Scouleri,  Hooker,  partly. 

•N.  W.  Wyoming  and  Montana  to  Oregon  and  California. 

8.  H.  Fendleri,  Schultz  Bip.     Subscapose,  not  rarely  one  or  two  leaves 
toward  base  of   the  simple  or  paniculately  branching  stem,  sparsely  setose- 
hirsute  :    radical  leaves  spatulate  or  broader ;  cauline  verging  to  lanceolate, 
reduced  above  to  linear  bracts  :  heads  few  and  racemiform-paniculate,  or  more 
numerous  and  corymbosely  disposed :  involucre  puberulent  or  glabrate,  with  or 
without  scattered  setose  hairs :  akenes  tapering  from  near  the  base  to  summit, 
sometimes  reddish,  at  length  commonly  blackish :  pappus  copious,  soft,  sordid- 
whitish.  —  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 


77.    CREPIS,    L. 

Annuals  or  (ours)  perennials,  with  soft  white  pappus  and  narrow-necked 
or  beaked  akenes  (some  truncate  or  merely  tapering  upwards)  :  leaves  entire 
or  inclined  to  be  pinnatifid :  flowers  all  yellow. 

*  Low  or  depressed,  branched  from  the  base,  wholly  glabrous,  bearing  numerous 

clustered  heads :  involucre  of  narrowly  linear  obtuse  equal  bracts:  akenes  nar- 
row, IQ-striate,  having  at  summit  a  disk  bearing  the  pappus. 

1.  C.  nana,  Richards.      Forming  depressed  tufts  on  creeping  rootstocks : 
leaves  chiefly  radical,  obovate  to  spatulate,  entire,  rep<md-dentate,  or  It/rate, 
commonly  equalling  the  clustered  scapes  or  stems:    heads  in  fruit  nearly 
£  inch  high  :    akenes   linear,  unequally  ribbed,  obscurely  contracted  under  the 
moderately  dilated  pappiferous  disk.  —  Alpine  mountain  summits  in  Colorado 
and  California,  thence  far  northward. 

2.  C.  elegans,  Hook.     Many-stemmed  from  a  tap-root,  diffusely  branched  : 
leaves  entire  or  nearly  so ;  radical  spatulate,  cauline  from  lanceolate  to  linear : 
heads  smaller :  akenes  linear-fusiform,  minutely  scabrous  on  the  equal  narrow 
ribs,  attenuate  into  a  short  slender  beak,  which  is  discoid-dilated  at  summit.  — 
From  Montana  and  Dakota  to  the  Saskatchewan. 

*  #  More  robust  and  taller,  with  scapiform  or  few-leaved  stems  and  larger  heads: 

akenes  thicker,  not  dilated-discoid  at  the  insertion  of  the  pappus. 
•»-  No  canescent  pubescence:  foliage  mostly  glabrous:  involucre  many-flowered; 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  219 

its  bracts  narrow,  acute,  little  thickened  below  after  flowering :   pappus  not 
remarkably  copious:    leaves  mostly  radical. 

3.  C   glauca,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Usually  scapose,  1  to  2  feet  high,  glauces- 
cent  or  glaucous :    radical  leaves  from  obovate-spatulate  to  lanceolate,  from 
entire  to  laciniate-pinnat/fld :    involucre  4  lines  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  as 
also  the  peduncles :   akenes  oblong,  with  slightly  narrowed  summit,  strongly 
and  evenly  10-ribbed.  —  Fl.  ii.  438.     Moist  ground,  from  the  Saskatchewan 
and  Nebraska  to  Utah  and  Nevada. 

4.  C.  runcinata,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Not  glaucous  or  slightly  so,  1  to  2  feet 
high:  radical  leaves  obovate-obloug  to  oblong-lanceolate,  from  repand  to  run- 
cinate-pinnatifld  with  short  lobes  or  teeth ;  cauline  none,  or  small  and  narrow 
at  the  forks  :    involucre  £  inch  high  or  smaller,  pubescent,  often  hirsute,  some- 
times (with  peduncles  and  upper  part  of  scape)  glandular-hispidulous :  akenes 
narrowly  oblong,  moderately  narrowed  upward,  somewhat  evenly  10-ribbed.  — 
Loc.  cit.     In  subalpine  swamps,  from  Colorado  and  Utah  to  Montana  and  the 
Saskatchewan. 

H-  H-  Cinereous-pubescent,  at  least  the  foliage :  bracts  of  the  involucre  at  length 
with  more  or  less  thickened  or  keeled  midrib,  at  least  at  base :  leaves  usually 
laciniate-pinnatifld. 

•M.  Principal  bracts  of  the  involucre  and  flowers  5  to  8 :  no  hirsute  pubescence: 
pappus  moderately  copious  and  soft. 

5.  C.  acuminata,  Nutt.     Minutely  cinereous  below,  but  green :   stem 
slender,  1  to  3  feet  high,  1  to  3-leaved,  bearing  a  fastigiate  or  coryrnbiform 
cyme  of  numerous  small  heads :   leaves  elongated,  slender-petioled,  oblong- 
lanceolate   in   outline,  laciniate-pinnatifid,  tapering   to  both  ends,  the  apex 
usually  into  a  lanceolate  or  linear  tail-like  prolongation :  involucre  £  to  £  inch 
long,  rarely  over  6-flowered,  smooth  and  glabrous:  akenes  at  maturity  fusi- 
form, considerably  longer  than  the  pappus,  lightly  striate-costate,  moderately 
attenuate  at  summit.  —  Dry  ground,  Montana  and  Wyoming  to  E.  Oregon, 
Utah,  and  California. 

6.  C.   intermedia,  Gray.     Habit  and  foliage  of  the  preceding,  or  less 
tall,  more  ciuereous-puberulent,  usually  with  fewer  heads:  involucre  \  inch  or 
more  long,  canescently  puberulent ;  its  bracts  in  age  more  carinate  by  thick- 
ened midrib:    akenes  acutely  10  costate  at  maturity,  oblong-fusiform,  slightly 
attenuate  upward,  longer  than  or  equalling  the  pappus.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  432. 
C.  acuminata,  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.,  partly.     Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado  to  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  California,  and  north  to  Washington  Territory. 

Var.  gracilis,  Gray.  A  very  slender  form,  with  rhachis  and  apical  pro- 
longation as  well  as  lobes  of  the  leaves  attenuate-linear.  —  Loc.  cit.  C.  occi- 
dentalis,  var.  gracilis,  Eaton. 

•»•+  -t-n-  Principal  bracts  of  involucre  9  to  24  and  flowers  10  to  30:  pappus  exceed- 
ingly copious  and  harsher. 

7.  C.  OCCidentalis,  Nutt.     Often   hirsute  as  well  as  canescent,  rather 
robust,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  so  high,  commonly  leafy-stemmed  and  branching : 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  broader  in  outline,  variously  laciniate-pinnatifid  or 
incised,  apex  seldom  much  prolonged  :  involucre  \  to  §  inch  high,  canescent : 
akenes  longer  than  the  pappus,  usually  with  tapering  summit  and  acute  ribs. 


220  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

—  Plains  of  Nebraska  and  Wyoming  to  Washington  Territory,  and  south  to 
the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  California. 


78.    PRENANTHES,   Vaffl. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  loosely  paniculate  heads,  few-nerved  akenes,  and  soft 
bright  white  pappus.  Ours  belong  to  the  subgenus  Nabalus,  with  more  con- 
tracted inflorescence,  dull-colored  flowers,  more  nerved  akenes,  and  stiffer 
sordid  pappus. 

1.  P.  racemosa,  Michx.     Stems  simple,  1  to  5  feet  high,  leafy  up  to  the 
inflorescence,  with  the  leaves  glabrous  and  glaucous :  leaves  ordinarily  only 
denticulate;  radical  and  lower  leaves  spatulate-oblong  to  obovate,  tapering  into 
winged  petioles ;  upper  cauline  lanceolate  to  ovate,  partly  clasping,  the  broader 
ones  by  a  cordate  or  auriculate  base :  heads  not  at  all  drooping,  crowded  in  an 
elongated  thyrsus,  a  span  to  2  feet  long :  involucre  loosely  hirsute :  flowers  pur- 
plish:  akenes  about  15-nerved,  somewhat  angled  by  4  or  5  of  the  stronger 
nerves.  —  Nabalus  racemosus,   DC.     From   Colorado  to  the   Saskatchewan, 
thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.  P.  alata,  Gray.    A  foot  or  two  high,  the  larger  plants  branching  :  leaves 
hastate-deltoid,  sharply  and  irregularly  dentate,  abruptly  contracted  or  some  of  the 
upper  cunealely  decurrent  into  winged  petioles,  or  small  uppermost  narrower 
and  sessile  by  a  tapering  base :  heads  somewhat  pendulous,  loosely  and  someivhat 
corymbosely  paniculate:  involucre  of  8  to  10  greenish  bracts  :  flowers  purplish : 
akenes  slender,  at  least  sometimes  with  a  tapering  summit.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i. 
435.     Nabalus  alatus,  Hook.    From  the  far  north  to  Oregon,  represented  in 
the  mountains  of  N.  Montana  by 

Var.  sagittata,  Gray.  Leaves  sagittate  or  hastate,  with  basal  lobes 
mostly  slender  and  prolonged :  heads  in  a  virgate  panicle :  involucre  pale 
green,  very  glabrous :  immature  akenes  not  tapering  to  the  summit.  — 
Loc.  cit. 

79.    LYGODESMIA,   Don. 

Mostly  smooth  and  glabrous ;  with  usually  rush-like  rigid  or  tough  stems, 
linear  or  scale-like  leaves,  and  terminal  or  scattered  heads  which  are  always 
erect :  the  flowers  pink  or  rose-color. 

*  Erect  perennials,  with  striate-angled  junciform  stems  and  branches,  and  terminal 
solitary  heads:  akenes  slender,  terete,  almost  filiform,  slightly  tapering  to  sum- 
mit :  pappus  soft  and  copious,  whitish  or  sordid. 

1.  L.  juncea,  Don.     Fastigiately  much  branched  from  the  deep-rooted  base, 
about  a  foot  high  :  leaves  persistent,  small,  somewhat  nervose ;  lower  lanceo- 
late-linear from  a  broadish  base,  inch  or  two  long ;  upper  reduced  to  small  subu- 
late scales  :  involucre  at  most  £  inch  long,  5-flowered  :  ligules  $  or  £  inch  long. 
—  Plains  of  the  Saskatchewan  and  Minnesota  to  New  Mexico  and  Nevada. 

2.  L.  grandifiora,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stems  separate  or  few  from  the  root, 
simple  below,  a  span  to  a  foot  high ;  the  larger  plants  leafy,  corymbosely 
branched  above,  and  bearing  few  or  numerous  short-pedunculate  heads  :  leaves 
all  entire,  of  firm  and  thickish  texture,  linear-attenuate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  only 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  221 

the  very  uppermost  reduced  to  scales :  involucre  fully  f  inch  long,  5  to  1 0- 
flowered:  ligules  of  equal  length,  showy,  rose-red.  —  Fl.  ii.  485.  Gravelly  hills, 
W.  Wyoming  and  Utah. 

*  *  Paniculately  branched  annuals :  pappus  white  and  soft. 
3.  L.  rostrata,  Gray.  Stem  erect,  1  to  3  feet  high,  striate,  leafy,  corym- 
bose-paniculate :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  attenuate  to  both  ends,  entire,  ob- 
scurely 3-nerved ;  cauline  3  to  7  inches  long,  barely  2  lines  wide ;  uppermost 
slender-subulate :  heads  numerous,  on  scaly-bracteolate  erect  peduncles :  invo- 
lucre 8  to  9-flowered,  of  as  many  very  narrowly  linear  bracts :  rays  small  and 
narrow,  probably  purplish :  akenes  slender-fusiform,  distinctly  attenuate  at 
summit,  longer  than  the  soft  rather  dull-white  pappus.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix. 
217.  L.juncea,  var.  rostrata,  Gray.  Plains,  from  the  Saskatchewan  to  Wyo- 
ming and  Colorado. 

80.    TBOXIMON,    Nutt. 

Acaulescent  or  nearly  so;  with  a  cluster  of  sessile  or  subsessile  radical 
leaves,  and  simple  scapes  bearing  a  head  of  yellow  or  rarely  purple  flowers. 
Includes  both  Troximon  and  Macrorhynchus  of  the  Western  Reports. 

§  1.  Akenes  beakless,  or  tapering  gradually  into  a  short  and  thickish  beak,  on 
which  the  nerves  or  ribs  of  the  bod//  are  prolonged  to  the  apex:  pappus  some- 
what rigid.  —  EUTROXIMON. 

1.  T.  CUSpidatum,  Pursh.      Glaucescent,   somewhat  tomentose  when 
young,  a  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  entire,  elongated  linear-lanceolate  and  up- 
wardly linear-attenuate,  mostly  ciliate :  involucre  about  an  inch  high ;  its  bracts 
in  2  or  3  series,  all  tapering  to  a  slender  acumination,  glabrous :  akenes  becoming 
3  or  4  lines  long,  rather  shorter  than  the  unequal  pappus,  beakless.  —  Prairies, 
from  Dakota  to  Wisconsin  and  W.  Illinois. 

2.  T.  glaucum,  Nutt.     Usually  a  foot  or  two  high,  rather  stout,  pale  or 
glaucous,  either  glabrous  or  with  loose  pubescence :  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate, 
from  entire  to  sparingly  dentate  or  sometimes  laciniate,  4  to  12  inches  long:  invo- 
lucre commonly  an  inch  high   and   many-flowered;    its   bracts  lanceolate  or 
broader;  outer  series  shorter,  often  pubescent  or  even  villous:  akenes  with  the 
stout  nerved  beak  5  or  6  lines  long,  longer  than  the  pappus.  —  Macrorhynchus 
glaucus,  Eaton.    Grassy  plains,  Saskatchewan  and  Dakota  to  British  Columbia, 
and  mountains  of  Utah  and  Colorado. 

Var.  parviflorum,  Gray.  A  small  and  slender  form :  leaves  only  2  to  G 
inches  long :  scape  a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  head  smaller  and  narrower.  — 
Synopt.  Fl.  i.  437.  T.  parviflorum,  Nutt.  Plains  of  Nebraska  and  Wyoming 
to  the  mountains  of  New  Mexico. 

Var.  laciniatum,  Gray.  Dwarf  (a  span  or  two  high),  with  the  small 
heads  of  the  preceding  variety,  varying  to  larger,  glabrous  or  glabrate,  when 
young  often  cinereous-pubescent  throughout :  rays  sometimes  purplish  exter- 
nally or  in  fading  :  leaves  mostly  of  lanceolate  outline  and  lacmiate-pinnatifid. 
—  Bot.  Calif,  i.  437.  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  California. 

Var.  dasycephalum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Commonly  robust,  with  large  and 
broad  heads :  the  involucre  inch  broad  as  well  as  high,  and  from  villous  to 
cinereous-pubescent,  sometimes  early  glabrate :  receptacle  not  rarely  bearing 


222  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

a  few  chaffy  bracts  among  the  flowers :  leaves  from  elongated-lanceolate  to 
oblong-spatulate,  from  entire  to  laciniate  or  rarely  pinuatifid :  scape  from  a 
span  to  2  feet  high.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Wash- 
ington Territory,  northeastward  to  Dakota  and  the  Arctic  regions. 

§  2.     Akenes  with  a  slender  and  mostly  filiform  nerveless  beak  and  soft  pap- 
pus. —  MACRORHYNCHUS. 

3.  T.  aurantiacum,  Hook.    Loosely  soft-pubescent  and  glabrate  :  leaves 
from  linear-lanceolate  to  spatulate,  thinnish,  entire,  or  sparingly  laciniate-den- 
tate,  occasionally  pinnatifid :  scape  from  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high  :  invo- 
lucre 7  to  9  lines  high ;  its  bracts  from  broadly  to  narrowly  lanceolate  and 
acute,  or  outer  and  looser  ones  oblong  and  obtuse :  flowers  orange,  commonly 
changing  to  brownish  red  or  purple :  akenes  thickish,  3  or  4  lines  long,  and 
the  firm   beak  only  2  or  3  lines  long:  pappus  somewhat   rigidulous. —  Macro- 
rhynchus  troximoides,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Northern  Rocky  Mountains  to  British 
Columbia  and  Oregon,  and  mountains  of  Colorado. 

Var.  purpureum,  Gray.  Leaves  apparently  thickish,  laciniate,  and  with 
the  purple-tinged  involucre  very  glabrous  or  glabrate :  "  flowers  purple."  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  72.  New  Mexico,  and  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado. 

4.  T.  gracilens,  Gray.     Resembles  slender  forms  of  preceding :  leaves 
mostly  entire,  flaccid,  from  lanceolate  to  nearly  linear,  or  some  narrowly  spatu- 
late:  scape  10  to  18  inches  high:  head  and  iuvolucral  bracts  narrow:  flowers 
deep  orange :  akenes  fusiform-linear,  3  or  4  lines  long ;  the  very  slender  beak  4 
or  5  lines  long:  pappus  soft,  but  not  flaccid.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  71.    Moun- 
tains in  N.  Wyoming  to  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory. 


81.    TARAXACUM,    Haller.        DANDELION. 

Perennials,  sending  up  in  the  spring,  from  a  rosulate  cluster  of  runcinate- 
pinnatifid  or  lyrate  radical  leaves,  naked  fistulous  scapes,  which  elongate  with 
and  after  the  blooming  of  the  showy  head  of  yellow  flowers :  involucre  re- 
flexed  at  maturity :  fruit,  with  the  expanded  pappus  raised  on  the  elongated 
beak,  displayed  in  a  globose  body. 

1.  T.  officinale,  Weber.  Root  vertical:  leaves  from  spatulate-oblong  to 
lanceolate,  from  irregularly  dentate  to  runcinate-pinnatifid  :  akenes  oblong- 
obovate  or  narrower,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  conical  or  pyramidal  apex, 
which  is  prolonged  into  a  filiform  beak  of  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the 
akene.  In  the  ordinary  form  of  the  fields  the  involucral  bracts  are  obscurely 
or  not  at  all  corniculate,  and  the  calyculate  bracts  are  linear,  elongated,  and 
recurved  ;  leaves  usually  lobed.  —  T.  Dens-leonis,  Desf.  Common  everywhere 
in  fields  and  yards. 

Var.  alpinum,  Koch.  Outer  involucral  bracts  ovate  to  broadly  lanceo- 
late, spreading,  none  conspicuously  corniculate.  —  Labrador  to  British  Colum- 
bia, and  southward  along  higher  mountains  to  Colorado  and  California. 

Var.  lividum,  Koch.  Outer  involucral  bracts  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
all  apt  to  be  dark-colored  in  drying,  obscurely  or  not  at  all  corniculate :  leaves 
from  denticulate  to  runcinate-dentate,  sometimes  pinnatifid.  —  T.  palustre,  DC. 
Rocky  Mountains,  from  New  Mexico  to  the  Arctic  coast. 


COMPOSITE.       (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.)  223 

Var.  SCOpulorum,  Gray.  Minute  :  leaves  and  scape  an  inch  or  less  long : 
head  3  or  in  fruit  even  5  lines  high,  narrow,  few-flowered :  outer  involucral 
bracts  lanceolate,  rather  loose ;  inner  somewhat  corniculate.  —  T.  Icevigatum, 
Gray.  Highest  alpine  region  of  the  liocky  Mountains  in  Colorado. 

82.    PYRRHOPAPPUS,  DC. 

With  leafy  or  (in  ours)  scapiforra  stems,  undivided  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and 
rather  large  slender  pedunculate  heads  of  golden  yellow  flowers.  Our  species 
is  rnonocephalous. 

1.  P.  SCapoSUS,  DC.  Hirsutulous-pubescent,  low  and  simple:  globular 
tuber  sending  up  a  slender  caudex,  bearing  at  the  surface  of  the  ground  a 
cluster  of  pinnatifid  leaves  and  scapes  of  a  span  or  two  high:  the  latter  sim- 
ple and  naked,  sometimes  a  bract  or  small  leaf  near  the  base :  head  seldom  an 
inch  high  in  fruit :  calyculate  bracts  of  involucre  short  and  small,  subulate ; 
principal  ones  obscurely  corniculate  at  tip :  flowers  citron-yellow :  pappus 
fulvous.  —  P.  grandiflorus,  Nutt.  Prairies  of  Arkansas  to  E.  Colorado. 

83.    LACTUCA,1   Tourn.        LETTUCE. 

Mostly  tall  herbs,  with  milky  juice,  leafy  stems,  and  paniculate  heads  of 
yellow,  blue,  or  whitish  flowers:  involucre  glabrous  and  smooth.  Includes 
Mulgedium. 

#  Akenes  flat,  orbicular  to  oblong,  abruptly  produced  into  a  filiform  beak  of  softer 

texture. 

1.  L.  Ludoviciana,  DC.    Glabrous,  leafy  to  the  open  panicle,  2  to  5  feet 
high :  leaves  all  oblong  and  auriculate-clasping,  3  or  4  inches  long,  sinuate-pin- 
natifid,  somewhat  spinulosely  dentate,  more  or  less  bnstly-ciliate,  more  or  less 
hispidulous-setose  on  the  midrib  beneath :  flowers  yellow :  akenes  oblong-oval, 
about  equalled  by  the  flliform  beak.  —  From  Dakota  and  Wyoming  to  Iowa  and 
Texas. 

2.  L.  pulchella,  DC.     A  foot  or  two  high,  very  glabrous,  glaucescent, 
leafy  up  to  the  open  panicle :  leaves  from  linear-lanceolate  to  narrowly  oblong, 
entire  or  runcinate-dentate,  or  some  lower  ones  pinnatifid ;  cauline  sessile,  with 

*  The  Old  World  genus  Sonchus,  Tourn.,  ("Sow-Thistle.")  with  leafy  stems,  yellow 
flowers,  and  white  pappus,  hag  become  extensively  naturalized  in  the'  east,  and  the  follow- 
ing species  have  appeared  within  our  range :  — 

*  Coarse  annuals  ;  with  runcinately  or  lyrately  pinnatifid  leaves,  beset  with  soft  spinulose 

serratures;  upper  cauline  auriculate-clasping:   heads  corymbose-paniculate :  akenes 
flat,  thin-edged,  oblong- obovate 

S.  oleraceus,  L.,  has  leaves  with  soft  and  hardly  spinulose  teeth  ;  auricles  of  the  cauline 
ones  acute  ;  akenes  striate-nerved  and  transversely  rugulose-scabrous. 

S.  asper,  Vill. ,  has  teeth  of  the  leaves  longer  and  more  prickly ;  auricles  of  the  clasp- 
ing base  rounded  ;  and  akenes  smooth,  3-nerved  on  each  side. 

*  *  Strong-rooted  perennial,  with  deep  yellow  flowers,  and  thickish  akenes. 
S.  arvensis,  L.,  has  stems  2  feet  high  and  naked  at  the  summit ;  leaves  as  before,  den- 
ticulate-spin ulose,  cauline  partly  clasping ;  peduncles  and  involucre  more  or  less  glandular- 
bristly  ;  heads  almost  twice  as  long  (1  inch  high) ;  akenes  oblong,  about  10-ribbed  and 
ruguloae  on  the  ribs. 


224  LOBELIACE^E.      (LOBELIA  FAMILY.) 

base  not  auriculate-dasping :  flowers  bright  blue  or  violet-purple :  akenes  lanceolate- 
oblong,  barely  2  Hues  long,  striate-nervose  ;  the  tip  of  short  (no  longer  than  the 
breadth  of  the  body)   beak  soft  and  usually  whitish.  —  Mulgedium  pulchellum, 
Nutt.    From  New  Mexico  to  California,  British  Columbia,  and  eastward. 
*  #  Akenes  thickish,  oblong,  with  some  strong  ribs  and  nerves,  contracted  at  the 

summit  into  a  short  but  manifest  neck. 

3.  L.  leucophsea,  Gray.  Stem  3  to  12  feet  high,  stout,  leafy  up  to  the 
pyramidal  rather  crowded  panicle  :  leaves  ample,  sinuately  or  runcinately 
pinnatifid,  coarsely  and  irregularly  or  doubly  dentate ;  upper  cauline  sessile 
by  a  mostly  narrowed  but  auriculate  or  partly  clasping  base  :  involucre  oblong, 
5  lines  high :  flowers  bluish  to  yellowish  or  whitish  :  pappus  sordid  or  fus- 
cous. —  Mulgedium  leucophceum,  DC.  Across  the  continent  from  Oregon  to  the 
mountains  of  Carolina  and  northward. 


ORDER  43.    LOBELIACEJE.     (LOBELIA  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  with  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  scattered  flowers,  irregular 
5-lobed  corolla,  and  the  5  stamens  free  from  the  corolla  and  united 
into  a  tube  commonly  by  their  filaments  and  always  by  their  an- 
thers. Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  2-celled,  many-seeded  capsule: 
style  ane. 

1.  Lobelia.    Corolla  open  down  to  the  base  on  one  side. 

2.  Laurentia.    Corolla  with  a  closed  tube.    Capsule  wholly  inferior. 


1.    LOBELIA,   L. 

Calyx-tube  5-cleft,  with  a  short  tube.  Corolla  with  a  straight  tube  and 
somewhat  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  of  2  rather  erect  lobes,  the  lower  lip  spread- 
ing and  3-cleft.  Capsule  2-celled,  opening  at  the  top.  —  Flowers  axillary  or 
chiefly  in  bracted  racemes. 

1.  L.  cardinalis,  L.     Stem  tall,  simple,  2  to  4  feet  high,  smoothish : 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  slightly  toothed:  raceme  elongated,  rather  one-sided: 
flowers  large,  deep  red ;  the  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  leaf-like  bracts.  — 
Colorado,  and  throughout  the  States  eastward.     The  intense  red  of  the  flower 
varies  to  rose-color  and  even  white.     Known  as  "  Cardinal  Flower." 

2.  L.  Syphilitica,  L.     Stems  simple,  2  to  3  feet  high,  leafy  to  the  top, 
somewhat  hairy  :  leaves  thin,  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends, 
irregularly  serrate :  flowers  in  a  long  spike-like  raceme,  light  blue,  rarely  white : 
sinuses  of  the  calyx  with  deflexed  auricles.  —  From  Colorado  to  Dakota  and 
throughout  the  States  eastward. 

2.    LAURENTIA,    Micheli. 

Calyx-tube  turbinate  or  oblong.  Corolla  with  its  tube  as  long  as  the  limb, 
which  is  like  that  of  Lobelia.  Capsule  short,  2-valved  at  the  summit.  —  Low 
herbs,  resembling  small  species  of  Lobelia,  excepting  the  closed  tube  of  the 
corolla.  Flowers  blue. 


CAMPANULACE.32.      (CAMPANULA  FAMILY.)          225 

1 .  Li.  carnosilla,  Benth.  Annual,  rooting  in  the  mud,  glabrous,  1  to  5 
inches  high :  leaves  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate,  entire,  sessile,  \  to  £  inch 
long  :  flowers  axillary  and  above  corymbose  or  racemose,  long-pedicelled.  — 
Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  444.  Porterella  carnulosa,  Torr.,  of  Hayd.  Rep.  1872,  488. 
Muddy  borders  of  ponds  and  streams  from  the  Californian  Sierras  to  Utah 
and  Wyoming. 

ORDER  44.    CAUIPANULACEjE.    (CAMPANULA  FAMILY.) 

Like  the  Lobeliacece,  but  the  corolla  regular  bell-shaped,  the  stamens 
usually  distinct  and  the  capsule  (in  ours)  3-celled.  —  Flowers  generally 
blue  and  showy. 

1.  Specularia.    Calyx-tube  more  or  less  elongated  and  narrow.    Corolla  short  and  broad, 

rotate  when  expanded.     Capsule  prismatic  or  elongated. 

2.  Campanula.    Calyx-tube  short  and  broad.     Corolla  generally  bell-shaped.    Capsule 

mostly  short. 

1.    SPECULARIA,    Heister.        VENUS'S  LOOKING-GLASS. 

Flowers  dimorphous ;  the  earlier  ones  smaller,  with  undeveloped  corolla, 
and  a  3  or  4-lobed  calyx.  The  calyx-lobes  of  the  later  corolliferous  flowers  5. 
Capsule  with  valvular  openings  either  near  the  summit  or  near  the  middle. — 
Annuals,  with  leafy  slender  stems,  and  sessile  flowers.  Corolla  blue  or 
purplish. 

1.  S.  leptocarpa,  Gray.     Minutely  hirsute  or  nearly  glabrous:  stems  a 
span  or  two  high,  virgate,  mostly  simple  or  branched  from  the  base :  leaves 
lanceolate :  capsule  nearly  cylindrical,  ^  to  f  inch  long,  inclined  to  curve  and 
rarely  to  twist,  opening  by  one  or  two  uplifted  valves  near  the  summit;  the  low- 
est also  often  splitting  longitudinally  from  the  summit:   seeds  oblong.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xi.  82.     Arkansas  to  W.  Texas  and  Colorado. 

2.  S.  perfoliata,  A.  DC.     Stems  8  to  20  inches  high,  very  leafy  through- 
out, hirsute  or  hispid  on  the  angles  :  leaves  round-cordate  and  clasping,  mostly 
crenate,  veiny :    flowers  single  or  clustered  in  the  axils :   capsule  oblong  or 
somewhat  obconical;  the  2  or  3  valvular  openings  at  or  below  the  middle;  the 
capsule  not  disposed  to  split:  seeds  lenticular. — From  Colorado  to  Utah  and 
Oregon,  also  throughout  the  States  eastward. 

2.    CAMPANULA,    Tourn.        BELL-FLOWER,  HAREBELL. 

Flowers  all  alike  and  corolliferous.    Filaments  dilated  at  base.     Capsule 
opening  on  the  sides  or  near  the  base  by  3  to  5  small  uplifted  valves  or  per- 
forations. —  Flowers  blue  or  white.     Ours  have  naked  sinuses  to  the  calyx. 
#  Capsule  opening  near  or  at  the  summit,  erect:  low  and  usually  \-flowered  alpine 
or  subalpine  plants. 

1.  C.  Uniflora,  L.  Chiefly  glabrous,  1  to  4  inches  high,  from  a  stout 
several-headed  rootstock:  leaves  small,  an  inch  or  less  long,  thickish,  entire  or 
nearly  so ;  the  lowest  spatulate  or  oblong,  obtuse ;  uppermost  linear :  /lowers 
4  to  6  lines  in  length,  mostly  horizontal :  calyx-tube  nearly  as  long  as  the  lobes, 

15 


226  ERICACEAE.      (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

which  are  from  half  to  fully  as  long  as  the  deeply  campanulate  bluish  corolla : 
capsule  cylindraceous  or  clavate,  \  inch  long.  —  On  bare  alpine  slopes  in  the 
Colorado  Rocky  Mountains,  and  extending  into  the  arctic  regions. 

2.  C.  planiflora,  Engelm.     Glabrous,  from  a  few  inches  to  a  span  high, 
from  a  filiform  rootstock  bearing  similar  subterranean  stolons :  leaves  1  to  2 
inches  long,  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  the  lowest  ones  sometimes  broader, 
all  more  or  less  dentate  or  denticulate :  flowers  larger,  erect :  calyx-lobes  several 
times  longer  than  the  tube  and  exceeding  the  tube  of  the  shallow,  wide  open, 
reddish-purple  corolla :  capsule  ovate  or  turbinate,  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes 
or  shorter. — Bot.   Gaz,  vii.  5.     C.  Langsdorffiana  of  the  Rocky  Mountain 
Floras.    C.  Scheuchzeri,  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.,  as  to  Colorado  forms.     In  subalpine 
meadows,  Colorado.    The  large  shallow  corolla  is  four  times  wider  than  deep. 
#  *  Capsule  opening  near  or  at  the  base :  taller,  usually  several  to  many-flowered, 

and  in  lower  ground:  rootstocks  filiform. 

3.  C.  rotundifolia,  L.    Stems  diffuse  or  erect,  a  foot  or  two  long,  1  to 
9-flowered,  smooth :  radical  leaves  slender-petioled,  orbicular  or  cordate ;  cauline 
leaves  linear :  flower-buds  erect :   calyx-lobes  setaceous-subulate :    corolla   bright 
blue,  campanulate,  4  to  1  inch  long:  capsule  nodding.  —  A  subarctic  species, 
ranging  southward  in  the  mountains  to  Mexico. 

4.  C.  aparinoides,  Pursh.     Stem  almost  filiform,  a  foot  or  two  high, 
equally  leafy  to  the  top,  its  sharp  angles  rough  with  short  retrorse  bristles :  so 
also  the  midrib  beneath  and  the  margins  of  the  lanceolate  or  linear  sessile  leaves: 
flower-buds  drooping :  calyx-lobes  triangular:  corolla  pale  blue  or  whitish,  deeply 
cleft,  the  lobes  2  lines  long  or  less:  capsule  erect.  —  Wet  grassy  grounds  from 
Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  eastward. 


ORDER  45.    ERICACEAE.    (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs,  sometimes  herbs,  with  the  flowers  regular  or  nearly  so,  the 
stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  4  to  5  lobes  or  petals  of  the 
corolla,  free  or  nearly  free  from  it,  anthers  2-celled,  commonly  appen- 
daged  or  opening  by  terminal  chinks  or  pores,  style  one,  ovary  3  to 
10-celled. 

SUBORDER  I.     VACCIMIE^E. 

Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  which  forms  a  berry  crowned 
with  the  calyx-teeth.  Corolla  always  gamopetalous  and  epigynous.  — 
Shrubby  or  suffrutescent,  with  scaly  buds  and  alternate  leaves. 

1.  Vaccinium.  Ovary  4  to  5-oelled,  or  by  false  partitions  from  the  back  of  these  cells  8  to 

10-celled,  wholly  inferior :  ovules  numerous.    Anther-cells  tapering  upward  into  a 
tube. 

SUBORDER  IT.    ERICINE^E. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  gamopetalous  or  rarely  polypeta- 
lous,  hypogynous.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees. 

*  Fruit  fleshy,  either  a  berry  or  drupe. 

2.  Arctost  aphylog.    Corolla  urn-shaped.    Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  corolla  lobes, 

included.    Drupe  berry*like,  5  to  10-seeded. 


ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  227 

*  *  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule,  5-celled  and  many-seeded.     (In  ours  the  calyx  becomes 
fleshy  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  small  capsules,  and  hence  the  fruit  resembles  a  berry.) 

3.  Gaultheria.    Calyx  5-cleft,  its  lobes  imbricated.     Corolla  ovate,  urn-shaped  to  cam- 

panulate.  Stamens  10  •  filaments  dilated  towards  the  base :  anthers  usually  awned. 
Capsule  deeply  umbilicate. 

*  *  *  Fruit  a  septicidal  capsule  :  anthers  destitute  of  awns  or  appendages. 

•*-  Corolla  gamopetalous :  flowers  not  from  scaly  buds,  the  bracts  being  leaf-like  or  coria- 
ceous :  capsule  globular. 

4.  Bryanthus.     Corolla  from  campanulate  to  ovoid,  4  to  6-lobed.     Stamens  8  to  10, 

straight.     Leaves  heaih-like,  alternate  but  crowded. 

5.  Kalmia.    Corolla  crateriform  or  saucer-shaped,  5-lobed,  with  10  pouches  below  the 

limb.  Stamens  10 :  the  short  anthers  lodged  in  the  corolla  pouches  in  bud,  so  that 
in  blooming  the  filaments  are  strongly  recurved.  Leaves  alternate,  opposite,  or 
whorled,  flat. 

•»-  *-  Corolla  polypetalous  or  very  nearly  so :  flowers  from  large  scaly  buds,  the  scales  of 
bracts  caducous  :  capsule  oval  or  oblong. 

6.  Ledum.    Calyx  5-lobed  or  parted,  small.     Petals  oval  or  obovate,  widely  spreading. 

Stamens  5  to  10.    Leaves  evergreen. 

SUBORDER  III.     PYROLINEJE. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  polypetalous,  hypogynous. 
Anthers  erect  and  extrorse  in  bud,  with  an  ernarginate  or  2-horned 
base,  where  each  cell  opens  by  a  pore;  but  inverted  in  anthesis  so  that 
the  real  base  with  its  pores  becomes  apical.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule. 
—  Ours  are  herbs  or  nearly  so,  with  broad  evergreen  leaves  and  a  scape 
naked  or  nearly  so. 

7.  Moneses.    Flowers  solitary,  4  or  5-merous.    Petals  widely  spreading,  orbicular.     Sta- 

mens 8  or  10  :  anthers  conspicuously  2-horned.  Style  straight.  Valves  of  the  capsule 
not  woolly  on  the  edges. 

8.  Pyrola.     Flowers  in  a  raceme,  5-merous.    Petals  concave  or  incurved  and  more  or  less 

converging.  Stamens  10,  often  declined.  Style  often  declined  or  turned  downward. 
Valves  of  the  capsule  cobwebby  on  the  edges. 

SUBORDER  IV.    MONOTROPEJ3. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Suborders  II.  and  III.,  but  the  plants  herba- 
ceous, root-parasitic,  scaly,  entirely  destitute  of  green  foliage. 

9.   Pterospora.    Corolla  gamopetalous,  5-toothed.     Anthers  2-celled,  2-awned  on  the 

back,  opening  lengthwise. 

10.   Monotropa.     Corolla  of  4  or  5  separate  narrow  petals.    Anthers  kidney-shaped,  the 
cells  more  or  less  confluent,  opening  across  the  top. 


1.    VACCINIUM,    L.        BLUEBERRY.    BILBERRY. 

Ours  all  belong  to  §  EUVACCINIUM,  which  has  a  corolla  from  ovate  to 
globular  and  more  or  less  urn-shaped,  4  to  5-toothed,  rose-color  or  nearly 
white :  anthers  2-awned  on  the  back,  included :  ovary  and  berry  4  to  5-celled, 
with  no  false  partitions :  leaves  deciduous :  flowers  on  drooping  pedicels, 
solitary  or  2  to  4  together,  developing  with  or  soon  after  the  leaves. 


228  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

*  Flowers  solitary  or  2  to  4  in  a  fascicle,  from  a  distinct  scaly  bud,  more  com- 

monly 4-merous  and  8-androus :   leaves  entire,  sessile  or  nearly  so:  limb  of  the 
calyx  deeply  4  to  5-parted:  berries  blackish-blue  with  a  bloom. 

1 .  V.  occidental©,  Gray.     A  foot  or  more  high,  glabrous :  leaves  glau- 
cescent,  obscurely  veiny,  from  oval  to  obovate-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse 
or  aeutish :    flower  mostly  solitary  from  the  scaly  bud :  berry  small,  barely 
3  lines  in  diameter.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  451.     In  the  Uinta  Mountains  and  west- 
ward in  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

*  #  Flowers  solitary  in  the  earliest  axils,  usually  5-merous  and  10-androus:  calyx 

less  or  very  slightly  lobed. 
-.-•  Dwarf  and  cespitose:  branches  not  angled. 

2.  V.  CSespitOSUm,  Michx.     Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  3  to  6  inches  high : 
leaves  from  obovate  to  cuueate-obloug,  thickly  serrulate,  bright  green  both 
sides,  reticulate-veiny  (f  to  1  inch  long)  :   berry  proportionally  large,  blue 
with  a  bloom,  sweet.  —  From  the  Colorado  mountains  to  Alaska,  and  east- 
ward in  Labrador  and  the  White  Mountains. 

Var.  cuneifolium,  Nutt.  A  span  to  near  a  foot  high,  bushy :  leaves 
spatulate-cuneate  and  with  rounded  apex,  passing  in  one  form  to  spatulate- 
lanceolate  and  acute  ;  the  earliest  not  rarely  entire.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado 
to  California,  British  Columbia,  and  Lake  Superior. 

•<-  •«-  Low :  branches  sharply  angled  and  green :  leaves  small. 

3.  V.  Myrtillus,  L.    A  foot  or  less  high,  glabrous :   leaves  ovate  or 
oval,  thin,  shining,  serrate,  conspicuously  reticulated- veiny,  and  with  a  promi- 
nent narrow  midrib  (£  to  $  inch  long) :  limb  of  calyx  almost  entire:  corolla 
globular-ovate :  berries  black,  nodding.  —  From  Colorado  and  Utah  north- 
ward to  Alaska.     Known  as  "  Whortleberry  "  or  "  Bilberry." 

Var.  microphyllum,  Hook.  A  diminutive  form,  3  to  6  inches  high : 
leaves  2  to  4  lines  long :  corolla,  proportionally  small,  a  line  long :  berries  at 
first  "  light  red."  —  Colorado,  Utah,  and  in  the  Sierras  and  northward. 

2.   ARCTOSTAPHYLOS,  Adans.      BEARBERRY.   MANZANITA. 

Shrubs  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small  mostly  white  or  rose-colored  flowers 
variously  clustered. 

1.  A.  Uva-ursi,  Spreng.  Depressed-trailing  or  creeping,  green:  leaves 
coriaceous  and  evergreen,  oblong-spatulate,  retuse,  an  inch  or  less  long,  taper- 
ing into  a  petiole :  flowers  rather  few  in  simple  small  clusters,  2  lines  long : 
ovary  and  reddish  fruit  glabrous  :  nutlets  1 -nerved  on  the  back.  —  From  New 
Mexico  to  Pennsylvania,  California,  and  northward.  Often  called  "  Kinni- 
kinnick,"  as  well  as  "  Bearberry." 

3.    GAULTHERIA,    Kalm.        AROMATIC  WINTERGREEN. 

Shrubs  or  almost  herbaceous ;  with  broad  evergreen  leaves,  shining  above, 
and  usually  spicy-aromatic  in  flavor,  axillary  white  or  rose-colored  nodding 
flowers  in  early  summer. 

1.  G.  Myrsinites,  Hook.  Cespitose-procumbent  or  depressed,  a  few 
inches  high  :  leaves  orbicular  or  ovate,  denticulate  with  minute  bristle-tipped 


ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  229 

teeth  (|  to  l£  inches  long)  :  pedicels  solitary  in  the  axils,  very  short:  corolla 
depressed-campanulate,  little  exceeding  the  calyx  :  apex  of  anthers  obscurely 
4-poiuted :  fruit  scarlet,  with  pine-apple  flavor.  —  In  the  mountains  from 
Colorado  and  Utah  to  British  America  and  westward. 

4.    BRYANTHUS,    Steller,  Gmelin. 

Heath-like  alpine  evergreens ;  with  much  crowded  linear-obtuse  leaves 
(^  inch  or  less  long).  In  ours  the  flowers  are  racemose-clustered  at  the  sum- 
mit of  the  branches,  the  pedicels  glandular  and  subtended  by  foliaceous  arid 
rigid  bracts,  and  the  almost  smooth  leaves  have  strongly  revolute  thickened 
margins. 

1.  B.  empetriformis,  Gray.  A  span  or  more  high:  pedicels  some- 
what umbellate  :  corolla  rose-color,  2  or  3  lines  long,  campanulate,  barely 
5-lobed ;  the  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  tube :  stamens  included  :  style 
either  included  or  exserted. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  377.  Mountains  of  W. 
Wyoming,  Montana,  and  northwestward. 

5.    KALMIA,    L.        AMERICAN  LAUREL. 

Leaves  evergreen  and  entire :  the  showy  flowers  umbellate-clustered,  rose- 
colored,  purple  or  white :  limb  of  the  corolla  in  bud  strongly  10-keeled  from 
the  pouches  upward,  the  salient  keels  running  to  the  apex  of  the  lobes  and 
to  the  sinuses. 

1.  K.  glauca,  Ait.  Shrub  1  or  2  feet  high,  glabrous,  mostly  glaucous, 
branchlets  2-edged :  leaves  all  opposite  or  rarely  in  threes,  almost  sessile,  ob- 
long or  linear-oblong,  or  appearing  narrower  by  the  usual  strong  revolution 
of  the  edges,  glaucous-white  beneath :  flowers  in  spring  in  a  simple  terminal 
umbel  or  corymb,  lilac-purple,  £  to  §  inch  in  diameter.  —  Bogs,  Colorado 
and  northward,  thence  eastward  across  the  continent.  The  forms  extending 
southward  into  the  Colorado  mountains  are  depauperate  alpine  forms  a  span 
high  and  with  leaves  barely  i  inch  long  (var.  microphylla,  Hook.). 

6.    LEDUM,    L.        LABRADOR  TEA. 

Low  shrubs,  with  alternate  persistent  leaves,  which  are  entire  and  more  or 
less  resinous -dotted,  slightly  fragrant  when  bruised :  flowers  white,  devel- 
oped in  early  summer  from  terminal  or  sometimes  lateral  buds ;  pedicels 
recurved  in  fruit. 

1.  L.  glandulosum,  Nutt.  Shrub  2  to  6  feet  high,  stout :  leaves  oblong 
or  oval,  or  approaching  lanceolate  (1  or  2  inches  long),  glabrous  both  sides, 
pale  or  whitish  and  minutely  resinous-atomiferous  beneath  :  inflorescence  often 
compound  and  crowded  :  capsules  oval,  retuse.  —  From  California  northward 
and  eastward  into  British  America,  occurring  in  the  northwestern  border  of 
our  range. 

7.    MONESES,    Salisb. 

Cells  of  the  anther  oblong,  abruptly  constricted  under  the  orifice  into  a 
conspicuous  short-tubular  neck. 


230  ERICACE^:.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

1.  M.  uniflora,  Gray.  Herb  with  1 -flowered  scape  2  to  4  inches  high,  a 
cluster  of  roundish  and  serrulate  thin  leaves  at  base,  on  a  short  stem  or  the 
ascending  summit  of  a  filiform  rootstock  :  corolla  white  or  tinged  with  rose- 
color,  about  §  inch  in  diameter. —  Deep  moist  woods,  Colorado  and  Utah  to 
Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  and  northward. 

8.    PYROLA,    Tourn.        WINTERGREEN.     SHIN-LEAF. 

Acaulescent  evergreens ;  with  a  cluster  of  round  or  roundish  leaves,  and 
some  scarious  scales  on  the  ascending  summit  of  slender  subterranean  root- 
stocks  :  scape  more  or  less  scaly-bracted,  bearing  a  raceme  of  white,  greenish, 
or  purplish  nodding  flowers,  in  summer. 

*  Style  straight,  much  narrower  than  the  expanded  depressed  5-rayed  stigma: 
anthers  not  narrowed  below  the  openings. 

1.  P.  minor,  L.     Leaves  orbicular,  thinnish,  obscurely  serrulate  or  crenu- 
late,  an  inch  or  less  long :  scape  a  span  high,  7  to  15-flowered  :  petals  white  or 
flesh-colored,  orbicular,  naked  at  the  base,  globose-connivent :  stigma  peltate, 
large,  obscurely  5-lobed :  hypogynous  disk  none.  —  Mountains  from  New  Mexico 
to  Oregon  and  northward,  thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.  P.  secunda,  L.     Inclined  to  be  caulescent  from  a  branching  base : 
leaves  thin,  ovate,  serrulate  or  crenate,  1  or  2  inches  long :  scape  a  span  long, 
bearing  numerous  flowers  in  a  secund  spike-like  raceme :  petals  greenish  white, 
oblong,  each  with  a  pair  of  tubercles  on  the  base,  equally  connivent :  stigma  pel- 
tate, large,  5-lobed:  hypogynous  disk  IQ-lobed. —  Mountains  of  Colorado,  Cali- 
fornia, and  far  northward  and  eastward. 

*  #  Style  strongly  declined  or  decurved  and  toward  the  apex  more  or  less  curved 
upward,  longer  than  the  concave  somewhat  campanulate-connivent  or  partly 
spreading  petals :  stigma  much  narrower  than  the  truncate  and  usually  exca- 
vated apex  of  the  style,  which  forms  a  ring  or  collar :  anthers  more  or  less 
contracted  under  the  terminal  orifices. 

3.  P.  chlorantha,  Swartz.     Leaves  small  (\  to  1  inch  in  diameter), 
orbicular  or  nearli)  so,  coriaceous,  not  shining,  shorter  than  the  petiole :  scape  4  to 
8  inches  high,  3  to  10-flowered :  calyx-lobes  very  short  and  obtuse  or  rounded, 
appressed  to  the  greenish-white  corolla :  anther-cells  with  distinctly  beaked  tips. 
—  Mountains  of  Colorado,  northward  and  eastward. 

4.  P.  elliptica,  Nutt.     Leaves  oval  or  broadly  oblong,  1|  to  2£  inches  long, 
membranaceous,  acute  or  merely  roundish  at  base,  longer  than  their  petioles,  pli- 
cately  serrulate:  scape  a  span  or  more  high,  loosely  several  to  many-flowered  : 
calyx-lobes  ovate  and  acute,  short :  corolla  greenish  white  :  anther-tips  hardly  at 
all  beaked.  —  Mountains  of  New  Mexico  to  British  Columbia,  the  N.  Atlantic 
States,  and  Canada. 

5.  P.  rotundifolia,  L.     Leaves  generally  orbicular  or  broadly  oval,  l£  to 
2  inches  long,  obscurely  crenulate  or  entire,  coriaceous,  shining  above,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  slender  petioles :  scape  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  several  to  many- 
flowered,  scaly-bracteate :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  usually  £  or 
J  the  length  of  the  white  or  flesh-colored  petals.  —  Dry  woods,  from  California, 
New  Mexico,  and  Georgia,  northward  to  the  arctic  regions. 


ERICACEAE.    (HEATH  FAMILY.)  231 

Var.  Uliginosa,  Gray.  Calyx-lobes  shorter,  usually  broadly  ovate,  some- 
times obtuse  •  leaves  from  subcordate  to  obovate,  generally  dull :  flowers  rose- 
colored  or  purple.  —  Cold  bogs,  nearly  across  the  continent  to  the  north. 

6.  P.  picta,  Smith.  Leaves  Jinn-coriaceous,  dull,  commonly  veined  or 
blotched  with  white  above,  pale  or  sometimes  purplish  beneath,  1  to  2^  inches 
long,  from  broadly  ovate  to  spatulate  or  narrowly  oblong,  all  longer  than  the 
petiole,  the  margins  quite  entire  or  rarely  remotely  denticulate :  scapes  a  span 
or  more  high,  7  to  15-flowered :  bracts  few  and  short :  calyx-lobes  ovate,  not 
half  the  length  of  the  greenish-white  petals.  —  Wyoming  and  S.  Utah  to 
California  and  northward. 

9.    PTEROSPORA,    Nutt.        PINE-DROPS. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted.  Corolla  globular  urn-shaped.  Stamens  10,  in- 
cluded. Disk  none.  Stigma  5-lobed.  Capsule  depressed-globular,  5-lobed. 
Seeds  innumerable,  broadly  winged  from  the  apex. 

1.  P.  andromedea,  Nutt.  A  chestnut-colored  or  purplish  herb,  glandu- 
lar and  clammy-pubescent :  simple  stem  1  to  3  feet  high,  bearing  small  and 
scattered  lanceolate  scales:  raceme  long  and  many-flowered:  corolla  white, 
£  inch  long,  somewhat  viscid.  —  Under  pines  and  oaks  from  Colorado  to  Cali- 
fornia northward,  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

10.    MO  NOT  HO  PA,   L.        INDIAN  PIPE.    PINE-SAP. 

Sepals  of  2  to  5  lanceolate  bract-like  scales.  Petals  scale-like  and  fleshy, 
gibbous  or  saccate  at  base.  Stamens  8  to  12.  Disk  8  to  12-toothed,  the 
teeth  deflexed.  Stigma  funnelform,  with  obscurely  crenate  margin.  Cap- 
sule ovoid.  —  White,  tawny,  or  reddish  scaly  and  fleshy  herbs,  the  clustered 
stems  rising  from  a  thick  and  matted  mass  of  fibrous  rootlets,  one  to  several- 
flowered. 

*  Plant  inodorous,  one-flowered :  scales  passing  into  an  imperfect  or  irregular  calyx 

of  2  to  4  loose  sepals  or  perhaps  bracts:  anthers  opening  at  jirst  by  2  transverse 
chinks,  at  length  2,-valved ;  the  valves  almost  equal  and  equally  spreading: 
edge  of  the  stigma  naked. 

1.  M.  uniflora,  L.     Smooth,  a  span  or  so  high,  waxy-white  (blackish  in 
drying),  rarely  flesh  color:  flower  nodding,  f  inch  long:  petals  5,  rarely  6. — 
Damp  woods,  nearly  throughout  the  continent.     "Indian  Pipe." 

*  *  Plant   often   scented,  commonly  pubescent,  at   least   above,  raccmoselt/  3  to 

several -flowered :  terminal  flower  earliest  and  usually  5-merous  and  the  lateral 
3  to  4-merous:  sepals  less  bract-like,  as  many  as  (he  petals;  the  latter  saccate 
at  base :  anthers  more  remform ;  the  cells  completely  confluent  into  one,  which 
opens  by  very  unequal  valves,  the  larger  broad  and  spreading,  the  other  remain- 
ing erect  and  contracted :  stigma  glandular  or  hairy  on  the  margin. 

2.  M.  Hypopitys,  L.     A  span  or  at  length  a  foot  high,  tawny  or  flesh- 
colored  :  scales  and  bracts  entire  or  slightly  erose :  flowers  less  than  £  inch 
long ;  the  lateral  4-petalous  and  8-audrous.  —  Under  coniferous  trees  from 
Oregon  to  Canada  and  Florida.      '  Pine-sap." 


232  PRLMULACE^J.      (PRIMROSE  FAMILY.) 


ORDER  46.    PBIMU1.ACEJE.     (PRIMROSE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  with  simple  leaves  and  regular  perfect  flowers,  the  stamens  as 
many  as  the  lobes  of  the  gamopetalous  corolla  and  inserted  opposite 
them,  a  one-celled  ovary  with  a  free  central  placenta  rising  from  the 
base,  bearing  several  or  many  seeds.  Style  and  stigma  one. 

*  Ovary  wholly  free. 

••-  With  scapes  or  tufted :  flowers  chiefly  5-merous,  umbellate  or  solitary :  capsule  dehiscent 
by  valves  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

•H.  Stamens  exserted,  connivent  in  a  cone,  monadelphous. 

1.  Dodecatheon.    Corolla  5-parted,  with  very  short  tube  and  dilated  thickened  throat, 

the  long  and  narrow  divisions  reflexed.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla : 
anthers  lanceolate  or  linear. 

•w  -M-  Stamens  included,  distinct,  with  short  filaments  and  short  blunt  anthers :  corolla 
salverfonn  or  funnelform. 

2.  Primula.    Corolla  with  tube  surpassing  or  at  least  equalling  the  calyx,  and  spreading 

mostly  obcordate  or  emarginate  lobes.     Capsule  many-seeded.     Leaves  all  radical 

3.  Douglasia.    Corolla  with  tube  equalling  or  surpassing  the  calyx,  somewhat  inflated 

above  ;  lobes  entire.  Ovary  5-ovuled.  Capsule  1  or  2-seeded.  Leaves  imbricated  or 
crowded  on  tufted  stems. 

4.  Androsace.    Corolla  with  tube  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  the  throat  constricted.    Ovules 

and  seeds  numerous  or  few.    Flowers  small. 
•«-  ••-  Leafy-stemmed :  corolla  (wanting  in  Glaux)  rotate  or  somewhat  so,  and  the  divisions 

convolute  or  sometimes  involute  in  the  bud  :  leaves  entire. 
•H-  Capsule  dehiscent  vertically  by  valves  or  irregularly,  mostly  globose  :  flowers  5-merous. 

5.  Steironema.    Corolla  rotate,  with  no  proper  tube,  deeply  parted     the  divisions  ovate, 

cuspidate-pointed,  erose-denticulate  above,  each  separately  involute  or  convolute 
around  its  stamen.  Filaments  distinct  or  nearly  so  on  the  ring  at  the  base  of  the 
corolla :  anthers  linear  and  arcuate  in  age :  sterile  filaments  5,  interposed  between  the 
fertile  ones.  Capsule  10  to  20-seeded.  Flowers  nodding  on  slender  peduncles.  Leaves 
opposite,  without  dots. 

6.  Glaux.    Corolla  none.     Calyx  with  5  petaloid  lobes.     Stamens  on  the  base  of  the  calyx, 

alternate  with  its  lobes  :  filaments  slender  :  anthers  cordate-ovate.  Capsule  5-valved 
at  apex,  few-seeded.  Leafy  throughout :  leaves  mainly  opposite.  Flowers  solitary, 
axillary,  nearly  sessile. 

•H-  +*  Capsule  circumscissile,  globose :  seeds  numerous. 

7.  Centunculus.    Corolla  with  a  globular  tube  and  a  4  to  5-lobed  limb,  shorter  than  the 

calyx  ;  lobes  acute.  Stamens  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  filaments  short  and  subu- 
late :  anthers  ovate  or  cordate. 

*  *  Ovary  connate  at  base  with  the  calyx. 

8.  Samolus.    Flowers  5-merous.    Corolla  perigynous,  nearly  campanulate.     Fertile  sta- 

mens 5,  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  with  short  filaments  and  cordate  anthers.  Sterile 
filaments  5  in  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla.  Capsule  ovate  or  globular,  5-valved  at  the 
apex,  many-seeded.  Caulescent,  alternate-leaved,  with  racemose  flowers. 

1.    DODECATHEON,    L.        SHOOTING-STAR.    AMERICAN 
COWSLIP. 

Flowers  few  or  numerous  in  an  umbel  terminating  a  naked  scape :  corolla 
from  pink-purple  to  white.  Calyx  erect  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  lower  part  of 
the  capsule. 


PPJMULACE^.      (PRIMROSE   FAMILY.)  233 

1.  D.  Meadia,  L.  Leaves  crowded  on  a  thickish  crown,  generally  spatu- 
late-oblong  or  oblanceolate  and  entire  or  nearly  so,  sometimes  repand,  obtuse, 
below  tapering  into  a  more  or  less  margined  petiole :  scape  from  a  span  to 
2  feet  high  :  flowers  few  to  many  in  an  umbel ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear 
or  subulate,  small;  pedicels  slender  and  nodding  with  the  flowers,  erect  in 
fruit.  —  Throughout  the  continent  and  exceedingly  variable,  especially  west- 
ward. 

Var.  alpinum,  Gray.  Leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  £  to  l£  inch  long, 
entire,  mucronate  :  scape  2  to  10  inches  long,  1  to  4-flowered.  —  Syuopt.  Fl.  ii. 
57.  From  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Sierras. 

Var.  frigidum,  Gray.  Leaves  from  obovate  to  oblong,  very  obtuse, 
mostly  entire,  1  to  2  inches  long,  with  a  slender  petiole :  scape  a  span  or  two 
high,  few  to  several-flowered :  lobes  of  the  calyx  longer  than  the  tube,  from 
broadly  lanceolate  to  almost  ovate,  shorter  than  the  capsule.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii. 
57.  Rocky  Mountains,  Sierras,  and  far  northward. 

Var.  latilobum,  Gray.  Leaves  thin,  ovate  or  oval,  repand  or  undulate- 
toothed,  long-petioled  :  scape  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  one  to  several-flowered : 
calyx-lobes  not  longer  than  the  tube,  ovate  or  triangular-ovate,  about  half  the 
length  of  the  capsule.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  58.  Wahsatch  Mountains  to  Wash- 
ington and  British  Columbia. 

2.     PRIMULA,    L.     PRIMROSE. 

Flowers  sometimes  dimorphous.  Perennial  plants,  mostly  with  fibrous  roots 
from  a  short  crown,  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

#  Flowers  small ;  tube  of  the  salverfonn  corolla  not  over  2  or  3  tines  long  and  little 
surpassing  the  cali/x  ;  throat  with  more  or  less  of  a  callous  ring  or  processes. 

1.  P.  farinosa,  L.     More  or  less  white  mealy  on  the  leaves,  calyx,  etc., 
at  least  when   young:  leaves  from  cuneate-lanceolate  to  obovate-oblong  or 
spatulate,  denticulate,  an  inch  or  less  long,  tapering  into  a  short  margined 
petiole  :  scape  3  to  9  inches  high  :  umbel  few  to  several-flowered,  close  :  corolla 
from  flesh-color  to  lilac,  with  yelloAvish  eye ;  the  lobes  cuneate-obcordate,  rather 
distant  at  base.  —  From  Colorado  northward,  thence  eastward  to  Maine  and 
Labrador. 

*  *  Flowers  larger ;  tube  of  the  corolla  from  3  to  6  lines  long ;  throat  open  and 

unappendaged :  leaves  clustered  on  the  short  erect  subterranean  crown. 

2.  P.  angUStifolia,  Torr.     Small :  scape  \-flowered,  1  or  2  inches  high, 
equalling  the  lanceolate-spatufate  obtuse  entire  short-petioled  leaves:  involucre 
of  1  or  2  minute  bracts :  lobes  of  the  lilac-purple  corolla  obovate,  emarginate 
(3  or  4  lines  long) ;  the  tube  hardly  exceeding  the  narrow  teeth  of  the  oblong 
calyx.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i.  34.     Alpine  in  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

3.  P.  Parryi,  Gray.     Large:  leaves  rather  succulent,  spatiilate-obhng  or 
oblanceolate,  4  to  12  inches  long,  often  denticulate:  scape  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  5  to 
12-flowered:  bracts  of  the  involucre  subulate  :  calyx  ovoid-cam panulate,  gland- 
ular, commonli/  reddish;  the  lanceolate-subulate  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube: 
corolla  crimson-purple  irith  yellow  eye ;  the  round  obovate  lobes  (5  lines  long) 
emarginate  or  obcordate.  —  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiv.  257.    Along  alpine 
brooks  from  Colorado  to  Arizona  and  Nevada. 


234  PRIMULACE.E.      (PRIMROSE  FAMILY.) 

3.    DOUGLASIA,   Lindl. 

Depressed  and  tufted  herbs :  the  stems  branching,  persistent :  the  leaves 
small,  linear,  imbricated  or  rosulate  on  the  branches,  or  some  of  them  scat- 
tered and  alternate.  In  ours  the  flowers  are  solitary,  terminating  the  leafy- 
shoots,  and  the  tube  of  the  corolla  barely  equals  the  calyx. 

1.  D.  montana,  Gray.  Pulvinate-cespitose,  1  or  2  inches  high,  nearly 
glabrous :  leaves  subulate,  minutely  somewhat  ciliate,  2  lines  long,  somewhat 
interruptedly  imbricate-clustered :  pedicel  1  to  2-bracteolate  near  the  calyx  : 
corolla-lobes  cuueate-obovate,  2  lines  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  371.  Moun- 
tains about  Helena,  Montana,  and  Owl  Creek  Mountains,  Wyoming. 


4.    ANDROSACE,    Tourn. 
Small  annuals  or  perennials  of  various  habit :  flowers  umbellate,  white. 

#  Perennials,  proliferous] 'y  branched  at  base  and  cespitose :  leaves  rosulate-imbri- 

cated  at  the  base  of  the  many-flowered  scapes:  capsule  usually  few-seeded. 

1.  A.  Chamsejasme,  Host.    Leaves  in  more  or  less  open  rosulate  tufts, 
from  lanceolate  to  oblong-spatulate  or  ovate,  cariuate  1 -nerved,  their  margins 
(at  least),  the  scape  (1  to  3  inches  high)  and  the  somewhat  capitate  umbel 
villous  with  many-jointed  hairs  :   corolla  white  with  yellowish  eye.  —  Alpine 
from  Colorado  and  northward  to  the  Arctic  coast. 

*  *  Annuals,  acaulescent,  with  slender  root,  an  open  rosulate  circle  of  leaves,  and 

naked  scapes,  bearing  an  involucrate  umbel :  capsule  many-seeded. 

•«-  Calyx-tube  obpyramidal  in  fruit,  ivhitish  with  conspicuous  green  teeth,  which 

mostly  surpass  the  capsule. 

2.  A.  OCCidentaliS,  Pursh.     Minutely  pubescent,  not  over  3  inches  high: 
radical  leaves  and  those  of  the  conspicuous  involucre  oblong-ovate  or  spatulate, 
entire,  sessile :  scapes  diffuse :  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate  or  oblong :  lobes  of 
the  calyx  as  long  as  the  tube :  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong,  shorter  than  the 
calyx.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  the  head-waters  of  the  Missouri  and  eastward 
to  the  Mississippi. 

3.  A.  septentrionalis,  L.     Almost  glabrous :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  narroiced  at  base,  from   irregidarly   denticulate  to  laciniate-toothcd : 
scapes  erect,  2  to  10  inches  high  :  bracts  of  the  small  involucre  subulate  :  lobes  of 
the  calyx  mostly  shorter  than  the  tube :  lobes  of  the  corolla  obovate,  rather 
longer  than  the  calyx.  —  High  alpine  to  much  lower,  from  New  Mexico  and 
Nevada  to  the  Arctic  coast. 

Var.  subulifera,  Gray.  Lobes  of  the  calyx  slender-subulate,  as  long  as  the 
tube,  surpassing  the  corolla.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  60.  Mountains  near  Boulder 
City,  Colorado,  and  San  Bernardino,  California. 

4_  H_  Calyx-tube  hemispherical  in  fruit ;  the  short  teeth  barely  greenish  and  rather 
shorter  than  the  capsule. 

4.  A.  filiformis,  TCetz.    Glabrous  :  leaves  and  scapes  (1  to  4  inches  high) 
nearly  as  in  the  preceding  or  more  capillary :  flowers  less  than  a  line  and 
globose  capsule  only  a  line  long  :  calyx-teeth  broadly  triangular,  shorter  than 
the  very  small  corolla  —  Mountains  from  Colorado  and  Utah  to  Wyoming. 


PRIMULACE^E.       (PRIMROSE   FAMILY.)  285 

5.    STEIBONBMA,    Raf. 

Perennials,  glabrous  except  the  ciliate  petioles:   leaves  all  opposite,  but 
mostly  in  seeming  whorls  on  the  flowering  branches :  flowers  yellow. 

1.  S.  ciliatum,  Kaf.     Stem  erect,  2  to  4  feet  high,  mostly  simple:  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-orate,  gradually  acuminate,  2  to  5  inches  long,  and 
mostly  with  a  rounded  or  s'ibcordate  base,  minutely  ciliate ;  the  long  petioles  hir- 
sutely  ciliate.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  62.     Lysimachia  ciliata,  L.     New 
Mexico  to  British  Columbia  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.  S.  lanceolatum,  Gray.    Stem  erect,  1  to  2  feet  high,  simple  or  panicu- 
lately  branched,  somewhat  angled  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  I  to  2  inches  long, 
tapering  into  a  short  and  margined  ciliate  petiole  or  attenuated  base ;  the  radical 
and  sometimes  lowest  cauline  from  oblong  to  orbicular,  small :  divisions  of  the 
corolla  conspicuously  erose  and  cuspidate-acuminate. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii. 
G2.    Lysimachia  lanceolata,  Walt.     Dakota  and  Nebraska  to  Louisiana  and 
eastward. 

Var.  hybridum,  Gray.     Cauline  leaves  mostly  petioled,  from  oblong  to 
broadly  linear.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  62.     The  commoner  form  westward. 


6.     GLAUX,    Tourn.        SEA-MILKWORT. 

Flowers  dimorphous.     A  low  and  leafy  fleshy  perennial. 

1.  G.  maritima,  L.  Glabrous  and  glaucous  or  pale,  perennial  by  slender 
running  rootstocks  :  stems  a  span  or  less  high,  erect  or  spreading :  leaves 
from  oval  to  oblong-linear,  i  to  ^  inch  long,  entire,  sessile:  calyx-lobes  oval, 
purplish  or  white.  —  Salt  marshes  along  both  sea-coasts ;  also  in  subsaline  soil 
in  the  interior  west  of  the  Mississippi. 


7.    CENTUNCULUS,   Dill.        CHAFPWBBD. 

Very  small  glabrous  annuals,  with  mainly  alternate  leaves,  and  solitary  in- 
conspicuous flowers  in  their  axils. 

1.  C.  minimus,  L.  Stems  ascending,  2  to  6  inches  long:  leaves  ovate, 
obovate,  or  spatulate-oblong,  contracted  or  tapering  at  base,  all  but  the  lowest 
sessile:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-subulate. — From  Illinois  to  Texas  and  west- 
ward to  Oregon. 

8.    SAMOLUS,    Tourn.        BROOKWEED.    WATER  PIMPERNEL. 

Low  and  glabrous  herbs;  with  entire  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  in 
simple  or  panicled  racemes. 

1.  S.  Valerandi,  L.,  var.  Americanus,  Gray.  Stem  erect,  slender, 
leafy,  becoming  diffusely  branched  :  leaves  obovate :  racemes  often  panicled ; 
bracts  none ;  bractlets  on  the  middle  of  the  slender,  spreading  pedicels.  — 
Wet  places,  across  the  continent. 


236  OLEACE^E.      (OLTVE   FAMILY.) 


ORDER  47.    OL.EACEJE.    (OLIVE  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  almost  herbaceous,  with  mostly  opposite  and 
pinnate  or  simple  leaves,  usually  a  4-cleft  (or  sometimes  obsolete)  calyx, 
a  regular  4-cleft  or  nearly  or  quite  4-petalous  corolla,  sometimes  apeta- 
lous ;  the  stamens  generally  2,  rarely  3  or  4 ;  the  ovary  2-celled,  with 
one  or  two  pairs  of  ovules  in  each  cell. 

*  Fruit  entire,  dry,  indehiscent,  winged  (a  samara) :  seed  suspended  :  leaves  pinnate. 

1.  Fraxinus.    Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  sometimes  perfect.    Calyx  very  small, 

4-cleft  or  irregularly  toothed,  or  entire,  or  wanting.  Petals  none,  or  4  and  either 
separate  or  united  in  pairs  at  the  very  base.  Fruit  by  abortion  mostly  1-celled  and 
1-seeded  ;  the  wing  mainly  terminal. 

**  Fruit  fleshy  and  indehiscent  (a  drupe),  not  lobed :  seed  suspended  or  pendulous: 

leaves  simple. 

2.  Forestiera.    Flowers  apetalous,  dioecious  or  polygamous.     Calyx  minute,  4-parted  or 

toothed,  sometimes  wanting.    Drupe  1-seeded. 

*  *  *  Fruit  a  didymous  or  2-parted  at  length  membranaceous  capsule,  circumscissile  at  or 
near  the  middle :  seeds  ascending  or  erect :  leaves  mostly  alternate  and  entire. 

3.  Menodora.    Calyx  5  to  15-cleft,  persistent ;  the  lobes  mostly  linear.     Corolla  from 

rotate  to  salverforrn  ;  limb  5  to  6-parted.  Ovary  emarginate,  with  4  ovules  in  each 
celL  Seeds  usually  a  pair  in  each  cell,  large,  with  a  thickened  and  spongy  outer  coat. 

1.    FRAXINTJS,    Tourn.        ASH. 

Trees,  with  rather  light  tough  wood,  petioled  odd-pinnate  leaves  of  3  to  15 
toothed  or  entire  leaflets,  and  small  flowers  in  crowded  panicles,  which  in  ours 
are  from  the  axils  of  last  year's  leaves.  The  oblong  seed  fills  the  cell  of  the 
samara  or  key-fruit.  Ours  are  apetalous  and  direcious,  with  a  minute  calyx 
or  none,  and  the  fruit  winged  only  from  the  summit  or  upper  part  of  the 
terete  body,  which  tapers  gradually  from  summit  to  base  and  is  more  or  less 
margined  upward  by  the  decurrent  wing. 

1.  F.  pubescens,  Lam.     (RED  ASH.)     Tree  of  middle  or  large  size: 
inner  face  of  the  outer  bark  of  the  branches  red  or  cinnamon-color  when  fresh : 
young  parts  velvety-pubescent,  commonly  permanently  so :  leaflets  7  to  9,  from 
ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  acuminate,  entire  or  sparsely  serrate  or 
denticulate,  the  lower  face  pale  or  irhilish,  and  with  the  petioles  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent: fruit  1-J-  to  2  inches  long;  its  body  more  than  half  the  length  of  the 
linear  or  spatulate  wing.  —  From  Dakota  to  Canada  and  southward;  quite 
rare  within  our  range. 

2.  F.  viridis,  Michx.  f.     (GREEN  ASH.)     Small  or  middle-sized  tree, 
glabrous :  leaflets  5  to  9,  like  the  last,  but  smaller,  sometimes  more  sharply 
serrate  and  bright  green  both  sides,  or  barely  pale  beneath  :  fruit  nearly  as  in 
the  last  or  with  a  rather  more  decurrent  wing. — From  Dakota  and  Canada 
to  Florida  and  Texas. 

2.    FORESTIERA,  Poir. 

Shrubs,  with  inconspicuous  flowers,  in  early  spring,  from  imbricated-scaly 
axillary  buds,  and  small  dark-colored  drupes.  Fascicles  or  panicles  very 


APOCYNACE.E.      (DOGBANE  FAMILY.)  287 

short,  few-flowered ;  the  staminate  sessile  and  in  a  sessile  globular  scaly  glom- 
erule.     Branches  minutely  warty. 

1.  F.  Neo-Mexicana,  Gray.  Shrub  6  to  10  feet  high,  glabrous  :  leaves 
spatulate-oblong,  obtuse  or  obtusely  acuminate,  short-petioled,  obtusely  or 
obsoletely  serrulate,  an  inch  long  •  fertile  flowers  in  sessile  fascicles :  drupe  ob- 
tuse, short-oblong  or  ovoid.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  63.  S.  Colorado  to  New 
Mexico  and  Texas. 

3.    MENODOBA,    Humb.  &  Bonpl. 

Low  shrubby  or  nearly  herbaceous  plants,  with  conspicuous  yellow  flowers 
terminating  the  branches,  or  becoming  lateral.  In  ours  the  corolla  is  nearly 
rotate,  with  a  bearded  throat. 

1.  M.  scabra,  Gray.  Herbaceous  from  a  woody  branching  base,  a  span 
to  a  foot  high,  flax-like,  whole  herbage  or  at  least  the  lower  part  puberulent- 
scabrous  :  leaves  linear  or  the  lower  oblong,  chiefly  entire,  4  to  10  lines  long: 
flowers  rather  numerous  :  calyx-lobes  7  to  15,  slender,  linear  or  subulate :  lobes 
of  the  bright  yellow  corolla  obovate,  much  longer  than  the  tube.  —  Am.  Jour, 
ci.  u.  xiv.  43.  W.  Texas  to  S.  Colorado  and  Ari/ona. 


ORDER  48.    APOCYNACE^E.     (DOGBANE  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  milky  or  acrid  juice,  entire  (mostly  opposite)  leaves,  reg- 
ular 5-merous  and  5-androus  flowers,  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute 
and  twisted  in  the  bud,  and  the  filaments  distinct  and  inserted  on  the 
corolla.  In  ours  the  anther-cells  are  produced  into  a  sterile  appendage 
at  base,  connivent  around  the  stigma  and  adherent  to  it  by  a  point  at 
the  base  of  the  polliniferous  portion ;  the  ovaries  are  2  and  united  only 
by  the  common  style  or  stigma,  in  fruit  becoming  follicles  containing 
comose  seeds. 

1.    APOCYNUM,    Tourn.        DOGBANE.    INDIAN  HEMP. 

Calyx  small,  deeply  5-cleft,  the  tube  by  means  of  a  thickish  disk  adnate  to 
the  back  of  the  ovaries  below.  Corolla  carnpanulate,  5-lobed,  toward  the 
base  bearing  5  small  triangular-subulate  appendages  alternate  with  the  sta- 
mens. Filaments  very  short  and  broad  :  anthers  sagittate.  Follicles  slender, 
terete.  Seeds  numerous,  with  a  long  coma  at  apex.  —  Pale  perennial  herbs, 
with  very  tough-fibrous  bark  and  opposite  mucronate-tipped  leaves  :  flowers 
small,  in  terminal  cymes,  white  or  rose-color :  follicles  2  to  7  inches  long. 

1.  A.  androsaemifolium,  L.     One   to  three  feet  high,  glabrous,  or 
rarely  soft-tomentose,  branched  above ;  branches  widely  spreading :  leaves  ovate 
or  roundish,  distinctly  pet 'ioled:  cymes  loose,  spreading :  corolla  flesh-color,  open- 
carnpanulate  with  revolute  lobes ;  the  tube  exceeding  the  ovate  acute  calyx-lobes.  — 
Across  the  continent. 

2.  A.  cannabinum,  L.     Erect  or  ascending,  glabrous  or  sometimes 
soft-pubescent :  branches  ascending,  leafy  to  the  top :  leaves  from  oval  to  oblong 


238  ASCLEPIADACE^E.      (MILKWEED   FAMILY.) 

and  even  lanceolate,  from  skort-petioled  to  sessile,  with  a  rounded  or  obscurely  cor- 
date base:  cymes  erect,  densely  flowered:  corolla  greenish-white  or  slightly 
flesh-color,  smaller  than  in  the  former,  with  almost  erect  lobes  and  tube  not 
longer  than  the  lanceolate  cabjx-lobes.  —  Same  range  as  last.  Exceedingly 
variable. 


ORDER  49.    ASCLEPIADACE^E.     (MILKWEED  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  milky  juice,  and  opposite  or  whorled  (rarely  scattered) 
entire  leaves  ;  general  structure  of  flowers  and  fruit  as  in  Apocynacece ; 
but  differing  in  the  connection  of  the  anthers  with  the  stigma,  the  co- 
hesion of  the  pollen  into  wax-like  or  granular  masses,  etc.  A  corona 
(crown) ,  of  5  parts  or  lobes,  between  the  corolla  and  filaments,  is  adnate 
either  to  the  one  or  the  other.  The  tube  of  monadelphons  filaments 
is  called  the  column.  Ours  all  belong  to  the  Cynanchece,  which  have 
anthers  tipped  with  an  inflexed  or  sometimes  erect  scarious  membrane ; 
the  polliniferous  cells  lower  than  the  top  of  the  stigma  j  and  the  pol- 
linia  suspended,  attached  in  pairs  (one  of  each  adjacent  cell  of  different 
anthers)  to  the  corpuscle  or  gland. 

*  Hoods  (the  cucullate  or  hollowed  nectariferous  appendages  of  the  crown)  cristate-  or 
corniculate-appendaged  within. 

1.  Asclepiodora.    Corolla  rotate-spreading  in  anthesis.     Hoods  basilar,  inserted  over 

the  whole  very  short  column,  spreading  and  arcuate-assurgent,  little  surpassing  the 
anthers,  slipper-shaped  and  the  rounded  apex  fornicate,  hollow  and  with  a  thickish 
fleshy  back,  traversed  by  a  salient  crest  which  near  the  apex  divides  the  cavity. 
Anther-wings  narrowed  at  base,  angulate  above  the  middle  if  at  all.  Leaves  com- 
monly alternate. 

2.  Asclepias.    Corolla  almost  always  reflexed  in  anthesis.     Hoods  involute  or  compli- 

cate, not  fornicate,  bearing  a  horn  or  crest-like  process  from  the  back  or  toward  the 
base  within,  either  sessile  next  the  corolla  or  elevated  on  a  column  which  is  shorter 
than  the  anthers.  Anther-wings  widening  down  to  the  base,  usually  triangular,  the 
salient  base  being  truncate  or  semi-hastate,  or  broadly  rounded.  Leaves  opposite  or 
varying  to  alternate  or  verticillate. 

*  *  Hoods  wholly  destitute  of  crest  or  appendage  within. 

3.  Acerates.     Hoods    involute-concave    or    somewhat    pitcher-shaped.      Anther-wings 

widened  or  angulate  if  at  all  near  or  above  the  middle,  thence  narrowed  to  the  base. 
Otherwise  as  Asclepias.  Leaves  alternate  or  scattered. 

1.    ASCLEPIODOEA,    Gray. 

Low  and  stout  perennial  herbs,  often  decumbent :  flowers  large :  corolla 
lobes  ovate,  greenish :  follicles  usually  bearing  some  scattered  soft-spinulose 
projections,  on  recurved  or  sigmoid  pedicels.  Distinguished  from  Asclepias 
by  the  hood  bearing  a  crest  instead  of  a  horn.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  66. 

1.  A.  decumbens,  Gray.  Scabrous-puberulent :  leaves  from  lanceolate 
to  linear,  tapering  to  the  apex  :  umbel  solitary  :  corolla  depressed-globular  in 
bud,  hardly  twice  the  length  of  the  yellowish  or  dark-purplish  hoods,  which 
overtop  the  somewhat  depressed  anther-column  :  anther-wings  salient,  espe- 


ASCLEPIADACE^E.       (MILKWEED   FAMILY.)  239 

cially  at  the  broader  and  strongly  angulate  upper  portion :  pollinia  pear- 
shaped,  short-caudicled.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  G6.  Acerates  decumbens, 
Decaisue.  From  Utah  through  S.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  Texas  and 
Arkansas. 


2.    A  SOLE  PI  AS,    L.        MILKWEED.    SILKWEED. 

Herbs,  from  deep  and  thickish  perennial  roots :  flowers  umbellate ;  the 
peduncles  terminal  and  lateral,  usually  between  the  petioles:  follicles  soft- 
echiuate,  warty  or  naked. 

§  1.    Hoods  sessile,  not  attenuate  at  base;  the  horn  or  crest  conspicuous:  anther- 
wings  broadest  and  usually  angulate-truncate  and  salient  at  base. 

*  Corolla  and  hoods  orange-color:  follicles  naked,  erect  on  a  deftexed  pedicel: 

leaves  mostly  irregularly  alternate,  seldom  opposite:  juice  of  stem  not  milky. 

1.  A.  tuberosa,  L.     Hirsute  or  roughish-pubescent,  1   or  2  feet  high, 
very  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  from  lanceolate-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  ses- 
sile or  slightly  petioled :  umbels  several  and  mostly  cymose  at  the  summit  of 
the  stem :  hoods  narrowly  oblong,  erect,  deep  bright  orange,  much  surpassing 
the  anthers,  almost  as  long  as  the  purplish-  or  slightly  greenish-orange  oblong 
corolla  lobes,  nearly  equalled  by  the  filiform-subulate  horn  :  follicles  cinereous- 
pubescent.  —  From  S.  Colorado  and  Arizona  to  Texas,  thence  eastward  to 
Florida  and  Canada.     Known  commonly  as  "  Butterfly-weed  "  or  "  Pleurisy- 
root." 

#  *  Corolla  and  crown  greenish,  yellowish,  white,  or  merely  purplish-tinged :  leaves 

opposite  or  sometimes  whorled,  or  the  upper  rarely  alternate  or  scattered. 
•t—  Follicles  echinate  ivith  soft  spinous  processes  and  densely  tomentose,  large  (3  to 
5  inches  long)  and  ventricose,  erect  on  dejlexed  pedicels:  leaves  large  and  broad, 
short-petioled,  transversely  veined :  stems  stout  and  simple,  2  to  5  feet  high. 

2.  A.  speciosa,  Torr.     Finely  canescent-tomentose :   leaves  from  sub- 
cordate-oval  to  oblong,  thickish :  pedicels  of  the  many-flowered  dense  umbel 
and  the   calyx   densely   tomentose :    flowers   purplish,    large :   corolla-lobes 
ovate-oblong :  hoods  spreading,  the  dilated  body  and  its  short  inflexed  horn 
not  surpassing  the  anthers,  but  the  centre  of  its  truncate  summit  abruptly 
produced  into  a  lanceolate-ligulate  thrice  longer  termination :  column  hardly 
any :    wings   of   the  anthers  notched  and  obscurely  corniculate  at  base.  — 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  218.     From  Nebraska  and  Arkansas  westward  across  the 
continent. 

•*-  •»-  Follicles  wholly  unarmed  and  smooth  throughout,  either  glabrous  or 

tomentulose-pubescent. 

•H-  Erect  or  ascending  on  dejlexed  or  decurved  pedicels. 

=  Umbel  solitary  on  the  perfectly  simple  strict  stem,  elevated  on  a  naked  terminal 
peduncle  :  leaves  all  closely  sessile,  broad,  transversely  veined. 

3.  A.  obtusifolia,  Michx.     Glabrous  and  pale  or  glaucous,  2  or  3  feet 
high  :  Cleaves  undulate,  oblong  or  elliptical,  3  to  5  inches  long,  with  rounded 
or  retuse  apex  and  cordate-clasping  base:    peduncle  2  to  12  inches  long: 


240  ASCLEPIADACE^E.      (MILKWEED  FAMILY.) 

umbel  loosely  many-flowered  :  corolla  dull  greenish-purple  :  column  as  high 
as  broad :  hoods  flesh-color,  erosely  truncate  and  somewhat  toothed  at  the 
broad  summit,  hardly  exceeding  the  anthers,  shorter  than  the  falcate-subulate 
incurved  horn  :  anther-wings  bicorniculate  at  base.  —  From  Dakota  to  Texas 
and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

=  =  Umbels  mostly  more  than  one :  peduncle  not  overtopping  the  leaves,  some- 
times none. 

a.  Leaves  broad  (from  orbicular  to  oblong-lanceolate),  large:  hoods  broad,  little 

if  at  all  overtopping  the  anthers :  stems  stout,  a  foot  or  more  in  height. 

4.  A.  Jamesii,  Torr.     Puberulent  when  young,  soon  green  and  glabrous  : 
leaves  about  5  pairs,  approximate,  very  thick  and  large,  orbicular  or  broadly  oval, 
often  emarginate  and  with  a  mucro,  subcordate  at  base,  nearly  sessile,  copi- 
ously transversely  veined :  umbels  2  or  3,  all  or  mostly  lateral,  densely  many- 
flowered  :    flowers  greenish :   column  very  short   but   distinct :   hoods  barely 
equalling  the  anthers,  broad,  with  a  truncate  entire  summit,  which  is  equalled  by 
the  upper  margin  of  the  falciform  triangular  crest,  the  apex  of  which  extends 
into  a  short  subulate  horn  partly  over  the  top  of  Ike  stigmatic  disk.  —  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  162.     Plains  of  Colorado  to  Arizona  and  Texas. 

5.  A.  arenaria,  Torr.     Lanuginous-tomentose,  in  age  glabrate :   stems 
thickly  leaved  :  leaves  smaller,  coriaceous  when  old,  obovate  or  oval  and  retuse 
or  the  lower  ovate,  with  rounded  or  subcordate  base,  somewhat  undulate,  dis- 
tinctly petioled :   umbels  all  lateral,  rather  densely  many-flowered :   corolla 
greenish  white :  column  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  anthers :  hoods  about  as 
broad  as  high,  surpassing  the  anthers,  truncate  at  base  and  summit,  the  latter 
oblique  and  notched  on  each  side  near  the  inner  angle,  which  forms  an  obtuse  tooth; 
horn  with  included  ascending  portion  or  crest  broadly  semilunate  as  high  as  the 
hood ;  the  abruptly  incurved  apex  subulate-beaked,  horizontally  exserted,  or  the 
slender  termination  ascending.  —  Bot.   Mex.  Bound.  162.     On  sandbanks, 
S.  E.  Colorado  to  New  Mexico. 

b.  Leaves  narrow  (lanceolate  or  linear),  green,  and  nearly  glabrous,  the   veins 
oblique :  stems  branching,  a  span  or  two  high :  hoods  obtuse :  column  hardly 
any :  follicles  when  young  tomentose-canescent. 

6.  A.  brachystephana,  Engelm.     Stems  6  to  1 0  inches  high,  very  leafy, 
cinereous-puberulent  or  tomentose  when  young,  the  inflorescence  more  floccose- 
tomentose :  leaves  from  lanceolate  with  a  broader  rounded   base  to  linear, 
short-petioled,  very  much  surpassing  the  (3  to  8)  few-flowered  umbels :  flowers 
lurid-purplish  :  hoods  only  half  the  length  of  the  anthers,  erect,  strongly  angulate- 
toothed  at  the  front ;  the  tip  of  the  erect  subulate  horn  exserted.  —  Torr.  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  163.     Dry  sandy  soil,  from  Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  Arizona 
and  Texas. 

7.  A.  uncialis,  E.  L.  Greene.    Stems  an  inch  or  two  high:  flowers  like  the 
last,  but  the  hoods  only  a  little  shorter  than  the  anthers,  the  back  rounder,  and 
the  triangular  anterior  lobes  or  auricles  not  projecting,  while  a  short  fleshy  process 
takes  the  place  of  the  subulate  horn.  —  Bot.  Gazette,  v.  64.     Wyoming,  Colo- 
rado, and  New  Mexico. 

c.  Leaves  from  ovate  to  oblong,  mostly  pubescent  or  puberulent :  stems  a  foot  or 
more  high :  hoods  obtuse,  2  or  3  times  the  length  of  the  anthers,  not  tapering  to 


ASCLEPIADACE^E.      (MILKWEED  FAMILY.)  241 

base,  entire  at  summit,  involute-concave;  the  falcate  or  subulate  horn  free  at 
or  below  the  middle  of  the  horn,  and  incurved  or  inflexed  over  the  stigmatic 
disk. 

8.  A.  OValifolia,  Decaisne.     Tomentulose-pubescent :  stem  rather  slender : 
leaves  thinnish,  from  ovate  or  oval  to  ovate  lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  rounded 
at  base,  distinctly  petioled,  the  midrib  and  veins  slender,  the  veinlets  reticulated : 
umbels  few,  loosely  10  to  18-flowered,  on  peduncles  which  seldom  equal  the  pedi- 
cels :  corolla  greenish-white  with  purplish  outside :  hoods  oval  or  broadly  oblong 
in  outline,  not  auriculate  at  base,  the  inner  margins  below  the  middle  extended  into 
a  large  acute  tooth  or  lobe ;  the  horn  broad  and  rather  short :  anther-wings  rounded 
and  mostly  entire  —  From  Dakota  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  N.  Illinois. 

9.  A.  Hallii,  Gray.    Puberulent-glabrate:  stem  stout:  leaves  thickish,  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate  with  rounded  base  and  rather  acute  apex, 
short-petioled,  the  stout  midrib  and  straight  veins  prominent  underneath :  umbels 
few  and  corymbose,  many-flowered,  on  peduncles  somewhat  longer  than  the  pedi- 
cels :  corolla  greenish-white  and  purplish :   hoods  elongated-oblong  in  outline, 
entire,  hastately  2-gibbous  above  the  narrower  base,  a  little  surpassing  the  sickle- 
shaped  horn :  anther-wings  unappendaged  at  base.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  69. 
A.  ovalifolia  of  Fl.  Colorado,  114.     Colorado. 

•M-  -M-  Follicles  erect  on  erect  pedicels :  leaves  usually  verticillate,  filiform, 

glabrous. 

10.  A.  verticillata,  L.     Stems  a  foot  or  two  high,  slender,  very  leafy  : 
leaves  mostly  in  whorls  of  3  to  6,  or  some  scattered,  filiform-linear,  with  revo- 
lute  margins :   umbels  numerous,  small,  many-flowered,  on  peduncles  longer 
than  the  pedicels:   corolla  greenish- white :   hoods  white,  broadly  ovate   and 
entire,  with  somewhat  auriculate  involute  base,  barely  equalling  the  anthers, 
much  shorter  than  their  elongated-subulate  falcate-incurved  horn.  —  In  dry 
soil,  from  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to  Nebraska,  and  eastward  across  the 
continent. 

Var.  pumila,  Gray.  A  span  or  more  high,  many -stemmed  from  a  fasci- 
cled root :  leaves  much  crowded,  filiform :  peduncles  seldom  longer  than  the 
pedicels.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  71.  From  New  Mexico  to  Nebraska  and 
Kansas. 

§  2.  Anther-wings  widening  to  the  broadly  rounded  base  and  conspicuously  au~ 
riculate-notched  just  above  it :  hoods  sessile,  with  a  narrow  wholly  adnate  inter- 
nal crest  terminating  in  a  minute  horn :  pollinia  short  and  thick,  arcuate-obovate. 

11.  A.  Stenophylla,  Gray.     Puberulent,  but  foliage  glabrous:   stems 
slender,  1  or  2  feet  high,  simple  :  leaves  long  and  narrowly  linear,  with  sca- 
brous and  more  or  less  revolute  margins  and  a  strong  midrib ;  the  upper 
alternate  and  the  lower  opposite:  umbels  several,  10  to  15  flowered:  flowers 
greenish:  hoods  whitish,  erect,  equalling  the  anthers,  conduplicate-concave, 
the  base  of  each  inner  margin  appendaged  by  a  cuneate  erosely  truncate  lobe, 
the  apex  2-lobed  and  the  narrow  internal  crest  exserted  in  the  sinus  in  the 
form  of  an  intermediate  tooth  :  interior  crown  of  5  very  small  2-lobed  pro- 
cesses between  the  bases  of  the  anthers :  follicles  long-acuminate,  erect  on 
the  ascending   pedicel.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  72.      Acerates  angustifolia, 
Decaisne.     From  Colorado  and  N.  Texas  to  Nebraska  and  W.  Arkansas. 

16 


242  GENTIANACE^E.      (GENTIAN  FAMILY.) 

3.    A  CERATES,    Ell.        GREEN  MILKWEED. 

Perennial  herbs,  resembling  Asdepias,  but  distinguished  by  the  total  absence 
of  horn  or  crest  to  the  hoods.  Flowers  small,  greenish  or  barely  tinged  with 
purple. 

*  Mass  of  anthers  and  stigma  globular,  not  equalled  by  the  hoods :  column  below 

the  hoods  evident :  leaves  mainly  alternate-scattered,  very  numerous. 

1.  A.  auriculata,  Engelm.    Glabrous  up  to  the  inflorescence :  stem  2  or 
3  feet  high,  slender :  leaves  linear-filiform,  with  scabrous  margins :  umbels 
several,  lateral :  column  below  the  hoods  very  short :  hoods  oval  or  quadrate, 
emarginately  or  sometimes  3-crenately  truncate,  the  involute  margins  at  base 
appendaged  with  a  pair  of  remarkably  large  and  broad  auricles :  anther-wings 
narrow  and  of  equal  breadth  from  top  to  bottom.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  1 60. 
From  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  S.  Texas. 

*  *  Mass  of  anthers  and  stigma  longer  than  broad,  almost  equalled  by  the  hoods, 

the  short  insertion  of  which  covers  Hue.  very  short  column :  leaves  often  opposite, 
mostly  broader. 

2.  A.  viridiflora,  Ell.     Tomentose-puberulent :  stem  1  or  2  feet  high : 
leaves  oval  or  oblong  and  obtuse  or  retuse,  or  sometimes  narrower  and  acute : 
umbels  2  to  5  or  sometimes  solitary,  dense,  mostly  lateral  and  subsessile:  pedicels 
little  over  twice  the  length  of  the  reflexed  narrowly  oblong  lobes  of  the  greenish 
corolla :  hoods  somewhat  fleshy,  with  small  auricles  at  base  much  involute  and 
concealed,  alternated  by  as  many  short  and  roundish  or  gland-like  small  internal 
teeth  :   anther-ivings  semi-rhomboid  above,  with  a  much  longer  tapering  base.  — 
From  Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

3.  A.  lanuginosa,  Decaisne.     Hirsute  rather  than  woolly :  stems  a  span 
or  two  high,  terminated  by  a  single  pedunculate  umbel:  leaves  frequently  alter- 
nate or  scattered,  from  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  with  roundish  base :  pedi- 
cels 3  or  4  times  the  length  of  the  oblong  lobes  of  t/ie  greenish  corolla :  hoods 
purplish,  obtuse  and  entire,  involute  auricles  at  base  obscure  if  any :  the  alter- 
nating internal  teeth  or  lobes  small  and  emarginate :  anther-wings  broadest  and 
obtusely  angulate  below  the  middle. — From  the  head- waters  of  the  Missouri  to 
Wisconsin  and  N.  Illinois. 


ORDER  50.    GENTIANACE2E.     (GENTIAN  FAMILY.) 

Smooth  herbs,  with  a  colorless  bitter  juice,  opposite  and  sessile  entire 
and  simple  leaves  without  stipules,  regular  flowers  with  the  stamens  as 
many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  a  one-celled  ovary  with  two  parietal 
placentae,  or  nearly  the  whole  ovary  wall  ovuliferous ;  the  fruit  a  many- 
seeded  capsule.  Flowers  cymose  or  simply  terminal.  lu  all  ours  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla  are  convolute  in  the  bud. 

*  Style  distinct  and  slender,  deciduous  :  anthers  twisting  in  age. 

1.  Erythrsea.  Parts  of  the  flower  5  or  4.  Corolla  salverform.  Anthers  oblong  or  linear, 
commonly  exserted,  twisting  spirally  in  one  or  two  turns  after  anthesis.  Capsule 
from  oblong-ovate  to  fusiform. 


GENTIANACE/E.      (GENTIAN  FAMILY.)  243 

*  *  Style  short  and  persistent,  or  none :  anthers  remaining  straight, 
•i-  Corolla  without  nectariferous  pits  or  large  glands. 

2.  Centiana.     Calyx  commonly  with  a  membranous  tube.     Corolla  funnelform,  campanu- 

late,  or  salverfonn  ;  the  sinuses  with  or  without  plaits  or  appendages.  Stamens  on 
the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Style  very  short  or  none.  Seeds  very  numerous,  not  rarely 
covering  the  inner  wall  of  the  ovary. 

3.  Pleurogyne.     Calyx  deeply  4  to  5-parted.    Corolla  rotate,  4  to  5-parted  ;  the  divisions 

acute,  a  pair  of  scale-like  appendages  on  their  base.  Stamens  on  the  base  of  the 
corolla.  Style  none  :  stigmas  decurrent  down  the  sutures.  Seeds  extremely  numer- 
ous, near  the  two  sutures. 

H-  +-  Corolla  with  one  or  two  nectariferous  pits,  spots  (glands),  or  an  adiiate  scale  to  each 
lobe  :  calyx  4  to  5-parted. 

4.  Swertia.    Corolla  rotate,  5-  (rarely  4-)  parted.    Style  none  or  very  short.     Capsule 

ovate.    Leaves  sometimes  alternate. 

5.  Frasera.    Corolla  rotate,  4-parted  ;  the  lobes  bearing  a  single  or  double  fringed  gland, 

and  sometimes  a  fimbriate  crown  at  base.  Stamens  on  the  very  base  of  the  corolla: 
filaments  often  monadelphous  at  base.  Capsule  coriaceous,  commonly  flattened. 
Leaves  verticillate  or  opposite. 

1.    ERYTHRJEA,    Renealm.        CENTAURY. 

Low  herbs  :  the  flowers  usually  small  and  with  hroad  stigmas. 

1.  E.  Douglasii,  Gray.  Slender,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  loosely  and 
pauiculately  branched,  usually  sparsely  flowered  :  leaves  from  oblong  to  linear, 
mostly  acute :  flowers  all  on  strict  and  slender  peduncles  or  pedicels :  lobes  of 
the  pink  corolla  oblong,  obtuse,  at  most  2  lines  long,  nearly  half  the  length 
of  the  tube.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  480.  Wyoming  to  Utah  and  westward  to  Cali- 
fornia and  Oregon. 

2.     GENTIAN  A,    Tourn.        GENTIAN. 

Herbs,  with  conspicuous  flowers  of  various  colors,  in  summer  or  autumn. 
Herbage  and  roots  very  bitter. 

§  1 .    Corolla  destitute  of  extended  plaits  or  lobes  or  teeth  at  the  sinuses.  —  GEN- 

TIANELLA. 

*  Flowers  large  or  middle-sized,  solitary,  mosf.li/  4-merous :  corolla  companulate- 
fiinnelform,  its  lobes  usually  fimbriate  or  erose,  not  crowned:  a  row  of  glands 
between  the  bases  of  the  filaments.  (FRINGED  GENTIANS.) 

•i-  flower  on  a  naked  and  usually  long  peduncle  terminating  the  stem  or  branches, 
not  bracteate  at  base  :  filaments  naked :  calyx  with  acutely  carinate  lobes,  the 
tube  sharply  angled  by  the  decurrent  keels. 

1.  G.  crinita,  Frcel.     A  foot  or  two  high,  often  paniculate-corymbose, 
leafy :  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  from  a  rounded  or  subcordate  partly 
clasping  base :  corolla  2  inches  long,  sky-blue,  rarely  white ;  its  lobes  cuneate- 
obovate,  strongly  fimbriate  around  the  summit,  less  so  down  the  narrowing  sides: 
capsule  conspicuously  stipitate.  —  Head-waters  of  the  Missouri  to  Canada, 
thence  southward  to  Georgia. 

2.  G.  serrata,  Gunner.     Stern  3  to  18  inches  high  :  leaves  linear  or  lance- 
olate-linear:  corolla  1  to  l£  inches  long,  sky-blue  or  rarely  white;  its  lobes 
oblong  or  spatulate-obovate,  eroscly  fimbriate  or  toothed  around  the  summit  and 
sides,  or  sometimes  either  part  nearly  bare :  capsule  short-stipitate.  —  G.  detonsa, 


244  GENTIANACE^l.       (GENTIAN   FAMILY.) 

Fries.    From  Nevada  to  Colorado,  the  Saskatchewan,  and  northward,  thence 
eastward  to  New  York  and  Canada. 

H-  -»-  Flower  2-bracteate  under  or  near  the  calyx :  filaments  ciliate-bearded  below 
the  middle :  calyx  hardly  at  all  angled  or  carinate. 

3.  G.  barbellata,  Engelm.     Stems  single  or  in  pairs  from  the  slender 
fusiform  root  or  caudex,  2  to  5  inches  high  :  leaves  rather  thick  and  fleshy, 
obtuse,  with  roughish  callous  margins ;  the  radical  spatulate  or  slender-peti- 
oled ;  the  2  or  3  cauline  pairs  spatulate-linear,  or  the  uppermost  narrowly 
linear  and  connate  at  base  :  corolla  bright  blue,  1  to  l£  inches  long,  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx ;  the  lobes  oblong,  erose-denticulate  above,  conspicuously 
fringed  along  the  middle :  capsule  not  stipitate.  —  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii. 
216.    Alpine  region  of  the  Colorado  mountains. 

#  #  Flowers  smaller,  4  to  5-merous  :  corolla  somewhat  funnelform  or  salverform 
when  expanded ;  the  lobes  entire,  their  base  mostly  crowned  with  setaceous  fila- 
ments :  capsule  seldom  stipitate. 

•«-  Peduncles  elongated  and  naked  from  a  very  short  stem,  one-fiowered. 

4.  G.  tenella,  Rottb.    An  inch  to  a  span  high :  leaves  oblong  or  the 
lowest  spatulate :  calyx  deeply  5-  Cor  4-)  parted :  corolla  2£  to  4  lines  long, 
double  the  length  of  the  calyx,  blue ;  its  lobes  ovate-oblong,  rather  obtuse, 
little  shorter  than  the  tube :  fimbriate  crown  conspicuous  at  the  throat.  — 
High  alpine  regions  in  Colorado  and  northward  to  the  arctic  regions. 

•»-  •»—  Peduncles  short  or  none,  terminal  and  lateral  on  a  comparatively  elongated 

stem. 

5.  G.  heterosepala,  Engelm.    A  span  or  two  high,  racemosely  few- 
flowered  :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong :  calyx  very  unequally  5-parted ; 
two  of  the,  lobes  large  and  foliaceous,  ovate,  acute,  equalling  the  tube  of  the  pale 
blue  corolla  (4  to  6  lines  long) ;  the  other  three  linear-subulate  and  shorter : 
seta;  of  the  crown  copious,  united  below  into  a  membrane  on  the  base  of  each 
corolla  lobe.  —  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii.  215.     In  the  mountains  of  New 
Mexico,  Colorado,  and  Utah. 

6.  G.  Amarella,  L.     From  2  to  20  inches  high  :  leaves  from  lanceolate 
to  narrowly  oblong,  or  the  lowest  obovate- spatulate :  calyx  5-cleft  below  the 
middle ;  the  lobes  lanceolate  or  linear,  equal  or  one  or  two  of  them  longer,  all 
shorter  than  the  mostly  blue  corolla,  which  is  £  inch  or  more  long. 

Var.  acuta,  Hook.  f.  Calyx  almost  5-parted  :  crou-n  usually  of  fewer  and 
sometimes  very  few  setce. —  G.  Amarella  of  the  Western  Reports.  Throughout 
British  America  and  southward  along  the  mountains  to  New  Mexico  and 
California. 

Var.  stricta,  Watson.  Stem  (sometimes  2  to  4  feet  high)  and  branches 
strict,  remotely  leafy  :  leaves  thickish,  the  cauline  lanceolate-linear :  flowers 
numerous,  commonly  4-merous,  smaller:  calyx  less  deeply  clef  I:  corolla  ichitish, 
little  longer  than  the  unequal  calyx  ;  seta;  of  the  crown  sometimes  very  few  or  even 
wanting.  —  Bot.  King's  Exped.  278. 

§  2.    Corolla  plicate  at  the  sinuses,  the  plaits  more  or  less  extended  into  thin-mem- 
branaceous  teeth  or  lobes:  no  crown  nor  glands.  —  PNEUMONANTHE. 

#  Dwarf:  leaves  small  and  with  white  cartilaginous  or  scarious  margins :  flowers 

solitary  and  terminal :  calyx  narrow,  4  to  5-toolhed :  corolla  salverform  when 


GENTIAN  AC  E^E.      (GENTIAN   FAMILY.)  245 

expanded;  the  lobes  or  plaits  in  the  sinuses  broad  and  emarginate:  anthers 
cordate. 

7.  G.  humilis,  Stev.     Stems  single  or  numerous,  1  to  5  inches  long, 
erect  or  ascending :  leaves  glaucescent  and  broadly  white-margined ;  the  radical 
orbicular  or  ovate  and  rosulate ;  cauline  linear-oblong,  erect,  connate-sheathing, 
2  or  3  lines  long :  corolla  whitish  or  dull-colored ;  its  tube  little  exceeding  the 
calyx ;  the  limb  £  inch  in  diameter :  capsule  clavate-obovate,  at  length  exserted 
on  a  long  and  stout  stipe  much  beyond  the  flower.  —  Grassy  banks  in  the  moun- 
tains from  Colorado  to  Wyoming. 

8.  G.  prostrata,  Haenke.    Stems  weaker  than  in  the  preceding,  and  when 
elongated  the  lateral  ones  often  procumbent :  leaves  ovate,  less  erect,  greener,  and 
less  white-margined:  flower  4-merous:   corolla  azure-blue,  in  fruit  enclosing  the 
linear-oblong   rather  short-stipitate   capsule.  —  Alpine    regions  from   Colorado 
northward. 

*  *   Flowers  comparatively  large,  mostly  short-peduncled  or  sessile :  anthers 
linear  or  oblong:  usually  a  pair  of  bracts  under  the  flower. 
•»-  Dwarf,  1  to  3-flowered:  cauline  leaves  only  2  to  4  pairs. 

9.  G.  frigida,  Haenke.     Stems  1  to  5  inches  high :  leaves  linear,  varying 
to  lanceolate  or  spatulate,  thickish,  the  pairs  connate-sheathing  at  base :  calyx- 
tube  obconical:  corolla  funnelform,  l£  inches  long,  yellowish  white  or  tinged 
with  blue,  purplish-dotted ;  the  lobes  short  and  broad ;  the  plaits  entire  and 
broad  but  slightly  extended  at  summit.  —  Including  var.  algida,  Pall.    Alpine 
regions  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  northward. 

H-  H-  Low:  stems  several  from  the  same  caudex:  cauline  leaves  6  to  16  pairs, 
more  or  less  connate  or  even  sheathing  at  base;  the  uppermost  involucrate 
around  the  sessile  terminal  flower  or  3  to  5-flowered  cluster :  corolla  blue,  1  to 
l£  inches  long ;  the  lobes  broadly  ovate,  and  the  appendages  at  the  sinuses  2-cleft 
or  lacerate. 

10.  G.  calycosa,  Griseb.     A  span  or  more  high  :  leaves  ovate;  the  low- 
est pairs  usually  smaller  and  with  connate-sheathing  base,  the  upper  hardly 
so ;  the  involucrate  uppermost  leaves  somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx  of  the  com- 
monlij  solitary  flower :  calyx-lobes  ovate  or  oblong,  or  even  subcordate,  about  the 
length  of  the  tube :  corolla  oblong-fun  nelform,  its  appendages  in  the  sinuses 
triangular-subulate,  laciniate,  or  2-cleft  at  the  tip.  —  California  and  Oregon  to 
Montana,  Wyoming,  and  northward. 

11.  G.  Parryi,  Engelm.    A  span  or  more  high  :  leaves  glaucescent,  thick- 
ish, ovate,  varying  to  oblong-lanceolate,  most  of  the  pairs  with  a  somewhat 
sheathing  base  ;  the  involucrate  uppermost  2  or  3  concealing  the  calyx  and  some- 
times almost  equalling  the  corolla  of  the  1  to  5  flowers:  lobes  of  the  calyx  short- 
linear,  more  or  less  shorter  than  the  tube :  appendages  at  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla 
narrow,  deeply  2-cleft.  —  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii.  218.    Alpine  and  subalpiue 
regions  of  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Nevada. 

H_  ^_  -H_  Stems  rather  taller,  man //-leaved :  flowers  not  involucrate :  the  laciniate- 
toothed  or  cleft  appendages  at  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla  sometimes  almost  equal- 
ling the  lobes. 

12.  G.  affinis,  Griseb.     Stems  clustered,  a  span  or  more  high  :  leaves 
from  oblong  or  lanceolate  to  linear :  flowers  from  numerous  and  thyrsoid- 
racemose  to  few  or  rarely  almost  solitary :  bracts  lanceolate  or  linear :  calyx- 


246  GENTIANACE^E.      (GENTIAN   FAMILY.) 

lobes  linear  or  subulate,  unequal  and  variable,  the  longest  rarely  equalling  the 
tube,  the  shorter  sometimes  minute :  corolla  an  inch  or  less  long,  rather  narrowly 
funnelform ;  its  lobes  ovate,  acutish  or  mucronulate-pointed,  spreading.  —  From 
the  mountains  of  New  Mexico  and  California  to  British  Columbia  and  the 
Saskatchewan. 

13.  G.  Bigelovii,  Gray.    Very  similar  to  the  last,  but  the  corolla  is  oblong, 
with  shorter  lobes,  and  bears  salient  crenulate  or  roughened  ridges  which  in  the 
hud  externally  border  the  infolded  plicge :  the  stipe  is  shorter  and  broader  and 
completely  Jlstulous. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  87.     G.  affinis  in  part.     Colorado 
to  Arizona. 

14.  G.  Forwoodii,  Gray.    Resembling  G.  affinis,  but  the  corolla  decidedly 
smaller  (f  inch  long),  narrow,  and  with  shorter  and  rounder  lobes,  these  little  sur- 
passing the  plical  appendages :  stems  6  to  12  inches  high  and  equably  leafy  to 
the  very  top :  calyx  subcampanulate,  with  no  vestige  of  lobes  or  teeth.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xix.  86.    High  meadows  of  the  Wind  River  Mountains,  Wyoming. 

3.    PLEUROGYNE,  Eschsch. 

Small  annuals  of  cold  regions,  with  blue  or  whitish  flowers,  and  distin- 
guished by  the  remarkable  decurrent  stigmas. 

1.  P.  rotata,  Griseb.  Stems  2  to  10  inches  high,  the  smaller  simple  and 
1-flowered;  the  larger  either  simple  and  racemosely  several-flowered  or  fasti- 
giately  much  branched :  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  or  the  radical  ones  short 
and  spatulate :  sepals  similar  to  the  upper  leaves :  lobes  of  the  corolla  bearing 
at  base  a  pair  of  glandular  and  scale-like  processes.  —  In  subalpiue  regions  of 
Colorado  and  northward  throughout  British  America. 

4.    SWERTIA,   L. 

Simple-stemmed  perennials,  occasionally  with  alternate  leaves,  the  lower 
tapering  into  a  margined  petiole :  inflorescence  thyrsoid :  flowers  blue,  varying 
to  white. 

1.  S.  perennis,  L.  A  span  or  more  high:  lowest  leaves  oblong  or 
obovate-spatulate  (2  to  4  inches  long) ;  upper  cauline  few  and  narrower,  ses- 
sile :  inflorescence  racemiform  or  narrowly  paniculate,  few  to  many-flowered  : 
sepals  narrowly  lanceolate :  lobes  of  the  corolla  bearing  at  base  a  pair  of 
nectariferous  pits  which  are  crested  with  a  fringe.  —  Colorado,  Utah,  and 
northward. 

5.    PHASER  A,   Walt. 

Large  and  stout  herbs ;  with  single  erect  stem  from  a  thick  bitter  root,  the 
broader  leaves  commonly  nervose,  inflorescence  thyrsoid  with  copious  flowers 
and  dark-dotted  corolla. 

1.  P.  speciosa,  Dougl.  Stem  2  to  5  feet  high,  very  leafy  :  leaves  in  4's 
and  6's ;  the  radical  and  lowest  cauline  obovate  or  oblong,  6  to  10  inches  long ; 
the  upper  lanceolate  and  at  length  linear :  flowers  very  numerous  in  a  long 
leafy  thyrsus :  lobes  of  the  greenish-white  or  barely  bluish  and  dark-dotted 
corolla  oval-oblong,  bearing  a  pair  of  contiguous  and  densely  long-fringed 
glands  about  the  middle,  and  a  distant  transversely  inserted  and  setaceously 
multifid  scale-like  crown  near  the  base.  —  In  the  mountains  from  Wyoming  to 
Oregon,  and  southward  to  New  Mexico  and  California. 


POLEMONIACEJE.      (POLEMONIUM   FAMILY.)          247 


ORDER  51.     POL.CUIOIVIACEJG.     (POLEMONIUM  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  regular  5-merous  and  5- 
androus  flowers,  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud,  a  3-celled 
ovary  and  a  3-lobed  style :  the  pod  few  to  many-seeded,  its  3  valves 
usually  breaking  away  from  the  central  column. 

1.  Phlox.    Corolla  strictly  salverform,  with  slender  tube  and  narrow  orifice.     Stamens 

unequally  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  filaments  very  short :  anthers  mostly 

included.    Leaves  opposite  and  entire. 
2    Gilia.     Corolla  from  campanulate  t<    funnelform  or  salverform,  with  an  open  orifice. 

Stamens  equally  or  unequally  inserted  :  filaments  not  declined,  naked  at  base.    Leaves 

various. 
3.   Polemonium.    Corolla  from  funnelform  to  nearly  rotate.     Stamens  equally  inserted : 

filaments  more  or  less  declined  and  usually  pilose-appendaged  at  base.     Leaves  all 

alternate,  pinnate  or  pinnately  parted. 


1.    PHLOX,    L.       PHLOX. 

Catiline  leaves  sessile  and  opposite,  or  some  of  the  upper  alternate :  flowers 
cyraose,  showy,  and  variously  colored.  Our  Rocky  Mountain  forms  are  some- 
what suffrutescent,  chiefly  with  narrow  or  minute  and  thickish-margined 
leaves,  and  branches  or  peduncles  mostly  one- flowered. 

*  Densely  cespitose  and  depressed,  mostly  forming  cushion-like  evergreen  mats  or 

tufts :  the  short  leaves  crowded  up  to  the  solitary  and  usually  sessile  flowers, 

and  also  fascicled. 

t-  Leaves  more  or  lesi  beset  or  ciliate  with  cobweb-like  or  woolly  hairs, 
•M.  Very  short,  broad ish  or  scale-like,  soft,  barely  mucronate,  appressed-imbricated : 

plants  very  depressed,  moss-like,  forming  pulvinate  tufts:  lobes  of  the  corolla 

entire. 

1.  P.  bryoides,  Nutt.  Copiously  lanate:  leaves  very  densely  appressed- 
imbricated  in  4  strict  ranks  on  the  loosely  tufted  branches,  scale-like,  ovate- 
or  triangular-lanceolate,  minute  (l£  lines  long),  with  rather  inflexed  mar- 
gins: tube  of  the  corolla  considerably  longer  than  the  calyx;  its  cuneate  lobes 
barely  l£  lines  long.  — PI.  Gamb.  153.  Alpine  summits  in  Wyoming  and 
northward. 

2  P.  muscoides,  Nutt.  Like  the  preceding,  more  resembling  some  canes- 
cent  moss :  the  branches  muoh  tufted,  very  short :  leaves  less  strictly  4-ranked 
and  less  lanate,  ovate-lanceolate  :  tube  of  the  corolla  not  surpassing  the  calyx.  — 
Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  42.  Mountains  at  the  sources  of  the  Missouri. 

**  **  Leaves  subulate  or  acerose,  somewhat  rigid,  less  appressed :  plants  forming 

broad  mats  2  to  4  inches  high. 

3.  P.  Hoodii,  Richards.  Sparsely  or  loosely  lanate,  becoming  glabrate  : 
leaves  rather  rigid,  erect,  somewhat  loosely  imbricated :  tube  of  the  (white  ? ) 
corolla  not  exceeding  the  calyx  •  its  lobes  obovate,  entire.  —  From  the  mountains 
of  S  W.  Wyoming  northward. 


248          POLEMONIACE^E.       (POLEMONIUM   FAMILY.) 

4.  P.  canescens,  Torr.  &  Gray.     More  lanate  and  canescent :  leaves  im- 
bricated, soon  recurved-spreading  above  the  appressed  base :  tube  of  the  white 
corolla  at  length  exceeding  the  calyx ;  the  obovate  lobes  entire  or  emarginate.  — 
Pacif.  R.  Rep.  ii.  8.    From  Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  the  mountains  of  New 
Mexico  and  California. 

H-  H-  Leaves  rigid,  destitute  of  woolly  or  cobwebby  hairs,  the  margins  naked  or 
dilate  with  rigid  or  rather  soft  hairs:  plants  either  densely  or  loosely  tufted : 
the  leaves  mostly  less  crowded. 

5.  P.  Csespitosa,  Nutt.     Leaves  linear-subulate  or  oblong-linear,  commonly 
much  crowded,  hispid-ciliate,  otherwise  glabrous  or  with  some  short  glandular- 
tipped  hairs:  corolla  with  tube  somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Jour.  Acad. 
Philad.  vii.  41.    Mountains  of  Colorado,  Montana,  and  westward.     Occurs 
under  several  dwarfed  forms. 

6.  P.  Doilglasii,  Hook.     Less  densely  tufted,  either  pubescent  or  nearly 
glabrous :  leaves  acerose  or  narrowly  linear  subulate,  less  rigid  and  usually  less 
crowded,  often  spreading,  their  margins  hirsutely  ciliate  next  the  base  or  naked : 
flowers  subsessile  or  short-peduncled :  corolla  (purple,  lilac,  or  white)  with  tube 
exceeding  the  calyx.  —  From  Montana  to  Utah,  Colorado,  and  westward. 

Var.  longifolia,  Gray.  A  rigid  form,  of  more  arid  regions,  and  long  and 
narrow  less  fascicled  leaves.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  254.  W.  Nebraska  to 
Oregon  and  California. 

*  #  Loosely  tufted  or  many-stemmed  from  a  merely  woody-persistent  base,  with 
linear  or  lanceolate  spreading  leaves,  which  are  little  if  at  all  fascicled  in  the 
axils :  flowers  slender-peduncled. 

7.  P.  longifolia,  Nutt.     Nearly  glabrous  or  pubescent,  much  branched  or 
many-stemmed,  3  to  8  inches  high :  leaves  mostly  narrowly  linear,  1  to  2 \ 
inches  long :  calyx  more  or  less  angled  by  the  white-membranaceous  replicate 
sinuses :  lobes  of  the  rose-colored  or  white  corolla  obovate-  or  oblong-cuneate, 
entire  or  retuse  :  style  long  and  slender.  —  Jour.  Philad.  Acad.  vii.  41.    From 
Colorado  to  Montana  and  westward. 

Var.  brevifolia,  Gray.  A  depressed  or  dwarf  form ;  with  leaves  3  to 
4  lines  long,  rigid  and  with  more  cartilaginous  margins,  at  least  the  lower 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  254. 

8.  P.  nana,  Nutt.     Glandular  and  roughish-pubescent,  loosely  and  copi- 
ously branching,  a  span  or  more  high  :  leaves  linear,  1  to  2  inches  long,  those 
of  the  branches  often  alternate:  flowers  scattered  or  somewhat  corymbose : 
calyx  not  at  all  angled:  lobes  of   the  rose-red  or  white  corolla  ample  and 
broadly  cuneate-obovate  or  roundish,  entire  or  nearly  so :  style  very  short.  — 
PL.Gamb.  153.    From  S.  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

2.    G I L I  A,    Ruiz  &  Pav. 

A  large  and  variable  genus,  broken  up  into  many  ill-defined  sections, 
which  are  sometimes  considered  genera.  Includes  Collomia,  Nutt.,  formerly 
separated  by  its  unequally  inserted  stamens  and  solitary  ovules,  but  both 
characters  have  failed. — Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  261;  Ibid.  xvii.  223, 
foot  note. 


POLEMONIACE^E.      (POLEMONIUM  FAMILY.)          249 

A.    Stamens  usually  unequally  inserted:  leaves  mostly  alternate,  and  pinnalely 
incised  or  divided :  seed-coat  usually  developing  spiral  threads  when  wetted. 

#  Leaves  sessile  and  entire :  ovules  solitary  :   more  or  less  viscid-pubescent  or 
glandular  plants. 

1.  G.  linearis,  Gray.     Brandling  and  in  age  spreading,  a  span  or  two 
high :  flowers  capitate-crowded  and  leafy-bracted :  calyx  obconical;  its  lobes  tri- 
angular-lanceolate :  corolla  from  lilac-purple  to  nearly  white,  very  slender.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii.  223.     Collomia  linearis,  Nutt.     From  Colorado  and 
California  northward  throughout  British  America. 

2.  G.  gracilis,   Hook.      At   length   corymbosely  much   branched  and 
spreading,  2  to  6  inches  high  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  or  the  lowest  oval 
or  obovate  :  flowers  rather  loosely  cymose  or  scattered  :  calyx  rounded  at  base ; 
its  lobes  subulate-linear :  corolla  purple  or  violet ;  its  narrow  tube  yellowish : 
the  mucilage-cells  of  the  seed-coat  wholly  destitute  of  spiracles  !  —  Collomia  gra- 
cilis, Dougl.    From  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  northward  through  Colorado  to 
British  Columbia. 

#  *  Cauline  leaves  very  numerous,  simply  pinnately  parted  into  narrowly  linear 

divisions:  inflorescence  thyrsiform  or  panicled :  ovules  numerous  in  each  cell: 
slightly  if  at  all  viscid  plants. 

3.  G.  longiflora,  Don.     Glabrous,  loosely  paniculate-branched :  divisions 
of  the  leaves  long  and  slender :  Jlowers  somewhat  corymbose  on  slender  pedun- 
cles: corolla  white,  strictly  salverform,  showy;  the  tube  often  l£  inches  long, 
with  narrow  orifice ;  lobes  orbicular  or  ovate.  —  Collomia  longiflora,  Gray.     W. 
Nebraska  and  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 

4.  G.  aggregata,  Spreng.     Somewhat  pubescent:  stems  2  to  4  feet  high, 
leafy,  sometimes  loosely  branching :    leaves  thickish,  with  narrowly  linear 
mucronulate  divisions  :  thyrsoid  narrow  panicle  loose  or  interrupted ;  the  flowers 
sessile  in  small  mostly  short-pedunculate  clusters :  calyx  commonly  glandular : 
corolla  from  scarlet  to  pinJc-red  (rarely  white),  with  narrow  tube;  the  lobes  ovate 
or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  widely  spreading,  soon  recurved.  —  Collomia 
aggregata,  Porter.      From  W.  Nebraska  to  Oregon,  and  southward  to  Cali- 
fornia, New  Mexico,  and  W.  Texas. 

Var.  attenuata,  Gray.  Corolla-lobes  lanceolate,  tapering  gradually  from 
the  very  base  into  a  slender  acurnination :  calyx-lobes  equally  slender.  —  Synopt. 
Fl.  ii.  145.  Middle  Park,  Colorado. 

K.    Stamens  equally  inserted :  seed-coat  sometimes  developing  spiral  threads. 

*  Leaves  either  opposite  or  palmately  divided,  or  both ;  their  divisions  from  nar- 

rowly linear  to  filiform. 
H-  Leaves  opposite :  Jlowers  small,  in  a  head  or  dense  cluster. 

5.  G.  nudicaulis,  Gray.     Very  glabrous,  an  inch  to  a  span  high,  at 
length  branching  from  the  base :  stem  leafless  from  the  cotyledons  up  to  the 
inflorescence,  which  is  a  close  head  or  glomerule  subtended  by  an  involucre 
of  several  entire  ovate-lanceolate  or  lanceolate  foliaceous  bracts :  corolla  salver- 
form,  white,  pink,  or  yellow ;  the  tube  3  or  4  lines  long  and  thrice  the  length 
of  the  calyx:  ovules  10  to  16  in  each  cell.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  266.     Sandy 
plains,  from  Colorado  to  Nevada  and  Oregon.    In  spring. 


I 


250         POLEMONIACE^E.      (POLEMONIUM  FAMILY.) 

6.  G.  Nllttallii,  Gray.     Cinereous-puberulent  or  the  leaves  glabrate,  more 
or  less  woody  at  base :  stems  or  branches  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  terminated  by 
a  dense  leafy  cluster  of  flowers :  leaves  3  to  1  parted :  the  divisions  narrowly 
linear,  mucronate :  corolla  white  with  a  yellow  more  f unnelform  throat ;  the 
tube  not  longer  than  the  calyx:  ovules  a  pair  in  each  cell.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
viii.  267.     Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah  to  Arizona  and  the  Sierras  of 
California. 

•»-  H-  Leaves  all  alternate  and  much  fascicled  in  the  axils:  Jlowers  showy,  solitary 
or  Jew  in  a  cluster  at  the  summit  of  the  branches. 

7.  G.  pungens,  Benth.     Stems  woody,  tufted,  very  leafy :  branches  and 
mostly  erectish  or  little  spreading  leaves  viscid-pubescent,  puberulent,  or 
glabrate  :  leaves  3  to  7-parted,  acerose  or  subulate,  rigid  and  pungent :  corolla 
rose  or  white:  ovules  8  or  10  in  each  cell.  —  From  the  Upper  Platte  and 
Columbia  to  Arizona  and  California. 

Var.  csespitosa,  Gray.    A  low  and  dense  form,  imitating  Phlox  Doug- 
lasii  in  growth.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  267.     Scott's  Bluffs,  AVyoming. 

#  *  Leaves  alternate  and  pinnately  incised^  cleft,  or  divided  (rarely  entire), 

occasionally  some  of  the  lowermost  opposite. 
*- Flowers  capitate-clustered,  leafy-bracted ;  bracts  and  calyx-lobes  acerose-pungent 

or  cuspidate. 

«-«•  Calyx  lobes  and  the  mostly  multijid  bracts  rigid  and  acerose-pungent :  leaves, 
at  least  some  of  them,  more  than  once  pinnately-parted. 

8.  G.  intertexta,  Steud.     Erect  or  widely  branched,  low  and  rather  stout, 
neither  viscid  nor  glandular :  stem  retrorsely  pubescent :  leaves  mainly  glabrous, 
with  divaricate  acerose-spinescent  divisions  sparingly  divided  or  simple:  Jlowers 
densely  glomerate:  tube  of  the  calyx  and  base  of  the  bracts  strongly  ciilous 
with  white  spreading  hairs ;  its  lobes  equalling  the  white  corolla  (3  or  4  lines 
long) :  ovules  and  seeds  3  or  4  in  each  cell.  —  From  the  Rocky  Mountains  west- 
ward to  California  and  Oregon. 

9.  G.  minima,  Gray.     Depressed,  often  forming  broad  tufts,  ^  to  2  inches 
high,  glabrate  •'  leaves  acicular  and  with  simpler  and  fewer  divisions  than  the 
preceding :  tube  of  the  calyx  white-hairy  in  the  broad  sinuses,  as  long  as  the  un- 
equal lobes,  which  equal  or  exceed  the  white  corolla  (l£  lines  long) :  ovules  1  to 
3  in  each  cell.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  269.     In  very  dry  regions  from  Dakota 
to  Colorado  and  Oregon. 

10.  G.  Breweri,  Gray.     Erect  or  at  length  much  branched  and  diffusely 
spreading,  an  inch  to  a  span  high,  very  minutely  glandular-puberulent  all  over: 
Jlowers  less  glomerate  :  leaves  with  mostly  simple  acicular- subulate  divisions :  calyx- 
lobes  similar  to  these,  narrowly  subulate,  about  equalling  the  yellow  corolla 
(3  or  4  lines  long),  3  or  4  times  the  length  of  the  tube :  ovules  I  or  2  In  each 
cell  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  269.    From  Wyoming  to  Utah,  Nevada,  and 
California. 

«•+  •«•  Calyx-lobes  and  bracts  cuspidate  but  not  pungent :  leaves  simply  pinnatifid 

or  entire. 

11.  G.  Spicata,  Nutt.     Stems  rather  stout,  erect,  simple,  or  several  from 
the  fusiform  root,  a  span  or  two  high :  capitate  flower-clusters  crowded  in  an 
elongated  virgate  and  spike-like  thyrsus:  leaves  thickish,  almost  Jiliform,  some 


POLEMONTACE^E.      (POLEMONIUM  FAMILY.)          251 

about  3-cleft,  occasionally  all  entire,  barely  mucronate :  corolla-lobes  shorter 
than  the  tube :  anthers  subsessile  in  the  throat :  ovules  4  to  6  in  each  cell.  — 
Mountains  of  Colorado,  to  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

Var.  capitata,  Gray.  A  dwarf  form  :  leaves  nearly  all  entire :  thyrsus 
short  and  capituliform :  filaments  as  long  as  the  anther.  —  Alpine  region,  from 
the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota  to  Colorado. 

12.  G.  COngesta,  Hook.     Stems  erect  or  spreading,  3  to  12  inches  high, 
from  a  tufted  base,  bearing  single  terminal  or  few  and  corymbose  capituliform 
cymes:  leaves  with  3  to  7  mucronate  divisions,  or  some  of  them  entire:  lobes  of 
the  corolla  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube,  which  does  not  exceed  the  usually 
aristulate-tipped   calyx-lobes :    exserted  filaments  at   length   as   long   as   the 
anthers :  ovules  2  to  4  in  each  cell.  —  From  Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  Oregon 
aud  California. 

Var.  crebrifolia,  Gray.  Depressed ;  the  tufted  stems  2  or  3  inches  long, 
crowded  with  small  entire  leaves,  and  terminated  by  a  single  capitate  cluster.  — 
Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah. 

13.  G.  iberidifolia,  Benth.     Leaves  more  rigid  and  the  lobes  cuspidate- 
tipped,  as  also  the  bracts :  capitate  cymes  corymbose  :  filaments  shorter :  ovules 
solitary  in  each  cell.  —  North  Platte,  Wyoming,  and  Nebraska. 

14.  G.  pumila,  Nutt.     About  a  span  high:  stems  loosely  woolly,  at  least 
when  young,  leafy :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire  or  most  of  them  2  to  4-parted 
into  diverging  linear  lobes,  mucronate :  flowers  cymulose-glomerate  and  leafy- 
bracted  :  tube  of  the  corolla  slender,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  aristulate-tipped 
calyx-lobes:  filaments  slender,  inserted  in  the  sinuses,  exserted,  shorter  than  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla :  ovules  about  6  in  each  cell.  —  From  W.  Nebraska  to  W. 
Texas  and  west  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

15.  G.  polydadon,  Torr.      About  a  span  high:    stems  puberulent  or 
sparsely  pubescent,  diffuse,  very  few-leaved:  leaves  pinnatifid  or  incised;  the  lobes 
short,  oblong,  abruptly  spinulose-mucronate,  those  subtending  the  cymose  cluster 
longer  than  the  flowers  :  flowers  cymulose-glomerate  and  leafy-bracted  :  tube 
of  the  corolla  hardly  exceeding  the  aristulate-mucronate  calyx-lobes :  anthers  in 
the  throat,  on  very  short  filaments :  ovules  2  in  each  cell.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 
147.     W.  Texas  to  Utah  and  Nevada. 

•*-  •»-  Flowers  thyrsoid-paniculate,  inconspicuously  bracted  or  ebracteate,  never  yel- 
low, ovules  6  in  each  cell. 
•w-  Corolla  rose-red :  anthers  subsessile  in  the  throat. 

16.  G.  Haydeni,  Gray.     Almost  glabrous,  slightly  glandular  above,  a 
span  or  more  high,  effusely  much  branched,  somewhat  corymbose :  radical 
leaves  pinnatifid ;  those  of  the  branches  linear  and  subulate,  bract-like,  entire : 
calyx-lobes  subulate,  shorter  than  the  tube :  corolla-tube  £  inch  long,  several 
times  longer  than  the  obovate  lobes.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  79.     On  the  San 
Juan  in  S.  W.  Colorado  or  adjacent  Utah,  Brandegee. 

•w-  .w  Corolla  bluish  or  white :  filaments  slender  and  much  exserted. 

17.  G.  Stenothyrsa,  Gray.     Stem   simple,  virgate,  very  leafy  up  to  the 
racemiform  narrow  thyrsus :  leaves  pinnately  cleft  into  short  oblong  lobes :  bracts 
small  and  entire  .  stamens  moderately  exserted:  corolla  somewhat  funnelform, 
white,  nearly  £  inch  long. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  276.     Uinta  Mountains, 
Fremont. 


252          POLEMONIACE^E.      (POLEMONIUM  FAMILY.) 

18.  G.  pinnatifida,  Nutt.     Stem  simple  or  loosely  branching,  a  span  to 
2  feet   high :    inflorescence  open-paniculate,  often  compound :   leaves  pinnately 
parted  into  linear  or  narrowly  oblong  lobes;  these  sometimes  again  1  or  2-lobed : 
stamens  conspicuously  exserted :  corolla  strictly  salverform,  2  or  3  lines  long, 
pale  blue  or  violet,  or  the  narrow  tube  white.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  276. 
In  the  mountains  from  S.  Wyoming  through  Colorado  to  New  Mexico. 

-t-  H-  -t-  Flowers  scattered  or  somewhat  crowded,  occasionally  yellow :  ovules  one 

to  many  in  each  cell. 

•w-  Corolla  very  small  (2  lines  or  less),  salverform,  white:  leaves  filiform,  entire, 
or  sometimes  3-parted :  ovules  solitary  in  the  cells :  not  viscid-glandular. 

19.  G.  minutiflora,  Benth.    Glabrous,  or  minutely  gland ular-puberulent 
above :   stem  erect,  a  foot  or  two  high,  with   many  virgate  and  rigid  slender 
branches :  upper  leaves  all  reduced  to  minute  subulate  appressed  bracts ;  the 
lower  longer  and  some  of  them  3-parted :  flowers  terminating  and  also  sparsely 
spicately  disposed  along  the  branchlets,  2  lines  long.  —  Wyoming  (on  the  Upper 
Platte)  and  Idaho. 

20.  G.  tenerrima,  Gray.     Minutely  and  sparsely  glandular,  low,  effusely 
much  branched;   branches  filiform:  leaves  entire :  flowers  loosely  panicled,  on 
slender  divergent  pedicels,  minute.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  277.    Bear  River 
Valley,  Utah. 

•M.  -M.  Corolla  larger  (3  to  12  lines),  funnelform,  purplish  or  yellow:  leaves  once  or 
twice  pinnately  divided:  ovules  few  or  numerous  in  the  cells:  inscid-glandular. 

21.  G.  inconspicua,  Dougl.    A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  usually  with 
slight  woolly  pubescence  when  young,  and  viscid-glandular,  branching  from  the 
base :  leaves  mostly  pinnatifid  or  pinnately '-parted,  or  the  lowest  bipinnatifid,  with 
short  mucronate-cuspidate  lobes;  the  uppermost  becoming  small,  subulate  and 
entire :  flowers  either  somewhat  crowded  and  subsessile  or  at  length  loosely  panicled 
and  some  of  them  slender-pedicelled :   corolla  violet  or  purplish  (3  to  5  lines 
long),  narrowly  funnelform. —  From  Wyoming  to  Texas  and  westward. 

22.  G.  Brandegei,  Gray.    Very  viscid  with  glandular  pubescence,  pleas- 
antly odoriferous,  cespitose :  stems  a  span  to  near  a  foot  high,  simple :  leaves 
all  pinnate,  elongated-linear  in  outline,  the  radical  crowded,  the  cauline  scat- 
tered; leaflets  very  small  and  numerous,  from  oval  to  oblong-linear,  some 
simple,  others  2-parted  and  so  appearing  verticillate  :  flowers  several  in  a  short 
and  racemiform  leafy  thi/rsus:  corolla  golden  yellow,  trumpet-shaped,  an  inch  or 
less  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  85.     On  the  face  of  cliffs  in  S.  W.  Colorado, 
Brandegee. 

Var.  Lambornii,  Gray.     Corolla  lurid-yellowish  or  greenish.  —  Synopt. 
Fl.  ii.  149.    Alpine  region  of  Sierra  Blanca,  S.  Colorado. 

3.    POLEMONITJM,    Tourn.        GREEK  VALERIAN.    JACOB'S 

LADDER. 

Inflorescence  racemiform,  thyrsiform,  or  cymulose-paniculate :  flowers  blue 
or  white,  rarely  purplish,  usually  showy. 

*  Corolla  narrowly  funnelform;  its  tube  exceeding  the  calyx  and  longer  than  the 
limb :  filaments  naked  or  nearly  so  and  not  dilated  at  base :  leaflets  very  small, 


POLEMONIACE^E.      (POLEMONIUM    FAMILY.)          253 

and  crowded,  so  as  seemingly  to  be  verticillate :  inflorescence  capitate-congested 
or  spiciform. 

1.  P.  COnfertum,  Gray.     A  span  or  more  high,  glandular-pubescent  and 
viscid,  musky  fragrant :  leaflets  1  to  3  lines  long,  mostly  2  to  3  divided ;  the 
divisions  from  round-oval  to  oblong-linear :  flowers  densely  crowded,  honey- 
scented  :  corolla  deep  blue,  ^  to  1  inch  long :  ovules  about  3  in  each  cell.  — 
Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  73.     Alpine  regions  from  Colorado  to  California 
and  northward. 

Var  mellitum,  Gray.  Usually  a  taller  form :  inflorescence  more  lax 
and  leafy,  becoming  spiciform  or  racemose  :  corolla  pale  or  sometimes  white, 
an  inch  long,  more  narrowly  funuelform.  —  With  the  type  in  Wyoming, 
Colorado,  and  Utah. 

*  *  Corolla  campanulate-funnelform ;  its  tube  not  exceeding  the  calyx  and  shorter 
than  the  ample  limb:  filaments  usually  dilated  and pdose-appendaged  at  base: 
leaflets  simple  and  entire,  sometimes  confluent :  inflorescence  open. 

•*-  Low,  about  a  span  high  from  cespitose-branching  and  mostly  thickened  root- 
stocks:  flowering  stems  only  1  to  3-leaved :  leaflets  seldom  ^  inch  long. 

2.  P.  viSGOSUm,  Nutt.     Dwarf  and  with  thick  densely  tufted  rootstocks, 
viscid -puberulent :    leaflets  very  numerous  and  crowded  or  even  imbricated, 
ovate  or  roundish,  at  most  l£  lines  long :  flowers  in  a  rather  close  cymulose  duster : 
corolla  blue  or  whitish,  its  lobes  about  the  length  of  the  included  tube  :  filaments 
not  appendaged  at  base.  —  High  summits  towards  the  sources  of  the  Platte, 
Nuttall. 

3.  P.  humile,  Willd.     More  slender,  and  from  somewhat  creeping  root- 
stocks,  more  or  less  viscid-pubescent :   leaflets  15  to  21,  from  round-oval  to 
oblong,  2  to  6  lines  long :  flowers  rather  few  in  the  clusters :  corolla  blue  or  pur- 
plish, its  ampler  lobes  much  longer  than  the  short  included  tube:  filaments  pilose  at 
the  dilated  base :  ovules  2  to  4  and  seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell. 

Var.  pulchellum,  Gray.  Viscid  pubescence  mostly  minute,  or  the  leaflets 
often  nearly  glabrous  and  naked :  flowers  smaller :  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  only 
2  or  3  lines  long,  violet  or  lavender  blue,  in  some  forms  nearly  white.  — 
Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  150.  P.  pulchellum,  Bunge.  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  northward  to  the  Arctic  coast. 

-t-  -»-  Taller,  afoot  or  more  high,  from  slender  rootstocks  or  roots:  leaves  and  leaf- 
lets larger. 

4.  P.  CSeruleum,  L.    Either  glabrous  or  viscid-pubescent:  stew  mostly  strict 
and  virgate,  1  to  3  feet  high,  5  to  10-leaued :  leaflets  from  linear-lanceolate  to 
oblong-ovate,  9  to  20  lines  long :  flowers  numerous  in  a  naked  and  narrow  thyr- 
sus or  panicle:  corolla  blue,  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter:  st>/le  and  stamens 
usually  protruding. —  From   the  Colorado  mountains  to  California,   and  far 
northward ;  very  much  less  abundant  in  the  N.  Atlantic  States. 

5.  P.  foliosiSSimum,  Gray.     Very  viscid-pubescent  throughout  and  strong- 
scented :  stem  very  leaf/  throughout:  leaflets  from  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceo- 
late: flowers  con/mbose-C'/nwse,  smaller:  corolla  commonly  white  or  cream-color, 
sometimes  violet,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx :  style  and  stamens  not  protrud- 
ing —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  151.     P.  coeruleum,  var.  foliosissimum,  Gray.     Mountains 
of  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  westward. 


254       HYDROPHYLLACE^E.      (WATERLEAF   FAMILY.) 


ORDER  52.    HYDRO PlIYLLACC^E.     (WATERLEAF  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  commonly  hairy,  with  mostly  alternate  leaves,  regular  5-merous 
and  5-androus  flowers:  the  ovary  entire  and  1 -celled  with  2  parietal 
(4  to  many-ovuled)  placentae,  or  rarely  2- celled  :  style  2-cleft  or  2  sepa- 
rate styles :  fruit  a  2-valved,  4  to  many-seeded  pod.  Flowers  chiefly 
blue  or  white,  in  one-sided  cymes  or  racemes. 

*  Style  more  or  less  2-cleft :  ovary  1-celled.  and  mostly  hispid,  at  least  at  the  apex, 
•i-  Ovary  lined  with  the  dilated  and  fleshy  placentae. 

1.  Hydrophyllum.    Stamens  and  style  mostly  conspicuously  exserted.     Leaves  alter- 

nate. Calyx  with  or  without  a  small  appendage  at  each  sinus.  Corolla  campanulate  ; 
the  tube  within  bearing  a  linear  longitudinal  appendage  opposite  each  lobe,  with  in- 
folded edges,  forming  a  nectariferous  groove  Filaments  bearded  at  the  middle. 

2.  Ellisia.    Stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla.     Lower  and  sometimes  all  the  leaves  oppo- 

site.    Calyx  destitute  of  appendages  at  the  sinuses,  usually  much  enlarged  under  the 
fruit.    Corolla  campanulate ,  the  internal  appendages  minute  or  obsolete. 
«-  -t-  Ovary  with  narrow  parietal  placentae,  in  fruit  projecting  inward  more  or  less. 

3.  Phacelia.    Calyx  naked  at  the  sinuses,  deeply  5-parted.     Stamens  equally  inserted  low 

down  on  the  corolla.  Inflorescence  scorpioid.  Leaves  all,  or  all  but  the  lowest, 
alternate. 

*  *  Styles  2.  distinct,  to  the  base :  ovary  more  or  less  completely  2-celled,  and  in  ours  nearly 

glabrous. 

4.  Nama.    Corolla  funnelform  or  somewhat  salverform.     Filaments  and  styles  more  or 

less  included  ;  the  former  commonly  unequal  and  often  unequally  inserted.  Ovules 
and  seeds  numerous,  on  transverse  lamelliform  placentae,  which  approximate  or  cohere 
in  the  axis  of  the  ovary,  but  separate  in  the  loculicidal  dehiscence.  Low  herbs,  with 
(in  ours)  entire  leaves. 


1.    HYDKOPHYLLUM,    Tourn.        WATERLEAF. 

Herbs  with  petioled  ample  and  lobed  or  divided  alternate  leaves,  and 
cymose  clusters  of  violet-blue  or  wbite  flowers.  Our  species  have  fleshy  hori- 
zontal rootstocks,  the  calyx  naked  at  the  sinuses,  leaves  pinnatifid  or  pinnate, 
and  the  peduncle  elongated,  surpassing  the  petiole. 

1.  H.  Occident  ale,  Gray.     Pubescent,  hirsute,  or  sparingly  hispid,  a  foot 
or  two  high  :   leaves  elongated-oblong  in  outline,  pinnately  parted  or  divided  into 
7  to  15  divisions ;  divisions  oblong,  1  or  2  inches  long,  mostly  incised  or  few- 
cleft,  obtuse :   cymes  mostly  dense  or  capitate  :   calyx  deeply  parted,  its  divis- 
ions lanceolate:  corolla  violet-purple,  varying  to  white,  -J-  inch  long.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  x.  314. 

Var.  Fendleri,  Gray.  Pubescence  mainly  hirsute  or  hispid:  divisions  of 
the  leaves  inclined  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  inciseli/  serrate :  cyme 
rather  open  :  corolla  white  or  nearly  so.  —  Shady  ravines,  from  New  Mexico 
to  Colorado. 

2.  H.  Virginicum,  L.     Stem  (1  or  2  feet  high)  and  bright  green  leaves 
almost  glabrous,  or  with  short  scattered  hairs  :  leaves  ovate  in  general  outline, 
3  to  5-parted  or  divided;  divisions  (2  to  4  inches  long)  ovate-lanceolate  or 


HYDROPHYLLACE^E.      (WATERLEAF   FAMILY.)        255 

rhomboid -ovate,  acuminate  or  acute,  coarsely  incised-toothed  ;  the  lowest 
commonly  2-cleft  and  the  terminal  one  often  3-lobed :  peduncle  usually  once 
or  twice  forked  :  cyme  at  length  open  :  calyx  5-parted  to  the  very  base  into 
narrow  linear  and  spreading  hispid-ciliate  divisions :  corolla  nearly  white  or 
sometimes  deep  violet,  about  |  inch  long.  —  Across  the  continent. 


2.    ELLISIA,   L. 

Plants  with  tender  somewhat  hirsute  herbage  :  peduncles  solitary  or  race- 
mose :  corolla  whitish,  mostly  small  in  comparison  with  the  stellate  calyx. 
In  ours  the  leaves  are  once  pinnately  parted,  and  the  upper  mostly  alternate. 

1.  E.  Nyctelea,  L.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  at  length  very  diffuse: 
leaves  on  naked  or  barely  margined  petioles ;  the  divisions  7  to  13,  lanceolate, 
acute,  mostly  1  to  3-toothed  or  lobed :  peduncles  solitary  in  the  forks  or  oppo- 
site the  leaves,  or  some  of  the  later  ones  racemose  and  secund :  calyx-lobes 
acuminate,  longer  than  the  capsule :  corolla  rather  shorter  than  the  calyx.  — 
Upper  Arkansas,  Colorado,  to  the  Saskatchewan,  and  eastward  across  the 
continent. 

3.    PHACELIA,   Juss. 

Corolla  blue,  purple,  or  white,  never  yellow,  except  the  tube  of  certain 
species ;  the  tube  with  or  without  internal  folds :  calyx-lobes  more  or  less 
enlarging  in  fruit :  seed-coat  reticulated  or  pitted, 

§  1.   A.  pair  of  ovules  to  each  placenta:  seeds  as  many  or  by  abortion  fewer : 
lobes  of  the  campanidate  corolla  entire  (or  rarely  erose-dentate) ;   the  tube  with 
10  laminate  appendages  in  pairs  at  the  base  of  the  stamens.  —  EUPHACELIA. 
#  Leaves-  all  simple  and  entire,  or  some  of  the  lower  pinnately  3  to  5-parted  or 
divided :  capsule  ovate,  acute :  seeds  densely  alveolate-punctate, 

1.  P.  Circinata,  Jacq.  f.     Hispid  and  the  foliage  strigose,  and  either 
green  or  canescent,  a  span  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  from  lanceolate  to  ovate, 
acute ;  the  lower  tapering  into  a  petiole  and  commonly  some  of  them  with 
one  or  two  pairs  of  smaller  lateral  leaflets :  inflorescence  hispid ;  the  dense 
spikes   thyrsoid-congested  :   corolla  whitish   or   bluish :   filaments   much  ex- 
serted,  sparingly  bearded.  —  On  dry  ground,  from  New  Mexico  and  Cali- 
fornia to  Dakota  and  British  Columbia. 

#  *  Leaves  pinnateli/  toothed,  lobed,  or  compound,  and  the  lobes  or  divisions 
toothed  or  incised:  capsule  globular  or  ovoid,  obtuse:  seeds  with  excavated 
ventral  face  divided  by  a  salient  ridge. 

•»-  Calyx,  etc.  not  setose-hispid. 

2.  P.  integrifolia,  Torr.     A  span  to  2  feet  high,  strict,  viscid-pubescent 
or  hirsute,  very  leafy :  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  sessile  or  the  lower 
short-petioled  with  a  commonly  subcordate  base,  simply  or  mostly  doubly  cre- 
nate-toothed,  sometimes  incised :  spikes  crowded,  at  first  thyrsoid  :  corolla  whitish 
or  bluish  :  stamens  and  style  long  exserted.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  222.     Dry 
soil,  Colorado  to  Texas,  Arizona,  and  Utah. 


256       HYDROPHYLLACI^E.       (WATEKLEAF   FAMILY.) 

3.  P.  glandulosa,  Nutt.     Viscid-pubescent  and  glandular,  softly  if  at 
all  hirsute,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high  :  leaves  irregularly  and  interrupted  I  tj 
twice  pinnatifid,  or  below  divided ;  the  numerous  lobes  small,  somewhat  incised, 
obtuse :  corolla  bluish,  purplish,  or  white,  with  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube : 
stamens  and  style  moderately  or  conspicuously  exserted.  —  Gravelly  soil, 
Colorado  to  Arizona  and  Texas. 

Var.  Neo-Mexicana,  Gray.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  either  slightly  or 
conspicuously  erose-denticulate. — P.  Neo-Mexicana,  Thurber. 

•t-  -t-  Calyx  more  or  less  setose-hispid. 

4.  P.  Popei,  Ton*.  &  Gray.     Viscid-pubescent  and  hispid  with  spread- 
ing hairs,  a  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  bipiunately  parted  or  pinnatifid  ;  the 
divisions  pinnatifid,  with  5  to  9  short,  obtuse  lobes:  calyx-lobes  a  little  longer 
than  the  globose  capsule :  corolla  white,  campanulate,  its  lobes  entire :  sta- 
mens at  length  much  exserted.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  ii.  172.     Colorado  and  south- 
ward.    Included  under  P.  glandulosa,  Nutt.,  in  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  160,  but  restored 
in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  87. 

§  2.  Ovules  and  seeds  several  (6  to  12)  or  more  numerous  on  each  placenta: 
appendages  of  the  mostly  campanulate  corolla  in  the  form  of  10  vertical  salient 
lamellce.  —  EUTOCA. 

5.  P.  sericea,  Gray.     A  span  to  a  foot  high  from  a  branching  caudex, 
silky-pubescent  or  canescent,  or  the  simple  virgate  stems  and  inflorescence 
villous-hirsute,  rather  leafy  to  the  top :  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  linear  o>- 
narrow-oblong  numerous  and  often  again  few-cleft  or  pinnatifid  divisions,  silky- 
canescent  or  sometimes  greenish  ;  the  lower  petioled  ;  the  uppermost  simpler 
and  nearly  sessile:  short  spikes  crowded  in  a  naked  spike-like  th//rsus:  corolla 
violet-blue  or  whitish:   stamens  long  exserted:   capsule  a  little  longer  than  the 
calyx. — Mountains  of  Colorado,  Nevada,  and  northward. 

6.  P.  Menziesii,  Torr.     A  span  to  a  foot  high,  at  length  paniculate- 
branched,  hispid  or  roughish-hirsute  :  leaves  mostly  sessile,  linear  or  lanceolate 
and  entire,  or  some  of  them  deeply  cleft ;  the  lobes  few  or  single,  linear  or 
lanceolate,  entire  :   spikes  or  spike-like  racemes  fhyrsoid-paniculate,  at  length 
elongated  and  erect :  corolla  bright  violet  or  sometimes  white  :  stamens  about 
the  length  of  the  corolla :  capsule  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  252.    Montana  to  Utah  and  westward. 

4.    NAMA,    L. 

Low  herbs :  the  corolla  purple,  bluish,  or  white.  In  ours  the  corolla  is 
short-funnelform  and  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx,  the  flowers  are  in  the  forks 
of  the  stem,  and  the  leaves  are  entire. 

1.  N.  dichotomum,  Ruiz  &  Pav.,  var.  angustifolium,  Gray. 
Erect,  a  span  high,  minutely  pubescent,  glandular :  stem  repeatedly  forked 
and  with  a  nearly  sessile  flower  in  each  fork  :  leaves  narrow,  linear  or  nearly 
so :  sepals  narrowly  linear :  seeds  marked  with  about  5  longitudinal  rows  of 
large  pits,  from  4  to  6  in  each  row.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  284.  Colorado 
and  New  Mexico. 


BORRAGINACE^E.       (BORAGE   FAMILY.)  257 


ORDER  53.    BORRACIN  ICEJE.     (BORAGE  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  rough-hairy  horbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  symmetri- 
cal flowers  with  a  5-parted  calyx,  a  regular  5-lobed  corolla,  5  stamens 
inserted  on  its  tube,  a  single  style  and  a  deeply  4-lobed  ovary  (occa- 
sionally undivided),  which  forms  in  fruit  4  seed-like  nutlets,  each  with 
a  single  seed.  —  Flowers  mostly  on  one  side  of  the  branches  of  a  re- 
duced cyme,  imitating  a  scorpioid  spike  or  raceme. 

A.    Ovary  undivided  (or  only  laterally  4-lobed)  and  surmounted  by  the  style. 
1.    Coldenia.    Calyx  5-parted  ;  the  divisions  narrow.     Corolla  short-funnelform  or  nearly 

salverform;  the  lobes  rounded,  imbricated  or  sometimes  partly  convolute  in  the  bud. 

Style  2-cleft  or  2-partcd  :  ovary  (in  ours)  laterally  4-lobed.     Fruit  separating  at  ma- 

turity into  4  one-seeded  nutlets,  or  by  abortion  fewer. 
2    Heliotrnpium*    Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  persistent.    Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform, 

plaited  and  mostly  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Anthers  connivent,  sometimes  cohering 

by  pointed  tips.     Style  entire  or  none  :  stigma  peltate-annular,  forming  a  complete 

ring,  surmounted  usually  by  an  entire  or  2-lobed  tip  or  appendage  :  ovary  4-celled. 

Fruit  2  or  4-lobed,  separating  into  two  2-celled  and  2-seeded  carpels  or  more  com- 

monly into  4  one-seeded  nutlets. 

B.    Ovary  4-parted  from  above  into  1-celled  1-ovuled  divisions  surrounding  the  base  of  the 

undivided  style  ;  stigma  terminal,  not  annular. 
*  Nutlets  obliquely  attached  by  more  or  less  of  the  ventral  face  or  angle,  or  by  the  base  or 

prolongation  of  it,  to 

•»-  The  more  or  less  elevated  gynobase  which  supports  the  style,  not  stipitate. 
3.    Echlnospermum.    Nutlets  armed  (either  along  a  distinct  margin  or  more  or  less  over 
the  whole  back)  with  glochidiate  prickles,  forming  burs.    Calyx  reflcxrd  or  open  in 
fruit.      Corolla  white  or  blue  ;  the  throat  closed  with  prominent  fornicate  appeo- 


4.  Omphalodes.    Nutlets  ascending  or  subhorizontal,  with  depressed  back  surrounded 

by  a  wing  or  margin  which  at  maturity  is  reflexed,  and  its  pectinate  or  spinulose  teeth 
when  present  not  glochidiate  (disk  sometimes  so),  somewhat  supra-basal  or  ventral  in 
attachment.  Corolla  rotate  or  very  short  funnelform,  bright  blue. 

5.  Krynitzkia.     Nutlets  erect,  convex  on  the  back  and  naked,  wholly  unappendnged 

(rarely  with  a  narrow  plane  border),  attached  by  the  inner  side  above  the  middle  or 
more  or  less  towards  the  base.  Corolla  rotate  or  funnelform,  white,  and  mostly  small. 

•i-  ••-  Nutlets  sessile  or  obscurely  stipitate  on  a  flat  or  merely  convex  receptacle. 

G.  Mertensia.  Corolla  from  tubular-funnel  form  or  trumpet-shaped  to  almost  campamilate, 
with  open  throat,  bearing  obvious  or  obsolete  transverse  folds  for  crests.  Stigma 
entire.  Nutlets  attached  by  a  small  or  short  scar  just  above  the  base  to  a  barely  or 
sometimes  strongly  convex  gynobase.  Often  smooth  and  glabrous,  with  blue  or 
rarely  white  flowers,  mostly  bractless. 

*  *  Nutlets  sessile  and  directly  (usually  centrally)  attached  by  the  very  base  to  a  plane 

gynobase. 

7.  Myosotis.    Corolla  short-salverform  or  almost  rotate  ;  its  throat  contracted  by  trans- 

verse crests  ;  the  rounded  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud.  Nutlets  small,  smooth  and 
shining,  thin-rrustaceous.  Racemes  mainly  ebracteate. 

8.  Lithospermum.    Corolla  salverform,  funnelform,  or  sometimes  approaching  campanu- 

late,  either  naked  or  with  pubescent  lines  or  intruded  gibbosities  or  low  transverse 
crests  at  the  throat.  Nutlets  ovoid,  bony,  either  polished  and  white  or  dull  and  rough. 
Flowers  all  subtended  by  leaves  or  bracts. 

17 


258  BORRAGINACE^.      (BORAGE  FAMILY.) 

9  Onosmodium.  Corolla  tubular  or  oblong-funnelform,  with  open  and  wholly  unap- 
pendaged  throat;  the  lobes  erect  or  hardly  spreading  ;  the  sinuses  more  or  less  in- 
flexed.  Style  filiform  or  capillary,  very  long:  stigma  exserted  before  the  corolla  opens. 
Nutlets  ovoid  or  globular,  bony,  smooth  and  polished,  white.  Flowers  all  subtended 
by  leafy  bracts. 

1.    COLDENIA,  L. 

Low  herbaceous  plants,  canescent  or  hispid :  with  small  and  mostly  white 
flowers  sessile  and  usually  in  clusters :  leaves  entire,  petioled,  veined. 

1.  C.  Nuttallii,  Hook  Prostrate  annual,  repeatedly  and  divergently 
dichotomous :  leaves  ovate  or  rhomboid-rotund,  2  to  4  lines  long  and  on  longer 
petioles,  with  2  or  3  pairs  of  strong  and  somewhat  curving  veins,  and  margins 
somewhat  revolute :  flowers  densely  clustered  in  the  forks  and  at  the  ends  of 
the  naked  branches :  filaments  inserted  nearly  in  the  throat  of  the  pink  or 
whitish  corolla,  the  tube  of  which  bears  5  short  obtuse  scales  near  the  base : 
nutlets  marked  with  a  linear  and  rhaphe-like  ventral  scar.  —  Dry  plains,  from 
Wyoming  to  Washington  Territory,  and  southward  to  Arizona  and  California. 

2.    HELIOTROPIUM,    Tourn.        HELIOTROPE. 

Low  herbs  or  undershrubs :  the  flowers  almost  always  small.  In  ours  the 
corolla  is  large,  white,  and  not  appendaged. 

#  Fruit  didymous,  solid :  anthers  slightly  cohering  by  their  minutely  bearded  tips  r 

stifle  long  and  filiform;  cone  of  the  stigma  truncate  and  bearded  with  a  pencil- 
late  tuft  of  strong  bristles :  flowers  scattered. 

1.  H.  convolvulaceum,  Gray.    Low  spreading  annual,  strigose-hirsute 
and  hoary,  much  branched  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  sometimes  nearly  ovate  and 
sometimes  linear,  short-petioled :   flowers  generally  opposite  the  leaves  and 
terminal,  short-peduncled :   limb  of  the  corolla  ample,  angulate-lobed  ;   the 
tube  strigose-hirsute,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals.  —  Sandy  plains, 
Nebraska  to  W.  Texas  and  westward. 

#  #  Fruit  4-lobed :   anthers  free:    style  none;  slignia  umbrella-shaped,   not  sur- 

mounted bif  a  cone:  flowers  in  distinct  unilateral  scorpioid  spikes 

2.  H.  Curassavicum,  L.     Wholly  glabrous   and   glaucous,   diffusely 
spreading,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  leaves  succulent,  oblanceolate,  varying  from 
nearly  linear  to  obovate :   spikes  mostly  in  pairs  or  twice  forked,  densely 
flowered :  corolla  white,  with  a  yellow  eye :  stigma  as  wide  as  the  glabrous 
ovary,  flat.  —  Along  the  sea-coasts,  also  in  the  interior  in  saline  soils. 

3.    ECHINOSPERMUM,    Lehm.        STICKSEED. 

Either  pubescent  or  hispid :  with  racemose  or  spicate  flowers,  usually  small, 
bluish  or  whitish.  The  nutlets  are  troublesome  burs. 

#  Racemes  panicled,  leaf y-br  act  eate  only  at  base,  minutely  bracteate  or  bractless 

above:  pedicels  recurved  or  defiexed  in  fruit:  calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  fruit, 
and  at  length  reflexed  under  it:  scar  of  the  nutlets  ovate  or  triangular:  plants 
pubescent  or  hirsute,  but  not  hispid.     In  ours  the  corolla  is  rotate. 
1.  E.  floribundum,  Lehm.     Rather  strict,  2  feet  or  more  high,  or  some- 
times smaller :  leaves  from  oblong-  to  linear-lanceolate ;  the  lowest  tapering  into 


BORRAGINACE^E.      (BORAGE  FAMILY.)  259 

margined  petioles :  racemes  numerous,  commonly  geminate  and  in  fruit  rather 
strict :  nutlets  with  elongated  triangular  back  naked,  merely  scabrous ;  and 
the  margin  armed  with  a  close  row  of  flat  subulate  prickles,  their  bases  often 
confluent.  —  E.  dejlexum,  var.  jforibtuidvm,  Watson.  From  New  Mexico  and 
California  northward  to  British  America. 

2.  E.  Clliatum,  Gray.     A  foot  or  more  high,  canescently  hirsute,  the  hairs 
on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  relrorse:  leaves  tomentose-hirsute,  ciliate,  sessile,  lin- 
ear; the  lower  4  inches  long  and  2  lines  wide ;  the  upper  an  inch  long :  racemes 
subcori/mbose:   fruit   unknown.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.   xvii.    225.     Cynoglossum 
ciliatum,  Dougl.     Tributaries  of  the  Columbia  and  eastward  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  Douglas. 

#  *  Spikes  leafy-bracteate :  pedicels  erect  or  merely  spreading :  calyx-lobes  mostly 
exceeding  the  fruit,  becoming  foliaceous  and  often  unequal:  scar  of  the  nutlets 
long  anjd  narrow :  plants  with  rough  or  hispid  pubescence :  leaves  linear,  lan- 
ceolate, or  the  lower  somewhat  spatulate. 

3.  E.  Redowskii,  Lehm.     Erect,  a  span  to  2  feet  high,  paniculately 
branched  :  nutlets  irregularly  and  minutely  muricately  tuberculate ;  the  mar- 
gins armed  with  a  single  row  of  stout  flattened  prickles,  which  are  not  rarely 
confluent  at  base. 

Var.  OCCidentale,  Watson.  Less  strict,  at  length  diffuse,  and  the  tuber- 
cles of  the  nutlets  sharp  instead  of  blunt  01  roundish.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  246. 
From  Arizona  and  Texas  northward. 

Var.  cupulatum,  Gray.  Prickles  of  the  nutlet  broadened  and  thickened 
below  and  united  into  a  wing  or  border,  which  often  indurates  and  enlarges, 
forming  a  cup,  with  margin  more  or  less  incurved  at  maturity,  sometimes  only 
the  tips  of  the  prickles  free.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  530.  From  Nevada  to  Texas  and 
Nebraska.  With  the  preceding  form. 


4.    OMPHALODES,    Tourn. 

Ours  are  dwarf  cespitose  alpine  or  mountain  perennials  with  bright  blue 
flowers,  forming  the  section  Eritrichium.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xx.  263. 

1.  O.  nana,  Gray,  var.  aretioides,  Gray.    Densely  cespitose  in  pulvinate 
tufts,  rising  an  inch  or  two  above  the  surface,  densely  vil/ous  with  long  soft 
white  hairs  which  are  sometimes  papillose-dilated  at  base:  leaves  varying  from 
ovate  to  lanceolate :   flowers  terminating  very  short  densely  leafy  shoots,  or 
more  racemose  on  developed  few-leaved  stems  :  nutlets  with  a  pectinate-toothed 
or  spmulose  dorsal  border.  —  Loc.  cit.     Eritrichium  nanum,  Schrad.,  var.  areti- 
oides, Herder.     E.  villosum,  var.  aretioides,  Gray.     Highest  alpine,  Colorado, 
Utah,  Wyoming,  and  northward. 

2.  O.  Howard!,  Gray.      Densely  cespitose,  sericeons-canescent  with  ap- 
pressed  pubescence :  leaves  spatulate-linear,  5  to  8  lines  long,  mostly  crowded 
on  the  tufted  branches  of  the  caudex  ;  the  flowering  stems  3  to  4-leaved : 
cyme  either  dichotomous  or  simple  racemiform,  few-flowered  :  nutlets  shining, 
naked,  with  angulate-margined  dorsal  border.  —  Loc.  cit.     Echinospermum  cilia- 
tum, Gray,  var.  Howardi,  Gray.     Cynoglossum  Howardi,  Gray.     Mountains  of 
Montana  and  westward  to  the  Cascades,  Howard,  Canby,  Tweedy. 


260  BORRAGINACE^E.      (BORAGE   FAMILY.) 

5.    KRYNITZKIA,   Fisch.  &  Meyer. 

Annual  herbs  or  some  perennials,  with  white  and  mostly  small  flowers. 
Includes  Eritrichium  §  Krynitzkia,  and  §  Eueritrichium  Myosotidea,  Gray, 
Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  191.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  xx.  264. 

§  1.  Nutlets  more  or  less  ovate,  rugose,  sometimes  keeled  dorsally  or  ventrally, 
attached  at  the  base  by  a  very  small  areola  either  to  a  depressed  or  little  ele- 
vated gynobase:  low  and  mostly  diffuse  or  spreading  annuals,  sparsely  or 
minutely  hirsute :  leaves  linear:  Jlowers  very  small  (a  line  long).  —  MYOSO- 
TIDEA. 

1.  K.  Califomica,  Gray.     Slender,  more  or  less  hirsute:  stems  flower- 
ing from  near  the  base  :  flowers  almost  sessile,  most  or  all  the  lower  accom- 
panied by  leaves  or  bracts,  at  length  scattered :  nutlets  transversely  rugose 
and  minutely  scabrous  or  smooth ;   the  scar  almost  basal.  —  Loc.  cit.  266. 
Eritrichium  Californicum,  DC.     Spring,    or  muddy  ground,  from  Wyoming 
and  New  Mexico  to  California  and  Oregon. 

Var.  subglochidiata,  Gray.  Slightly  succulent :  lower  leaves  inclined 
to  spatulate :  nutlets  when  young  minutely  more  or  less  hirsute  or  hispid, 
especially  on  the  crests  of  the  rugosities,  some  of  these  little  bristles  becoming 
stouter  and  appearing  glochidiate  under  a  lens.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  526.  Wyo- 
ming and  Colorado  to  California. 

§  2.  Nutlets  nevzr  rugose,  angulate  or  sulcate  ventrally,  with  convex  back  neither 
keeled  nor  angulate,  attached  from  next  the  base  to  the  middle  or  even  to  the 
apex  to  the  elevated  gynobase :  corolla  small,  its  short  tube  not  exceeding  the 
calyx ;  throat  either  naked  or  with  appendages  not  exserted :  annuals,  with 
Jlowers  scorpioid-spicate.  —  EUKRYNITZKIA. 

*  Calyx  early  circumscissile ;  the  5-cleft  upper  portion  falling  away,  leaving  a 

membranaceous  base  persistent  around  the  fruit :  nutlets  ovate-acuminate, 
smooth  or  minutely  punctilulate-scabrous,  attached  by  a  narrow  groove  (with 
transverse  basal  bifurcation)  for  nearly  the  whole  length  to  the  subulate  gyno- 
base :  corolla  with  naked  and  open  throat. 

2.  K.  circuinscissa,  Gray.     Depressed-spreading,  very  much  branched, 
an  inch  to  a  span  high,  whitish-hispid  throughout :  narrow  linear  leaves  (|  to 
£  inch  long)  and  very  small  flowers  crowded,  especially  on  the  upper  part  of 
the  branches.  —  Loc.  cit.  275.     Eritrichium  circumscissum,  Gray.     Dry  plains, 
Wyoming  and  Utah  to  California  and  Washington  Territory. 

*  #  Calyx  not  circumscissile,  5-parted,  conspicuously  and  often  pungently  hispid; 

the  whole  calyx  (or  short  pedicel)  often  inclined  to  disarticulate  at  maturity, 
forming  a  sort  of  bur  loosely  enclosing  the  nutlets. 

•»-  Sepals  never  very  narrow,  with  a  strong  rigid  rib :  nutlets  mostly  dull :  diffusely 
branching  rough-hispid  herbs. 

3.  K.  crassisepala,   Gray.      A   span   high,  very  rough-hispid  :   leaves 
oblanceolate  and  linear-spatulate :  persistent  calyx  very  hispid  with  yellowish 
or  fulvous  bristles  ;  its  lobes  greatly  thickened  below  in  fruit :  nutlets  ovate,  acute, 
dissimilar,  3  of  them  muricate-granulate  and  one  larger  and  smooth  or  nearly  so, 
fixed  to  the  conical-pyramidal  gynobase  from   base  to  middle.  —  Loc.  cit.  268. 
Eritrichium  crassisepalum,  Torr.  &  Gray.    From  New  Mexico  and  W.  Texas 
to  Nebraska  and  the  Saskatchewan. 


BORUAGINACEJ3.      (BORAGE   FAMILY.)  261 

4.  K.  Patterson!,  Gray.     About  a  foot  high,  rough-hispid :  leaves  nar- 
rowly spatulate  or  linear:  calyx  hispid  Avith  pungent  bristles;  its  lobes  linear- 
lanceolate,  less  thickened:   nutlet   (usually  only  one  maturing)   ovate-acuminate, 
smooth,  attached  from  base  to  middle  to  the  subulate-pyramidal  gynobase. —  Loc. 
cit.  268.     At  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado,  Patterson,  Hooker 
&  Gray. 

5.  K.  Fendleri,  Gray.    Erect,  hardly  a  foot  high,  paniculately  branched, 
rather  rigid  :  as  in  the  last,  but  leaves  linear,  sepals  narrowly  linear,  nutlets  more 
attenuate  upwards  and  attached  almost  to  the  apex  to  the  narrowly  subulate  gyno- 
base.  —  Loc.  cit.  268.     Heretofore  confounded  with  K.  (Eritrichium)  leiocarpa. 
From  the  Saskatchewan  to  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

•i-  -»-  Sepals  narrow,  neither  thickened  nor  with  prominent  rib :  nutlets  very  smooth, 
shining :  erect  slender  herbs,  somewhat  hispid. 

6.  K  Watsoni,  Gray.     A  foot  high  :  sepals  of  fruiting  calyx  scarcely 
2  lines  long,  lanceolate,  sparsely  setose-hispid :  nutlets  (a  line  long)  narrow, 
subtriquetrous,  about  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  attached  almost  the  whole 
length  to  the  filiform-subulate  gynobase.  —  Loc.  cit.  271.     Wahsatch  Moun- 
tains, Utah,  Watson.     A  part  of  Eritrichium  leiocarpum,  Bot.  King  Exped. 

§  3.    Nutlets  triquetrous  or  three-angled,  with  acute  lateral  angles,  attached  to  a 
mostly  subulate  gynobase :  generally  biennial  or  perennial  herbs :  corolla  with 
throat  appendages  prominent  or  exserted. —  PSEUDOKRYNITZKIA.    Ours  are 
stout,  with  rather  broad  leaves,  and  flowers  thyrsoid-congested. 
#  Fruit  depressed-globose. 

7.  K.  Jamesii,  Gray.    A  span  or  two  high,  branched  from  the  hard  or 
woody  base,  canescently  silky-tomentose  and  somewhat  hirsute,  becoming 
even  hispid  in  age :  leaves  oblanceolate  or  the  upper  linear :  spikes  somewhat 
panicled  or  thyrsoid-crowded :  fruiting  calyx  mostly  closing  over  the  fruit, 
which  consists  of  four  very  smooth  and  shining  broadly  triangular  (£  globe) 
nutlets.— Loc.  cit.  278.    Eritrichium  Jamesii,  Torr.     From  Texas  to  S.  Cali- 
fornia and  northward  to  Wyoming. 

*  *  Fruit  more  or  less  pyramidal. 

-t-  Tube  of  the  corolla  not  longer  than  the  calyx  and  little  if  any  longer  than  the 
lobes:  a  ring  of  10  small  scales  or  qlands  above  the  base  within. 

8.  K.  virgata,  Gray.     Very  hispid,  not  at  all  canescent:  stem  strict,  a 
foot  or  two  high,  flowering  for  most  of  its  length  in  short  and  dense  nearly  sessile 
clusters,  which  are  generally  much  shorter  than  the  elongated  linear  subtending 
leaves,  and  forming  a  long  virgate  leafy  spike  :  nutlets  broad  ovate,  sparingly 
papillose  on  the  back.  —  Loc.  cit.  279.     Eritrichium  glomeratum,  var.  virgaturn, 
Porter.     Eastern  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado. 

9.  K.  glomerata,  Gray.     Grayish-hirsute  and  hispid,  a  foot  or  more  high  : 
leaves  spatulate  or  linear-spatulate :  inflorescence  thyrsiform  and  mostly  dense : 
calyx  very  setose-hispid :  nutlets  ovate,  more  or  less  tuberculate-rugose  on  the 
back.  —  Loc.  cit.  279.     Eritrichium  glomeratum,  DC.     From  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Washington  Territory. 

10.  K.  sericea,  Gray.     Barely  a  span  high,  pubescence  less  hispid  and 
generally  canescent,  at  least  the  lower  leaves,  these  spatulate  :  thyrsus  spiciform: 
pubescence  and  bristles  of  the  calyx  either  whitish  or  tawny  yellow :  nutlets 


262  BORRAGINACE^.      (BORAGE   FAMILY.) 

oblong-ovate,  somewhat  rugose-tuberculate  on  the  back.  —  Loc.  cit.  279.  — 
Eritrichium  glomeratum,  var.  humile,  Gray.  Alpine  and  subalpine,  from  Colo- 
rado and  Utah  to  Montana  and  Oregon. 

•i-  •«-  Tube  of  the  salverform  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx  and  2  or  3  times  the 
length  of  the  lobes :  fie  ring  inconspicuous,  its  glands  indistinct :  silky-canes- 
cent,  and  with  contracted  thyrsoid  inflorescence. 

11.  K.  fulvocanescens,  Gray.  A  span  or  so  high,  cespitose:  leaves 
linear-spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  silky-strigose  or  even  tomentose ;  the  lower 
with  bright  white  and  soft  hairs  ;  the  upper  and  the  thyrsoid  glomerate  in- 
florescence and  calyx  with  fulvous-yellow  more  hirsute  hairs  and  some  hispid 
bristles:  nutlets  ovate,  more  or  less  papillose  or  tuberculate-rugose  on  the 
back.  —  Loc.  cit.  280.  Eritrichium  fulvocanescens,  Gray.  Mountains  of  Texas 
and  New  Mexico  to  those  of  Nevada  and  Wyoming. 

6.    MERTENSIA,    Roth.        LUNGWORT. 

Either  glabrous  or  with  some  pubescence :  the  leaves  usually  broad,  and 
the  lowermost  petioled  :  the  flowers  usually  showy,  blue,  purple,  or  rarely 
white,  paniculate-racemose  or  cymose. —  In  our  species  the  corolla  has  a  con- 
spicuously 5-lobed  limb,  with  small  crests  in  the  throat. 

*  Filaments  enlarged,  as  broad  as  the  anthers,  always  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the 

corolla  :  style  long  and  capillary,  generally  somewhat  exserted. 
•t-  Tube  of  the  corolla  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  limb  and  of  the  calyx. 

1 .  M.  OblODgifolia,  Don.     A  span  or  so  high,  smooth  or  nearly  so : 
leaves  mostly  oblong  or  spatulate-lanceolate,  rather  succulent :   flowers  in  a 
somewhat  close  cluster :  lobes  of  the  calyx  lanceolate  or  linear,  mostly  acute. 
—  From  British  Columbia  southward,  through  the  mountains  of  Montana  to 
Utah  and  Arizona. 

•t-  •»-  Tube  of  the  corolla  little  or  not  twice  longer  than  the  throat  and  limb. 

2.  M.  Sibirica,  Don.     Stems  tall,  I  to  5  feet  high ;  pale  and  glaucescent, 
glabrous  and  smooth  or  nearly  so,  very  leafy :  leaves  ample,  veiny ;    cauline 
leaves  oblong-  or  lanceolate-ovate,  hirsute-ciliate ;  (he  upper  with  very  acute  or 
acum'nate  apex;  the  lowest  ovate  or  subcordate  (3  or  4  inches  long):  short 
racemes  panicled  :  calyx-lobes  oblong  or  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  commonly  ciliolate, 
\  or  £  the  length  of  the  tube  of  the  bright  light-blue  corolla.  —  From  the  moun- 
tains of  Colorado  westward  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  far  northward. 

3.  M.  paniculata,   Don.     Greener,  roughish  and  more  or  less  pubescent: 
size  and  leaves  about  as  in  the  last :  racemes  loosely  panicled :  calyx-lobes 
lanceolate  or  linear  and  mostlij  acute,  hispid-ciliate  or  hirsute,  equalling  or  only 
\  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  purple-blue  corolla.  —  From  Nevada  and  Utah  to 
Hudson's  Bay  and  northward. 

4.  M.  lanceolata,  DC.     Either  glabrous  or  hirsute-pubescent,  simple  or 
paniculately  branched :  stems  a  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  pale  or  glaucescent, 
from  spatulate-oblong  to  lanceolate-linear,  1  or  2  inches  long,  obtuse  or  barely  acute : 
racemes  at  length  loosely  panicled :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse, 
ciliate  or  hirsute  or  glabrous,  more  or  less  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  blue 


BORRAGINACE^E.      (BORAGE   FAMILY.)  263 

corolla,  which  is  hairy  near  the  base  within.  —  From  Dakota  and  Wyoming 
to  New  Mexico. 

Var.  Pendleri,  Gray.  A  commonly  hirsute  form,  with  calyx  5-cleft  only 
to  the  middle.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  52. 

*  *  Filaments  narrower  than  the  anthers,  inserted  either  on  the  margin  of  the 

throat  or  about  the  middle  of  the  tube :  style  included. 

5.  M.  alpina,  Don.  A  span  or  more  high,  either  nearly  glabrous  or  pu- 
bescent :  leaves  oblong,  somewhat  spatulate  or  lanceolate,  rather  obtuse ;  the 
cauline  sessile  (1  or  2  inches  long) :  flowers  in  a  close  or  at  length  loose 
cluster  :  calyx-lobes  equalling  or  rather  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla  : 
anthers  nearly  sessile.  —  High  elevations  iu  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah. 

7.    MYOSOTIS,  L.        FORGET-ME-NOT. 

Low  and  spreading  pubescent  herbs,  with  sessile  stem  leaves  and  small  blue 
flowers  in  bractless  racemes.  In  ours  the  calyx  is  beset  with  hairs,  some  of 
them  bristly  and  having  minutely  hooked  tips. 

1.  M.  sylvatica,  Hoffm.  Hirsute-pubescent,  either  green  or  cinereous : 
leaves  oblong-liuear  or  lanceolate  ;  the  radical  conspicuously  petioled :  pedicels 
as  long  as  the  calyx  or  longer :  calyx-lobes  erect  or  slightly  closing  in  fruit : 
nutlets  more  or  less  margined  and  carinate  ventrally  at  the  apex. 

Var.  alpestris,  Koch.  Stems  tufted,  3  to  9  inches  high :  racemes  more 
dense:  pedicels  shorter  and  thicker,  seldom  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  In  high 
alpine  regions  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming,  and  northward. 

8.    LITHOSPERMUM,    Tourn.        GKOMWELL. 

Herbs  with  reddish  roots,  sessile  leaves,  and  axillary  or  subaxillary  or  leafy- 
bracted  flowers :  stamens  with  very  short  filaments,  and  nutlets  (in  ours) 
white,  smooth  and  polished. 

*  Flowers  rather  small:  corolla  greenish-yellow,  short;  its  tube  hardly  if  at  all 

longer  than  the  calyx,  nearly  naked  at  the  ihroat. 

1.  L.  pilosum,  Nutt.     Soft-hirsute  and  pubescent,  pale  or  canescent: 
stems  numerous  from  a  stout  root,  a  foot  high,  mostly  simple,  very  leafy : 
leaves  linear  and  linear-lanceolate,  mostly  tapering  from  near  the  base  to 
apex :  flowers  densely  crowded  in  a  leafy  thyrsus :  corolla  campanulate-funnel- 
form,  almost  £  inch  long,  silky  outside.  —  From  British  Columbia  and  Mon- 
tana to  Utah  and  California. 

*  #  Flowers  mostly  showy :  corolla  yellow,  much  exceeding  the  calyx ;  pubescent 
crests  In  the  throat  apparent.    Plants  with  long  and  deep  red  roots  (Puccoox). 

•»-   Corolla  light  yellow:  later  Jloral  leaves  reduced  to  bracts,  not  surpassing  the 

calyx. 

2.  L.  multiflonim,  Torr.     Minutely  strigose-hispid :   stems  virgate,  a 
foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate  :  flowers  numerous,  short- 
pedicelled,  the  latter  spicate :  corolla  narrow  (5  or  6  lines  long),  with  very 
short  rounded  lobes  and  tube  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  the  crests 
or  folds  in  the  throat  inconspicuous.  —  In  the  mountains  from  Colorado  to 
Arizona  and  Texas. 


264       CONVOLVULACE^B.      (CONVOLVULUS   FAMILY.) 

•i-  •»-  Corolla  bright  and  deep  yellow  or  orange ;  the  tube  from  ^  to  twice  longer 
than  the  calyx,  and  the  crests  at  the  throat  little  if  at  all  projecting  or  arch- 
ing: floral  leaves  orfoliaceous  bracts  large,  much  surpassing  the  calyx. 

3.  L.  canescens,  Lehm.     More  or  less  canescent  when  young :  stem  hir- 
sute, a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high :  leaves  oblong-linear  or  the  upper  varying 
to  ovate-oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  softly  silky-pubescent,  greener  with  age  but  not 
rough:  corolla  orange-yellow,  and  glandular  ring  at  the  base  naked:  flowers 
nearly  sessile.  —  From  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  to  the  Saskatchewan,  Upper 
Canada,  and  Alabama.     "  Puccoon  "  of  the  Indians. 

4.  L.  hirtum,  Lehm.     Hispid  or  hirsute  and  at  length  rough,  a  foot  or  two 
high :  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lower  linear  and  floral  ovate-oblong :  corolla 
bright  orange;  the  ring  at  the  base  within  bearing  10  very  hirsute  lobes  or  teeth: 
flowers  mostly  pedicelled.  —  From  Colorado  to  Minnesota  and  Florida. 
•»-•«-•»—  Corolla  bright  yellow,  salverform;  its  tube  in  well-developed  flowers  2  to 

4  times  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  the  crests  in  the  throat  conspicuous  and  arching. 

5.  L.  angUStifolium,  Michx.     Erect  or  diffusely  branched  from  the 
base,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  minutely  scabrous-strigose  and  somewhat 
cinereous :  leaves  all  linear :  flowers  pedicelled,  leafy-brae  ted,  of  two  sorts ; 
the  earlier  and  conspicuous  kind  with  corolla  tube  an  inch  or  less  in  length ; 
the  later  ones,  and  those  of  diffusely  branching  plants,  with  inconspicuous  or 
small  and  pale  corolla,  without  crests  in  the  throat,  probably  cleistogenous.  — 
From  Utah  and  Arizona  to  Texas,  Wisconsin,  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

9.    ONOSMODIUM,   Michx. 

Rather  stout  and  coarse,  rough-hispid  or  hirsute,  with  leafy-bracteate  flowers 
crowded  in  scorpioid  spikes  or  racemes ;  the  bracts  resembling  leaves :  corolla 
greenish-white  or  yellowish- green ;  a  glandular  10-lobed  ring  adnate  to  the 
base  of  the  tube  within.  In  ours  the  corolla  is  seldom  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx,  and  the  leaves  are  pinnately  nervose-ribbed. 

1.  O.  Carolinianum,  DC.  Stout,  2  or  3  feet  high,  shaggy-hispid: 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate  and  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  5  to  9-ribbed,  generally 
hairy  both  sides :  flowers  nearly  sessile :  corolla  lobes  very  hairy  outside.  — 
Colorado  and  eastward. 

Var.  molle,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high  :  the  pubescence  shorter  and  less 
spreading  or  appressed :  leaves  mostly  smaller  (2  inches  long),  when  young 
softly  strigose-canescent  beneath.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  206.  0.  molle,  Michx. 
From  Utah  to  Texas,  Illinois,  and  the  Saskatchewan. 


ORDER  54.    CONVOLVULACEJE.     (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  twining  or  trailing  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  (or  scales)  and 
regular  5-androus  flowers;  a  calyx  of  5  imbricated  sepals;  a  5- plaited 
or  5-lobed  corolla  convolute  or  twisted  in  the  bud ;  a  2-celled  ovary, 
with  a  pair  of  ovules  in  each  cell,  the  cells  sometimes  doubled  by  a  false 
partition.  In  ours  the  ovary  is  entire. 


CONVOLVULACE^E.      (CONVOLVULUS   FAMILY.)       265 

Tribe  I.    Plants  with  ordinary  foliage,  not  parasitic. 

1.  Ipotnoea.    Style  undivided,  terminated  by  a  single  capitate  or  globose  stigma.    Corolla 

from  salverform  or  funnelform  to  nearly  camparmlate. 

2.  Convolvulus.    Style  undivided  or  2-cleft  only  at  the  apex :  stigmas  2,  from  linear-fili- 

form to  subulate  or  ovate.     Corolla  from  funnelform  to  campanulate. 

3.  E  volvulus.    Styles  2,  distinct  or  sometimes  united  below,  each  2-cleft :  stigmas  linear- 

filiform  or  somewhat  clavate.     Corolla  from  funnelform  to  almost  rotate. 

Tribe  II.    Leaflets  parasitic  twining  herbs,  destitute  of  foliage  and  of  all  green  color. 

4.  Cuscuta.    Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud,  appeudaged  below  the  stamens. 

1.    IPO  MCE  A,   L.        MORNING-GLORY. 

Calyx  not  bracteate  at  base,  but  the  outer  sepals  commonly  larger :  limb 
of  corolla  entire,  or  barely  angulate  or  lobed. 

1.  I.  leptophylla,  Torr.  Very  glabrous :  stems  erect  or  ascending  (2  to 
4  feet  high)  from  an  immense  root,  with  recurving  slender  branches  :  leaves 
linear  (2  to  4  inches  long),  short-petioled,  acute :  peduncle  short,  1  or  2-flow- 
ered :  outer  sepals  shorter :  corolla  pink-purple,  funnelform,  about  3  inches 
long :  seeds  rusty-pubescent.  —  Frem.  Rep.  95.  Plains  of  Nebraska  and 
Wyoming  to  Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

2.    CONVOLVULUS,    L.        BINDWEED. 

Twining  or  prostrate,  with  small  or  large  flowers.     Includes  Calystegia. 

*  Stigmas  from  ovate  or  oval  to  oblong,  very  fiat :  solitary  flower  involucellate  by 

a  pair  of  persistent  broad  bracts,  which  are  close  to  the  calyx  and  enclose  or 
exceed  it. 

1.  C.  sepium,  L.    Glabrous  or  pubescent,  freely  twining:  leaves  slender- 
petioled,  deltoid-hastate  and  triangular-sagittate  (2  to  5  inches  long),  acute  or 
acuminate ;  the  basal  lobes  or  auricles  either  entire  or  angulate  2  to  3-lobed  : 
peduncles  mostly  elongated  :  bracts  cordate-ovate  or  somewhat  sagittate,  com- 
monly acute:  corolla  broadly  funnelform,  2  inches  long,  white  or  tinged  with 
rose-color.  —  Calystegia  sepium,  R.  Br.     From  Utah  to  Canada  and  the  N.  At- 
lantic States. 

Var.  Americanus,  Sims.  Corolla  pink  or  rose-purple  :  bracts  obtuse. — 
From  Oregon  to  Canada  and  Carolina. 

Var.  repens,  Gray.  Corolla  from  almost  white  to  rose-color :  bracts  from 
very  obtuse  to  acute  :  herbage  from  minutely  to  tomentose-pubescent :  sterile 
and  sometimes  flowering  stems  extensively  prostrate :  leaves  more  narrowly 
sagittate  or  cordate,  the  basal  lobes  commonly  obtuse  or  rounded  and  entire. 
—  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  215.  Calystegia  sepium,  var.  pubescens,  Gray.  From  New 
Mexico  to  Texas,  Dakota,  and  eastward. 

#  *  Stigmas  Jiliform  or  narrowly  linear :  no  bracts  at  or  near  the  base  of  the 

calyx. 

2.  C.  incanus,  Vahl.     Cinereous  or  canescent  with  a  close  and  short 
silky  pubescence :  stems  filiform,  1  to  3  feet  long,  mainly  procumbent :  leaves 
polymorphous;  some  simply  lanceolate- or  linear-sagittate  or  hastate,  obtuse 
and  mucronate,  entire,  and  with  the  narrow  elongated  basal  lobes  entire  or  2 


266       CONVOLVULACE^E.      (CONVOLVULUS   FAMILY.) 

to  3-toothed ;  some  pedate,  having  narrowly  2  to  3-cleft  lateral  lobes  or  divis- 
ions ;  some  more  coarsely  3  to  5-parted,  with  lobes  entire  or  coarsely  sinuate- 
dentate  :  peduncles  1  to  2-flowercd,  as  long  as  the  leaf :  corolla  white  or  tinged 
with  rose,  ^  inch  long,  the  angles  salient-acuminate.  —  Includes  C.  lobatus, 
Eng.  &  Gray.  S.  Colorado  and  Arkansas  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 

3.    EVOLVULUS,   L. 

• 
Low  and  small  rather  suffrutescent  plants,  with  erect  or  diffuse  or  prostrate 

(never  twining)  stems,  entire  leaves,  one  to  few-flowered  peduncles,  and  sm:  11 
purple  or  blue  almost  rotate  corolla.  Our  species  has  both  sides  of  the  leaves, 
stems,  and  calyx  densely  silky-villous. 

1.  E.  argenteus,  Pursh.  Stems  numerous  from  a  lignescent  base,  rather 
stout  and  rigid,  erect  or  ascending,  a  span  or  so  high,  very  leafy :  dense  pubes- 
cence sometimes  silvery-canescent,  usually  fulvous  or  ferruginous :  leaves  from 
spatulate  and  obtuse  to  linear-lanceolate  and  acute:  pedicels  very  short. — 
Plains  and  prairies,  from  Nebraska  to  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  southward. 

4.     C  US  CUT  A,    Tourn.        DODDER. 

Flowers  5-  (rarely  4-)  merous  :  calyx  cleft  or  parted  :  corolla  globular-urn- 
shaped,  bell-shaped,  or  somewhat  tubular :  stamens  inserted  in  the  throat  of 
the  corolla  above  as  many  scale-like  lacerate  appendages:  ovary  globular, 
2  celled,  4-ovuled  :  styles  (in  ours)  distinct  and  terminated  by  peltate-capitate 
stigmas :  embryo  thread-shaped,  spirally  coiled,  destitute  of  cotyledons.  — 
Leafless  thread-like  stems  yellowish  or  reddish  in  color,  bearing  a  few  minute 
scales  instead  of  leaves :  flowers  small,  cymose-clustered,  mostly  white. 

*  Capsule  indehiscent. 
•f-  Calyx  gamosepalous. 

•w-  Ovary  and  capsule  depressed-globose :  flowers  in  dense  or  globular  clusters : 
corolla  with  a  short  and  wide  tube,  in  age  remaining  at  the  l>ase  of  the  capsule : 
sti/lcs  mostly  shorter  than  the  ovary. 

1.  C.  arvensis,  Beyrich.     Stems  pale  and  slender,  low:  flowers  scarcely 
a  line  long :  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  mostly  very  broad :  those  of  the  corolla  acu- 
minate, longer  than  the  tube,  with  inflexed  points :  scales  large,  deeply  fringed. 
—  In  rather  dry  soil,  on  various  low  plants,  across  the  continent.     The  var. 
pentagona,  found  in  Colorado,  has  a  large  and  angled  calyx. 

•w-  4-f  Ovary  and  capsule  pointed ;  the  latter  enveloped  or  capped  by  the  marces- 

cent  corolla :  flowers  in  paniculate  cymes. 
=  Acute  tips  of  corolla-lobes  inflexed  or  corniculate. 

2.  C.  decora,  Choisy.     Stems  coarse:  flowers  fleshy  and  more  or  less 
papillose :   lobes  of  the  calyx  triangular,  acute :  those  of   the  broadly  cam- 
panulate  corolla  ovate-lanceolate,  minutely  crenulate,  spreading:  scales  large, 
deeply  fringed :  capsule  enveloped  bj  the  remains  of  the  corolla. 

Var.  pulcherrima,  Engelm.  A  larger  form,  with  coarse  stems,  and 
conspicuous  flowers  l£  to  2£  lines  long  and  wide:  anthers  and  stigmas  yellow  or 
deep  purple.  —  On  herbs  and  low  shrubs  in  wet  prairies,  principally  Legumi- 


SOLAN  ACE.E.     (NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY.)          267 

nosce  and  Compositce.     Across  the  continent,  principally  through  its  southern 
borders. 

3.  C.  inflexa,  Engelm.     Like  the  last:  flowers  of  the  same  structure, 
hut  only  a  line  long,  generally  4-merous ;  corolla  deeper,  with  erect  lobes,  finally 
capping  the  capsule:  scales  reduced  to  a  few  teeth.  —  Open  woods  and  dry  prai- 
ries, on  shrubs  (hazels,  etc.)  or  coarse  herbs,  from  Arkansas  to  Dakota  and 
eastward. 

=  =  Obtuse  lobes  of  the  corolla  spreading. 

4.  C.  Gronovii,  Willd.     Stems  coarse,  often  climbing  high  :  corolla-lobes 
mostly  shorter  than  the  deeply  campauulate  tube  :  scales  copiously  fringed  : 
capsule  globose,  umbonate.  —  In  wet  shady  places  from  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains eastward,  most  abundant  in  the  Atlantic  States,  and  everywhere  very 
variable. 

-i-  -»-  Calyx  of  5  distinct  and  largely  overlapping  sepals,  surrounded  by  2  to  5  or 
more  similar  bracts :  scales  of  corolla  large  and  deeply  fringed :  capsule 
mostly  one-seeded,  capped  by  the  marcescent  corolla:  flowers  on  bracteolate  pedi- 
cels, in  loose  panicles. 

5.  C.  CUSpidata,  Engelm.     Stems  slender  :  flowers  l£  to  2^  lines  long, 
thin,  membranaceous  when  dry :  bracts  and  sepals  ovate-orbicular :  oblong 
lobes  of  the  corolla  cuspidate   or  mucronate,  rarely  obtuse,  shorter  than  the 
cylindrical  tube  :  styles  many  times  longer  than  the  ovary,  at  length  exserted. 
—  Prairies,  on  Ambrosia,  Iva,  Leguminosce,  etc.,  from  Colorado  to  Texas  and 
Nebraska. 

*  *  Capsule  more  or  less  regularly  circumscissile,  usually  capped  by  the  remains 
of  the  corolla:  styles  capillary  and  lobes  of  the  corolla  acute. 

6.  C.  umbellata,  HBK.     Stems  low  and  capillary  :  flowers  l£  to  2  lines 
long,  few  together  in  umbel-like  clusters,  usually  shorter  than  their  pedicels  : 
acute  calyx-lobes  and  lanceolate-subulate  lobes  of  the  corolla  longer  than  its 
shallow  tube  :  scales  deeply  fringed  and  exceeding  the  tube.  —  Dry  places,  on 
low  herbs  (Portulaca,  etc.),  from  S.  E.  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 


ORDER  55.     SOLANACE^E.     (NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  regular  5-merous  and  5-androus  flowers, 
on  bractless  pedicels ;  the  corolla  variously  arranged  in  the  bud,  and 
mostly  plaited.  Stamens  mostly  equal  and  all  perfect,  inserted  on  the 
corolla.  Style  and  stigma  single. 

*  Fruit  a  berry. 

•i-  Anthers  longer  than  their  filaments,  either  eonnivent  or  connate  into  a  cone  or  cylinder : 
corolla  rotate  :  ca*lyx  mostly  unchanged  in  fruit. 

1.  Solatium.    Anther-cells  opening  at  the  apex  by  a  'pore  or  short  slit,  and  sometimes 

also  longitudinally  dehiscent. 

-»-  +-  Anthers  unconnected,  mostly  shorter  than  their  filaments,  destitute  of  terminal  pores, 
dehiscent  longitudinally. 

2.  Chamaesaracha.    Calyx  herbaceous  and  closely  investing  the  fruit  or  most  of  it,  not 

angled.     Corolla  rotate,  5-angulate.    Berry  globose,  its  summit  usually  more  or  less 
naked.     Pedicels  solitary  in  the  axils,  refracted  or  recurved  in  fruit. 


268          SOLANACE.E.     (NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY.) 

3.  Physalis.    Calyx  becoming  much  enlarged  and  membranaceous-inflated,  completely 

and  loosely  enclosing  the  fruit,  reticulate-veiny  and  5-angled  or  10-costate.  Corolla 
rotate  or  rotate-campanulate,  5-angulate  or  obscurely  5-lobed.  Berry  juicy.  Pedicels 
solitary. 

*  *  Fruit  a  capsule.1 

4.  Nicotiana.    Corolla  funnelform  or  salverform.      Filaments  mostly  included.     Ovary 

normally  2-celled,  with  large  and  thick  placentae,  bearing  very  numerous  ovules  and 
seeds.  The  fruit  more  or  less  invested  by  the  persistent  calyx,  septicidal  and  also 
usually  loculicidal  at  summit :  the  valves  or  teeth  becoming  4. 


1.    SOLANUM,    Tourn.        NIGHTSHADE,  etc. 
Herbs  of  various  habit :  flowers  cymose,  mostly  after  the  scorpioid  manner. 

*  Fruit  naked,  i.  e.  not  enclosed  in  the  enlarged  calyx :  stamens  all  alike,  and 

anthers  blunt. 
-t-  Tuberiferous  perennial,  pinnate-leaved. 

1.  S.  Jamesii,  Torr.    A  span  or  so  in  height:   leaflets  5  to  9,  varying 
from  lanceolate   to   ovate-oblong,  smoothish ;    the  lowest  sometimes  much 
smaller,  but  no  interposed  small  ones:   peduncle  cymosely  few  to  several- 
flowered:  corolla  white,  at  length  deeply  5-cleft.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  227. 
Mountains  of  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona.     Very  closely  allied  to 
S.  tuberosum,  var.  boreale,  Gr.,  of  New  Mexico  and  southward,  the  S.  Fendleri 
of  the  earlier  reports. 

•»-  •«-  Annuals,  simple-leaved,  never  prickly,  but  the  angles  of  the  stem  sometimes 

rough. 

2.  S.  triflorum,  Nutt.     Green,  slightly  hairy  or  nearly  glabrous,  low 
and  much   spreading :    leaves   oblong,  deeply  pinnatifid,  with  wide  rounded 
sinuses ;  the  lobes  7  to  9,  lanceolate,  entire,  or  sometimes  1  or  2-toothed  : 
peduncles  lateral,  1   to  3-Jlowered:  pedicels  nodding:  corolla  small,  white,  a 
little  longer  than  the  5-parted  calyx  :  berries  preen,  as  large  as  a  small  cherry. 
—  On  the  plains  from  New  Mexico  to  the  Saskatchewan,  chiefly  as  a  weed  in 
cultivated  ground. 

3.  S    nigrum,  L.     Low,  green  and  almost  glabrous,  or  the  younger 
parts  pubescent :  leaves  mostly  ovate  with  a  cuneate  base,  irregularly  sinuate- 
toothed,  repand,  or  sometimes  entire,  acute  or  acuminate :  flowers  in  small  pedun- 
culate umbel-like  lateral  cymes:  calyx  much  shorter  than  the  corolla,  which 
is  white  or  bluish  :  berries  usually  black  when  ripe,  only  as  large  as  peas  — 
Found  everywhere,  especially  in  damp  or  shady  ground,  and  including  many 
varieties. 

*  *  Fruit  enclosed  by  the  close-fitting  and  horridly  prickly  calyx  and  even  adher- 

ing to  it:  stamens  and  especially  the  style  much  declined :  anthers  tapering 
upwards,  dissimilar ;    the  lowest  one  much  longer  and  larger,  and  with  an 

1  The  genus  Datura,  containing  several  introduced  species  within  our  range,  may  be 
recognized  by  its  prismatic  5-toothed  calyx,  funnelform  corolla,  and  prickly  mostly  4-celled 
4-valved  capsule.  —  They  are  rank  weeds,  with  ovate  leaves,  and  large  and  showy  flowers 
on  short  peduncles  in  the  forks  of  the  branching  stem.  Known  as  "Jamestown  Weed"  or 
"  Thorn  Apple."  For  species  see  p.  270,  foot-note. 


SOLANACE.E.      (NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY.)  269 

incurved    beak :    leaves   1    to  3-pinnatifid :    annuals,   armed  with  straight 
prickles. 

4.  S.  heterodoxum,  Dunal.      Pubescent  with    glandular-tipped  simple 
hairs,  with  a  very  few  5-rayed  bristly  ones  on  the  upper  face  of  the  irregu- 
larly or  interruptedly  bipinuatifid   leaves ;    their   lobes  roundish  or  obtuse 
and  repand :  corolla  violet,  l£  inches  or  less  in  diameter,  somewhat  irregular, 
5-cleft;  the  lobes  ovate-acuminate:  four  anthers  yellow  and  the  large  one  tinged 
with  violet.  —  On  the  plains  from  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

5.  S.  rostratum,   Dunal.      Somewhat  hoary  or  yellowish  with  a  copious 
wholly  stellate  pubescence,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  nearly  as  in  the  last  or 
less  divided,  some  of  them  only  once  piunatifid  :  corolla  yellow,  about  an  inch 
in  diameter,  hardly  irregular,  the  short  lobes  broadly  ovate.  —  On  the  plains 
from  Nebraska  to  Texas  and  westward  to  the  mountains. 

2.     CHAM^SARACHA,    Gray. 

Depressed  plants ;  with  narrow  entire  or  pinnatifid  leaves  tapering  into 
margined  petioles,  filiform  naked  pedicels,  the  calyx  close-fitting  in  fruit, 
almost  globose. 

1.  C.  Coronopus,  Gray.  Green,  almost  glabrous,  or  beset  with  some 
short  and  roughish  hairs,  diffusely  very  much  branched :  leaves  lanceolate  or 
linear  with  cuneate-attenuate  base,  varying  from  nearly  entire  to  laciniate- 
pinnatifid :  peduncles  elongated :  calyx  more  or  less  hirsute,  the  hairs  often 

2  forked  at  tip :   corolla  yellowish :  berry  nearly  white.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  540. 
Withania  (?)  Coronopus,  Torr.     From  S.  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 

3.    PHYSALIS,    L.        GROUND  CHERRY. 

Herbs,  with  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed  leaves,  and  solitary  or  sometimes  2  or 

3  drooping  or  nodding  pedicels :  the  flowers  white,  yellow,  or  violet-purple : 
berries  greenish,  red,  or  yellow. 

*  Young  parts  sparsely  (or  on  stalks  and  calyx  densely)  scurf y-granuliferous, 

otherwise  quite  glabrous:  some  leaves  sinuate-pinnatijid :  corolla  Jlat-rotate. 

1.  P.  lobata,  Torr.     Low  and  small,  diffusely  branched:  leaves  oblong- 
spatulate  or  obovate,  from  repand  to  sinuate-pinnatifid,  the  base  cuneatelv 
tapering  into  a  margined  petiole  :  corolla  violet,  the  centre  with  a  5  to  6-rayed 
white  woolly  star.  — On  the  plains,  from  Colorado  to  Arizona  and  Texas. 

*  *  Notgranulose-scurfy:  leaves  never  pinnatijid :  corolla  mostly  rotate! y  spread- 

ing from  a  somewhat  campanulate  throat  or  base,  greenish  white  or  yellow. 
•*-  Annuals,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,    the  pubescence  if  any  minute,  and  neither 
viscid  nor  stellate:  anthers  violet:  berry  greenish  yellow :  stem  and  branches 
conspicuously  angular. 

2.  P.  angulata,  L.     Erect,  or  at  length  declined  or  spreading,  2  to  4  feet 
long :  leaves  mostly  ovate-oblong  and  with  somewhat  cuneate  base,  coarsely 
and  laciniately  toothed  :    corolla  3  to  6  lines  broad,  with  no  distinct  eye : 
fruiting  calyx  at  first  ovate-pyramidal  and  10-angled,  the  5  principal  angles 
sharply  keeled,  at  full  maturity  nearly  replete  and  globose-ovate.  —  From 
Colorado  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  States. 


270  SOLANACE^E.      (NIGHTSHADE   FAMILY.) 

•t-  •»-  Strong-scented,  villous  or  pubescent  with  viscid  or  glandular  simple  hairs  : 
fruiting  calyx  ovate-pyramidal  and  carinately  5-angled  at  maturity,  loosely 
enveloping  the  green  or  at  length  yellow  berry :  leaves  ovate  or  cordate. 

3.  P.  pubescens,  L.     Annual,  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  at  length  widely 
spreading  branches  :  leaves  varying  from  nearly  entire  to  coarsely  and  obtusely 
repand-toothed,  sometimes  becoming  nearly  glabrous  except  on  the  midrib 
and  veins :  corolla  about  -J  inch  in  diameter  when  expanded,  dull  yellow  with  a 
purplish  brown  eye:  anthers  violet:  pedicels  3  to  5  lines  long:   fruiting  calyx 
mostly  pubescent  and  viscid.  —  From  California  to  Colorado  and  Texas;  thence 
eastward  to  New  York  and  Florida. 

4.  P.  Virginiana,  Mill.     Perennial,  a  foot  or  so  high,  from  slender  and 
deep  creeping  subterranean  shoots,  at  length  spreading  or  decumbent,  pubescent 
or  hirsute-villous  with  many-jointed  hairs :  leaves  either  repandly  or  saliently 
few-toothed  or  some  nearly  entire :  corolla  from  £  to  1  inch  in  diam.eter,  dull 
sulphur- yellow  with  a  brownish  centre  :  anthers  yellow:  pedicels  %  to  1  inch  long.  — 
P.  viscosa  of  Gray's  Manual.    From  Colorado  eastward  across  the  continent. 
t-  -H-  -i-  Perennials,  not  viscid,  the  pubescence  more  or  less  stellular,  mostly  low : 

anthers  almost  always  yellow. 

5.  P.  Fendleri,  Gray.    Pruinose-puberulent ;  the  pubescence  microscopically 
minute  and  partly  simple,  partly  branched  or  stellular,  sometimes  a  little  glandu- 
lar :  stems  a  span  to  a  foot  high  from  a  deep  tuberous  stock,  much  branched  : 
leaves  small,  from  deltoid-ovate  or  slightly  cordate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  with  abrupt 
base,  and  from  repand-undulate  to  coarsely  sinuate-toothed  :  corolla  ^  inch  in 
diameter.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  65.     S.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

6.  P.  lanceolata,  Michx.    More  or  less  hirsute-pubescent  with  short  and  stiff 
tapering  hairs,  most  of  which  are  simple,  a  few  2  to  3-forked,  varying  to  nearly 
glabrous :  stems  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  angled,  somewhat  rigid :  leaves  pale 
green,  varying  from  obionq-ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at  base  or  tapering 
into  a  short  petiole,  and  from  sparingly  angulate-few-toothed  to  undulate  or 
entire :  corolla  ochroleucous  with  more  or  less  dark  eye,  §  to  £  inch  in  diame- 
ter. —  P.  Pennsi/lvamca,  Gray  Man.,  in  part.    On  the  plains  from  New  Mexico, 
Colorado,  and  Utah,  eastward  to  Florida  and  Lake  Winnipeg. 

Var.  Isevigata,  Gray.  Glabrous  or  almost  so  throughout,  or  with  some 
extremely  short  and  pointed  appressed  rigid  hairs  on  young  parts,  calyx,  etc., 
or  on  the  margin  of  the  leaves.  —  From  Nebraska  to  Texas  and  westward  to 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

4.    NICOTIAN  A,1    Tourn.        TOBACCO. 

Heavy-scented  and  usually  viscid-pubescent  herbs;  with  mostly  entire 
leaves,  and  paniculate  or  racemose  flowers. 

1  The  two  introduced  species  of  Datura  may  be  distinguished  as  follows  :  — 
D.  Stramonium,  L.,  the  common  Jamestown  (vulgarized  to  "Jimson")  Weed,  is  green 
and  glabrous,  1  to  4  feet  high  ;  has  sinuately  and  laciniately  angled  and  toothed  leaves,  a 
white  corolla  about  3  inches  long,  and  an  erect  capsule  thickly  armed  with  short  atout 
prickles. 

D.  discolor,  Bernh.,  probably  from  Mexico,  is  low  and  more  or  less  cinereous-pubescent ; 
has  leaves  like  the  last,  but  the  white  corolla  is  tinged  with  purple  and  perhaps  smaller,  and 
the  nodding  globose  capsule  and  its  stout  large  prickles  are  pubescent. 


SCROPHULARIACEJE.      (FIGWORT  FAMILY.)          271 

1.  N.  attenuata,  Torr.     A  foot  or  two  high:  leaves  all  on  naked  and 
mostly  slender  petioles  and  acute  or  merely  obtuse  at  base  ;  the  lower  ovate  or 
oblong ;  the  upper  from  oblong-lanceolate  and  attenuate-acuminate  to  linear- 
lanceolate  or  linear :  corolla  dull  white  or  greenish,  slender  salverform,  not  en- 
larged at  the  throat;  the  tube  1  to  1%  inches  long  ;  the  obscurely  5-lobed  limb  4  to  6 
lines  in  diameter:  filaments  equally  inserted  low  down  on  the  tube.  —  In  dry 
ground,  from  Colorado  to  Nevada  and  California. 

2.  N.  quadrivalvis,  Pursh.     A  foot  high,  rather  stout:  leaves  oblong 
or  the  uppermost  lanceolate,  and  the  lower  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  both 
ends,  mostly  sessile :  flowers  few :  corolla  white,  tubular-funnel  form  and  open- 
mouthed ;  the  tube  barely  an  inch  long ;  the  5-lobed  limb  l£  inches  or  more  in  diame- 
ter: filaments  unequally  inserted  in  the  upper  part  of  the  tube:  capsule  4-celled.  — 
A  native  of  Oregon,  but  cultivated  by  the  Indians  to  the  Missouri :  their  most 
prized  tobacco-plant. 


ORDER  56.    SCROPHULARIACE^E.     (FIGWORT  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs  with  didynamous  or  diandrous  stamens  inserted  on  the 
tube  of  the  2-lipped  or  more  or  less  irregular  corolla :  fruit  a  2-celled 
and  usually  many-seeded  pod.  Style  single :  stigma  entire  or  2-lobed. 

I.    Leaves  prevailingly  opposite,  at  least  the  lower:  upper  lips  or  lobes  of  the  corolla  ex- 
ternal in  the  bud.— ANTIRRHINIDE.K. 

*  Corolla  bilabiate  and  more  or  less  tubular ;  the  base  of  the  tube  gibbous  or  spurred  on  the 

lower  side,  and  the  lower  lip  often  with  an  intrusion  (palate)  at  the  throat :  stamens 
4,  with  2-celled  anthers :  capsule  opening  by  irregular  perforations  or  chinks :  inflo- 
rescence simple  and  racemose. 

1.  L.inaria.    Corolla  with  a  spur  at  base  and  a  prominent  palate  nearly  closing  the  throat. 

*  *  Corolla  more  or  less  bilabiate  and  tubular,  not  saccate  or  otherwise  produced  at  base 

anteriorly  :  stamens  4,  with  usually  a  rudiment  of  the  fifth  present :  capsule  dehiscent 
by  valves  :  inflorescence  normally  compound. 

t-  Corolla  gibbous  or  saccate  on  the  upper  or  posterior  side  of  the  tube :  ovules  and  seeds 
few  or  solitary  in  the  cells  :  calyx  deeply  5-cJeft :  flowers  solitary  or  umbellifurm-verti- 
cillate. 

2.  Collinsia.    Corolla  deeply  bilabiate  ;  its  upper  lip  2-cleft,  with  lobes  more  or  less  erect  ; 

lower  larger  and  3-lobed ;  its  lateral  lobes  pendulous-spreading;  middle  one  condu- 
plicate  into  a  keel-shaped  sac  which  encloses  the  4  declined  stamens  and  style.    Ante- 
rior pair  of  filaments  inserted  higher  than  the  other :  anther-cells  confluent  at  the 
apex.    A  gland  at  base  of  corolla  represents  the  fifth  stamen.     Leaves  undivided. 
•»-  •*-  Corolla-tube  not  gibbous  posteriorly  :  ovules  and  seeds  indefinitely  numerous  :  calyx 
deeply  5-parted  or  of  distinct  sepals :  inflorescence  mostly  thyrsoidal. 

3.  Scrophularia.    Corolla  short ;  the  tube  ventricose  and  globular  or  oblong ;  lobes  5, 

unequal,  4  erect  and  the  fifth  reflexed  or  spreading.  Sterile  stamen  represented  by  a 
scale  on  the  upper  side  of  the  corolla  :  anthers  transverse  and  confidently  1-celled. 

4.  Pentstemon.    Corolla  from  ventricose  campanulate  to  elongated-tubular ;  the  limb 

either  obscurely  or  strongly  bilabiate.  Sterile  stamen  represented  by  a  conspicuous 
and  elongated  filament :  anther-cells  either  united  or  confluent  at  apex. 

«-  •»-••-  Corolla-tube  not  gibbous :  ovules  and  seeds  rather  numerous :  calyx  not  deeply 
cleft :  inflorescence  simply  spicate. 

6.  Chionophila.  Calyx  funnelform.  Corolla  tubular,  with  slightly  dilated  throat  and 
bilabiate  limb  ;  upper  lip  erect,  barely  2-lobed,  the  sides  somewhat  recurved  ;  lower 


272         SCROPHULARIACE^.      (FIGWORT   FAMILY.) 

with  convex  densely  bearded  base  forming  a  palate,  and  3-lobed.  Sterile  filament 
small  and  short :  anther-cells  divaricate  and  confluent. 

#  *  *  Corolla  from  bilabiate  to  almost  regular,  not  saccate  or  otherwise  produced  at  base  : 

antheriferous  stamens  2  or  4,  with  no  rudiments  of  the  fifth:  capsule  dehiscent, 
many-seeded  :  inflorescence  simple  ;  the  pedicels  solitary  in  the  axil  of  bracts  or  leaves. 
•«-  Calyx  prismatic  and  barely  5-toothed  :  corolla  more  or  less  bilabiate :  stamens  4. 

6.  Mimulus.    Corolla  with  either  elongated  or  short  tube ;  upper  lip  2-lobed,  and  the 

lower  3-lobed ;  a  pair  of  palatine  ridges  running  down  the  lower  side  of  the  throat. 
Anthers  generally  approximate  in  pairs  ;  their  cells  divergent, 
•i-  -t-  Calyx  5-parted  or  deeply  4  to  5-lobed  :  corolla  bilabiate :  antheriferous  stamens  2. 

7.  Gratiola.    Corolla  with  cylindraceous  tube  and  lips  of  nearly  equal  length  ;  the  upper 

entire  or  lobed  ;  the  lower  3-cleft.  The  posterior  pair  of  stamens  antheriferous  ;  the 
anterior  pair  sterile  rudiments. 

H-  •*-  H-  Calyx  and  corolla  both  5-lobed  and  nearly  regular :  stamens  4,  nearly  equal :  no 

sterile  filament. 

8.  Limosella.    Calyx  campanulate.    Corolla  between  rotate  and  campanulate.    Anthers 

one-celled  by  confluence. 

II.    Leaves  various  :  lower  lip  or  lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla  external  in  the  bud. 

#  Corolla  little  if  at  all  bilabiate  ;  the  lobes  all  plane,  the  lateral  or  one  of  them  external : 

stamens  2,  exserted :  anther-cells  contiguous  at  apex  and  often  confluent :  hypogynous 
disk  mostly  conspicuous :  none  parasitic. 

9.  Synihyris.    Corolla  from  oblong-  to  short-campanulate,  4-cleft,  more  or  less  irregular, 

occasionally  wanting.  Sepals  4.  Anther-cells  parallel  or  divergent  below,  not  conflu- 
ent at  apex.  Capsule  emarginate. 

10.  Veronica.    Corolla  (in  ours)  rotate  with  very  short  or  hardly  any  tube ;  its  lobes  4 

(sometimes  5),  one  usually  smaller.  Anther-cells  more  or  less  confluent.  Capsule 
compressed,  from  emarginate  to  obcordate  or  2-lobed. 

*  *  Corolla  little  or  not  at  all  bilabiate ;  the  lobes  all  plane,  the  anterior  one  external : 

stamens  4,  conspicuously  didynamous,  shorter  than  the  corolla ;  anther-cells  distinct  to 
the  very  apex :  most  of  them  partially  root  parasitic ;  the  foliage  turning  black  in 
drying. 

11.  Gerardia.      Corolla  from  campanulate  to  funnelform ;  the  throat  enlarged ;  limb 

5-parted,  and  with  the  2  posterior  lobes  ol'ten  rather  smaller  or  more  united.  Calyx 
campanulate,  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  Anthers  more  or  less  approximate  in  pairs. 

*  *  *  Corolla  manifestly  bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  erect  and  concave  or  galeate,  entire  or 

emarginate,  rarely  2-cleft ;  the  lower  3-cleft,  external  in  the  bud  :  stamens  4  and  didy- 
namous, or  rarely  2,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip ;  anther-cells  distinct :  some  of 
them  partially  root-parasitic. 

•*-  Anther-cells  unequal  or  dissimilar  ;  the  outer  one  affixed  by  its  middle  ;  the  other  pendu- 
lous from  its  upper  end,  mostly  smaller,  sometimes  sterile  or  deficient:  leaves  alternate 
or  only  the  lowest  opposite. 

12.  Castilleia.    Calyx  tubular,  laterally  flattened,  more  or  less  cleft  anteriorly  or  pos- 

teriorly, or  both.  Corolla  tubular,  more  or  less  laterally  compressed,  especially  the 
elongated  and  conduplicate  or  carinate-concave  and  entire  upper  lip  ;  lower  lip  short 
and  small,  3-toothed,  3-carinate  or  somewhat  saccate  below  the  teeth  ;  the  tube  usually 
enclosed  in  the  calyx.  Stamens  4,  all  with  2-celled  anthers. 

13.  Orthocarpus.    Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  4-cleft,  or  cleft  anteriorly  and  posteriorly 

and  the  divisions  2-cleft  or  parted.  Corolla  mostly  with  slender  tube ;  upper  lip  little 
longer  and  usually  much  narrower  than  the  inflated  1  to  3-saccate  lower  one.  Sta- 
mens 4 :  the  smaller  anther-cell  sometimes  wanting. 

14.  Cordylanthus.    Calyx  spathaceous,  diphyllous,  or  by  the  absence  of  the  anterior 

division  monophyllous.  Corolla  tubular,  with  lips  commonly  of  equal  length  ;  the 
upper  as  in  Orthocarpus;  the  lower  3-crenulate  or  entire.  Stamens  4,  or  sometimes 
the  shorter  pair  wanting:  anther-cells  either  ciliate  or  minutely  bearded  at  base  and 
apex.  Style  hooked  at  tip. 


SCROPHULARIACE.E.       (PIGWORT   FAMILY.)          273 

t-  -t-  Anther-cells  equal,  parallel  and  alike  in  all  4  stamens. 

15.  Pedicularls.     Calyx  various,  cleft  anteriorly  and  sometimes  posteriorly.     Corolla 

with  cylindraceous  tube  and  narrow  throat,  strongly  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  compressed 
laterally,  fornicate  or  conduplicate ;  lower  erect  at  base,  2-cristate  above,  3-lobed  ; 
the  lobes  spreading  or  reflexed,  the  middle  one  smaller.  Capsule  compressed  and 
often  oblique  or  falcate,  rostrate.  Leaves  mainly  alternate  or  verticillate. 

16.  Rhinantlms.    Calyx  ventricose-compressed,  4-toothed,  inflated  in  fruit    Corolla  with 

cylindraceous  tube  ;  galeate  upper  lip  ovate,  obtuse,  compressed,  entire  at  apex,  but 
with  a  minute  tooth  on  each  side  below  it ;  lower  lip  shorter,  with  3  spreading  lobes. 
Capsule  orbicular,  compressed.  Leaves  opposite. 


1.    LIN  ARIA,    Tourn.        TOAD-FLAX. 

Herbs :  calyx  5- parted  :  leaves  entire  and  mostly  linear :  flowers  in  a  naked 
terminal  raceme. 

1.  L.  Canadensis,  Dumout.  Flowering  stems  nearly  simple,  6  to  30 
inches  high :  leaves  flat,  alternate  on  the  erect  flowering  stems,  smaller  and 
oblong  and  mainly  opposite  or  whorled  or  procumbent  shoots  or  suckers  from 
the  base :  pedicels  erect,  not  longer  than  the  filiform  and  curved  spur  of  the 
small  blue  corolla.  —  Across  the  continent,  in  sandy  soil. 


2.    COLLINSIA,  Nutt. 

Low ;  with  simple  opposite  sessile  leaves,  or  the  upper  verticillate :  flowers 
solitary  or  umbelliform-verticillate  :  corolla  often  2-colored. 

1.  C.  parviflora,  Dougl.  About  a  span  high,  at  length  diffuse  or  spread- 
ing: leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate;  the  upper  narrowed  at  base  and  entire;  the 
floral  often  in  whorls  of  3  to  5 :  pedicels  solitary  or  above  2  to  5  in  the  whorl : 
calyx-lobes  lanceolate  or  triangular-subulate,  usually  almost  equalling  the 
blue  (or  partly  white)  corolla:  gland  small,  capitate,  short- stipitate. — From 
Arizona  and  Utah  to  Washington  Territory  and  Michigan. 


3.    SCROPHULARIA,    Tourn.        FIGWORT. 

Usually  tall  and  homely  herbs ;  with  opposite  leaves  and  loose  cymes  of 
small  flowers  in  a  narrow  terminal  thyrsus. 

1.  S.  nodosa,  L.  Nearly  glabrous,  2  or  3  feet  high:  thyrsus  elongated 
and  open :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  with  a  rounded  or  subcordate 
base,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate  :  rudiment  of  fifth  stamen  orbicular. 

Var.  Marilandica,  Gray.  Taller,  sometimes  5  feet  high  :  leaves  larger 
and  thinner,  acuminate,  often  ovate-lanceolate,  seldom  at  all  cordate,  mostly 
simply  serrate.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  258.  From  Oregon  and  Utah  eastward  across 
the  continent. 

4.    PENTSTEMON,    Mitchell.        BEARD-TONGUE. 

Usually  with  simple  stems  or  branched  from  the  base :  the  leaves  opposite, 
rarely  verticillate :  inflorescence  from  thyrsiform  to  almost  simply  racemose, 
and  the  flowers  mostly  showy. 

18 


274          SCKOPHULARIACE.E.      (FIGWORT   FAMILY.) 

§  1.    Anther-cells  soon  divaricate  or  divergent,  united  and  often  confluent  at  the 
apex,  dehiscent  for  their  whole  length  or  nearly. 

*  Anthers  densely  comose  with  very  long  wool,  peltately  explanate  in  age :  low  and 

suffruticose,  with  coriaceous  leaves. 

1.  P.  Menziesii,  Hook.     From  a  few  inches  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  com- 
monly ovate,  obovate,  or  oblong,  |  to  1  inch  long,  rigidly  serrulate  or  some 
entire,  glabrous  or  when  young  pubescent :  inflorescence  mostly  glandular  or 
viscid-pubescent,  racemose :  pedicels  almost  all  1 -flowered:  corolla  violet-blue 
to  pink-purple,  an  inch  or  more  long,  tubular-funnelform  and  moderately  bila- 
biate :  sterile  filament  short  and  slender,  hairy  at  apex  or  nearly  naked.  —  On 
rocks  and  in  the  mountains,  from  Wyoming  to  California  and  northward. 

*  *  Anthers  glabrous  (rarely  villous)  ;  the  cells  dehiscent  from  the  base  towards 

but  not  to  the  apex :  corolla  tubular,  red :  sterile  filament  mostly  glabrous :  herbs 
glabrous  and  usually  glaucescent :  leaves  all  entire  ;  the  cauline  sessile  or  parity 
clasping:  thyrsus  elongated,  loosely -flowered. 

2.  P.  barbatUS,  Nutt.     Usually  tall,  2  to  6  feet  high :  leaves  lanceolate 
or  the  upper  linear-lanceolate ;  the  lowest  oblong  or  ovate :   sepals  ovate : 
corolla  strongly  bilabiate,  an  inch  long,  from  light  pink-red  to  carmine ;  base  of 
the  lower  lip  or  throat  usually  bearded  with  long  and  loose  or  sparse  yellowish 
hairs.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

Var.  Torroyi,  Gray.  A  tall  and  usually  deep  scarlet-red-flowered  form, 
with  few  or  no  hairs  in  the  throat.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  114.  From  Colorado 
and  New  Mexico  to  W.  Texas. 

Var.  trichander,  Gray,  is  like  a  low  form  of  var.  Torre yi,  except  that  the 
anthers  are  beset  with  long  woolly  hairs.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  94.  S.  W. 
Colorado,  Brandegee. 

3.  P.  Eatoni,  Gray.     A  foot  or  two  high:  leaves  from  lanceolate  to 
ovate ;  the  upper  partly  clasping  :  peduncles  very  short,  1  to  3-flowered  :  corolla 
obscurely  bilabiate,  an  inch  long,  bright  carmine-red ;  its  lobes  all  nearly  alike. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  395,     From  the  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Utah,  to  Ne- 
vada and  Arizona. 

*  #  *  Anthers  with    the    diverging   or  divaricate   and  distinct  cells   dehiscent 

from  base  nearly  or  quite  to  the  apex,  but  not  confluent,  not  peltately  explanate 
after  dehiscence,  either  glabrous,  hirsute,  or  pilose :  herbs  with  simple  stems  and 
closely  sessile  glabrous  entire  cauline  leaves:  inflorescence  never  glandular- 
pubescent  or  viscid :  flowers  showy :  corolla  blue  or  violet. 

4.  P.  Fremonti,  Torr.  &  Gray.    A  span  or  more  high,  minutely  and 
densely  pruinose-pubescent :  cauline  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lowest  and  radi- 
cal spatulate  :  thyrsus  spiciform,  virgate,  rather  densely  flowered :  sepals  oblong- 
ovate,  acute,  with  irregular  scarious  margins :  corolla  very  obscurely  bilabiate, 
funnelform,  £  to  f  inch  long,  with  throat  but  little  dilated :  anthers  hirsute  : 
sterile  filament  with  dilated  bearded  apex.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  60.     "On 
the  Uinta  plains,"  Utah,  Fremont. 

Var.  subglaber,  Gray.  Merely  puberulent  below,  glabrous  above :  upper 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  :  sepals  conspicuously  acuminate.  —  Syiiopt.  Fl.  ii.  262. 
In  the  mountains  near  Fort  Hall,  Idaho,  etc. 


SCROPHULARIACEJE.      (FIGWORT  FAMILY.)          275 

5.  P.  strictUS,  Beiith.     Glabrous,  or  minutely  pruinose,  more  or  less  glau- 
cous :  stem  slender,  6  to  20  inches  high  :  radical  leaves  from  oval  to  spatulate ; 
cauline  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear ;  floral  reduced  to  small  subulate  bracts 
of  the  elongated  narrow  and  loose  thyrsus:  sepals  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse:  corolla 
about  an  inch  long;   the  throat  strongly  ampliate:   anthers   either   thickly  or 
sparsely  comose  with  very  long  flexuous  hairs :  sterile  filament  naked  or  with 
some  similar  slender  hairs.  —  Mountains  of  W.  Wyoming  to  S.  W.  Utah. 

6.  P.  glaber,  Pursh.     Glaucous  or  glaucescent  and  very  glabrous :  stems  a 
foot  or  two  high :  leaves  mostly  oblong-lanceolate  or  the  upper  ovate-lanceo- 
late :    thyrsus   elongated   and   many-flowered :   sepals  from   orbicular-ovate  and 
merely  acute  to  ovate-lanceolate  or  strongly  acuminate  from  a  broadish  base  : 
corolla  1   to  l£  inches   long,  the   throat  ampliate:   anthers  from  glabrous  to 
sparsely  hirsute.  —  From  Nebraska  and  Dakota  to  Colorado,  Arizona,  and 
west  to  Oregon  and  California. 

Var.  alpinus,  Gray.  A  span  high :  cauline  leaves  from  narrowly  to 
broadly  lanceolate :  thyrsus  shortened  and  few-flowered.  —  Alpine  regions 
from  the  Yellowstone  to  Pike's  Peak. 

Var.  cyananthus,  Gray.  Usually  tall:  leaves  all  broad;  the  cauline 
ovate  or  subcordate  and  ovate-lanceolate  :  thyrsus  dense  :  sepals  much  acumi- 
nate or  narrow  :  anthers  and  sterile  filament  from  hirsute  to  nearly  glabrous. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  60.  P.  cyananthus,  Hook.  Wyoming  and  Colorado 
to  the  Wahsatch  in  Utah. 

*  #  *  *  Anthers  dehiscent  from  base  to  apex  and  confluent,  glabrous,  explanate 

after  dehiscence :  herbs  or  rarely  suffrutescent  at  base. 

•»-  Glabrous  throughout  even  to  pedicels  and  calyx :  leaves  all  entire,  from  linear 
to  ovate,  glaucous  or  pale :  stems  simple  and  erect :  thyrsus  virgate  or  con- 
tracted: corolla  less  than  an  inch  long. 

•w-  Corolla  abruptly  campanulate-injlated,  rather  strongly  bilabiate. 

7.  P.  secundiflorus,  Benth.    Afoot  or  two  high,  including  the  elongated 
and  racemiform  strict  many-Jlowered  thyrsus :  cauline  leaves  narrowly  lanceo- 
late ;  radical  spatulate :  peduncles  1  to  3-flowered :  sepals  ovate  or  oblong, 
with  somewhat  scarious  but  entire  margins:  corolla  with  narrow  proper  tube 
nearly  twice   the  length  of  the  calyx:   sterile  filament  glabrous  or  minutely 
bearded  at  the  dilated  tip.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado. 

8.  P.  Hallii,  Gray.      Resembling   the  last,  but  lower:   leaves  thickish, 
linear  and  linear-spatulate :  thyrsus  short  and  more  spiciform,  5  to  15-jlowered, 
obscurely  viscid  :  sepals  broadly  ovate  and  with  widely  scarious  erose  margins : 
corolla  with  thickish  and  inconspicuous  proper  tube  shorter  than  the  calyx :  sterile 
filament  short-bearded  from  apex  downward. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.   71. 
Mountains  of  Colorado,  at  10,000  to  12,000  feet. 

•»-«.  ++  Tube  of  corolla  gradually  and  moderately  dilated  into  thefunnelform 
throat ;  lobes  obscurely  bilabiate. 

9.  P.  aCUminatUS,  Dougl.     Glaucous,  6  to  20  inches  high,  generally 
stout  and  rigid,  leafy :   leaves  coriaceous ;  radical  and  lowest  cauline  obovate  or 
oblong ;  upper  cauline  from  lanceolate  to  broadly  ovate,  or  the  upper  cordate-clasp- 
ing, these  mostly  acute  or  acuminate  :  thyrsus  strict,  interrupted,  leafy  below, 
naked  above :  sepals  ovate  and  acute  or  lanceolate  :  corolla  lilac  or  changing 


276          SCROPHULARIACEJE.      (FIG  WORT   FAMILY.) 

to  violet :  sterile  filament  mostly  bearded  at  the  dilated  tip. — From  the  Sas- 
katchewan and  Upper  Missouri  to  Oregon,  New  Mexico,  and  W.  Texas. 

10.  P.  caeruleus,  Nutt.     Like  the  last,  but  low:  leaves  all  from  lanceolate 
to  narrowly  linear :   thyrsus  spiciform  and  usually  dense  :   sepals  lanceolate- 
acuminate  :  corolla  blue,  varying  occasionally  to  rose-lilac  or  white :  sterile 
filament  much  bearded  above.  —  Plains  of  Dakota  and  Montana  to  Colorado. 
H-  -t-  Puberulent  or  pubescent  and  above  viscid  or  glandular :   leaves  from  oblong 

to  lanceolate-linear,  entire  or  the  margins  undulate :  thyrsus  racem[form  : 
corolla  ample,  purplish  ;  its  tube  little  if  any  longer  than  the  sepals,  abruptly 
dilated  into  the  campanulate  or  broadly  funnel  form  throat. 

11.  P.  Jamesii,   Benth.     Pruinose-puberulent :   leaves    all    narrowly  or 
linear-lanceolate :  corolla  abruptly  dilated  into  a  broadly  cyathiform-campanulate 
throat,  a  little  hairy  within  :  sterile  filament  moderately  bearded.  —  Prairies,  S. 
Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  W.  Texas. 

12.  P.  cristatUS,  Nutt.     Pubescent,  or  above  viscid-villous :  leaves  from 
linear-lanceolate  to  narrowly  oblong :  corolla  more  funnelform,  being  less  ab- 
ruptly dilated ;  its  lower  lip  long-villous  within  :  sterile  filament  more  exserted, 
inordinately  yellow-bearded.  —  From  Dakota  to  Nevada  and  S.  Colorado. 

H_  H_  M_  Puberulent  or  viscid-pubescent,  at  least  the  inflorescence,  or  sometimes 
glabrous :  leaves  various :  corolla  from  4  lines  to  an  inch  long,  not  abruptly 
campanulate-ventricose  above :  sepals  usually  narrow  or  acuminate. 
•»-*•  Leaves  from  ovate  to  lanceolate,  undivided :  stems  erect  or  ascending :  thyrsus 

mostly  many-flowered. 

=  Corolla  hardly  at  all  bilabiate,  funnelform,  with  widely  spreading  lobes, 
whitish  or  tinged  with  purple. 

13.  P.   albidus,  Nutt.     Viscid-pubescent,   6   to   10  inches   high :    leaves 
oblong-lanceolate  or  narrow,  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate :  thyrsus  strict, 
leafy  below,  of  approximate  few  to  several -flowered  clusters :  sepals  densely  viscid- 
pubescent,  3  or  4  lines  long :  corolla  with  shorter  tube,  the  rather  ample  limb 
about  as  broad.  —  On  the  plains  from  Dakota  to  Colorado  and  Texas. 

14.  P.   deustUS,   Dougl.     Completely  glabrous,  or  the   calyx   obscurely 
glandular,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  in  tufts  from  a  woody  base,  rigid :  leaves 
coriaceous,  from  ovate  to  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate,  irregularly  and  rigidly 
dentate  or  acutely  serrate,  or  some  of  them  entire  :   thyrsus  virgate  or  more 
paniculate,  mostly  many-flowered  :  corolla  narrowly  or  broadly  funnelform, 
half-inch  or  less  long.  —  In  the  interior  from  California  to  British  Columbia 
and  eastward  into  Montana. 

=  =  Corolla  more  plainly  bilabiate ;  lower  lip  usually  somewhat  bearded  or 
pubescent  within. 

is.  P.  confertus,  Dougl.,  var.  caeruleo-purpureus,  Gray.  Gla- 
brous throughout,  or  the  inflorescence  and  calyx  viscid-pubescent  or  puberu- 
lent,  from  2  inches  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  from  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate  to 
somewhat  linear,  usually  entire  :  thyrsus  spiciform,  interrupted,  naked,  of  2  to 
5  dense  verticillate  flower  clusters,  or  in  the  low  mountain  forms  with  capituli- 
form  inflorescence :  pedicels  very  short :  sepals  variable,  usually  broad,  com- 
monly very  scarious  and  erose,  sometimes  with  a  long  herbaceous  acumination : 
corolla  narrow,  4  to  6  lines  long,  blue-purple  and  violet ;  lower  lip  conspicu- 


SCROPHULAKIACE^E.       (FIGWOKT   FAMILY.)          277 

ously  bearded  within.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  aud  northward,  thence  west- 
ward to  Oregon  and  through  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

16.  P.  Watsoni,  Gray.     Glaucescent  and  glabrous  throughout,  or  inflo- 
rescence and  calyx  puberulent,  but  not  viscid,  a  foot  or  more  high  :  cauline 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate   to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  entire  or 
denticulate :  contracted  thyrsus  rather  loose :  pedicels  longer  than  the  calyx : 
sepals  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  somewhat  scarious-margined  :  corolla  narrowly 
funnelform,  6  to  8  lines  long,  violet-purple  or  partly  white ;  lower  lip  almost 
glabrous  within.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  267.    P.  Fremonti,  var.  Parryi,  Gray.     Moun- 
tains of  W.  Colorado,  Utah,  Nevada,  and  Arizona. 

17.  P.  humilis,  Xutt.     Glabrous  or  viscid-pubescent  above,  a  span  or  two 
high :   leaves  glaucescent,  from  oblong  to  lanceolate ;  the  cauline  commonly 
denticulate :  thyrsus  strict  and  virgate,  2  to  4  inches  long :  pedicels  short :  sepals 
ovate  or  lanceolate  and  acuminate :  corolla  narrowly  funnelform,  half-inch  long, 
deep-blue  or  partly  white ;  lower  lip  somewhat  hairy  within.  —  In  the  mountains 
from  S.  Colorado  to  the  British  boundary  and  westward. 

Var.  brevifolius,  Gray.  A  low  and  diffuse  tufted  form,  with  weak 
stems:  leaves  at  most  half-inch  long;  cauline  elliptical-oblong;  the  radical 
oval  or  rotund  :  corolla  light  blue.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  267.  In  the  Wahsatch 
MoTintains  of  Utah  at  9,000  or  10,000  feet  elevation. 

18.  P.  gracilis,  Nutt.     A  foot  or  less  high,  glabrous  or  merely  puberu- 
lent up  to  the  more  or  less  viscid-pubescent  strict  thyrsus:  stems  slender :  cauline 
leaves  mostly  linear-lanceolate,  sometimes  denticulate ;  the  radical  spatulate  or 
oblong:  cymes  of  the  thyrsus  pedunculate  :  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  marginless: 
corolla  tubular- funnel  form   or  almost  cylindraceous,  lilac-purple  or  sometimes 
whitish,  £  to  1  inch  long ;  the  throat  open.  —  P.  pubescens,  var.  gracilis,  Gray. 
From  Colorado  to  Wyoming  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

19.  P,  glaucus,  Graham.     Glabrous  up  to  the  inflorescence,  more  or  less 
glaucous :  stems  dwarf  or  ascending,  a  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  thickish, 
oblong-lanceolate  or  the  radical  oblong-ovate,  entire  or  denticulate :  thyrsus  short 
and  compact,  either  simple  or  compound,  villous-pubescent  and  viscid  or  glandular  : 
corolla  dull  lilac  or  violet-purple,  less  than  an  inch  long,  swollen  above  the  short 
tube,  gibbous ;  the  throat  widely  open ;  the  broad  lower  lip  sparsely  villous- 
bearded  within.  —  Mountains  of  Wyoming,  Utah,  and  far  northward. 

Var.  stenosepalus,  Gray.  Sometimes  over  a  foot  high :  thyrsus  com- 
paratively small  and  glomerate :  sepals  attenuate-lanceolate :  corolla  dull 
whitish  or  purplish.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah. 

•»-»•  -w-  Leaves  from  linear-spatulate  to  obovate,  entire:  stems  low-cespitose 

spreading,  leafy  to  the  summit,  few -flowered. 
—  Leaves  green  and  mostly  glabrous,  i  to  ^  inch  wide. 

20.  P.  Harbourii,  Gray.     Tufted  nearly  simple  stems  2  to  4  inches 
high,  puberulent :  leaves  about  3  pairs,  thickish,  obovate,  oval,  or  the  upper- 
most ovate,  these  sessile  by  a  broad  base  :  thyrsus  reduced  to  2  or  3  crowded 
short-pedicelled  flowers  :   sepals  villous  and  somewhat  viscid  :  corolla  little 
bilabiate,  with  rather  broad  cylindraceous  throat  and  tube ;  lower  lip  bearded 
within.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  71.      High  alpine  region  of  the  Colorado 
Mountains. 


278  SCKOPHULARIACE^E.      (FIG WORT  FAMILY.) 

=  =  Leaves  cinereous  or  canescent,  I  or  2  lines  wide :  flowering  along  the  short 
stems  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves:  short  peduncles  1  to  3-Jlowered. 

21.  P.  pumilus,  Nutt.     Canescent  ivith  a  dense  and  fine  short  pubescence: 
stems  an  inch  or  two  high,  erect  or  ascending,  very  leafy :  leaves  lanceolate 
or  the  lower  spatulate :  corolla  with  regularly  f unuelform  throat,  glabrous 
within:  sterile  filament  sparsely  short-bearded,  or  more  abundantly  at  the  tip. — 
Mountains  of  Montana,  Wyeth.  » 

22.  P.  CSBSpitOSUS,  Nutt.     Minutely  cinereous-puberulent,  spread  ing,  form- 
ing depressed  broad  tufts  2  to  4  inches  high  :  leaves  from  narrowly  spatulate  to 
almost  linear :  peduncles  mostly  secuud  and  horizontal,  but  with  the  flower 
upturned  :  corolla  tubular-funnelform,  and  the  lower  side  biplicate,  the  narrow 
folds  sparsely  villous  within :  sterile  filament  strongly  and  densely  bearded.  — 
Mountains  of  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  Utah. 

•w-  -M.  -M.  Leaves  from  narrowly  linear-lanceolate  with  tapering  base  or  linear- 
spatulate  to  filiform,  entire :  stems  or  branches  racemosly  several  to  many- 
fiowered. 

23.  P.  laricifolillS,  Hook.  &  Arn.     Glabrous:  stems  or  tufted  branches 
simple  from  an  underground  woody  base  :  leaves  very  slender,  when  dry  fili- 
form, much  crowded  in  subradical  tufts  and  scattered  on  the  filiform  flower- 
ing stems  :  short  peduncles  alternate :  flowers  few,  loosely  racemose :  corolla 
tubular-funnelform,  half -inch  long;  the  small  limb  obscurely  bilabiate:  sterile 
Jilament  longitudinally  bearded.  —  Wyoming  and  Oregon. 

24.  P.  ambigUUS,  Torr.     Glabrous,  a  foot  or  two  high,  diffuse  and  often 
much  branched:  leaves  filiform,  or  the  lowest  linear  and  the  floral  slender- 
subulate  :    inflorescence  loosely  paniculate  :    peduncles  slender,  opposite,  the 
upper  one-flowered :   corolla  rose-color  and  flesh-color  becoming  white ;   the 
rotately  expanded  limb  oblique  but  obscurely  bilabiate ;  lobes  orbicular-oval ; 
throat  somewhat  hairy :  steri/e  Jilament  glabrous,  sometimes  imperfectly  anther- 
iferous.  —  Plains  of  E.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  S.  Utah  and  Arizona. 

§  2.  Anthers  sagittate  or  horseshoe-sliaped ;  the  cells  confluent  at  the  apex,  and 
there  dehiscent  by  a  contimious  cleft,  which  extends  down  both  cells  only  to  the 
middle  ;  the  base  remaining  closed  and  saccate.  In  ours  the  sterile  Jilament  is 
glabrous. 

*  Corolla  blue  to  purple,  ventricose-funnefform,  short-bilabiate,  §  to  1|  inches  long: 
inflorescence,  calyx,  etc.  glabrous. 

25.  P.  Kingii,  Watson.     Hardly  glaucous :  stems  a  span  or  so  high  from 
the  depressed  woody  base,  leafy  to  the  top,  erect  or  ascending:  leaves  oblanceo- 
late  or  lanceolate-linear,  mostly  narrowed  to  the  base  :    thyrsus  strict,  1  to  5 
inches  long  :   corolla  f  inch  long,  purple.  —  Synopt.   Fl.   ii.  272.      Uinta  and 
Wahsatch  Mountains  and  westward. 

26.  P.   azureus,  Benth.      Glaucous,  rarely  pruinose-puberulent :  stems 
erect  or  ascending,  1  to  3  feet  high:  leaves  from  narrowly  to  ovate-lanceolate 
or  even  broader  :  thyrsus  virgate,  loose,  usually  elongated  :  corolla  from  1  to  l£ 
inches  long,  azure-blue  to  violet,  the  base  sometimes  reddish ;   the  expanded  limb 
sometimes  an  inch  in  diameter. 

Yar.  Jaffrayanus,  Gray.     A  low  form  :   leaves  oblong  or  oval,  or  the 
upper  ovate-lauceolate  or  ovate,  very  glaucous :  peduncles  1  to  5-flowered : 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.      (FIGWORT   FAMILY.)          279 

flowers  large.  —  Bot.  Calif,  ii.  567.    From  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  westward 
to  California. 

Var.  ambigUUS,  Gray.  A  rather  tall  form,  paniculately  branched  and 
slender,  with  lanceolate  and  linear  leaves  all  narrowed  at  base,  pale  and  glau- 
cescent,  and  the  corolla  violet-blue,  an  inch  or  less  long :  sepals  remarkably 
small.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  272.  P.  heterophyllus,  Watson.  Canons  of  the  Wah- 
satch Mountains  and  westward. 

*  *  Corolla  scarlet-red,  tubidar-funnelform,  conspicuously  bilabiate,  an  inch  long. 
27.  P.  Bridgesii,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high  from  a  woody  base,  gla- 
brous up  to  the  virgate  secund  thyrsus,  or  puberulent :  leaves  from  spatulate- 
lanceolate  to  linear ;  the  floral  reduced  to  small  subulate  bracts :  peduncles, 
pedicels,  and  sepals  glandular-viscid  :  lips  of  the  narrow  corolla  fully  a  third 
the  length  of  the  tube ;  the  upper  erect  and  2-lobed ;  the  lower  3-parted  and 
its  lobes  recurved.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  379.  S.  W.  Colorado,  Brandegee, 
and  westward  into  S.  California. 

5.    CHIONOPHILA,   Benth 

A  high  alpine  dwarf  perennial,  with  entire  leaves  mostly  in  a  radical  tuft 
and  a  dense  spike  of  cream-colored  flowers. 

1.  C.  Jamesii,  Benth.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so :  leaves  thickish,  spatulate 
or  lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  scarious  sheathing  base ;  those  on  the  scape-like 
flowering  stems  one  or  two  pairs,  or  occasionally  alternate,  linear :  spike  few 
to  many-flowered,  mostly  secund,  bracteate  :  corolla  over  a  half-inch  long,  dull 
cream-color.  —  Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiii.  254.  Alpine  regions  of  the 
Colorado  mountains. 

6.     MIMULUS,    L.        MONKEY-FLOWER. 

Flowers  usually  showy  and  axillary,  or  becoming  racemose  by  the  reduction 
of  the  upper  leaves  to  bracts. 

*  Viscid  or  glandular-pubescent. 
I-  Leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so,  entire  or  few-toothed :  corolla  rose-purple  or  yellow. 

1.  M.  nanus,  Hook.  &Arn.    From  an  inch  to  a  span  or  more  high :  leaves 
from  obocate  or  oblong  to  lanceolate :  calyx-teeth  broadly  lanceolate  or  triangular,  a 
quarter  of  the  length  of  the  tube  :  corolla  |  to  |  inch  long,  funnelform,  with 
widely  spreading  limb  and  throat  gradually  narrowed  downward  into  the  in- 
cluded or  partly  exserted  tube  :  stigma  peltate- funnel  form  :  capsules  with  taper- 
ing apex  rather  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Ranging  chiefly  west  of  our  limit,  but 
extending  eastward  into  Wyoming. 

2.  M.  rubellus,  Gray.     From  2  to  10  inches  high,  branched  from  the 
base  :  leaves  from  spatulate-oblong  to  linear,  ±  to  |  inch  long,  commonly  equalling 
the  pedicels ;  the  lower  sometimes  obovate  or  ovate :  calyx-teeth  short  and  ob- 
tuse :  corolla  3  or  4  lines  long,  from  a  third  to  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx, 
yellow  or  rose-color,  sometimes  yellow  varying  or  changing  to  crimson-purple ; 
the  throat  broad  and  open:  stigma  bilamellar.  —  From  New  Mexico  and  Ari- 
zona to  Colorado  and  Washington  Territory. 


280          SCROPHULAKIACE^E.      (FIG  WORT  FAMILY.) 

H—  •*-  Leaves  petioled,  denticulate  or  serrate :  corolla  narrow,  light  yellow. 

3.  M.  floribundUS,  Dougl.  About  a  span  high,  flowering  from  almost 
the  lowest  axils,  the  lateral  branches  diffusely  spreading:  leaves  ovate  and  the 
lower  subcordate,  an  inch  long  or  less ;  the  upper  shorter  than  the  somewhat 
racemose  pedicels:  calyx  short-campanulate,  becoming  ovate  or  oblong  and 
truncate  in  fruit ;  the  teeth  short  and  triangular :  corolla  3  to  6  lines  long  :  cap- 
sule globose-ovate,  obtuse.  —  From  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming  to 
California  and  Oregon. 

4  M.  moschatus,  Dougl.  More  villous  and  viscid,  musk-scented :  stems 
spreading  and  creeping,  a  foot  or  so  long :  leaves  oblong-ovate,  an  inch  or  two 
long,  mostly  exceeding  the  pedicels  :  calyx  short-prismatic,  becoming  oblong- 
campanulate  in  fruit ;  the  teeth  broadly  lanceolate  and  acuminate :  corolla  usually 
§  inch  long :  capsule  ovate,  acute.  —  From  W.  Wyoming  to  California  and  Brit- 
ish Columbia.  Known  as  the  "  Musk  Plant." 

*  *  Neither  viscid  nor  glandular. 
+-  Corolla  rose-red :  calyx  oblong-prismatic  ;  the  short  teeth  nearly  equal. 

5.  M.  Lewisii,  Pursh.     Slender,  2  to  4  feet  high,  with  minute  or  fine 
pubescence  :  leaves  from  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  denticulate :  corolla  1  ^  to 
2  inches  long ;  the  roundish  lobes  all  spreading  :  stamens  included.  —  Through- 
out the  Sierra  Nevada  and  extending  eastward  into  Montana  and  Utah. 

-i-  •»-  Corolla  yellow :  calyx  campanulate,  oblique  at  the  orifice ;  the  posterior  tooth 

largest. 

6.  M.  Jamesii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Diffuse  and  creeping,  glabrate :  leaves 
roundish  and  often  reniform,  from  denticulate  to  nearly  entire,  4  to  12  lines 
long,  all  but  the  uppermost  with  margined  petioles :  flowers  all  axillary  and  slender- 
pedicelled  :  corolla  light  yellow,  4  to  6  lines  long :  fructiferous  calyx  campanu- 
late, 3   lines  long :    seeds  shining,  almost  smooth.  —  In  water  or  wet  places, 
in  the  mountains  from  Arizona  to  Montana  and  eastward  to  Illinois  and 
Michigan. 

7.  M.  luteus,  L.    Glabrous  or  puberulent :  stems  erect ;  the  larger  forms 
2  to  4  feet  high :  leaves  ovate,  oval-oblong,  roundish,  or  subcordate ;  the  upper 
cauline  and  floral  smaller,  closely  sessile,  not  rarely  connate-clasping ;  all  usually 
acutely  dentate  or  denticulate ;  lower  sometimes  lyrately  laciniate :   inflores- 
cence chiefly  racemose  or  terminal:   corolla  deep  yellow,  commonly  dark-dotted 
within,  and  the  protuberant  base  of  lower  lip  blotched  with  brown-purple  or 
copper-color,  sometimes  1  to  2  inches  long :   calyx  ventricose-campanulate, 
a  half-inch  or  less  long :   seeds  rather  dull,  longitudinally  striate-reticulate.  — 
Throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  westward.     Immensely  variable. 

Var.  alpinus,  Gray.  A  span  or  so  high :  stem  1  to  4-flowered :  some 
leaves  rather  distinctly  pinnate-veined  above  the  middle.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad. 
1863,  71.  From  the  Colorado  mountains  and  California  Sierras  to  Alaska. 

Var.  depauperatus,  Gray.  Includes  reduced  or  depauperate  forms,  2  to 
10  inches  high,  with  leaves  3  to  6  lines  long,  fruiting  calyx  2  or  3  lines  long, 
and  corolla  3  to  7  lines  long.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  567.  Kocky  Mountains  and 
westward. 


SCROPHULARIACE.E.       (FIGWORT   FAMILY.)  281 

7.    GR  ATI  OLA,    L.        HEDGE  HYSSOP. 

Soft-herbaceous  and  diffusely  branching  plants,  from  a  creeping  base, 
growing  in  wet  soil :  pedicels  solitary  and  axillary,  with  a  pair  of  foliaceous 
bractlets  close  to  the  calyx  and  equalling  it. 

1.  G.  Virginiana,  L.  Viscid-puberulent  or  more  pubescent,  or  below 
nearly  glabrous,  divergently  branched  from  the  base,  a  span  or  less  high  : 
leaves  commonly  glabrous,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  from  entire  to  denticu- 
late-serrate, mostly  narrow  at  base :  corolla  4  or  5  lines  long,  with  yellowish 
tube  barely  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  lobes  nearly  white,  the  two  upper 
emarginate.  —  Across  the  continent. 


8.    LIMOSELLA,   L.        MUDWORT. 

Small,  glabrous  plants,  with  fibrous  roots  and  a  cluster  of  entire  fleshy 
leaves  at  the  nodes  of  the  stolons,  and  short  scape-like  naked  pedicels  from 
the  axils,  bearing  a  small  and  white  or  purplish  flower. 

1.  Ii.  aquatica,  L.  Tufts  an  inch  or  two  high:  clustered  leaves  longer 
than  the  pedicels,  when  scattered  on  sterile  shoots  alternate,  in  the  typical 
form  with  a  spatulate  or  oblong  blade  on  a  distinct  petiole ;  this  in  mud  rather 
short,  in  water  elongating  to  the  length  of  2  to  5  inches.  —  From  Hudson's 
Bay  to  S.  Colorado,  and  westward  to  the  Sierras. 


9.    SYNTHYRIS,   Benth. 

Leaves  largely  radical  and  petioled ;  those  of  the  simple  stem  or  scape  and 
the  bracts  alternate :  flowers  small,  purplish  or  flesh-color,  in  a  simple  spike 
or  raceme.  In  ours  the  flowers  are  in  a  dense  spike  terminating  a  stouter 
leafy  scape  or  stem. 

*  Leaves  laciniately  cleft  or  divided,  all  radical:  corolla  cylindraceous,  deleft  to 

the  middle. 

1.  S.  pinnatiflda,  Watson.    Tomentulose-pubescent  and  glabrate :  leaves 
slender-petioled,  from  round-reniform  to  oblong  in  outline,  from  palmately  to 
pinnately  3  to  7-parted  or  below  divided,  and  the  divisions  again  laciniately 
cleft  or  parted  :  scape  sparingly  bracteate,  a  span  high  :  spike  narrow :  corolla 
whitish.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  227.     In  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  of  Utah  and 
probably  extending  eastward  in  the  mountains. 

*  *  Leaves  undivided,  merely  crenate  or  crenulate :   scape  or  stem  leafy-bracteate. 
•«-  Corolla  mostly  2-parted,  rarely  3-parted,  and  stamens  inserted  on  its  very 

base. 

2.  S.   alpina,  Gray.     A  span  or  only  an  inch  or  two  high,  early  glabrate 
except  the  very  lanuginous  inflorescence:  radical  leaves  oval  or  subcordate,  an 
inch  or  so  long  on  a  longer  petiole  :  base  of  scape  naked :  bracts  and  lanceolate 
sepals  very  long-woolly-villous  at  margins :  corolla  violet-purple ;  its  broad  upper 
lip  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  the  2  to  3-parted  lower  one  small  and  included. 
—  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiv.  251.    In  the  alpine  region  of  the  Colorado  Rocky 
Mountains. 


282          SCROPHULARIACE.E.       (FIG WORT   FAMILY.) 

3.  S.  plantaginea,  Benth.    A  foot  or  less  high,  rather  stout :  tomentulose- 
pubescent  when  young :  radical  leaves  oblong,  rarely  cordate,  usually  obtuse 
at  base,  2  to  4  inches  long :  scape  very  leafy-bracteate :  spike  3  to  5  inches  long  : 
bracts  and  ovate  sepals  glabrate  and  villous-ciliate :  corolla  purplish ;  its  upper 
lip  little  exceeding  the  calyx,  twice  the  length  of  the  2  to  3-lobed  lower  one. — 
Mountains  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  in  subalpine  woods. 

t-  H-  Corolla  wanting :  stamens  inserted  on  the  outside  of  the  hypogynous  disk. 

4.  S.  rubra,  Benth.     A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  rather  stout,  more 
or  less  pubescent,  and  the  spike  tomentose,  2  to  5  inches  long :  radical  leaves 
ovate  or  obscurely  cordate,  1  to  3  inches  long ;  the  cauline  similar,  but  small 
and  sessile :   sepals  oblong.  —  From   Montana  and  N.  Utah  westward  into 
Oregon  and  Washington  Territory. 

10.    VERONICA,    L.        SPEEDWELL.    BROOKLINE. 

Leaves  opposite  or  verticillate  or  the  upper  alternate,  as  are  the  bracts : 
flowers  small,  racemose,  spicate,  or  solitary  in  the  axils,  never  yellow. 

#  Perennials,  stoloniferous  or  creeping  at  base:  racen.es  in  the  axils  of  the  opposite 

leaves. 

•«-  Capsules  turgid,  orbicular:  seeds  merely  compressed:  racemes  commonly  from 
opposite  axils :   corolla  pale  blue,  often  pur  pie -striped. 

1.  V.  Anagallis,  L.     Glabrous,  or  inflorescence  glaudular-puberulent  : 
leaves  sessile  by  broadish  somewhat  clasping  base,  and  tapering  gradually  to  the 
apex,  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  obscurely  serrate.  —  Across  the  continent, 
mainly  to  the  northward. 

2.  V.  Americana,   Schwein.      Glabrous :  leaves  all  or  mostly  petioled, 
ovate  or  oblong,  truncate-subcordate    at  base,  usually  obtuse :   pedicels  more 
slender.  —  About  the  same  range  as  the  last. 

•t-  •»-  Capsules  strongly  compressed  contrary  to  the  partition :  seeds  very  flat  : 
racemes  from  alternate  or  sometimes  from  opposite  axils :  corolla  mostly  pale 
blue. 

3.  V.  SCUtellata,  L.     Glabrous  :   stem   slender,  a  span  or  two  high  : 
leaves  sessile,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  remotely  denticulate  :  racemes 
several,  filiform,  flexuous :  flowers  scattered  or  filiform  and  widely  spreading 
pedicels  :  capsule  deeply  emarginate  at  apex  and  slightly  at  base.  —  Across 
the  northern  part  of  the  continent.  , 

*  *  Low  perennials,  with  ascending  or  erect  flowering  stems  terminated  by  a  single 

raceme :  cauline  leaves  above  passing  into  bracts. 

4.  V.  alpina,  L.     A  span  or  rarely  a  foot  high,  hirsute-pubescent  or  gla- 
brate: leaves  sessile,  ovate  to  oblong,  crenulate-serrate  or  entire,  ^  to  1  inch  long: 
raceme  spiciform  or  subcapitate,  dense,  or  interrupted  below :  corolla  blue  or 
violet :  capsule  elliptical-obovate,  emarginate.  —  Alpine  regions  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  Sierra  Nevada,  and  White  Mountains,  and  also  far  northward. 

5.  V.   serpyllifolia,  L.      Glabrous  or  puberulent :   stems  creeping  or 
branching  at  base,  with  flowering  summit  ascending  3  to  9  inches  high  :  leaves 
oval  or  roundish,  entire  or  crenulate,  half-inch  or  less  long ;  the  lower  short-pet ioled ; 
the  upper  sessile  and  passing  into  bracts  of  the  leafy  spiciform  raceme :  corolla 


SCKOFHULAKIACE2E.      (F1GWORT   FAMILY.)  283 

usually  bluish  or  pale  with  blue  stripes :  capsule  oblately  orbicular  and  obcor- 
date.  —  Throughout  the  continent. 

#  *  *  Low  annuals:  flowers  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  or  bract-like  commonly 

alternate  leaves,  very  short-pedicelled. 

6.  V.  peregrina,  L.  Glabrous,  or  above  minutely  pubescent  or  glandu- 
lar :  stem  and  branches  erect,  a  span  or  two  high :  leaves  thickish ;  lowest 
petioled  and  oblong  or  oval,  dentate ;  the  others  sessile,  from  oblong  to 
linear-spatulate ;  uppermost  more  bractlike  and  entire  :  capsule  orbicular  and 
slightly  obcordate.  —  Throughout  the  continent.  "  Neckweed." 

11.    GERARDIA,    L. 

Erect  and  branching  herbs ;  with  mainly  opposite  leaves,  the  uppermost 
reduced  to  bracts  of  the  racemose  or  paniculate  showy  flowers.  Our  species 
belong  to  the  section  with  purple  or  rose-colored  flowers  and  linear  or  filiform 
cauline  leaves,  the  herbage  blackening  in  drying. 

1.  G.  aspera,  Dougl.     Stems  and   branches  strict:   leaves  rather  erect, 
strongly  hispidulous-scabrous,  all  filiform-linear:  pedicels  mostly  equalling  and 
sometimes  moderately  exceeding  the  calyx,  erect:  calyx-lobes  deltoid-subulate  or 
triangular-lanceolate  from  a  broad  base,  about  half  the  length  of  the  tube :  anthers 
obscurely  if  at  all  mucronulate  at  base.  —  On  the  plains  within  the  eastern  limit 
of  our  range,  and  extending  eastward  to  Wisconsin  and  Illinois. 

2.  G.  tenilifolia,  Vahl.     Smooth  or  usually  so,  about  a  foot  high,  panicu- 
lately  much  branched,  but  the  inflorescence  racemose :  leaves  mostly  narrowly 
linear,  equalling  the  lower  but  mostly  shorter  than  the  uppermost  pedicels:  calyx- 
teeth  very  short :  corolla  about  a  half-inch  long :  anthers  woolly,  and  cuspidate- 
mucronate  at  base. 

Var.  macrophylla,  Benth.  Stouter:  larger  leaves  l£to2  inches  long 
and  almost  2  lines  wide,  scabrous  :  pedicels  ascending :  calyx-teeth  usually 
larger  :  corolla  little  over  a  half-inch  long.  —  From  Colorado  to  W.  Iowa  and 
W.  Louisiana. 

12.     CAST  ILL  El  A,    Mutis.        PAINTED-CUP. 

Herbs  with  alternate  entire  or  laciniate  leaves,  passing  above  into  usually 
more  incised  and  mostly  colored  conspicuous  bracts  of  a  terminal  spike :  the 
flowers  solitary  in  their  axils,  red,  purple,  yellowish,  or  whitish ;  but  the 
corolla  almost  always  duller-colored  than  the  calyx  or  bracts. 

*  Annuals  with  virgate  stems,  mostly  tall  and  slender  :  leaves  and  bracts  all  linear- 

lanceolate  and  entire ;  the  latter  or  at  least  the  upper  with  red  linear  tips. 

1.  C.  minor,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  pubescence  villous  or  soft- 
hirsute  :  flowers  all  pedicellate,  the  lower  rather  remote  in  the  leafy  spike : 
calyx  gibbous  and  broadest  at  base,  wholly  green,  about  equally  cleft  before 
and  behind  to  near  the  middle  :  corolla  narrow  and  straight,  £  to  f  inch  long, 
yellow;  galea  (upper  lip)  very  much  longer  than  the  small  lip,  much  shorter 
than  the  tube.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  573.  C.  affinis,  var.  minor,  Gray.  In  wet 
ground,  from  Nebraska  to  W.  Nevada  and  New  Mexico. 


284          SCKOPHULARIACE.E.      (FIG WORT   FAMILY.) 

*  *  Perennials. 

•*-  Calyx  deeper  cleft  before  than  behind,  mostly  colored  red,  as  are  a  part  of  the 
bracts :  corolla  large,  an  inch  or  two  long  ;  its  galea  about  equalling  the  tube. 

2.  C.  linarisefolia,  Benth.     Mostly  tall   and   strict,  2  to  5  feet  high, 
glabrous  below,  the  spike  somewhat  pubescent  or  villous :  leaves  linear,  entire, 
or  some  of  the  upper  sparingly  laciniate,  and  the   uppermost  and  bracts 
3-parted :  calyx  over  an  inch  long,  mostly  red  or  crimson,  sometimes  pale ; 
the  anterior  fissure  very  much  deeper  than  the  posterior ;  the  long  upper  lip 
acutely  4-toothed  :  corolla  1£  or  2  inches  long;  its  narrow  falcate  galea  much 
exserted. — In  the  mountains  of  Wyoming  and  Colorado,  and  southward  and 
westward. 

•«-  H-  Calyx  about  equally  cleft  before  and  behind :  jloral  leaves  or  bracts  more 
or  less  dilated  and  petaloid-colored  (red  or  crimson,  varying  to  yellowish  or 
whitish). 

**  Pubescence  never  tomentose  nor  cinereous-tomentulose. 
=  Galea  equalling  or  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  the  lip  very  short. 

3.  C.  parviflora,  Bong.     A  span  to  2  feet  high,  villous-hirsute,  at  least 
above  :  leaves  variously  laciniately  cleft  into  linear  or  lanceolate  lobes,  or  some- 
times the  cauline  mainly  entire  and  narrow :  calyx-lobes  oblong  and  2-cleft  at 
apex  or  to  below  the  middle  :  corolla  an  inch  or  less  long ;  only  the  upper  part 
of  the  narrow  galea  exserted  ;  the  small  lip  not  protuberant.  — From  Dakota  and 
Colorado  westward  and  northward. 

4.  C.  miniata,  Dougl.     A  foot  or  two  high,  mostly  simple  and  strict, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  except  the  inflorescence  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or 
the  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  entire :  spike  dense  and  short :  bracts  mostly  bright 
red,   rarely  whitish,  seldom  lobed :   calyx-lobes   lanceolate,  acutely  2-cleft : 
corolla  over  an  inch  long ;  the  galea  exserted,  linear,  longer  than  the  tube  ;  very  short 
lip  protuberant  and  callous.  —  C.  pallida,  var.  miniata,  Gray.     Extending  south- 
ward  from  Alaska   and   British  Columbia  along  the  higher  mountains  of 
Colorado,  Utah,  and  California.     Exceedingly  variable. 

=  =  Galea  decidedly  shorter  than  tfte  tube  of  the  corolla  and  not  over  twice  or 
thrice  the  length  of  the  lip. 

5.  C.  pallida,  Kunth.     A  foot  or  so  high,  strict,  commonly  villous  with 
weak  cobwebby  hairs,  at  least  the  dense  and  short  leafy-bracted  spike,  or 
below  glabrous  :  leaves  mainly  entire ;  the  lower  linear ;   upper  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate :  bracts  oval  or  obovate,  partly  white  or  yellowish,  equal- 
ling the  corolla :  calyx  cleft  to  or  below  the  middle  and  again  more  or  less 
2-cleft :    galea  2  to  4  lines  long,  barely  twice  the  length  of  the  lip,  its  base 
not  exserted  from  the  calyx. 

Var.  sept entrion alls,  Gray.  A  span  to  2  feet  high,  sometimes  almost 
glabrous :  bracts  greenish- white,  varying  to  yellowish,  purple,  or  red  :  lip 
smaller,  from  half  to  hardly  a  third  the  length  of  the  galea.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i. 
575.  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah,  also  in  the  White  and  Green  Moun- 
tains, and  far  northward. 

Var.  OCCid  entails,  Gray.  Dwarf  and  narrow-leaved  form,  2  to  6  inches 
high :  bracts  comparatively  broad,  mostly  incised  or  cleft,  the  tips  and  flowers 
whitish :  lip  about  half  the  length  of  the  rather  broad  galea.  —  Bot.  Calif. 


SCKOPHULARIACEJE.      (FIGWORT  FAMILY.)          285 

loc.  cit.     High  alpine  region  of  the  Colorado  mountains,  also  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada. 

Var.  Haydeni,  Gray.  More  slender,  3  to  5  inches  high :  linear  leaves 
sometimes  with  one  or  two  slender-subulate  lobes  :  bracts  merely  ciliate-pubes- 
cent,  laciniately  3  to  5-cleft  into  linear  lobes,  bright  crimson  :  lip  not  half  the 
length  of  the  galea.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  297.  Alpine  region  of  the  Sierra  Blauca, 
S.  Colorado. 

++  •*-».  Tomentulose  or  cinereous-puberulent,  or  the  stem  only  lanate-t omentose  : 
bracts,  etc.  conspicuously  petaloid:  corolla  more  exserted,  an  inch  long  or  over  ; 
galea  shorter  than  the  tube. 

6.  C.  Integra,  Gray.     A  span  to  a  foot  high  :  stem  rather  stout,  tomen- 
tose:   leaves  cinereous-tomentulose,  linear,  l£  to  3  inches  long,  1   to  3  lines 
wide,  entire:   bracts  of  the  short  spike  red  or  rose-color,  entire  or  sometimes 
incised:  corolla  l£  inches  long;  galea  rather  broad;  lip  strongly  tri-callous, 
its  lobes  very  short.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  119.     In  dry  ground,  from  Colorado 
to  Arizona  and  Texas. 

-t-  -i-  -t-  Calyx  deeper  cleft  before  than  behind:  corolla  either  slender  or  small, 
with  galea  much  shorter  than  its  tube  and  Up  comparatively  long:  bracts  and 
calyx  if  colored  at  all.  yellowish:  leaves  or  their  divisions  narrowly  linear, 
rather  rigid. 

•»-*•  Lip  of  corolla  half  the  length  of  the  short  galea,  more  or  less  trisacculate  and 
little  ij  at  all  callous  below  the  narrow  lobes:  flowers  yellowish  or  greenish 
white:  clefts  of  the  calyx  moderately  unequal:  leaves  mostly  3  to  5-clefl  and 
the  divisions  sometimes  again  2  to  3-cleft:  bracts  similar,  not  even  their  tips 
colored. 

7.  C.  sessiliflora,  Pursh.     A  span  or  two  high,  very  leafy,  cinereous- 
pubescent  :  leaves  2  or  more  inches  long,  with  slender  lobes,  rarely  entire :  lobes  of 
the  tubular  calyx  slender :  corolla  exserted,  about  2  inches  long :  lip  with  linear- 
lanceolate  lobes  ven/  much  longer  than  the  obscurely  saccate  base.  —  On  the  prairies 
from  Wisconsin  and  Illinois  to  Dakota,  W.  Texas,  and  New  Mexico. 

8.  C.  breviflora,  Gray.     Barely  a  span  high,  more  pubescent:  lower  leaves 
often  entire  and  upper  only  3  to  5-parted,  an  inch  or  so  long:  bracts  of  the  dense 
spike  more  dilated  :  lobes  of  the  ovoid-oblong  calyx  lanceolate :  corolla  little 
exserted,  less  than  an  inch  long ;  lip  with  somewhat  callous  or  saccate  keels  about 
the  length  of  the  oblong  obtuse  lobes.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  II.  xxxiii.  338. 

•*-*•  •»-*•  Lip  of  corolla  very  short,  globular-saccate  and  callous,  and  with  very  short 

ovate  lobes. 

9.  C.  flava,  Watson.     A  foot  high,  with  numerous  slender  stems,  cinere- 
ous-puberuleut,  at  least  above,  and  the  elongated  spike  more  pubescent :  leaves 
entire  or  the  upper  with  one  or  two  lobes :  bracts  3-cleft  and  with  dilated  base ; 
the  upper  and  calyx  yellowish:  corolla  hardly  an  inch  long;  narrow  galea 
little  shorter  than  the  tube. — Bot.  King  Exped.  230.      Mountains  of  Wyo- 
ming and  E.  Utah. 

13.    ORTHOCARPUS,   Nutt. 

Low  herbs,  with  mainly  alternate  entire  or  3  to  5-parted  and  laciniate  leaves ; 
the  upper  passing  into  bracts  of  the  dense  spike  and  not  rarely  colored,  as  also 


286  SCROPHULARIACE^E.      (FIGWORT  FAMILY.) 

the  calyx-lobes :  the  corolla  yellow,  or  white  with  purple  or  rose-color,  often 
much  surpassing  the  calyx. 

*  Corolla  with  lip  rather  obscurely  saccate,  and  with  conspicuous  mostly  erect  Ictoes  ; 

the  galea  broadish,  obtuse. 

1.  O.  pallescens,  Gray.     Cinereous-puberulent,  not  hairy:  leaves  3  to 
5-parted  into  linear  lobes,  or  the  lower  entire :  bracts  similar  with  dilated 
base,  or  the  upper  with  shorter  obscurely  whitish  or  yellowish  lobes :  calyx 
deeply  2  cleft,  with  broad  lobes  merely  2-cleft  at  apex :  corolla  yellowish,  over 
a  half-inch  long.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiv.  339.    From  the  mountains  of 
N.  W.  Wyoming  to  E.  Oregon. 

*  *  Corolla  with  simply  saccate  lip  inconspicuously  or  obsoletely  3-toothed,  and 

moderately  smaller  ovate-triangular  galea  ;  its  small  tip  or  macro  usually  some- 
what injlexed  or  uncinate. 

•*-  Bracts  strikingly  different  from  the  leaves,  much  dilated,  entire  or  the  lower  3  to 
5-lobed,  the  summit  of  the  middle  lobe  purple :  corolla  yellow. 

2.  O.  linearifoliUS,  Benth.     Strict,  branching  at  summit,  sparsely  hir- 
sute or  hispid,  especially  the  margins  of  the  3  to  5-lobed  bracts :  calyx  half  the 
length  of  the  corolla,  its  lobes  with  a  pair  of  elongated  subulate  teeth :  corolla 
|  inch  long,  narrow ;  galea  with  small  unciuate  tip  a  little  surpassing  the  lip. 
— 0.  tcmnfolius  of  the  Synopt.  Fl.,  in  part.    From  the  mountains  of  Mon- 
tana to  Oregon. 

•«-  •»-  Bracts  herbaceous,  not  colored,  less  or  little  different  from  the  leaves,  all 
3-  (rarely  5-)  clejl 

3.  O.  lllt8US,  Nutt.     Pubescent  and  hirsute,  sometimes  viscid :  stem  strict,  a 
span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  from  linear  to  lanceolate,  occasionally  3-cleft, 
about  equalling  the  flowers :  corolla  golden  yellow,  less  than  a  half-inch  long, 
2  or  3  times  the  length  of  the  calyx;  tip  of  galea  obtuse  and  straight.  —  Plains, 
from  N.  Minnesota  to  Colorado  and  westward. 

4  O.  Tolmiei,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Puberulent,  a  span  or  two  high,  loosely 
branched :  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate-linear,  chiefly  entire :  bracts  of  the  small 
and  short  spikes  little  dilated,  often  3-cleft,  the  upper  shorter  than  the  flowers : 
corolla  bright  yellow,  half-inch  long,  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the  calyx ;  minute 
tip  of  galea  injlexed.  —  In  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  of  Utah  and  northward. 

14.    CORDYLANTHUS,   Nutt. 

Branching  annuals,  with  alternate  and  narrow  leaves,  either  entire  or  3  to 
5-parted,  and  mostly  dull-colored  flowers  in  small  terminal  heads  or  clusters, 
or  more  scattered  along  the  branches :  the  bracts  and  calyx  not  colored. 

*  Calyx  diphyllous:  corolla  '2-lipped  at  summit:  flowers  short-peduncled  or  sub- 

sessile. 

1.  C.  ramosus,  Nutt.  A  span  or  two  high,  diffusely  much  branched, 
cinereous-puberulent :  leaves  filiform,  all  but  the  lower  usually  3  to  7-parted  : 
flowers  few  in  the  small  terminal  heads  or  upper  axils :  corolla  dull  yellow, 
barely  a  half-inch  long.  —  Dry  regions  from  Wyoming  to  W.  Nevada  and 
Oregon. 


SCKOPHULAIIIACE^E.       (FIG WORT    FAMILY.)  287 

*  Calyx  monophijllous  ;  the  anterior  division  wanting :  flowers  strictly  sessile  in 

the  axil  of  a  clasping  bract  or  leaf. 

2.  C.  Kingii,  Watson.  A  foot  or  less  high,  diffusely  branched,  viscid- 
pubescent  or  villous :  leaves  1  or  2  inches  long,  mostly  3  to  5-parted  into  lin- 
ear-filiform divisions :  flowers  loosely  glomerate  or  somewhat  scattered  at  the 
summit  of  the  slender  branchlets :  corolla  less  than  an  inch  long,  purplish.  — 
Bot.  King  Exped.  233.  S.  W.  Colorado  to  Utah  and  Nevada. 

15.    PEDICULARIS,    Tourn.        LOUSEWORT. 

Leaves  commonly  pinnately  cleft  or  dissected,  mainly  alternate :  flowers  in 
a  terminal  bracteate  spike,  rarely  in  a  raceme  or  scattered. 

*  Gale. a  produced  into  a  filiform  porrect  or  soon  upturned  beak ;   throat  with  a 

tooth  on  each  side ;  tube  of  corolla  nearly  included  in  the  5-toothed  calyx : 
leaves  lanceolate  in  outline,  pinnately  parted;  the  divisions  acutely  serrate  or 
pinnatifid:  spike  dense  and  many-flowered,  naked:  corolla  dull  rose-red  or 
crimson-purple. 

1  P.  GrCBnlandica,  Retz.  Glabrous:  spike  1  to  6  inches  long:  calyx- 
teetli  short :  beak  of  the  galea  half-inch  or  more  long,  twice  the  length  of  the 
rest  of  the  corolla,  decurved  on  the  accumbent  lower  lip.  —  Wet  ground,  from 
New  Mexico  to  British  Columbia  and  Hudson's  Bay. 

*  *   Galea  of  the  short  white  corolla  produced  into  a  slender  elongated-subulate 

circmate-incarved  beak,  nearli/  reaching  the  apex  of  the  broad  lower  lip:  calyx 
cleft  in  front :  whole  plant  yiabrous. 

2.  P.  racemosa,  Dougl.    A  foot  or  so  high,  simple  or  sometimes  branch- 
ing, leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  lanceolate,  undivided,  minutely  and  doubly  crenu- 
late,  2  to  4  inches  long :  flowers  short-pedicelled,  in  a  short  leafy  raceme  or 
spike,  or  the  lower  in  remote  axils  and  uppermost  with  bracts  hardly  surpass- 
ing the  2-toothed  calyx:  slender  beak  of  the  galea  hamate-deflexed.  —  From 
Colorado  and  Utah  to  California  and  British  Columbia. 

*  *  *  Galea  falcate,  and  with  a  conical  or  thick-subulate  beak,  edentulate:  leaves 

simply  pinnatifid :  floiuers  half-inch  long. 

3.  P.  Parryi,  Gray.     Glabrous,  or  the  inflorescence  slightly  pubescent : 
stem  a  span  or  two  high,  very  leafy  at  base :  leaves  linear-lanceolate  in  outline, 
deeply  pinnately  parted  ;  the  divisions  linear-lanceolate,  closely  callous- serrate ; 
uppermost  reduced  to  linear  bracts:  spike  dense,  l£  to  4  inches  long:  corolla 
ochroleucous  or  more  yellow ;  galea  strongly  falcate,  with  decurved  beak,  of 
about  the  length  of  the  width  of  the  galea.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiii.  250. 
In  the  mountains  from  Colorado  and  Utah  to  Wyoming  and  Montana. 

*  *  *  *  Galea  falcate,  arcuate,  or  with  the  apex  more  or  less  incurved.,  or  ante- 

riorly curvilinear;  the  beak  very  short  and  thick  or  commonly  none:  stems 
simple,  leafy. 

M—  Not  alpine :  leaves  pinnatifid :  spike  short  and  dense :  cucullate  summit  of  the 

galea  incurved. 

4.  P.  Canadensis,  L.     Hirsute-pubescent  and  glabrate,  a  span  to  a  foot 
high  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  deeply  pinuatifid ;  lobes  short-oblong, 
obtuse,  incisely  and  the  larger  doubly  dentate  :  spike  leafy  bracteate :  corolla 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWOilT   FAMILY.) 

ochroleucous  or  tinged  or  variegated  with  purple,  less  than  an  inch  long : 
tip  of  galea  emarginate-truncate  and  below  conspicuously  cuspidate-biden- 
tate.  —  From  the  Colorado  mountains  to  Canada  and  Florida. 

H-  -»-  Not  alpine,  tall  or  slender. 
•H-  Leaves  undivided:  galea  bidentulate  at  tip. 

5.  P.  crenulata,  Benth.    Villous-pubescent,  at  length  glabrate :  stems  a 
foot  or  less  high:  leaves  oblong-linear  or  narrower,  obtuse,  l£  to  3  inches 
long,  closely  crenate  and  the  broad  crenatures  minutely  crenulate :  spike  short 
and  dense :  corolla  whitish  or  purplish,  £  inch  long,  like  that  of  the  last,  but 
the  teeth  at  the  apex  of  galea  less  conspicuous.  —  In  the  Colorado  Moun- 
tains. 

•M-  -M-  Leaves  all  pinnately  parted  and  the  lower  divided,  ample ;  divisions  lacini- 
ate-serrate  or  pinnatifid:  spike  naked:  galea  almost  straight,  cucullate  at 
summit. 

6.  P.  bracteosa,  Benth.      Glabrous,  or  the  dense   cylindraceous    and 
usually  pedunculate  spike  somewhat  pilose :  stem  1  to  3  feet  high :  bracts 
ovate,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  flowers  :  calyx-lobes  equalling  the  tube  :  corolla 
less  than  an  inch  long,  pale  yellow ;  galea  much  longer  and  larger  than  the  lip.  — 
From  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah  to  British  Columbia. 

7.  P.  procera,  Gray.     Puberulent:  stem  robust,  l£  to  4  feet  high:  leaves 
pinnately  divided  into  lanceolate  and  irregularly  piunatifid  segments :  bracts 
lanceolate,  caudate-acuminate,  mostly  longer  than  the  flowers,  serrate  or  denticu- 
late, or  the  upper  entire:  spike  8  to  15  inches  long:  calyx-lobes  much  shorter 
than  the  tube :  corolla  about  1  £  inches  long,  sordid  yellowish  and  greenish-striate ; 
galea  hardly  longer  than  the  ample  lip.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiv.  251.    Moun- 
tains of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

•<-  H-  •»-  Alpine:  stem  Jew-leaved,  a  span  or  so  high. 

8.  P.  SCOpulomm,  Gray.     Glabrous,  except  the  arachnoid-lanate  dense 
oblong  spike :  calyx-teeth  triangular- subulate,  entire,  very  much  shorter  than 
the  tube  :  galea  of  the  reddish-purple  (f  inch  long)  corolla  with  its  somewhat 
produced  apex  obliquely  truncate,  edentulate  or  produced  on  each  side  into 
an  obscure  triangular  tooth.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  308.     P.  Sudetica,  var.     Colo- 
rado Rocky  Mountains,  at  12,000  to  14,000  feet. 

16.    BHUTAN  THUS,    L.        YELLOW-RATTLE. 

Herbs,  witb  erect  stem,  opposite  leaves,  and  mostly  yellow  subsessile  flowers 
in  the  axils,  the  upper  ones  crowded  and  secund  in  a  leafy-bracted  spike. 
Seeds  when  ripe  rattle  in  the  inflated  dry  calyx. 

1.  B.  Crista-galli,  L.  About  a  foot  high,  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubes- 
cent above  :  leaves  from  narrowly  oblong  to  lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate  ; 
bracts  more  incised  and  the  acuminate  teeth  setaceous-tipped :  corolla  barely 
half-inch  long,  only  the  tip  exserted ;  transverse  appendages  of  the  galea  trans- 
versely ovate,  as  broad  or  broader  than  long :  seeds  conspicuously  winged.  — 
Alpine  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  southward  to  New  Mexico  and  far 
northward. 


OROBANCHACE^E.      (BROOM-RAPE   FAMILY.)          289 


ORDER  57.    OROBAWCHACE^E.     (BROOM-RAPE  FAMILY.) 

Root-parasitic  herbs,  destitute  of  green  foliage,  with  alternate  scales 
in  place  of  leaves.  Flowers  hermaphrodite,  5-merous  as  to  perianth, 
with  didynamous  stamens,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  bracts  or  scales,  some- 
times on  scapifurm  peduncles,  sometimes  collected  in  a  terminal  spike. 

1.    APHYLLON,    Mitchell.        CANCER-ROOT. 

Flowers  pedunculate  or  pedicellate :  calyx  5-cleft :  corolla  somewhat  bila- 
biate ;  upper  lip  more  or  less  spreading,  mostly  2-lobed ;  lower  spreading : 
stamens  included :  style  deciduous.  —  Brownish  or  whitish,  low,  commonly 
viscid-pubescent  or  glandular  plants;  with  violet-purplish  or  yellowish 
flowers. 

*  Peduncles  or  scapes  long  and  slender  from  the  axils  of  fleshy  loose  scales,  not 

bracteolate :  corolla  with  elongated  somewhat  curved  tube,  and  widely  spreading 
somewhat  equally  b-lobed  limb,  only  obscurely  bilabiate. 

1.  A.  uniflomm,  Gray.      Scaly  stem  short  and  nearly  subterranean, 
bearing  few  scapes  a  span  higb  :   calt/x-lobes  mostly  much  longer  than  the  tube, 
subulate,  usually  attenuate :  corolla  violet-tinged,  the  flower  an  inch  long ;  the 
lobes  obovate  and  rather  large.  —  Damp  woods ;  from  Newfoundland  to  Texas, 
and  westward  across  the  continent. 

2.  A.  fasciculatum,  Gray.     More  pubescent  and  glandular :  stem  often 
emergent  and  mostly  as  long  as  the  numerous  fascicled  peduncles,  not  rarely 
shorter :  calyx-lobes  broadly  or  triangular-subulate,  not  longer  than  the  tube,  very 
much  shorter  than  the  dull  yellow  or  purplish  corolla ;  lobes  of  the  latter  oblong 
and  smaller.  —  From  Lake  Michigan  to  Arizona  and  westward  across  the 
continent;  on  Artemisia,  Eriogonum,  etc. 

Var.  luteum,  Gray.  A  very  caulescent  and  short-peduncled  form,  with 
sulphur-yellow  corolla,  and  whole  plant  light  yellow.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  312. 
Wyoming,  Parry.  On  grasses. 

*  *  Caulescent,  and  the  inflorescence  thvrsoid  or  spicate :  pedicels  or  calyx  1  to 

2-bracteolate :  corolla  manifestly  bilabiate. 

3.  A.  multiflorum,  Gray.    Whole  plant  viscidly  pruinose-puberulent,  a 
span  or  two  high  :  flowers  nearly  sessile  or  the  lower  ones  short-pedicelled : 
calyx  bibracteolate,  almost  ^-parted  into  linear-lanceolate  lobes,  fully  half  the 
length  of  the  ample  (inch  or  more  long]  purplish  corolla:  anthers  very  woolly. 
—  Gravelly  plains  and  pine  woods,  W.   Texas  to  Arizona,  extending  into 
S.  Colorado. 

4.  A.  Ludovicianum,  Gray.     Rather  less  pubescent :  spikes  more  fre- 
quently compound  :  calyx  less  deeply  and  somewhat  unequally  5-cle/l :  corolla 
about  half  smaller ;  upper  lip  sometimes  almost  entire:  anthers  (before  dehis- 
cence)  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  —  Phelipcea  Ludoviciana,  Walp.     From  the  Sas- 
katchewan to  Texas  and  westward. 

19 


290  VERBENACEJ3.      (VERVAIN   FAMILY.) 


ORDER  58.    L/EHTTIBUL4RIACEJE.    (BLADDERWORT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  growing  in  water  or  wet  soil,  with  scapes  or  scapiform  pedun- 
cles simple  and  one  to  few-flowered,  calcarate  corolla  always  and  calyx 
usually  bilabiate,  a  single  pair  of  stamens,  conflueutly  one-celled  anthers 
contiguous  under  the  broad  stigma. 

1.    UTRICULARIA,    L.      *  BLADDERWORT. 

Calyx  2-parted  or  deeply  2-Iobed  ;  lobes  mostly  entire,  nearly  equal :  upper 
lip  of  strongly  bilabiate  and  more  or  less  personate  corolla  erect :  filaments 
thick,  strongly  arcuate-incurved,  the  base  and  apex  contiguous.  —  Ours  are 
aquatic,  with  the  dissected  leaves,  branches,  and  even  roots,  bearing  little 
bladders,  which  are  furnished  with  a  valvular  lid,  and  commonly  tipped  with 
a  few  bristles  at  orifice,  and  yellow  flowers.  The  scapes  are  leafless,  emersed 
from  submersed  or  floating  leafy  stems,  which  are  free  swimming  and  mostly 
rootless  in  deep  water. 

*  Pedicels  recurved  in  fruit. 

1.  IT.  Vlllgaris,  L.     Stems  long  and  rather  stout,  densely  leafy:  leaves  2 
to  3-pinnateli/  divided,  very  bladdery  :  scapes  a  foot  or  less  long,  5  to  IG-flowered: 
corolla  half-inch  or  more  broad,  with  sides  of  lips  reflexed ;  palate  prominent : 
spur  conical,,  porrect  toward  the  slightly  3-iobed  lower  lip.  —  From  Newfound- 
land to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Texas,  and  westward  across  the  continent. 

2.  U.  minor,  L.     Leaves  scattered  on  the  filiform  steins,  repeatedly  dichoto- 
mous,  small,  setaceous  :  scapes  slender,  3  to  7  inches  high,  2  to  8-floicered:  corolla 
pale  yellow,  2  or  3  lines  broad,  ringent ;  palate  depressed :  spur  very  short  and 
obtuse.  —  Across  the  continent. 

*  *  Pedicels  erect  in  fruit. 

3.  TJ.  gibba,  L.     Branches  delicate,  root-like:  leaves  sparse,  sparingly 
dissected,  capillary,  sparingly  bladder-bearing :  scape  filiform,  l£  to  3  inches 
high,  1  to  2-flowered  :  corolla  3  lines  broad ;  the  lips  broad  and  rounded :  spur 
thick  and  conical,  shorter  than  the  lower  lip  and  approximate  to  it.  —  In  a 
subalpine.  pond  in  Colorado,  Greene.     Also  in  the  Atlantic  States. 


ORDER  59.     VEBBENACE^E.     (VERVAIN  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  chiefly  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves,  no  stip- 
ules, bilabiate  or  almost  regular  corolla,  mostly  didynamous  stamens, 
single  style  with  one  or  two  stigmas,  an  undivided  2  to  4-celled  ovary. 
—  In  ours  the  inflorescence  is  simple,  commonly  spicate  or  capitate  with 
flowers  alternate,  and  the  leaves  are  simple. 

1.  Verbena.    Calyx  narrow,  tubular,  plicately  5-angled,  5-toothcd.     Corolla  salverform  ; 

the  limb  somewhat  equally  or  unequally  5-lobed.     Fruit  separating  into  4  nutlets. 

2.  LJppia.    Calyx  ovoid,  oblong-cam panulate  or  compressed  and  bicarinate,  2  to  4-cleft  or 

toothed.     Limb  of  corolla  oblique  or  bilabiate,  4-lobed.      Fruit  separating  into  2 
nutlets. 


VERBENACE^E.      (VERVAIN   FAMILY.)  291 

1.    V  E  R  B  E  N  A,    Tourn.        VERVAIN. 

Some  mere  weeds,  others  ornamental,  and  many  spontaneous  hybrids. 
*  Flowers  small  or  comparatively  so,  in  narrow  spikes :  anthers  unappendaged. 
-t-  Bracts  inconspicuous,  not  exceeding  the  flowers, 

1.  V.  hastata,  L.     Tall,  3  to  a  feet  high :  pubescence  short,  sparse  and  hir- 
sute or  scabrous:   leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate,  coarsely  or 
incisely  serrate,  petioled,  some  of  the  lower  commonly  hastate  3-lobed  at  base  : 
spikes  numerous  in  a  panicle,  dense,  naked  at  base  or  more  or  (ess  peduncled : 
corolla  blue.  —  In  waste  grounds  and  along  roadsides,  across  the  continent. 

2.  V.  stricta,  Vent.     Erect,  rather  stout,  a  foot  or  two  high:  pubescence 
softer  and  denser :  leaves  cinereous  with  dense  soft  hirsute-viUous  pubescence,  thick- 
ish,  rugose-veiny,  ovate  or  oblong,  nearly  sessile,  very  sharply  and  densely 
mostly  doubly  serrate,  rarely  incised :  spikes  comparatively  thick,  dense  both 
in  flower  and  fruit,  canescent,  mostly  sessile  or  leaf >j -In' acted  at  base  :  corolla 
blue,  4  or  5  lines  long  — From  New  Mexico  to  Dakota  and  eastward  to  Texas 
and  Ohio. 

•i-  H—  Bracts  rigid  and  somewhat  foliaceous,  exceeding  the  flowers. 

3.  V.  bracteosa,  Michx.     Much  branched  from  the  base,  diffuse  or  de- 
cumbent, hirsute  :  leaves  cuneate-oblong  or  cuneate-obovate,  narrowed  mostly 
into  a  short  margined  petiole,  pinnately  incised  or  3-cleft,  and  coarsely  dentate : 
spikes  terminating  the  branches :  lowest  bracts  often  pinnatifid  or  incised ; 
the  others  lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire,  rigid  :  corolla  purplish  or  blue,  very 
small.  —  Across  the  continent. 

*  *  Flowers  more  showy,  at  first  depressed-capitate,  becoming  spicate  in  fruit : 
anthers  of  the  larger  stamens  appendaged  by  a  gland  on  the  connective:  tube 
of  corolla  at  the  upper  part  lined  with  reflexed  bristly  hairs. 

4.  V.  bipinnatiflda,  Nutt.     A  span  to  a  foot  high,  hispid-hirsute,  root- 
ing from  subterranean  branches  :  leaves  H  to  4  inches  long,  bipinnately  parted, 
or  ^-parted  into  more  or  less  bipinnatifld  divisions  :   bracts  setaceous-attenuate, 
mostly  surpassing  the  calyx :  limb  of  the  bluish-purple  or  lilac  corolla  4  or  5  lines 
broad;  lobes  obcordate  :  commissure  offthe  nutlets  usually  retrorsely  scabrous  or 
hispidulons.  —  Plains  aiid  prairies,  from  Arkansas  and  Texas  to  the  mountains 
of  Colorado. 

5.  V.  Aubletia,  L.     A  foot  or  less  high,  branching  and  ascending  from 
a  creeping  or  rooting  base,  soft-pubescent,  hirsute,  or  glabrate :  leaves  1  or  2 
inches  long,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong  in  outline,  with  truncate  or  broadly  cuneate 
base  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole,  incisely  lobed  and  toothed,  often  more 
deeply  3-cleft :   bracts  subulate  or  linear-attenuate,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the 
calyx:  limb  of  the  reddish-purple  or  lilac  (or  white)  corolla  \  or  §  inch  broad: 
commissure  of  the  nutlets  minutely  white-dotted  or  nearly  smooth.  —  From  the 
Rocky  Mountains  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.    LIPPIA,    L. 

In  ours  the  flowers  are  capitate  or  in  short  dense  spikes,  subtended  and 
imbricated  by  broad  bracts ;  the  peduncles  chiefly  axillary. 


292  LABIATE.      (MINT   FAMILY.) 

1.  L.  CUneifolia,  Steud.     Diffusely  branched,  procumbent  (not  creeping), 
minutely  cauescent  throughout :  leaves  rigid,  cuneate-linear,  sessile,  incisely 
2  to  ^-toothed  above  the  middle:  peduncles  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves:  bracts 
rigid,  broadly  cuneate,  abruptly  acuminate  from  the  truncate  or  retuse  dilated 
summit:    calyx-lobes  emarginate :  corolla  white  (?).  —  On  the  plains  from 
Nebraska  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

2.  L.  lanceolata,  Michx.     Creeping  extensively,  some  branches  ascend- 
ing, minutely  and  sparsely  strigulose :  leaves  thinner,  varying  from  obovate 
and  lanceolate-spatulate  to  ovate,  narrowed  at  base  mostly  into  a  petiole,  above 
sharpli/  serrate:  peduncles    much    exceeding  the   leaves:   bracts   mucronate  or 
pointless  :    calyx-lobes    linear-lanceolate  :    corolla    bluish-white.  —  From   E. 
Colorado  and  Texas  to  Pennsylvania  and  Florida. 


ORDER  60.     L.ABIAT.3E.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  aromatic  foliage,  square  steins,  opposite  leaves, 
more  or  less  bilabiate  corolla,  didynamous  or  diandrous  stamens,  and  a 
deeply  4-lobed  ovary,  which  forms  in  fruit  4  seed-like  nutlets,  surround- 
ing the  base  of  the  single  style.  —  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  2-lobed  or 
entire :  the  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 
Style  2-lobed  at  apex.  Flowers  axillary,  chiefly  in  cymose  clusters, 
these  often  aggregated  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes. 

Tribe  I.    Stamens  4,  ascending,  mostly  exserted  from  the  upper  side  of  Hie  corolla :  calyx 
5  to  10-nerved.  — AJUGOIDE^. 

1.  Teucrium.    Corolla  deeply  cleft  between  the  two  small  lobes  of  the  upper  lip,  which 

are  united  one  on  each  sido  with  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  declined  lower  lip ;  middle 
lobe  much  larger.  Stamens  exserted  from  the  cleft :  anthers  confluently  one-celled. 

Tribe  II.  Stamens  not  declined  ;  the  posterior  pair  shorter  or  wanting  ;  anthers  2-celled  ; 
the  cells  distinct  or  confluent,  short :  corolla  less  strongly  bilabiate  and  the  lobes  flat- 
ter than  in  succeeding  tribes  ;  upper  lip  not  galeate  or  concave. 

*  Corolla  about  equally  4-lobed,  small  and  short,  hardly  irregular,  but  the  upper  lobe 

broader  than  the  others  and  emarginate :  stamens  erect,  straight  and  distant :  flowers 
capitate-glomerate,  and  the  clusters  sometimes  confluent-spiked. 

2.  Mentha.    Stamens  4,  similar  and  nearly  equal.     Calyx  5-toothed.      Upper  lobe  of 

corolla  sometimes  em.irginate. 

3.  Lycopus.     Stamens  only  2  with  anthers ;   the  upper  pair  sterile  rudiments,  or  else 

wanting.  Calyx  4  to  5-toothed,  naked  in  the  throat.  Upper  lobe  of  corolla 
entire. 

*  *  Corolla  more  or  less  evidently  bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  entire  or  emarginate,  or 

2-cleft  in  No.  5  ;  the  lower  spreading  and  3-oleft. 

•*-  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  distant  and  straight,  often  divergent,  never  convergent  nor 
curved  :  calyx  10  to  15-nerved :  flowers  capitate-verticillastrate,  or  sometimes 
sparser. 

4.  Pycnanthemum.    Calyx  ovate-oblong  or  tubular;  the  5  teeth  equal,  or  the  3  upper 

more  or  less  united.  Corolla  with  entire  or  barely  emarginate  upper  lip,  and  3-cleft 
lower  one.  Stamens  little  unequal:  anther-cells  parallel. 

5.  Monardella.    Calyx  tabular,  narrow  ;  the  5  teeth  equal  or  nearly  so.    Corolla  with 

2-cleft  upper  lip.  and  3-parted  lower  one.  Stamens  strongly  or  moderately  unequal, 
exserted :  anther-cells  often  divergent  or  divaricate.  Flowers  densely  capitaie- 
verticillastrate. 


LABIATE.      (MINT  FAMILY.)  293 

*-  4-  Stamens  ascending  or  arcuate,  often  more  or  less  converging  and  sometimes  ascend- 
ing parallel  under  the  erect  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  ;  anther-cells  oblique  or  divaricate : 
calyx  12  to  15-nerved. 

6.  Calamintlia.     Calyx  oblong  or  tubular,  often  gibbous,  bilabiate  ;    the  upper  lip 

3-toothed  or  3-cleft,  the  lower  2-parted.  Corolla  with  a  straight  tube  mostly  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx,  and  a  commonly  enlarging  throat.  Stamens  4,  ascending  parallel 
under  or  beyond  the  upper  lip,  or  conniving  in  pairs. 

7.  Hedeoma.     Calyx  from  tubular  to  oblong,  usually  gibbous,  more  or  less  bilabiate 

or  unequally  5-toothed,  mostly  13-striate,  hairy  or  villous-bearded  in  the  throat. 
Antheriferous  stamens  2,  ascending  parallel  under  the  upper  lip ;  the  posterior  pair 
either  none  or  sterile. 

Tribe  III.  Antheriferous  stamens  only  2,  straight  or  commonly  parallel-ascending ;  the 
anther  with  narrow  cells,  which  are  either  widely  separated  on  the  upper  and  lower 
ends  of  a  linear  or  filiform  connective,  or  the  lower  cell  wanting  or  deformed,  or  the 
two  cells  confluent  into  one  linear  cell :  corolla  bilabiate.  —  MONARDE^. 

8.  Salvia.    Calyx  bilabiate.     Corolla  with  upper  lip  erect,  straight  or  falcate,  usually 

concave :  the  lower  spreading,  its  middle  lobe  often  emarginate.  Connective  com- 
monly linear  or  filiform,  transverse  and  articulated  on  the  short  filament 

9.  Monarda.    Calyx  elongated-tubular,  mostly  15-nerved,  regular  or  nearly  so,  almost 

equally  5-toothed.  Corolla  with  slender  tube  or  dilated  at  the  throat ;  the  upper  lip 
erect,  entire  or  emarginate ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed,  its  middle  lobe  larger  or 
longer,  retuse  or  emarginate.  Anther-cells  contiguous  and  divaricate,  more  or  less 
connate  or  confluent  at  their  junction,  so  as  to  imitate  a  single  linear  cell. 

Tribe  IV.  Stamens  4,  both  pairs  fertile  ;  the  posterior  (inner  or  upper)  pair  surpassing 
the  anterior :  corolla  distinctly  bilabiate :  calyx  usually  15-nerved ;  the  upper  teeth 
or  lip  commonly  larger  or  longer.  —  NEPETE^C. 

10.  LiOpb.antb.us>    Stamens  divergent  or  distant,  exserted  ;  the  upper  pair  usually  de- 

clined ;  the  lower  or  shorter  pair  ascending :  the  anther-cells  parallel  or  nearly  so. 
Corolla  with  tube  not  exceeding  the  oblique,  5-toothed  calyx  ;  upper  lip  nearly  erect, 
2-lobed  at  the  apex  ;  lower  spreading,  its  broad  middle  lobe  crenate. 

11.  Dracocephalum.     Anthers  more  or  less  approximate  in  pairs ;  their  cells  divaricate 

or  divergent :  filaments  not  exserted.  Calyx  equal  at  throat,  5-toothed ;  the  upper 
tooth  very  much  larger  than  the  others.  Corolla  with  dilated  throat ;  upper  lip  some- 
what concave,  emarginate  or  2-lobed ;  lower  spreading,  with  middle  lobe  large. 

Tribe  V.  Stamens  4,  ascending  and  parallel ;  the  anterior  (lower  or  outer)  pair  longer 
and  with  anthers  mostly  1-celled  by  abortion  ;  those  of  the  posterior  pair  2-celled : 
corolla  bilabiate ;  but  with  the  small  lateral  lobes  more  connected  with  the  galeate 
upper  lip  ;  lower  lip  therefore  of  a  single  lobe :  calyx  bilabiate ;  its  lips  entire.  — 

SCUTELLARINE.(E. 

12.  Scutellaria.     Calyx  gibbous,  with  a  crest-like  or  hump-shaped  projection  on  the 

back,  closed  after  the  corolla  falls,  not  inflated.  Corolla  with  long  exserted  tube. 
Anthers  ciliate-pilose. 

Tribe  VI.  Stamens  4  ;  parallel  and  ascending  under  the  concave  and  commonly  galeate 
upper  lip  of  the  bilabiate  corolla  ;  the  anterior  (lower  or  outer)  pair  longer :  anthers 
2-celled  or  confluently  somewhat  1-celled.  Calyx  5  to  10-nerved,  veiny.  —  STACHYDE^:. 

13.  Physostegia.    Calyx  nearly  regular,  and  equally  5-toothed ;  the  tube  campanulate 

or  oblong,  hardly  nerved  or  veined,  moderately  inflated  in  fruit.  Corolla  gradually 
inflated  upward ;  upper  lip  erect,  rounded,  entire ;  lower  somewhat  spreading,  3- 
parted,  its  roundish  middle  lobe  emarginate.  Filaments  villous.  Flowers  simply 
opposite  in  the  spikes,  one  under  each  bract. 

14.  Stacbys.    Calyx  tubular-campanulate  or  turbinate,  5  to  10-nerved,  equally  5-toothed, 

sometimes  the  upper  teeth  larger.  Corolla  with  cylindrical  tube,  not  dilated  at 
throat ;  upper  lip  erect,  more  or  less  concave,  entire  or  emarginate ;  lower  spreading, 
3-lobed.  Stamens  more  or  less  deflexed  to  the  sides  of  the  throat  or  contorted  after 
anthesis :  filaments  naked :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs. 


294  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

1.    TEUCRIUM,    L.        GERMANDER. 

Herbs:  less  aromatic  than  most  genera,  with  leaves  variously  cut  and 
flowers  spicate  or  solitary  and  axillary. 

#  Leaves  undivided:  flowers  in  naked  terminal  spikes  or  racemes:  calyx  moder- 

ately 5-lobed  ;  two  lower  teeth  triangular-subulate  ;  three  upper  ovate. 

1.  T.  OCCidentale,  Gray.     Loosely  pubescent,  branched,  a  foot  or  two 
high :  leaves  1  or  2  inches  long,  ovate-oblong  to  broadly  lanceolate,  sharply 
serrate  :  corolla  4  or  5  lines  long,  purple,  rose  or  cream-color  :  calyx  villous 
with   viscid   hairs.  —  Synopt.   Fl.   ii.   349.     T.  Canadense   of   the   Western 
Reports.    Nebraska  to  New  Mexico  and  California. 

*  *  Leaves  mullifid  or  incised:  flowers  solitary  and  axillary,  the  uppermost 

leaves  more  or  less  bract-like:  calyx  almost  5-parted  into  subulate-lanceolate 
equal  lobes. 

2.  T.  laciniatlim,  Torr.    Glabrous  or  hirsute-pubescent,  much  branched, 
a  span  or  so  high :  leaves  pinnately  3  to  7-parted  into  narrow  linear  entire  or 
2  to  3-lobed  or  toothed  divisions,  rather  rigid ;    the  floral  much  crowded, 
3-parted:  corolla  6  to  10  lines  long,  pale  blue  or  lilac,  with  spatulate  lower 
lobe  much  surpassing  the  calyx.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  231.     Plains  of  Colo- 
rado to  Arizona  and  W.  Texas. 


2.    ME  NTH  A,1    Tourn.        MINT. 

Odorous  herbs,  mostly  spreading  by  slender  creeping  rootstocks  :  flowers 
small,  whitish  or  purplish,  in  ours  glomerate  in  the  axils  of  leaves. 

1.  M.  Canadensis,  L.  Villous-hairy :  stem  often  simple  :  leaves  varying 
from  oblong-ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  acute,  generally  taper- 
ing into  the  petiole :  inflorescence  consisting  of  distant  sessile  verticillastrate 
glomerules  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  the  uppermost  axils  flowerless :  calyx 
hairy ;  the  short  teeth  triangular-subulate.  —  Wet  places,  throughout  the  con- 
tinent, chiefly  towards  the  north.  Odor  of  Pennyroyal. 

Var.  glabrata,  Benth.,  has  leaves  and  stem  almost  glabrous,  the  former 
sometimes  very  short-petioled,  and  a  sweeter  scent,  as  of  Monarda.  —  Same 
range. 

3.    LYCOPUS,    Tourn.        WATER  HOREHOUND.    BUGLE-WEED. 
GYPSY-WORT. 

Mint-like,  but  bitter  and  only  slightly  aromatic ;  with  sharply  toothed  or 
lobed  leaves,  and  small  white  or  whitish  flowers  in  their  axils,  in  sessile  capi- 
tate-verticillastrate  glomerules,  the  uppermost  axils  flowerless. 
*  Stoloniferous ;  long  filiform  runners  produced  from  the  base  of  the  stem:  calyx- 
teeth  mostly  4. 

1.  L.  VirginicUS,  L.  Glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent:  stem  obtusely 
angled,  6  to  24  inches  high  :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate 

1  Doubtless  some  of  the  common  introduced  species  have  become  established  within  our 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  295 

in  the  middle,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole :  bracts  very 
short :  calyx-teeth  ovate  or  lanceolate-ovate,  obtuse  or  barely  acutish  :  sterile 
stamens  minute  rudiments.  —  From  British  Columbia  and  Oregon  to  Florida 
and  Labrador. 

2.  I*,  lucidus,  Turcz.     Stem  strict,  stout,  2  or  3  feet  high,  hirsute-pubes- 
cent or  glabrate,  acutely  angled  above :  leaves  lanceolate  and  oblong-lanceolate, 
2  to  4  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  very  sharply  and  coarsely  serrate  with 
triangular-subulate  ascending  teeth,  sessile  or  nearly  so  by  an  obtuse  or  acute  base, 
coarsely  punctate :  outer  bracts  conspicuous,  very  acute  :  calyx-teeth  attenuate- 
subulate  :  sterile  stamens  clavate-tipped  rudiments. 

Var.  Americanus,  Gray.  Leaves  dull,  often  minutely  puberulent  both 
sides :  calyx-teeth  less  rigid.  — Bot.  Calif,  i.  592.  From  the  Saskatchewan  to 
Arizona  and  California. 

*  *  Not  stoloniferous,  but  rootstocks  more  or  less  creeping :  calyx-teeth  5,  cuspidate, 

rigid. 

3.  L.  SinuatUS,  Ell.     Stem  erect,  1  to  3  feet  high,  acutely  4-angled,  gla- 
brous, roughish  or  minutely  pubescent:  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  \\  or  2 
inches  long,  acuminate,  irregularly  incised  or  laciniate-pinnatifid,  or  some  of 
the  upper  merely  sinuate  or  iucisely  toothed,  tapering  at  base  mostly  into  a 
slender  petiole:   rudiments  of  sterile  stamens  slender,  conspicuous,  with  a 
globular  or  subclavate  tip.  —  L.  Europceus,  var.  sinuatus,  Gray.     Across  the 
continent. 


4.    PYCNANTHEMUM,   Michx.        MOUNTAIN  MINT.   BASIL. 

Erect  herbs,  pleasantly  aromatic,  branching  above ;  flowers  small,  whitish 
or  purplish,  often  purple-dotted.  In  ours  the  flowers  are  in  small  and  numer- 
ous glomerules  which  are  capitate  and  densely  fastigiate-cymose,  copiously 
imbricated  with  short  appressed  bracts. 

1.  P.  lanceolatum,  Pursh.  Stem  somewhat  pubescent:  inflorescence 
villous-canescent :  leaves  lanceolate  or  almost  linear,  nervose-veined,  obtuse  at 
base,  nearly  sessile,  entire :  bracts  ovate  or  lanceolate :  calyx-teeth  ovate- 
deltoid,  acute.  —  Within  the  eastern  limit  of  our  range,  and  extending  from 
thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 


6.    MONABDBLLA,   Benth. 

Flowers  in  terminal  and  solitary  verticillastrate  heads,  subtended  or  in- 
volucrate  by  broad  often  membranaceous  and  colored  bracts :  corolla  from 
whitish  or  flesh-color  to  rose-purple. 

1 .  M.  odoratissima,  Benth.  Cinereous-puberulent  or  minutely  tomen- 
tulose,  or  nearly  glabrous,  but  pale  :  a  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  from  nar- 
rowly oblong  to  broadly  lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  short-petioled,  or  the 
upper  subsessile,  both  sides  alike :  bracts  thin-membranaceous  and  colored 
(whitish  or  purple)  :  calyx-teeth  hirsute.  —  Sierra  Madre  Range  in  Colorado, 
and  thence  westward  and  northward.  Odor  of  Pennyroyal. 


296  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

6.    CALAMINTHA,   Tourn.,  Moench.        CALAMINT. 

Our  species  belongs  to  a  section  with  flowers  verticillastrate-capitate,  and 
involucrate  with  conspicuous  setaceous-subulate  rigid  bracts. 

1.  C.  Clinopodium,  Benth.  Herbaceous,  hirsute  :  leaves  ovate,  obtuse, 
almost  entire,  petioled :  heads  globular,  many-flowered :  teeth  of  the  narrow 
tubular  calyx  and  bracts  very  hirsute,  nearly  equalling  the  light  purple  narrow 
corolla.  —  Indigenous  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Great  Lakes,  but  in- 
troduced eastward.  "  Basil." 

7.    HE  DEO  MA,   Pers.        AMERICAN  PENNYROYAL. 

Our  species  belong  to  the  section  with  pedicellate  flowers  cymulose  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves,  the  uppermost  of  which  are  often  bract-like :  throat  of  the 
calyx  in  fruit  closed  with  a  ring  of  hair.  Pungently  sweet-aromatic,  with 
small  and  whitish  or  purplish  flowers. 

1.  H.  hispida,  Pursh.     Mostly  low:   leaves  all  similar,  linear,  entire, 
thickish,  nearly  sessile,  crowded,  almost  glabrous,  but  the  margins  somewhat 
hispid-ciliate :  bracts  mostly  equalling  the  calyx,  rigid  :  calyx  with  teeth  about 
equal,  bilabiate ;  the  lips  about  half  the  length  of  the  oblong  gibbous  hispid 
tube ;  the  teeth  of  the  upper  subulate,  of  the  lower  more  aristiform  or  hispid, 
equalling  the  bluish  corolla.  —  Extending  into  Dakota  and  southward  from  the 
plains  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

2.  H.  Drummondi,  Benth.     Cinereous  pubescent  or  puberulent,  a  span  or 
two  high,  copiously  branched  :  leaves  from  oblong  to  linear,  obtuse,  subsessile  or 
narrowed  into  a  very  short  petiole :  subulate  bracts  not  longer  than  the  pedi- 
cels :  calyx  hirsute  or  hispid,  in  age  more  or  less  curved,  not  plainly  bilabiate ; 
the  subulate-setaceous  teeth  at  length  all  conuivent ;  the  lower  nearly  twice  the 
length  of  the  upper:  corolla  from  little  exserted  to  double  the  length  of  the  calyx.  — 
From  Texas  to  Arizona  and  extending  northward  to  Colorado  and  Nebraska. 

8.    SALVIA,   L.        SAGE. 

In  ours  the  throat  of  the  calyx  is  naked  :  the  anterior  portion  of  the  con- 
nective deflexed,  linear  or  gradually  somewhat  dilated  downward,  closely 
approximate  or  connate,  and  destitute  of  an  anther-cell :  corolla  blue  or  pur- 
plish varying  to  white. 

1.  S.  azure  a,  Lam.     Glabrous  or  puberulent,  1  to  5  feet  high:  lower 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  denticulate  or  serrate ;  upper  narrower, 
often  linear,  entire  :  inflorescence  spiciform,  interrupted,  sometimes  thyrsoidal 
or  paniculate-branched :  calyx  obscurely  bilabiate :  corolla  deep  blue,  with  promi- 
nently exserted  tube ;  upper  lip  very  concave  or  galeate  and  pubescent ;   the 
lower  longer  and  much  larger,  sinuately  3-lobed  and  emarginate  :  style  bearded 
above. 

Var.  grandiflora,  Benth.  Cinereous-puberulent :  denser  inflorescence 
and  calyx  tomentulose-sericeous.  —  S.  Pitcheri,  Torr.  From  Colorado  to 
Texas  and  Kansas. 

2.  S.  lanceolata,  Willd.    Puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous,  branched  from 
the  base,  5  to  12  inches  high :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  irregu- 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  297 

larly  serrate  with  obtuse  appressed  teeth  or  nearly  entire :  inflorescence  vir- 
gate-spiciforra,  interrupted,  floral  bracts  very  small :  calyx  deeply  bilabiate : 
corolla  small,  4  lines  long,  hardly  at  all  exseftcd  ;  lower  lip  little  prolonged: 
style  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  —  Plains,  Nebraska  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 


9.    MONARDA,    L.        HORSE-MINT. 

Aromatic  erect  herbs,  usually  tall ;  with  the  large  verticillastrate-capitate 
glomerules  single,  or  in  upper  axils,  and  iuvolucrate  by  numerous  sometimes 
colored  outer  bracts  and  floral  leaves. 

#  Heads  solitary  and  terminal,  or  sometimes  2  or  3  as  if  proliferous :  stamens 

and  style  conspicuously  exserted  from  the  linear  and  mostly  acute  upper  lip 
of  the  corolla:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acutely  more  or  less  serrate. 

1.  M.  fistulosa,  L.     Soft-pubescent  with  short  hairs,  or  somewhat  hairy, 
or  glabrate  :  stem  mostly  with  obtuse  angles:  bracts  whitish  or  rarely  pur- 
plish,  the   inner    mostly   hirsute-ciliate  :    calyx   conspicuously   and   densely 
bearded  at  the  throat :  corolla  pubescent,  at  least  on  the  upper  lip,  purple 
or  purplish-dotted,  an  inch  or  more  long.  —  Nearly  across  the  continent.    A 
polymorphous  species. 

Var.  media,  Gray.  Corolla  deep  purple.  —  Synopt.  FJ.  ii.  374.  Alleghauy 
and  Rocky  Mountains. 

Var.  mollis,  Benth.  Corolla  from  flesh-color  to  lilac,  glandular,  and  its 
upper  lip  hairy  outside  or  more  bearded  at  the  tip  :  leaves  paler,  soft  pubes- 
cent beneath :  throat  of  the  calyx  mostly  filled  with  dense  beard.  —  Extend- 
ing to  the  Saskatchewan,  British  Columbia,  and  Arizona. 

*  *  Heads  commonly  in  the  axils  of  all  the  upper  pairs  of  leaves,  or  interrupted- 

spicate,  fol'iose-bracteate :  upper  face  of  the  floral  leaves  often  canescent  and 
purple-tinged:  corolla  with  shorter  tube,  more  dilated  throat',  the  upper  arch- 
ing seldom  surpassed  by  the  stamens :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  sparsely 
serrate  or  denticulate. 

2.  M.  punctata,  L.     Stem  commonly  2  feet  high  :   floral  leaves  and 
bracts  (either  whitened  or  purplish  or  both)  often  slender  acuminate,  mostly 
muticous :   calyx-teeth    lanceolate-   or  triangular-subulate,   rigid,   soon   stellate- 
spreading :  corolla  yellowish  with  copious  brown-purple  spots.  —  From  Colorado 
to  Florida  and  New  York. 

3.  M.  Citriodora,  Cerv.     Usually  rather  robust,  the  larger  forms  2  or  3 
feet  high :  bracts  narrowly  oblong,  colored  as  in  the  last,  with  spreading  or 
recurving  and   slender  aristate  tips:  cali/x-teeth  slender-oristifonn,  at   length 
usually  spreading :  corolla  white  or  pinkish,  not  spotted,  but  more  or  less  punc- 
tate. —  M.  aristata,  Nutt.    Plains  of  Nebraska  to  Texas,  E.  Colorado,  and 
Arizona. 

1O.    LOPH  ANT  HITS,   Beuth. 

Mostly  tall  and  coarse  herbs  :  with  serrate  petioled  leaves,  the  lower  usually 
subcordate  and  the  upper  ovate,  and  small  flowers  in  dense  and  sessile  verticil- 
lastrate  glomerules,  which  are  crowded  into  a  terminal  spike :  floral  leaves 


298  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

reduced  to  short  ovate  and   acuminate  bracts :    calyx-teeth  more  or  less 
colored. 

1.  L.  anisatus,  Benth.     Glabrous  or  very  minutely  puberulent,  2  or  3 
feet   high :   leaves  ovate,  often  subcordate,  canescent  beneath,  anisate-scented 
when  crushed:  spike  short  and  narrow,  interrupted,  sometimes  leafy  below 
and  paniculate :   calyx-teeth  ovate-lanceolate  and   merely  acute,  tinged  with 
purple  or  violet :  corolla  blue.  —  Plains,  from  the  Saskatchewan  to  Nebraska 
and  westward  to  the  mountains. 

2.  L.  urticifolius,  Benth.    Like  the  last,  but  leaves  green  both  sides, 
mostly  crenate  and  more  or  less  cordate,  sweet-aromatic :  calyx-teeth  lanceo- 
late, subulate-acuminate :  corolla  light  violet  or  purplish.  —  Western  slopes  of 
the  mountains  to  Oregon  and  California. 

11.    DRACOCEPHALUM,    Tourn.        DRAGON-HEAD. 

Herbs,  peculiar  for  the  small  and  included  corolla. 

1.  D.  parviflorum,  Nutt.  Rather  stout,  6  to  20  inches  high,  some- 
what pubescent :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  petioled,  incisely  dentate,  or  the 
lower  pinnatifid-incised ;  the  lower  floral  similar:  flowers  numerous  in  sessile 
glomerules  crowded  in  a  thick  terminal  leafy-bracted  head  or  short  spike  in- 
terrupted at  base :  bracts  pectinate-laciniate  and  the  teeth  aristate :  corolla 
bluish,  slender,  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  New  York  to  British  Columbia, 
and  southward  along  the  mountains  to  New  Mexico. 

12.    SCUTELLARIA,   L.        SKULLCAP. 

Flowers  mostly  blue,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  or  in  spikes  or 
racemes  from  the  reduction  of  the  floral  leaves  to  bracts. 
*  Flowers  small  (\  inch  long),  in  axillary  and  sometimes  also  terminal  racemes. 

1.  S.  lateriflora,  L.     Glabrous,  a  foot  or  two  high,  leafy:  leaves  thin, 
oblong-ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  rounded  at 
base,  slender  petioled  ;  the  lower  floral  ones  of  the  terminal  racemes  similar : 
lips  of  the  corolla  short,  equal  in  length. —  From  Oregon  to  New  Mexico  and 
eastward  across  the  continent. 

*  *  Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  cauline  leaves,  or  some  occasionally 
imperfectly  racemose,  violet-blue. 

2.  S.  resinosa,  Torr.     Barely  a  span  high,  branched  from  the  base,  mi- 
nutely pubescent  and  resinous  atomifcrous,  somewhat  viscid :  leaves  uniform, 
oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  mostly  sessile,  5  to  10  lines  long,  nervose-veined  :  corolla 
pubescent,  an  inch  long,  with  slender  tube  and  ampliate  throat.  —  Plains  of 
Nebraska,  Wyoming,  and  Colorado. 

3.  S.  galericulata,  L.    Nearly  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  slender, 
1  to  3  feet  high,  simple  or  paniculately  branched  above  :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
broadest  next  the  subsessile  subcordate  base,  2  inches  or  less  long,  all  but  the 
upper  appressed-serrate :  corolla  puberulent,  £  to  §  inch  long ;  lower  lip  nearly 
erect  and  surpassing  the  upper.  —  From  British  Columbia  to  Arizona  and 
eastward  across  the  continent. 


PLANTAGINACE.E.      (PLANTAIN   FAMILY.)  299 

13.    PHYSOSTEGIA,   Benth.        FALSE  DRAGON-HEAD. 

Almost  glabrous  herbs :  with  lanceolate  and  cal  lose -denticulate  or  serrate 
leaves;  the  upper  ones  sessile,  lowest  tapering  into  a  petiole,  floral  reduced 
to  bracts  of  the  simple  or  panicled  spikes.  Flowers  cataleptic  (remaining  in 
whatever  position  they  may  be  turned).  Corolla  showy  rose  or  flesh-color, 
often  variegated. 

1.  P.  parviflora,  Nutt.  Stems  rather  slender,  leafy,  a  foot  or  two  high  : 
leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  denticulate :  spikes  short,  1  to  4  inches 
long :  calyx  short-cam panulate,  inflated-globular  in  fruit  and  with  short 
mostly  obtuse  teeth :  corolla  £  inch  long.  —  Saskatchewan  and  Wyoming  to 
Oregon  and  British  Columbia. 

14.    STACHYS,    Tourn.        WOUNDWORT. 

Flowers  verticillastrate-capitate  or  clustered,  or  sometimes  few  or  solitary 
in  the  axils  of  the  floral  leaves,  forming  usually  an  interrupted  spicate  inflo- 
rescence. In  ours  the  corolla  is  purple  or  rose-red,  not  over  £  inch  long ;  the 
tube  not  exceeding  the  calyx-teeth. 

1.  S.  palustris,  L.  From  densely  soft-pubescent  to  roughish-hirsute, 
leafy :  stem  1  to  3  feet  high,  hirsute  or  hispid :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  cre- 
nate-serrate,  Ik  to  3  inches  long,  sessile  or  nearly  so  by  a  broad  or  subcordate 
base,  sometimes  almost  velvety-tomentose  beneath :  clusters  of  the  spike 
mostly  approximate,  6  to  10-flowered.  —  Across  the  continent. 


ORDER  61.    PLANT  ACIIVACE^E.     (PLANTAIN  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  acaulescent  herbs  with  one  to  several-ribbed  or  nerved  radical 
leaves,  simply  spicate  inflorescence,  and  regular  4-merous  flowers,  and 
the  corolla  scarious  and  veinless. 

1.    PLANTAGO,    Tourn.        PLANTAIN.    RIBWORT. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dicecious,  each  subtended  by  a  bract :  corolla 
salverform  with  a  short  tube,  or  nearly  rotate :  stamens  4  or  sometimes  2,  on 
the  tube  of  the  corolla :  ovary  2-celled,  with  one  or  more  ovules  in  each  cell : 
capsule  circumscissile  toward  the  base :  scape  from  the  axils  of  the  radical 
leaves,  mostly  bearing  a  single  simple  spike  or  head  of  greenish  or  whitish 
small  flowers. 
*  Stamens  4  :  flowers  all  perfect :  corolla  remaining  expanded,  never  closed  over 

the  fruit. 

•«-  Leaves  3  to  8-nerved  or  ribbed,  varying  from  glabrous  to  pubescent,  from  lanceo- 
late to  almost  rotund.* 

1.  P.  major,  L.  Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  rarely  subcordate,  several-ribbed: 
spike  commonly  dense,  obtuse  at  apex :  sepals  rotund-ovate  or  obovate  ;  the 

1  The  introduced  P.  lanceolata,  L. ,  may  be  known  by  its  oblong-lanceolate  3  to  5-ribbed 
leaves,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole,  usually  much  shorter  than  the  slender  and  angled 


300  PLANTAGINACE^E.      (PLANTAIN   FAMILY.) 

exterior  one  and  the  bract  more  or  less  carinate  :  capsule  ovoid,  very  obtuse, 
circurnscissile  near  the  middle  and  near  the  level  of  the  summit  of  the  sepals. 
—  Introduced  to  the  east,  but  also  native  from  Lake  Superior  westward  and 
northward.  "  Common  Plantain." 

2.  P.  eriopoda,  Torr.     Usually  a  mass  of  yellowish  icool  at  the  crown : 
leaves  oblanceolate  to  oval-obovate,  fleshy-coriaceous,  3  to  1 -nerved,  3  to  5  inches 
long,  with  a  short  or  stout  petiole :   spike  cylindrical,  dense  or  sometimes 
sparsely-flowered :  sepals  roundish-obovate,  scarious  except  the  midrib :  cap- 
sule ovoid,  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  From  Colorado  to  California  and 
northward  to  Wyoming  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

•*-  •«-  Leaves  1  to  3-nervedt  silky-pubescent  or  lanate,from  narrowly  linear  to 
oblanceolate. 

3.  P.  Patagonica,  Jacq.      Silky-lanate  or  glabrate :  leaves  acute   or 
callous-pointed,  tapering  below  into  a  petiole,  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate  : 
scape  terete,  3  to  12  inches  high  including  the  dense  spike :  flowers  heterogo- 
nous,  often  cleistogamous :  sepals  very  obtuse :   corolla  with  broad  cordate 
or  ovate  lobes :  filaments  in  the  long-stamened  individuals  capillary  and  much 
exserted  :  in  the  other  forms  included.  —  Dry  plains,  from  the  Mississippi 
westward  across  the  continent.     Exceedingly  variable,  including  many  forms 
that  have  been  described  as  species.     The  following  are  the  principal  forms 
which  abound  west  of  the  Mississippi : 

Var.  gnaphalioides,  Gray,  is  the  commoner  form,  canescently  villous, 
the  wool  often  floccose  and  deciduous  :  leaves  from  oblong-linear  or  spatulate- 
lanceolate  to  nearly  filiform :  spike  very  dense.  1  to  4  inches  long,  varying  to 
capitate  and  few-flowered,  lanate  :  bracts  oblong  or  linear -lanceolate,  or  the 
lowest  deltoid-ovate,  hardly  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Var.  spinulosa,  Gray,  is  a  canescent  form  with  aristately  prolonged  and 
rigid  bracts. 

Var.  nuda,  Gray,  has  sparse  and  loose  pubescence,  green  and  soon  glabrate 
rigid  leaves,  and  short  bracts. 

Var.  arista ta,  Gray,  is  loosely  villous  and  glabrate  :  leaves  green  :  bracts 
attenuate-prolonged  to  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  flowers. 

*  *  Stamens  2  :  flowers  subdicecious  or  dicecio-cleistogamous :  corolla  in  the  fertile 
plant  remaining  closed  or  closing  over  the  maturing  capsule  and  forming  a 
kind  of  beak :  leaves  linear  orjiliform. 

4.  P.  pusilla,  Nutt.     Somewhat  cinereous-puberulent :  leaves  about  an 
inch  long  and  half  a  line  wide :  spike  filiform  or  slender,  at  length  sparse- 
flowered,  ^  to  3  inches  long  :   capsule  short-ovoid,  about  a  line  long,  little 
exceeding  the  bract  and  calyx.  —  From  the  Atlantic  States  west  to  Nebraska ; 
also  in  the  Great  Basin  and  Oregon. 

scape ;  its  spike  at  first  capitate,  in  age  cylindrical,  dense ;  the  bract  and  sepals  broadly 
ovate,  brownish. — Generally  in  cultivated  fields.  "Ripple-  or  Bib-grass,"  "English 
Plantain." 


NYCTAGINACE.E.      (FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY.)         301 


DIVISION  III.    APETAL^E. 

Floral  envelope  consisting  only  of  a  calyx  (often  petaloid), 
or  wholly  wanting. 


ORDER  62.     NYCTAGIUTACEJE.     (FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  mostly  opposite  and  entire  leaves,  stems  tumid  at  the 
joint,  a  delicate  tubular  or  funnel-form  calyx  which  is  colored  like  a 
corolla,  its  persistent  base  constricted  above  the  1 -celled,  1-seeded  ovary, 
and  indurated  into  a  sort  of  nut-like  pericarp ;  the  stems  few,  slender 
and  hypogyrious ;  the  embryo  coiled  around  outside  the  mealy  albumen. 

*  Involucre  calyx-like,  3  to  5-cleft  or  -parted,  1  to  12-flowered  :  perianth  tubular  to  funnel- 
form  or  campanulate. 

1.  IM  irabilis.     Involucre  5-lobed,  not  changed  in  fruit.    Fruit  not  angled  nor  winged,  and 

scarcely  or  not  at  all  ribbed.     Stamens  usually  5. 

2.  Oxybaphus.     Involucre  5-lobed,  1  to  5-flowered,  in  fruit  becoming  enlarged,  thin  and 

reticulated.     Fruit  several-ribbed  or  angled.     Stamens  -usually  3. 

3.  A 1  Hernia.    Involucre  deeply  3-lobed,  3-flowered.     Fruit  with  a  double  line  of  tubercles 

on  the  back,  surrounded  by  a  rigid  winged  margin,  toothed  and  inflexed.    Stamens 
usually  3. 
*  *  Involucre  of  5  or  more  distinct  bracts,  subtending  a  many-flowered  head. 

4.  Abronla.    Perianth  salver-form,  including  the  stamens  and  style.     Fruit  wing-angled. 


1.    MIRABILIS,   L.        FOUR-O'CLOCK. 

Stamens  as  long  as  the  perianth  :  filaments  united  at  base.  Stigma 
capitate,  granulate.  Fruit  globose  to  ovate-obloug.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with 
opposite  leaves  nearly  equal  in  the  pairs :  peduncles  solitary  in  the  axils  or 
paniculate:  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  the  involucres. 

*  Involucre  usually  b-flowered :  flowers  large:  calyx  long-tubular  or  funnelform  : 

stamens  4  to  5. 

1.  M.  multiflora,  Gray.     Stout  and  spreading :  leaves  broadly  ovate  to 
ovate-lanceolate,  often  somewhat  cordate  at  base  but  decurrent  upon  the  peti- 
ole :  involucre  glabrous,  campanulate,  5-cleft :  flowers  pale  rose-color  to  purple, 
with  the  tube  somewhat  greenish,  l£  to  2  inches  long,  fruit  marked  towards 
the  base  by  ten  shallow  furrows  and  as  many  intermediate  dark  lines.  —  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  173.     From  Colorado  to  the  Rio  Grande  and  westward  to 
S.  California. 

#  *  Involucre  3-JJowered .   flowers  rather  small:  calyx  broad-funnel  form  from  a 

short  tube:  stamens  3. 

2.  M.  OXybaphoides,  Gray.     Slender,  procumbent,  diffuse :  leaves  all 
deeply  cordate,  on  rather  long  petioles,  lowest  reniform,  upper  ones  acumi- 
nate :  involucre  deeply  5-cleft,  very  viscid-glandular  as  well  as  the  peduncles 
in  the  loose  panicle.  —  S.  Colorado  and  southward. 


302        NYCTAGINACE^E.      (FOUK-O'CLOCK  FAMILY.) 

2.    OXYBAPHUS,  Vahl. 

Calyx  with  a  very  short  tube  and  a  bell-shaped  (rose  or  purple)  deciduous 
limb,  plaited  in  the  bud.  Style  filiform :  stigma  capitate.  —  Herbs,  with  very 
large  and  thick  perennial  roots,  and  mostly  clustered  small  flowers.  Ours  all 
have  pubescent  fruit  and  involucres  3  to  5-flowered. 

1.  O.  nyctagineus,  Sweet.     Nearly  smooth:   stem  repeatedly  forked: 
leaves  all  petioled,  varying  from  ovate  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  to  lanceolate : 
fruit  rather  hirsute.  — From  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  the  Upper  Missouri  to 
Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

Var.  Cervantesii,  Gray.  Branches  and  involucres  viscid-pubescent  or  vil- 
lous :  leaves  much  thicker,  cordate  or  subcordate  at  base.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 
174.  S.  Colorado  and  southward. 

Var.  oblongifolius,  Gray.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  not  cordate. 
—  Loc.  cit.  Near  Denver  and  southward. 

2.  O.  hirsutus,   Sweet.     One  foot  high,  very  densely  pilose,  with  long, 
spreading,  articulated  hairs :  leaves  lanceolate,  the  lower  short-petioled :  involucre 
pubescent-tomentose :  fruit  hirsute.  —  From  the  Saskatchewan  to  Colorado  and 
W.  Texas. 

3.  O.  angUStifolius,  Sweet.     One  to  six  feet  high,  glabrous  except  the 
peduncles  and  involucres  which  are  pubescent :  leaves  linear,  usually  elongated, 
glaucous :  fruit  hoar //-pubescent.  —  From  Iowa  and  Minnesota  to  S.  Idaho  and 
southward  to  W.  Texas  and  Mexico. 


3.    ALLIONIA,   L. 

Perianth  with  an  oblique  4  to  5-lobed  limb.  Fruit  ovate,  compressed, 
smooth  and  convex  on  the  inner  side.  —  Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  oppo- 
site very  unequal  leaves,  and  axillary  pedunculate  flowers. 

1.  A.  incarnata,  L.  Stems  slender,  branching,  prostrate:  pubescence 
viscid,  short  or  floccose  :  leaves  ovate :  lobes  of  the  involucre  concave  :  peri- 
anth rose-colored  or  white.  —  From  S.  Colorado  to  Texas,  and  westward  to 
S.  California. 

4.    ABRONIA,   Juss. 

Tube  of  the  perianth  elongated,  and  the  limb  of  5  (or  4)  obcordate  or  emar- 
ginate  segments.  Stamens  unequal,  adnate  to  the  tube.  Fruit  coriaceous 
or  indurated,  1  to  5-winged,  mostly  reticulately  veined,  enclosing  a  smooth 
cylindrical  akene.  —  Often  prostrate,  and  usually  more  or  less  viscid-pubescent, 
with  thick  opposite  unequal  leaves,  and  elongated  axillary  and  terminal  pedun- 
cles :  flowers  usually  very  fragrant  and  showy. 

*  Wings  (if  any]  coriaceous,  lateral  and  not  completely  encircling  the  fruit. 

1 .  A.  fragrans,  Nutt.  Stems  ascending :  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  truncate 
or  more  or  less  cuneate  at  base :  peduncles  elongated  :  bracts  of  the  involucre 
large,  broadly  ovate,  white  and  scarious :  fruit  narrowly  1  to  2-winged,  not 
crested.  —  From  Iowa  to  Salt  Lake  Valley  and  southward  to  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico. 


ILLECEBRACS^S.  803 

*  #   Wings  membranous,  orbicular,  wholly  encircling  the  fruit,  strongly  net-veined. 

2.  A.  micrantha,  Torr.     Prostrate :  peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles : 
flowers  small  and  inconspicuous,  reddish  green,  the  limb  scarcely  2  lines  broad : 
fruit  orbicular  with  3  thin  wings,  emaryinate  above  and  below,  the  body  rather 
broad  and  with  a  light  spongy  exterior.  —  On  the  plains  from  the  Saskatchewan 
to  the  Arkansas  and  S.  W.  Colorado.    Often  confounded  with  the  next,  which 
is  of  more  southern  range. 

3.  A.  eydoptera,  Gray.    Stouter :  flowers  large  and  showy,  upon  elongated 
peduncles :  fruit  with  firmer  and  more  prominently  veined  wing,  emarginate  at 
neither  end,  the  firm  smooth  narrow  body  usually  3 -nerved  between  the  wings. — 
S.  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  W.  Texas. 


ORDER  63.    ILI^ECEBRACE^E. 

An  order  related  to  both  Caryophyllacete  and  AmarantacefBj  but  placed 
by  Bentham  and  Hooker  with  the  latter.  Distinguished  from  tbe  scari- 
ous-stipulate  Caryophyllacece  by  the  solitary  or  sometimes  geminate 
ovules,  undivided  or  2-cleft  style,  and  one-seeded  utricular  or  akene-like 
fruit:  the  petals  wholly  wanting  or  reduced  to  mere  filaments;  these 
and  the  stamens  usually  more  perigynous. 

1.    PARONYCHIA,    Tourn.        WHITLOW-WORT. 

Sepals  5,  linear  or  oblong  concave,  awned  at  the  apex.  Stamens  5. — 
Tufted  herbs,  with  dry  and  silvery  stipules. 

*  Flowers  terminal,  solitary  and  sessile. 

1.  P.  pulvinata,  Gray.     Matted-cespitose  from  a  woody  root,  forming 
dense  cushion-like  tufts  :  stipules  broadly  ovate,  entire,  pointless :  leaves  thick, 
oblong,  obtuse,  equalling  the  stipules,  and  with  them  densely  covering  the  short 
stems  :  flowers  immersed  among  the  leaves  :  sepals  oval,  awned  a  little  below 
the  apex. —  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.  1863,  58.     Alpine.     Uinta  Mountains,  Rocky 
Mountains  of  Colorado,  and  southward. 

2.  P.  sessiliflora,  Nutt.    Very  densely  cespitose  from  a  woody  root,  much 
branched  and  crowded,  branches  very  dense  :  stipules  2-cleft :  leaves  imbricated, 
linear-subulate,  the  lowest  erect,  obtuse,  the  upper  longer,  recurved,  spreading, 
acute  or  mucronate,  longer  than  the  stipules :  sepals  oblong-linear,  with  divergent 
awns  rather  shorter.  —  Colorado  and  northward  to  the  headwaters  of  the 
Missouri  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

#  *  Flowers  in  crowded  dichotomous  cymes. 

3.  P.  Jamesii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Very  minutely  scabrous-pubescent,  cespi- 
tose, much  branched  from  the  base  :  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  or 
setose :  leaves  longer,  linear-subulate,  obtuse,  about  the  length  of  the  inter- 
nodes  :  cymes  few-flowered,  with  a  central  subsessile  flower  in  each  division : 
sepals  linear-oblong,  with  very  short  cusps.  —  Fl.  i.  170.     Colorado. 


304  AMARANTACE.E.      (AMARANTH   FAMILY.) 


ORDER  64.    AMARANTACE-3E.     (AMARANTH  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  with  entire  leaves  destitute  of  stipules,  small  flowers  which  are 
usually  subtended  by  scarious  bracts  and  have  a  persistent  perianth  of 
1  to  5  more  or  less  scarious  sepals  (sometimes  wanting  in  Acnida), 
hypogynous  stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite  them  or  fewer, 
a  1-celled  ovary  containing  a  single  ovule,  utricular  in  fruit.  Flowers 
perfect  or  unisexual,  solitary  or  clustered,  commonly  3-bracteate. 

*  Anthers  2-celled:  flowers  unisexual:  leaves  alternate. 

1.  Amarantus.    Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous,  all  with  a  calyx  of  3  or  5  (sometimes 

fewer)  sepals. 

2.  Acnida.    Flowers  dioecious.     Calyx  none  in  the  fertile  flowers. 

*  *  Anthers  1-celled :  flowers  perfect :  leaves  opposite. 

3.  Cladothrix.     Flowers  minute,  solitary  or  few  in  the  axils.     Filaments  united  at  base 

into  a  cup.     Densel^  stellate-tomentose,  with  petiolate  leaves. 

4.  Frrelichia.    Flowers  spicate.    Filaments  united  into  a  tube.    Hairy  or  woolly,  with 


1.    AMARANTUS,    Tourn.        AMARANTH. 

Sepals  distinct  or  united  at  base.  Stigmas  2  or  3,  linear  and  sessile.  Utricle 
ovate,  2  to  3-beaked,  circumscissile.  —  Annual  weeds,  with  leaves  thin  and 
strongly  reined,  decurrent  upon  tfye  slender  petiole  and  apiculate  with  a  short 
setaceous  mucro  :  flowers  green  or  purplish,  in  axillary  or  spiked  clusters  or 
spikelets.  Staminate  flowers  usually  mingled  with  the  more  numerous  pistil- 
late ones. 

*  Sepals  distinct,  oblong-lanceolate,  erect :  flowers  monoecious. 

•*-  Flowers  in  naked  terminal  and  axillary  mostly  panicled  spikes :   sepals  5  : 

stems  usually  stout  and  erect,  with  long-petioled  leaves. 

1.  A.  retroflGXUS,  L-     Roughish  and  more  or  less  pubescent :  dull  green, 
leaves  large,  orate  to  rhombic-ovate :  flowers  green,  in  thick  erect  or  scarcely 
spreading  crowded  spikes :  bracts  lanceolate,  attenuate  to  a  rigid  awn.  —  From 
Mexico  to  British  America. 

2.  A.  "Wrightii,  Watson.     Glabrous,  erect  and  slender,  reddish :  leaves 
small  and  thin,  on  slender  petioles,  oblong  to  narrowly  lanceolate :  spike  erect, 
narrow,  and  rather  leafy :  bracts  solitary,  subulate,  awned  as  in  the  last.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xii.  275.     Colorado,  in  the  Upper  Arkansas  Valley,  and  New 
Mexico. 

•*-  •*-  Flowers  in  very  small  axillary  spikes  or  clusters :  sepals  3 :  stems  low  or 
prostrate,  with  smaller  leaves. 

3.  A.  albus,  L.     Erect  or  ascending,  diffusely  branched  from  the  base : 
leaves  oblong-spatulate  to  obovate,  obtuse  or  retuse :    bracts  subulate,  rigid, 
pungently  awned,  the  lateral  ones  very  much  smaller  or  wanting:  sepals  slightly 
shorter  than  the  rugose  utricle:  seed  small,  a  third  of  a  line  broad.  —  Watson, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  274.     Throughout  the  United  States  as  an  introduced 
weed,  but  doubtless  indigenous  within  our  range. 


AMAEANTACE^E.      (AMARANTH  FAMILY.)  305 

4.  A.  blitoides,  Watson.    Like  the  last,  but  prostrate  or  decumbent :  spike- 
lets  usually  contracted :   bracts   ovate-oblong,  shortly  acuminate,  nearly  equal : 
utricle  not  rugose  :  seed  nearly  a  line  broad.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  273.     From 
Mexico  to  N.  Nevada  and  Iowa.     Known  on  the  plains  as  "  Rolling "  or 
"Tumble  Weed." 

#  *  Sepals  (5)  of  the  fertile  flowers  more  or  less  dilated  above  and  spreading, 
distinct  or  united  at  base:  flowers  sometimes  dioecious:  perianth  deciduous 
with  the  fruit. 

5.  A.  Torreyi,  Benth.     Bracts  scarcely  as  long  as  the  flowers:  sepals 
obovate-spatulate,  rounded  above  and  entire  or  retuse  or  emargiuate ;  sepals 
of  the  male  flowers  (which  are  mingled  with  the  pistillate  ones  or  on  distinct 
plants)  oblong-lanceolate,  acute.  —  Amblogyne  Torreyi,  Gray.     Colorado,  New 
Mexico,  and  southward. 

2.    ACNIDA,    L.        WATER-HEMP. 

Flowers  2  to  3-bracted.  Staminate  flowers  of  5  thin  oblong  and  mucronate- 
tipped  sepals,  longer  than  the  bracts,  and  as  many  stamens  with  oblong  an- 
thers; the  cells  of  the  latter  united  only  at  the  middle.  Pistillate  flowers 
with  lanceolate  awl-pointed  bracts  longer  than  the  ovary :  stigmas  2  to  5, 
bristle-awl-shaped.  Fruit  (in  ours)  a  thin  and  membranaceous  utricle,  smooth 
and  even.  —  An  annual  glabrous  herb,  mostly  tall,  with  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
ovate  leaves,  on  long  petioles,  and  small  clusters  of  greenish  flowers,  usually 
crowded  into  elongated  and  panicled  interrupted  spikes. 

1.  A.  tuberculata,  Moq.  Stigmas  very  long,  divergent,  plumose-hispid. 
—  Montelia  tamariscina,  Gray.  Low  grounds  and  moist  sandy  shores  from 
Colorado  to  Vermont. 

3.    CIiADOTHRIX,   Nutt. 

Flowers  3-bracted ;  bracts  concave,  hyaline.  Perianth  of  5  erect  equal 
oblong  rigid-scarious  sepals,  somewhat  pilose  with  verticillately  branched  hairs. 
Anthers  large,. oblong.  Utricle  ovate-globose,  indehiscent. — Low  annual,  or 
erect  and  woody  at  base,  with  small  rounded  entire  petiolate  leaves. 

1.  C.  lanuginosa,  Nutt.  Prostrate  or  ascending,  diffusely  branched: 
leaves  round-obovate  to  rhomboidal,  more  or  less  attenuate  at  base,  often  in 
threes :  flowers  mostly  in  pairs :  sepals  twice  longer  than  the  broader  hairy- 
tipped  bracts.  —  Bot.  Calif,  ii.  43.  Alternanthera  (?)  lanuginosa,  Torr.  From 
S.  California  eastward  through  S.  Colorado  to  Arkansas  and  Texas. 

4.    FRCELICHIA,    Mcench. 

Flowers  3-bracted.  Calyx  tubular,  5  cleft  at  the  summit,  below  2  to  5- 
crested  lengthwise,  or  tubercled  and  indurated  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  indehis- 
cent  thin  utricle.  Tube  of  filaments  bearing  5  oblong  anthers  and  as  many 
sterile  strap-shaped  appendages.  —  Herbs  with  spiked,  scarious-bracted  flowers. 

1.  F.  Floridana,  Moq.  Root  annual:  stem  leafless  above,  1  to  2  feet 
high :  leaves  lanceolate,  silky-downy  beneath  :  spikelets  crowded  into  an  in- 
terrupted spike :  calyx  very  woolly.  —  Colorado  and  eastward  to  Illinois. 

20 


806  CHENOPODIACE^E.      (GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.) 


ORDER  65.    CHENOPODIACE./E.     (GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  often  succulent  or  scurfy,  usually  with  simple  and 
alternate  leaves,  without  stipules ;  the  small  and  sessile  commonly  clus- 
tered flowers  either  naked  or  with  herbaceous  (not  scarious)  bracts,  a 
perianth  of  5  or  fewer  usually  herbaceous  and  persistent  sepals ;  stamens 
as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite,  distinct,  with  2-celled  anthers; 
ovary  ]  -celled,  an  akene  or  utricle  in  fruit.  Flowers  perfect  or  unisexual. 
Bracts  often  enclosing  the  fruit.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  82. 

§  1.    Flowers  perfect,  without  bracts  ;   the  perianth  persistent :   seed  free,  mostly  with 

crustaceous  testa. 
*  Seeds  horizontal  (sometimes  vertical  in  Chenopodium). 

1.  Koctiia.     Perianth  5-cleft,  at  length  transversely  winged,  enclosing  the  fruit.     Testa 

membranous.     Perennial,  with  terete  leaves  and  axillary  flowers. 

2.  Cycloloma.     Perianth  5-cleft,  in  fruit  surrounded  by  a  horizontal  continuous  mem- 

branaceous  wing.     Annual,  much-branched,  with  sinuate-toothed  petioled  leaves  and 
small  panicled  clusters  of  sessile  flowers. 

3.  Chenopodium.     Perianth  usually  5-cleft  or  -parted,  nearly  covering  the  fruit.     Sta- 

mens 5,  1,  or  none.     Annuals,  mostly  mealy  or  glandular,  with  clustered  or  solitary 
axillary  or  terminal  flowers.     Seeds  often  vertical. 

*  *  Seeds  vertical. 

4.  Monolepis.    Sepal  1,  bract-like.     Stamen  1.     Fruit  naked.     Low  annuals ;  flowers 

densely  clustered  in  the  axils. 

§  2.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious ;  the  staminate  with  3  to  5-cleft  perianth  ;  the  pis- 
tillate without  perianth,  enclosed  in  a  pair  of  more  or  less  united  bracts :  seed  free, 
vertical. 

*  Bracts  compressed :  testa  mostly  coriaceous. 

5.  Atriplex.    Fruiting  bracts  with  margins  often  dilated  and  sides  often  muricate.    Radi- 

cle from  inferior  to  superior. 

*  *  Bracts  obcompressed,  completely  united,  not  muricate :  testa  membranous. 

6.  Grayia.     Pericarp  naked,  very  entire,  orbicular,  flattened,  wing-margined.     Radicle 

inferior.     Flowers  dioecious.     Shrubby,  frequently  spinescent,  nearly  glabrous. 

7.  Suckleya.     Pericarp  naked,  subhastate,  with  crested  margins  and  2- toothed  apex. 

Radicle  superior.     Flowers  monoecious. 

8.  Eurotia.    Pericarp  conical,  densely  hairy,  turgid,  not  winged,  with  a  bifid  apex.    Radi- 

cle inferior.     Flowers  dioecious.    Low  and  shrubby,  white-tomentose. 

§  3.    Flowers  perfect,  without  bracts :  sepals  1  to  3,  hyaline,  marcescent :  pericarp  adhe- 
rent to  the  vertical  seed.  ( 

9.  Corispermum.     Fruit  compressed-elliptic,  acutely  margined,  not  muricate.    Flowers 

spicate.    Low  annual. 

§  4.    Flowers  mostly  perfect,  immersed  by  threes  in  the  depressions  of  a  close  cylindrical 
spike :  seeds  vertical :  fleshy  saline  plants,  with  jointed  stems  and  scale-like  leaves. 

10.  Salicornia.      Flower-clusters    decussately    opposite.      Perianth    saccate,    becoming 

spongy.    Branches  opposite. 

§  5.    Embryo  spiral  (annular  in  all  other  sections) :  leaves  fleshy,  terete :  steins  not  articu- 
lated. 

11.  Sarcobatus.     Flowers  unisexual;  the  staminate  in  aments,  without  perianth;  the 

pistillate  axillary,  solitary,  with  saccate  perianth.    Fruit  transversely  winged.    Saline 
shrub,  somewhat  spinescent. 

12.  Suaeda.     Flowers  perfect,  axillary.      Perianth  5-cleft  or  -pared.     Saline  herbs,  or 

woody  at  base. 


CHENOPODIACE^E.       (GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.)  307 

1.    KOCHIA,    Both. 

Perianth  subglobose.  Stamens  5,  usually  exserted.  Ovary  depressed: 
styles  2,  filiform.  Pericarp  membranous.  —  Woody  at  the  base,  with  scattered 
linear  terete  leaves,  and  the  flowers  solitary  or  few  in  the  axils  of  the  virgate 
leafy  stems. 

1.  K.  Americana,  Watson.  Branching  at  base:  stems  villous-tomen- 
tose  or  nearly  glabrous :  flowers  1  to  3  in  the  axils,  mostly  with  abortive 
stamens :  perianth  densely  white-tomentose ;  lobes  of  the  membranous  wing 
cuneate-rounded,  nerved  and  somewhat  creuulate  :  ovary  tomentose  above.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  93.  K.  prostrata  of  American  authors.  W.  Wyoming 
to  N.  W.  Nevada  and  southward  to  Arizona. 


2.    CYCLOLOMA,    Moquin.        WINGED  PIGWEED. 

Calyx  with  concave  lobes  strongly  keeled,  enclosing  the  depressed  fruit. 
Stamens  5.  Styles  3. 

1.  C.  platyphyllum,  Moq.  More  or  less  arachnoid-pubescent;  whole 
plant  light  green  or  often  deep  purple.  —  From  Colorado  to  the  head-  waters  of 
the  Missouri  and  eastward  to  the  Mississippi. 

3.    CHE  NO  PODIUM,    L.        GOOSEFOOT.    PIGWEED. 

Lobes  of  the  perianth  usually  somewhat  keeled  or  crested,  becoming  dry,  or 
rarely  at  length  fleshy.  Styles  2,  rarely  3  or  4.  Pericarp  membranous,  closely 
investing  the  seed.  —  Flowers,  when  in  clusters,  in  interrupted  spikes  or  pani- 
c-led. Many  are  introduced  weeds.  Includes  Blitum,  Tourn.,  and  Teloxys, 
Moquin. 

§  1  .   Not  pubescent  or  glandular,  nor  aromatic,  sometimes  somewhat  mealy  :  fruit- 

ing calyx  dry  :   seed  lenticular,  horizontal. 

*  Pericarp  closely  persistent:    leaves   more  or   less    sinuate-dentate    (except  in 
No.  1)  :  seed  large  (f  line  broad).1 

1.  C.   Olidlim,   Watson.      Farinose,    heavy-scented:    leaves  rather   thick, 
oblong  to  ovate,  often  slightly  hastate,  entire  :  flowers  rather  large,  in  close 
clusters  rather  loosely  panided.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  96.     New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  to  Colorado  and  N.  Utah. 

2.  C.    hybridum,    L.       Glabrous    throughout   or   only   the   inflorescence 
mealy,  rather  stout  and  erect  :  leaves  thin,  somewhat  triangular  and  heart-shaped, 
taper-pointed,  sinuate-angled  with  2  or  3  large  teeth  on  each  side  :  racemes  dif- 
fusely and  loosely  panided:  seed  with  acutish  margin.  —  A  very  common  weed 

everywhere,  but   apparently  indigenous  within  our  range  in  the  mountains 
from  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to  Washington  Territory. 

3.  C.  glailCUIH,  L.     Glaucous-mealy,  low  and  spreading;  upper  surface 
of  the  leaves  smooth  :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  sinuate-dentate  :  flowers 
clustered  in  axillary  spikes  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  seed  sharp-edged.  —  Proba- 


1  C.  album,  L.,  a  species  introduced  everywhere,  is  mealy  and  pale,  sometimes  green, 
leaves  varying  from  rhombic-ovate  to  lanceolate,  all  or  only  the  lower  more  or  less  angulate- 
toothed.     It  is  usually  known  as  "Pigweed  "  or  "  Lamb's  Quarters." 


308          CHENOPODIACE^E.      (GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.) 

bly  indigenous  in  Colorado,  and  on  the  Saskatchewan ;  introduced  in  the 
Eastern  States. 

*  #  Pericarp  separating  readily  from  the  seed :  leaves  entire  or  hastately  lobed : 

seed  smaller. 

4.  C.  Fremontii,  Watson.     Erect,  slender,  more  or  less  mealy :   leaves 
broadly  triangular-hastate,  truncate  or  cuneate  at  base  :   flowers  often  small, 
white-mealy,  scattered  in  small  clusters  upon  the  slender  open-panicled  branchlets, 
or  sometimes  more  contracted.  —  Bot.  King  Exped.  287.    New  Mexico  and 
Colorado,  and  westward  to  S.  California. 

Var.  incanum,  Watson.  Densely  farinose,  low  and  rather  stout :  Jlowers 
crowded  in  close  contracted  panicles.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  94.  Colorado  and 
New  Mexico. 

5.  C.  leptophyllum,  Nutt.     Densely  mealy  or  often  nearly  glabrous : 
leaves  linear,  entire :  Jlowers  in  small  dense  clusters  in  dense  or  interrupted  spike- 
lets.  —  From  the  Sierras  to  Dakota  and  New  Mexico ;  also  along  the  Atlantic 
sea-coast. 

Var.  SUbglabrum,  Watson.  Nearly  glabrous,  loosely  branched  and 
panicled,  the  clusters  few-flowered  and  scattered  on  the  brancldets.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  ix.  95.  Sandhills  of  the  Platte. 

Var.  Oblongifolium,  Watson.  Rather  stout,  densely  mealy :  leaves 
oblong,  often  slightly  hastate :  flowers  in  dense  clusters  in  short  close  spikes.  — 
Loc.  cit.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

§  2.   More  or  less  glandular-puberulent,  aromatic,  not  mealy :  seed  very  small,  not 
exceeding  the  dry  perianth,  horizontal. 

6.  C.  cornutum,  Benth.  &  Hook.      Diffusely  branched  :  leaves  thin, 
lanceolate,  repand-dentate  or  coarsely  sinuate-pinnatifid  :  flowers  minute  and 
solitary,  axillary  and  terminal  upon  the  repeatedly  dichotomous  nearly  naked 
branches  :  calyx  resinous-dotted.  —  Teloxys  cornuta,  Torr.     From  S.  E.  Cali- 
fornia to  Arizona,  Colorado,  and  Northern  Mexico. 

§  3.  Glabrous :  calyx  becoming  more  or  less  fleshy  in  fruit  and  often  colored : 
seed  subglobose,  mostly  vertical:  Jlowers  in  crowded  clusters,  axillary  or  in 
spikes. 

7.  C.  rubrum,  L.      Stout,  erect,  branching  :   leaves  triangular-hastate  to 
lanceolate,  cuneate  at  base,  sparingly  sinuate-dentate,  the  upper  narrowly  lanceo- 
late and  entire :  flower-clusters  densely  spicate  upon  the  leafy  branchlels :  sepals 
2  to  5,  rather  fleshy :  stamens  1  or  2,  or  5  in  the  terminal  flowers.  —  Blitum 
maritimum,  Nutt.     B.  polymorphum,  C.  A.  Meyer.     B.  rubrum,  Reich.     From 
New  Mexico  northward,  westward  to  California,  and  eastward. 

Var.  humile,  Watson.  Smaller,  prostrate  or  ascending :  leaves  ovate  to 
lanceolate,  often  hastate,  much  smaller  (an  inch  long  or  less),  rarely  toothed: 
flowers  in  axillary  or  somewhat  spicate  clusters.  —  Bot.  Calif,  ii.  48.  Colo- 
rado to  Nevada  and  Washington  Territory. 

8.  C.  capitatum,  Watson.     Similar,  but  with  leaves  more  broadly  trian- 
yular,  often  somewhat  hastate,  more  acutely  sinuate-toothed :  flower-clusters  large, 
in  interrupted  terminal  naked  spikes  and  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  : 
calyx  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit,  and  the  clusters  red  and  berry-like.  —  Bot. 


CHENOPODIACE^E.      (GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.)  309 

Calif,  ii.  48.  Blitum  capitatum,  L.  From  New  Mexico  to  Washington  Ter- 
ritory and  the  Saskatchewan,  also  eastward.  Sometimes  called  "  Strawberry 
Elite." 

4.    MONOLEPIS,    Schrad. 

Flowers  polygamous.  The  single  sepal  becoming  dry  in  fruit.  Styles  2. 
Pericarp  membranous,  persistent  upon  the  vertical  flattened  seed.  —  Low 
saline  annuals,  glabrous  or  somewhat  mealy,  with  small  alternate  petioled 
fleshy  leaves. 

1.  M.  chenopodioides,  Moq.  Branched  from  the  base  :  leaves  lanceo- 
late-hastate or  sometimes  narrowly  spatulate,  entire  or  sparingly  sinuate-den- 
tate, cuneate  or  attenuate  at  base ;  lower  petioles  elongated :  flower-clusters 
often  reddish:  pericarp  fleshy,  becoming  dry  and  minutely  pitted.  —  From 
Arizona  to  N.  E.  California,  the  Saskatchewan,  and  Texas. 


5.    ATBIPLEX,    Tourn. 

Staminate  flowers  without  bracts.  The  erect  bracts  of  the  pistillate  flowers 
becoming  enlarged  and  enclosing  the  fruit.  Styles  2.  Pericarp  thin  and 
membranous.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  mealy  or  scurfy  :  leaves  rarely  opposite : 
flowers  usually  clustered,  axillary  or  in  simple  or  panicled  spikes,  the  sexes 
distinct  or  mingled  in  the  clusters.  —  Obione,  Moquin.  For  satisfactory 
determination  of  the  species  well-matured  fruiting  bracts  are  necessary. 

#  Annuals,   somewhat   succulent   and    mealj :    leaves    triangular-hastate,   large : 

bracts  nearly  distinct,  triangular  or  hastate,  foliaceous-margined. 

1.  A.  patllla,  L.     Dark  green  :  leaves  lanceolate-hastate,  the  lower  ones 
opposite,  entire  or  sparingly  sinuate-toothed,  petioled,  the  upper  lanceolate  to 
linear :  flowers  in  naked  and  usually  somewhat  interrupted  spikes,  the  lower 
clusters  axillary :  fruiting  bracts  ovate-triangular  or  rhombic-hastate,  united 
at  base,  with  a  broad  herbaceous  entire  or  toothed  margin.  — Across  the  con- 
tinent in  salt  or  brackish  localities.     Very  variable,  the  following  varieties 
being  the  best  defined  within  our  range. 

Var.  hastata,  Gray.  The  lower  leaves  at  least  broadly  triangular-hastate, 
entire  or  toothed  with  shallow  sinuses.  —  Ranging  southward  to  Central 
Colorado. 

Var.  subspicata,  Watson.  A  low  form,  usually  quite  scurfy :  leaves 
lanceolate-hastate,  ^  to  1  inch  long.  —  Ranging  farther  north  than  the  last, 
from  the  Missouri  to  the  Saskatchewan. 

*  *  Annuals,  not  succulent,  mealy  or  scurfy :  leaves  smaller :  bracts  more  or  less 

united,  not  triangular  or  hastate,  nor  greatly  enlarged. 
+-  Bracts  ovate,  entire  and  not  foliaceous  nor  appendaged. 

2.  A.  Endolepis,  Watson.      Leaves  thin,   lanceolate,  sessile,   entire  : 
male  flowers  in  short  terminal  and  axillary  spikes,  lobes  of  the  calyx  with  a 
fleshy  crest  upon  the  back ;  pistillate  flowers  solitary  in  the  lower  axils,  ses- 
sile: bracts  pubescent.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.   110.      Upper  Missouri  and 
head-waters  of  the  Yellowstone. 


310  CHENOPODIACE^E.      (GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.) 

H-  H-  Bracts  small,  ovate-oblong,  truncate,  usually  few-toothed. 

3.  A.  saccaria,  Watson.     Low  (3  to  5  inches  high),  diffusely  branched, 
densely  scurfy :  leaves  subcordate-ovate,  very  shortly  petioled  or  sessile :  flowers 
axillary :  bracts  pedicelled  and  often  deflexed,  the  truncate  summit  entire  or 
suberose.  —  Loc.  cit.  112.     S.  Wyoming  (Dr.  Gray). 

4.  A.  Wolfii,  Watson.     Low,  branching,  scurfy-canescent  and  reddish  : 
leaves  linear,  sessile:   flowers  very  small,  in  androgynous  axillary  clusters: 
bracts  sessile,  3-toothed.  —  Loc.  cit.     Central  Colorado  (  Wolf). 

•«-•»-•*-  Bracts  orbicular,  tooth-crested,  with  an  acuminate  foliaceous  apex. 

5.  A.  Powellii,  Watson.      Erect,  slender,  grayish :    leaves  lanceolate, 
entire  or  subdenticulate :  flowers  androgynous,  axillary :  bracts  with  a  broad 
terminal  entire  lobe,  the  margin  below  it  gash-toothed,  the  sides  doubly  or 
triply  tooth-crested.  —  Loc.  cit.     S.  W.  Colorado  and  Arizona. 

-t-  -i-  •»-  -t-  Bracts  rhombic- orbicular,  indurated,  usually  conspicuously  appendaged 
and  the  foliaceous  margin  toothed  and  undulate:  Leaves  triangular  and  subhas- 
tate,  the  lower  opposite. 

6.  A.  argentea,  Nutt.     Diffusely  branched  and  leafy,  grayish  scurfy  or 
nearly  glabrous :    leaves  petioled :    male  spikes  short  and  dense :  bracts  shortly- 
pedicelled.  —  Obione  argentea.     From  Colorado  to  the  Upper  Missouri  and  N. 
E.  California. 

7.  A.  expansa,  Watson.      Like  the  last,  but  stouter,  more  divaricately 
and  distantly  branched,  with  thinner  leaves,  sessile,  and  the  male  spikes  elongated, 
slender  and  leafless  toward  the  apex.  —  Loc.  cit.  116.     S.  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico  to  S.  California. 

*  *  *  Perennials,  shrubby,  densely  appresscd-scurfy. 
•*-•  Bracts  with  a  toothed  margin  and  the  sides  muricate. 

8.  A.  Nuttallii,  Watson.     Branching  from  the  shrubby  base :   leaves 
oblong-spatulate  to  narrowly  oblanceolate,  entire :  bracts  ovate,  strongly  con- 
vex, united,  the  sides   more  or  less  crested.  —  Loc.  cit.  116.     A.  canescens, 
Nutt.     Obione  canescem>,  Moq.     From  Colorado  to  N.  Nevada  and  the  Sas- 
katchewan. 

•t-  -«-  Bracts  with  free  dilated  entire  margins,  thick  and  scurfy,  and  the  sides  not 

muricate. 

9.  A.  COnfertifolia,  Watson.    Diffusely-branched,  somewhat  spinescent : 
leaves  ovate  to  obovate,  cuneate  at  base,  entire :  flower  clusters  small,  axillary  : 
bracts  cuneate-orbicular,  united  at  base. — Loc.  cit.  119.     Obione  confertifolia, 
Torr.     From  S.  Idaho  and  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  southward. 

•«-•»-•»-  Bracts  connate  and  indurated,  not  scurf})  or  muricate,  with  4  distinct 
broadly  dilated  wings. 

10.  A.  canescens,  James.     Leaves  oblanceolate  to  narrowly  oblong  or 
linear,  entire  :  flowers  mostly  dioecious,  in  panicled  spikes :  the  bracts  form- 
ing a  thick  and  indurated  body,  shortly  pedicellate  and  with  a  narrow  bifid 
apex,  the  broad  wings  somewhat  decurrent  upon  the  pedicel.  —  Watson,  loc. 
cit.  120.     From  N.  Nevada  to  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  S.  California. 


CHENOPODIACE^E.      (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY.)  311 

6.    GRAYIA,    Hook.  &  Am. 

Calyx  mostly  4-parted.  Bracts  with  a  small  naked  orifice  at  the  apex,  net- 
veiiied.  —  Slightly  scurfy  or  mealy  undershrubs  :  leaves  alternate,  entire : 
flowers  small,  in  axillary  clusters  or  terminal  spikes. 

1.  G.  polygaloid.es,  Hook.  &  Am.     Erect,  1  to  3  feet  high,  the  branches 
frequently  spinescent :  leaves  glabrous  or  at  first  with  the  young  branches  some- 
what mealy,  oblanceolate  or  spatulate  to  obovate :  staminate  flowers  in  axillary 
clusters  ;   the  pistillate  mostly  spicate :  fruiting  bracts  glabrous,  emarginate, 
white  or  pinkish,  adherent  below  to  the  pedicel  of  the  ovary :  styles  slender,  at 
first  exserted.  —  On  alkaline  soil  eastward  of  the  Sierras  from  the  Columbia 
to  Wyoming,  Utah,  and  S.  E.  California. 

2.  G.  Brandegei,  Gray.    Lower  and  unarmed,  more  mealy :  leaves  linear- 
snatulate :  fruiting  bracts  smaller,  slightly   mealy,  retuse   at   base,  sometimes 
3-winged ;   wings  somewhat  undulate :   ovary  sessile,  style  short,  included.  — 
Froc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  101.     S.  W.  Colorado. 


7.    SUCKLEYA,   Gray. 

An  annual,  with  branching  prostrate  stems,  suborbicular  leaves  on  long 
petioles,  and  flowers  in  axillary  clusters. 

1.  S.  petiolaris,  Gray.  Leaves  acutely  repand-dentate,  pale  green  on 
both  sides,  nearly  glabrous :  bracts  of  the  sessile  fruit  deltoid  :  male  flowers 
tetramerous. —  Obione  Suckle  jana,  Torr.  Near  Denver  (Meehan). 


8.    EUROTIA,   Adamson. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Stamens  with  slender  exserted  filaments.  Styles  2,  some- 
what hairy,  exserted.  —  Stellately  tomentose  undershrubs :  leaves  entire  : 
flowers  in  small  axillary  and  somewhat  spicate  clusters. 

1.  E.  lanata,  Moq.  White-tomentose  throughout:  leaves  linear  to  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  with  revolute  margins :  calyx-lobes  hairy  :  fruiting  bracts 
lanceolate,  nearly  covered  by  four  dense  spreading  tufts  of  long  silvery-white 
hairs,  and  beaked  above  with  two  short  horns.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  Oregon 
and  the  Saskatchewan.  Known  as  "  White  Sage"  or  "  Winter  Eat." 


9.    CORISPERMUM,    Ant.  Jussieu.        BUG-SEED. 

Perianth  usually  of  one  sepal,  erose  or  lacerate  at  the  apex.  Stamens  1  to 
5,  unequal.  —  Low,  branching,  pale  green:  leaves  sessile,  mostly  narrow: 
flowers  spicate,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  reduced  bracts. 

1.  C.  hyssopifolium,  L.  Somewhat  floccose-  or  villous-pubescent,  at 
least  when  young  :  leaves  linear,  cuspidate  :  spikes  short  and  close,  becoming 
more  or  less  elongated:  central  stamen  longest,  the  lateral  ones  partly  de- 
veloped or  wanting.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  the  Arctic  regions,  and  from 
California  to  the  Great  Lakes. 


312  CHENOPODIACE^E.      (GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.) 

10.    SALICOBNIA,    Tourn.        GLASSWORT.    SAMPHIRE. 

Calyx  a  fleshy  rhomboidal  sac  with  an  anterior  opening,  adherent  by  a  nar- 
row line  to  the  rhachis.  Stamens  1  or  2,  exserted  in  flower.  Styles  2  or  3, 
short.  —  Low  fleshy  leafless  saline  plants,  mostly  herbaceous  :  spikes  cylindrical. 

1 .  S.  herbacea,  L.  Erect  or  at  length  spreading,  green :  spike  very 
thick  and  fleshy :  scales  obscure  and  very  blunt,  making  a  truncate  barely 
emarginate  termination  of  the  joints  of  stem  or  elongated  spike.  —  In  salt 
marshes  from  Colorado  and  Utah  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  along  the  Atlantic 
coast. 

11.    SARCOBATUS,    Nees.        GREASEWOOD. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  without  bracts.  Stamens  2  to  5,  irregu- 
larly arranged  under  a  stipitate  peltate  scale ;  anthers  fleshy.  Perianth  adhe- 
rent at  the  contracted  somewhat  2-lipped  apex  to  the  base  of  the  stigmas, 
laterally  margined  by  a  narrow  erect  slightly  2-lobed  border,  which  at  length 
becomes  a  broad  circular  horizontal  membranous  veined  wing.  Style  lateral, 
terminated  by  two  thick  exserted  unequal  stigmas.  —  A  rigidly  and  divaricately 
branched  shrub  :  leaves  linear. 

1.  S.  vermiculatus,  Torr.  Erect  and  scraggy,  2  to  8  feet  high,  leafy; 
branches  with  a  smooth  white  bark :  staminate  spikes  terminal,  the  persistent 
scales  spirally  arranged,  rhombic-ovate.  —  Common  in  the  Great  Basin,  and 
to  the  Upper  Missouri,  head-waters  of  the  Platte,  and  southward.  The  com- 
monest of  the  several  shrubs  called  "  Greasewood." 

12.    SUJEDA,    Forskal.        SEA  ELITE. 

Flowers  minutely  bracteolate.  Lobes  of  the  calyx  unappendaged  or  more 
or  less  strongly  keeled  or  crested,  or  at  length  somewhat  winged.  Testa 
shining,  black,  and  crustaceous.  —  Flowers  axillary  along  the  branches,  clus- 
tered or  solitary,  sessile. 

*  Herbaceous  annuals. 

1 .  S.  diffusa,  Watson.    Erect,  diffusely  branching :  leaves  stibterete ;  the 
floral  ones  similar  but  shorter,  usually  rather  distant  on  the  branchlets :  clusters 
2  to  4-flowered  :  calif x  cleft  to  below  the  middle,  not  carinate  or  appendaged.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  88.    S.  maritima  of  Bot.  King  Exped.    From  the  Upper 
Missouri  to  California,  Mexico,  and  Texas. 

2.  S.  depressa,  Watson.     Low  and  mostly  decumbent,  branching  from  the 
base  :  leaves  linear,  broadest  at  base;  the  floral  ones  oblong-  to  ovate-lanceolate  or 
ovate,  rather  crowded  on  the  branchlets :  calyx  cleft  to  the  middle,  one  or  more 
of  the  lobes  strongly  carinate  or  crested.  —  Bot.  King  Exped.  294.     From  Colo- 
rado to  Nevada  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

Var.  erecta,  Watson.  Erect,  with  very  narrow  leaves  and  narrower 
bracts.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  90.  S.  maritima  of  Fl.  Colorado.  Same  range 
as  the  type,  but  extending  into  S.  California. 

*  *  Woody-based  perennials. 

3.  S.  Torreyana,  Watson.      Erect,  with  herbaceous  leafy  branches: 
leaves  linear,  subterete,  the  floral  ones  similar :  calyx  rather  large,  deeply 
cleft :  seed  finely  tuberculate.  —  Loc.  cit.  68.    S.fruticosa  of  Bot.  King  Exped. 
From  N.  Colorado  to  Nevada,  S.  California,  and  Mexico. 


POLYGONACE^E.      (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.)  313 


ORDER  66.    POL.YGOWACE.E.     (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  alternate  and  entire  leaves,  or  sometimes  verticillate,  and 
stipules  in  the  form  of  sheaths  above  the  swollen  joints  of  the  stem  or 
none;  flowers  mostly  perfect,  with  a  more  or  less  persistent  calyx,  a 
1 -celled  ovary  bearing  2  or  3  styles  or  stigmas,  and  a  single  erect  seed  ; 
stamens  mostly  4  to  9.  Flowers  rather  small,  the  perianth  of  3  to  6 
segments,  the  inner  ones  or  all  usually  petaloid ;  fruit  an  akene. 

*  Flowers  involucrate :  stamens  9 :  styles  3,  with  capitate  stigmas  :  herbs  or  woody  at  base, 
with  alternate  or  verticillate  leaves,  without  stipules. 

1.  Erlogronum.    Involucre  several-flowered,  with  4  to  8  pointless  teeth.     Flowers  ex- 

serted.     Akene  mostly  3-angled.     Annuals  or  perennials. 

2.  Oxytheca.     Involucre  few-flowered,  herbaceous,  with  3  to  5  straight  acute  or  usually 

awned  lobes.     Flowers  on  exserted  pedicels.     Akene  lenticular.     Bracts  ternate. 
Annuals. 

«  *  Flowers  without  involucre :  stamens  4  to  8 :  styles  2  or  3  :  herbs  with  alternate  leaves 
and  scarious  sheathing  stipules  ;  juice  usually  acid,  acrid  or  pungent. 

3.  Oxyria.    Sepals  4,  the  outer  smaller  and  spreading.    Stigmas  2,  tufted.    Akene  orbicu- 

lar-winged.    Leaves  reniform. 

4.  R 11  in  ex.    Sepals  6,  the  outer  spreading,  the  inner  enlarging  and  appressed  to  the  trian- 

gular akene.     Stigmas  3,  tufted. 

5.  Polygonum.     Sepals  4  to  6,  equal,  appressed  to  the  triangular  or  lenticular  akene. 

Styles  2  or  3  :  stigmas  capitate. 


1.    ERIOGONUM,    Michx. 

Involucre  campanulate,  turbinate  or  oblong.  Perianth  6-parted,  colored, 
enclosing  the  akene.  —  Herbaceous  or  somewhat  woody,  with  radical  or  alter- 
nate or  verticillate  leaves. 

§  1 .    Involucres  more  or  less  broadly  turbinate,  not  nerved  or  angled,  4  to  8-toothed 

or  lobed :  bracts  foil  aceous,  rarely  somewhat  ternate. 

*  Akenes  membranous!?/  winged. 

1.  E.  alatum,  Torr.      Loosely  silky-villous  throughout,  or  the  leaves 
nearly  glabrous  except  on  the  margin  and  midrib :  leaves  alternate,  long,  ob- 
lanceolate  :  involucres  pedunculate,  solitary,  with  5  erect  teeth  :  flowers  a  line 
long,  yellow,  nearly  glabrous,  abrupt  at  base :  akene  winged  the  whole  length. 
—  From  Arizona  and  Texas  to  Nebraska. 

*  *  Akenes  not  winged. 
•*-  Flowers  glabrous. 

2.  E.  Timbellatum,  Ton.     Tomentose:  leaves  glabrate  above  or  gla- 
brous, oblanceolate  or  spatulate :   involucres  deeply  lobed ;  lobes  becoming 
reflexed  :  umbel  simple,  of  2  to  10  naked  rat/s,  on  naked  (rarely  l-bracted)  pedun- 
cles. —  From  Colorado  to  Oregon  and  California. 

Var.  monocephalum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  reduced  dwarf  alpine  form, 
the  naked  or  bracteate  peduncle  bearing  a  solitary  involucre :  leaves  small. 

3.  E.  heracleoides,  Nutt.     Similar,  but  the  peduncle  usually  verticillate- 
bracted:  leaves  narrower,  mostly  somewhat  revolute  or  undulate:  umbel  6-  (1-11-) 


314  POLYGON  ACE^J.      (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.) 

rayed,  usually  some  or  all  of  the  rays  once  or  twice  divided.  —  From  Colorado  to 
Nevada  and  Washington  Territory. 

•i—  -i—  Flowers  not  glabrous. 
*+  Leafy :  flowers  not  attenuate  at  base. 

4.  E.  salsuginosum,  Hook.     Low,  glabrous,  somewhat  fleshy,  di-  or 
trichotomously  divided  :  leaves  spatulate-oblanceolate,  the  bracts  becoming 
linear :  involucres  divided  :  flowers  pubescent,  yellow :  sepals  narrow,  closely 
appressed  to  the  acutely  triangular  glabrous  akene.  —  From  S.  W.  Colorado 
to  Utah  and  W.  Wyoming. 

•M.  ++  Naked  or  nearly  so:  flowers  attenuate  at  base. 
=  Bracts  conspicuous:  akenes  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

5.  E.  Jamesii,  Benth.      Rather  slender,  herbaceous,  with  branching  cau- 
dex,  a  foot  high  or  less,  white-tomentose :  leaves  and  bracts  oblong-oblanceolate, 
the  latter  shortty  petiolate :   involucres  solitary,  sessile,  with  5  erect  teeth,  on  a 
naked  peduncle:  flowers  whitish,  silky.  —  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

Var    flavescens,   Watson.      Stouter :  flowers  yellow  or  yellowish.  —  Dis- 
tinguished from  the  next  by  the  strictly  solitary  sessile  involucres. 

6.  E.  flavum,  Nutt.     Tomentose  throughout,  a  span  high  or  less:  leaves 
oblanceolate :  umbel  of  3  to  9  rays,  simple,  on  a  naked  peduncle:  flowers  yellow, 
very  silky.  —  Colorado  to  Washington  Territory  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

7.  E.  CaeSpitOSlim,  Nutt.     Dwarf,  densely  matted:  leaves  ovate-  to  oblong- 
spatulate,  tomentose  on  both  sides  :  involucres  solitary  on  naked  peduncles  :  flowers 
yellow,  pubescent.  —  From  Wyoming  to  Nevada. 

8.  E.  sphserocepliallim,  Dougl.      Similar,  but  larger  and  much  more 
diffused :  leaves  linear-spatulate,  often  revolute :  peduncles  with  a  whorl  of  ob- 
lanceolate bracts  sometimes  subtending  a  2  to  4-rayed  umbel,  the  lateral  rays 
also  bracteate :  flowers  yellow,  pubescent.  —  Nevada  and  California  to  Wash- 
ington Territory,  and  extending  thence  eastward  into  Montana. 

=  =  Bracts  small:  akenes  densely  villous. 

9.  E.  acaule,  Nutt.     Very  dwarf  and  densely  matted  and  tomentose: 
leaves  crowded,  oblong :  peduncles  naked,  \  inch  high,  bearing  a  head  of  I  to  5 
nearly  sessile  involucres:  Jlowers  pubescent.  —  S.  W.  Colorado  to  S.  Idaho. 

10.  E.  lachnogynum,  Torr.     Cespitose  and  densely  tomentose :  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate :  the  slender  naked  peduncle  a  foot  high,  sparingly  dichotomous 
above :  involucres  solitary,  sessile  or  long  pedunculate :  flowers  densely  tomen- 
tose. —  S.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

§  2  Involucres  campanulate  or  short-turbinate,  not  nerved  or  angled,  icith  5 
rounded  erect  teeth,  pedunculate  in  diffuse  repeatedly  di-  or  trichotomous 
panicles :  bracts  not  foliaceous,  all  ternate :  flowers  not  attenuate  at  base : 

ovary  glabrous. 

*  Leaves  tomentose. 

•»—  Stems  simple,  leafy,  naked  above. 

11.  E.  annuum,  Nutt.     Tall  and  stout :  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate  or 
oblong,  attenuate  to  a  short  petiole,  mostly  flat :  inflorescence  cymose  :  involu- 
cres densely  white-tomentose :  flowers  white :  sepals  very  unequal,  the  outer 
oblong-obovate.  —  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Mexico. 


POLYGONACE.E.      (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.)  315 

•t-  H-  Branching:  leaves  radical  or  at  least  the  peduncles  leafless. 
•w-  Densely  wkite-tomentose. 

12.  E.  tenellum,  Torr.     Tall :  branches  of  the  woody  caudex  short  and 
crowded  or  elongated :  leaves  ovate  or  rounded,  tomentose  on  both  sides : 
inflorescence  rather  sparingly  branched,  glabrous  :  flowers  white  or  pinkish  : 
outer  sepals  broadly  obovate  or  orbicular,  the  inner  linear-oblong.  —  S.  Colo- 
rado to  Texas  and  Mexico. 

•w.  -M-  Glabrous :  involucres  turbinate-campanulate. 

13.  E.  cemutim,  Nutt.     Leaves  broadly  ovate,  acute:  pedicels  dejlexed : 
outer  sepals  oblong  or  broader  above,  refuse.  —  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to 
Oregon. 

14.  E.  reniforme,  Torr.     Low  and  slender :  leaves  reniform  or  cordate- 
orbicular,  densely  white-tomentose  on  both  sides :  bracts  smooth,  the  margins 
ciliate :  pedicels  long  and  filiform,  rarely  dejlexed,  all  iu  the  forks  or  termi- 
nating the  branches :  flowers  rose-colored,  glabrous.  —  S.  W.  Colorado  to  S. 
California. 

15.  E.  Thomasii,  Torr.    Low  and  very  slender :  leaves  rounded  and  ovate, 
small :  bracts  minute,  glabrous :  pedicels  as  in  the  last :  flowers  yellowish,  often, 
reddish,  slightly  hispid  or  glabrous :  outer  sepals  often  much  dilated  below. 
—  S.  W.  Colorado  to  S.  California. 

#  *  Leaves  not  tomentose. 
4-  Leaves  all  radical  or  nearly  so. 

16.  E.  inflatum,  Torr.      Glabrous,  diffusely  branching,  the  stem   and 
internodes  often  inflated :  leaves  rounded,  usually  cordate  and  mostly  undulate, 
pubescent :  flowers  yellowish,  pubescent.  —  S.  W.  Colorado  to  Arizona,  Nevada, 
and  S.  California. 

17.  E.  Gordoni,  Benth.     A  similar  species,  but  glabrous  throughout,  or 
the  petioles  slightly  pubescent :  flowers  glabrous,  light  rose-color.  —  Colorado. 

18.  E.  glandulOSUm,  Nutt.      Beset  with  short-stipitate  glands:    leaves 
small,  obovate,  somewhat  villous :  involucres  glabrous  :  flowers  slightly  hispid.  — 
Collected  by  Dr.  Gambel  in  Colorado  or  New  Mexico. 

•*-  •*-  Leaves  developed  at  the  nodes  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  triangular  bracts. 

19.  E.  divaricatuin,  Nutt.     Low,  grayish-pubescent,  branching  from 
the  base,  branches  terete :  leaves  thickish,  all  rounded  or  the  upper  oblong, 
petiolulate  :    involucres  very  small   and   few-flowered :   flowers  whitish,  mi- 
nutely glandular :  sepals  nearly  equal.  —  W.  Wyoming  to  S.  W.  Colorado. 

§  3.  Involucres  c-jlindric-turbinate,  more  or  less  strongly  5  to  ^-nerved,  and  often 
becoming  costate  or  angled,  with  as  many  short,  erect  teeth,  sessile  in  heads  or 
clusters,  or  scattered  in  cymes  or  afonq  virgate  panicled  branches :  bracts  ternate, 
connate  at  base,  more  or  less  rigid :  flowers  not  attenuate  at  base. 

*  Outer  sepals  broad  and  somewhat  cordate,  the  inner  much  narrower:  ovary 
scabrous  above. 

20.  E.  ovalifolium,  Nutt.    Low,  densely  tomentose  and  cespitose,  with 
a  short  closely  branched  caudex  :  leaves  round  or  rarely  oblong  :   bracts  very 
small :  involucres  in  a  single  close  head  :   flowers  rose-colored,  white,  or  yel- 
low :   outer  sepals  oblong,  becoming   orbicular,  the   inner   spatulate,  often 
retuse.  —  From  Colorado  to  N.  California  and  British  America. 


816  POLYGONACE^E.      (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY.) 

*  *  Sepals  similar  and  nearly  equal:  akenes  smooth  or  nearly  so. 

•»-  Involucres  capitate,  heads  solitary  :  dwarf  and  cespitose,  alpine  or  subaipine, 

densely  white-tomentose. 

21.  E.  pauciflonim,  Nutt.    Caudex  short-branched :  tomentose  through- 
out, or  the  linear-oblanceolate  revolute  leaves  glabrous  above :  involucres  broadly 
turbinate,  nearly  glabrous,  thin,  with  broad  somewhat  scarious  teeth :  Jlowers  white, 
glabrous.  —  Colorado. 

22.  E.  Chrysocephalum,  Gray.      Caudex  more   diffusely  brauched, 
woody :  tomentose  throughout,  the  narrowly  oblanceolate  leaves  sometimes  gla- 
brate  above:  involucres  narrower  and  rather  more  Jinn,  shortly  toothed,  somewhat 
tomentose :  Jlowers  yellow,  glabrous.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  101.     Wahsatch 
Mountains. 

23.  E.  multiceps,  Nees.     Rather  diffusely  branched  at  base,  densely 
white-tomentose  throughout :  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate :  involucres  rigid, 
narrowly  turbinate,  with  very  short  teeth :  Jlowers  rose-colored,  pubescent.  —  Ne- 
braska to  Colorado. 

•»-  H-  Involucres  mostly  solitary,  in  a  repeatedly  di-  or  trichotomous  corymb-like 

cyme. 

24.  E.  microthectim,  Nutt.      Low   and    rather   slender,  woody  and 
diffusely    much-branched,   leafy   below,   more    less  white-tomentose  :    leaves 
usually  narrow,  revolute,  becoming  glabrate  above :  involucres  often  peduncu- 
late :  inner  sepals  emarginate.  —  From  Nebraska  to  New  Mexico,  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  and  Oregon. 

Var.  effusum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  With  very  diffuse  and  repeatedly  divided 
inflorescence.  —  More  common  eastward. 

25.  E.  COrymbOSUm,  Benth.     Stouter  and  more  rigid,  usually  densely 
tomentose :  leaves  broader  and  less  revolute :  umbel  stiff  and  broadly  cymose  : 
involucres  mostly  sessile.  —  Including^,  microthecum,  var.  Fendlerianum,  Beiith. 
Same  range  as  last. 

26.  E.  brevicaule,  Nutt.     Less  woody  and  more  shortly  branched  at  base, 
glabrous  or  glabrate  above  the  white-tomentose  base:  leaves  linear  to  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  attenuate  to  a  very  short  petiole,  often  revolute,  sometimes  gla- 
brate above :  flowers  yellow.  —  Idaho  and  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico. 

-i-  H-  •»-  Involucre  sessile  and  solitary  upon  the  few  strict  branches  of  the  once  or 
twice  forked  panicle. 

27.  E.  racemosum,  Nutt.     White-tomentose,  sparingly  or  not  at  all 
branched  at  base,  stout,  1  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  large,  ovate  to  oblong,  on 
long  petioles :  lower  bracts  somewhat  foliaceous  :  involucres  approximate, 
tomentose :  flowers  white  or  rose-colored.  —  S.  W.  Colorado  to  Utah  and 
New  Mexico. 

2.    OXYTHECA,   Nutt. 

Flowers,  bracteoles,  etc.,  as  in  Eriogonum.  —  Slender  diffusely  branched  (re- 
peatedly dichotomous)  annuals,  the  slender  internodes  more  or  less  covered 
with  small  stipitate  glands  :  leaves  rosulate  at  the  base :  segments  of  the 
glandular-pubescent  perianth  similar  and  equal. 

1.  O.  dendroidea,  Nutt.      A  foot  high  or  less,  the  scape-like  stem 


POLYGONACE^E.      (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY.)  317 

usually  1  or  2  inches  high :  leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  hirsute :  bracts  un- 
equal :  involucres  in  the  forks  on  slender  pedicels,  the  rest  more  nearly  ses- 
sile :  flowers  light  rose-color.  —  From  Wyoming  to  Nevada. 

3.    OXYRIA,    Hill.        MOUNTAIN  SORREL. 

Flowers  perfect.  The  two  inner  sepals  erect,  appressed,  and  unchanged  in 
fruit.  Stamens  6.  —  Perennial  alpine  and  arctic  herbs,  erect,  with  long- 
petioled  round-reniform  mostly  radical  leaves,  and  small  obliquely  truncate 
sheaths :  flowers  small  and  greenish,  in  narrowly  panicled  racemes. 

1.  O.  digyna,  Campdera.  Rather  stout  and  fleshy,  .3  to  18  inches  high, 
glabrous :  flowers  in  scarious-bracted  fascicles,  on  short  capillary  pedicels : 
sepals  often  reddish,  the  outer  narrower  and  carinate.  —  At  high  altitudes  in 
cold  wet  places  among  rocks  throughout  the  northern  hemisphere. 

4.    RUM  EX,  L.        DOCK.    SORREL. 

Flowers  perfect,  polygamous,  or  dioecious.  Inner  sepals  somewhat  colored 
and  becoming  reticulated  (valves)  in  fruit.  Stamens  6.  —  Coarse  perennial 
herbs  :  stems  leafy,  with  obliquely  truncate  cylindrical  naked  sheaths  :  flowers 
small,  fascicled  or  verticillate  in  paniculate  racemes. 

§  1.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous:  valves  enlarged,  often  bearing  a  grain-like 
callosity  on  the  back :  leaves  never  hastate^  pinnately  many-veined,  rarely  very 
acid.  —  DOCKS. 

*  Valves  wholly  without  grains,  mostly  very  large  (3  lines  long  or  more),  entire  or 
denticulate :  pedicels  long,  jointed  near  the  base :  glabrous. 

1.  R.  venosus,  Pursh.     Stems  erect,  afoot  high  or  less,  from  running 
rootstocks,  stout  and  leafy,  with  conspicuous  dilated  stipules :  leaves  on  short 
but  rather  slender  petioles,  ovate  or  oblong  to  lanceolate,  3  to  6  inches  long, 
only  the  lowest  acute  or  somewhat  cordate  at  base :  panicle  nearly  sessile,  short, 
dense  in  fruit :  valves  entire,  cordate-orbicular  with  a  deep  sinus,  9  to  12  lines  in 
diameter,  bright  rose-color.  —  From  Colorado  and  Nevada  to  British  Columbia 
and  the  Saskatchewan. 

2.  R.  OCCidentalis,  Watson.     Tall  and  rather  slender,  often  3  to  6  feet 
high :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  the  lowest  sometimes  ovate,  usually  narrowing 
gradually  upward  from  the  truncate  somewhat  cordate  base,  not  decurrent  on  the 
slender  often  elongated  petiole,  often  a  foot  long  or  more :  panicle  narrow,  elon- 
gated, nearly  leafless :  valves  broadly  cordate,  with  a  very  shallow  sinus,  3  I'mes 
in  diameter,  often   denticulate  near  the  base.  —  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  xii.  253. 
R.  longifolius  of  authors,  not  of  DC.    From  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to 
Labrador  and  Alaska. 

*  *  Valves  smaller,  one  or  more  of  them  grain-bearing. 

3.  R.  salicifolius,  Weinman.     Slender,  often  low,  1  to  5  feet  high,  usu- 
ally branching  and  decumbent  at  base,  glabrous:  leaves  narrowly  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  oblong,  3  to  6  inches  long,  attenuate  into  a  short  peti- 
ole, not  undulate,  glaucous :  panicle  usually  open,  the  flowers  crowded  upon  the 
branches  :  valves  ovate-rhomboidal  to  broadly  deltoid,  entire  or  denticulate,  usually 
with  very  large  callosities.  —  Across  the  continent  and  northward  to  Alaska. 


318  POLYGON ACE^}.      (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.) 

4.  R.  maritimus,  L.     Simple  or  diffusely  branched,  the  low  stems  erect 
or  procumbent,  minutely  pubescent :  leaves  linear  lanceolate,  usually  truncate  or 
cordate  at  base,  1  to  4  inches  long,  mostly  on  short  petioles,  somewhat  wavy- 
margined  :  flowers  in  numerous  dense  verticils  along  the  slender  branches :  valves 
ovate-lanceolate,  with  2  or  3  long-owned  teeth  on  each  side,  all  grain-bearing.  — 
From  the  Sierra  Nevada  eastward  across  the  continent. 

§  2.    Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous  in  naked  panicles :  valves  not  grain-bearing: 
leaves  often  hastate,  sparingly  veined :  stems  erect  and  slender,  glabrous.* 

5.  R.  paucifolius,  Nutt.     Roots  thickened  :  leaves  narrowly  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  broader,  attenuate  to  a  slender  petiole,  not  very  acid  : 
flowers  reddish,  in  loose  fascicles ;  pedicels  filiform,  jointed  at  base :  valves 
enlarged  in  fruit,  cordate-ovate,  entire,  twice  longer  than  the  akene.  —  From 
Utah  and  Montana  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Washington  Territory. 

6.    POLYGONUM,    L.        KNOTWEED. 

Flowers  perfect.  —  Annual  or  perennial  leafy  herbs,  rarely  woody  at  base  : 
sheaths  naked,  ciliate,  or  foliaceous-margined :  flowers  small,  in  axillary,  spi- 
cate,  or  racemose  fascicles. 

§  1.  Flowers  in  axillary  fascicles  or  spicate  with  foliaceous  bracts :  leaves  and 
bracts  jointed  upon  a  very  short  petiole  adnate  to  the  naked  2-lobed  or  lacerate 
sheath :  perianth  5  to  6-parted,  more  or  less  herbaceous,  dose-appressed  to  the 
akene:  stamens  3  to  8,  the  three  inner  filaments  broad  at  base:  styles  3  :  akene 
triangular.  —  AVICULARIA. 
*  Flowers  in  the  axils  of  leaves  or  in  loose  virgate  spikes :  sepals  herbaceous  or 

colored  only  on  the  margin. 

•»-  Branches  leafy  to  the  summit:  sheaths  short  and  mostly  scarious,  at  length 

lacerate.2 

1.  P.  erectum,  L.    Rather  stout,  erect  or  ascending,  glabrous,  usually  tinged 
with  yellow :  leaves  oblong  or  oval :  flowers  often  yellowish,  on  more  or  less  ex- 
serted  pedicels :  sepals  and  stamens  5,  rarely  6 :  akene  very  broadly  ovate  to 
lanceolate,  dull  and  granular  to  nearly  smooth  and  shining.  —  From  Colorado  to 
Nevada  and  Oregon  and  the  Eastern  States. 

2.  P.  minimum,  Watson.    Very  low  and  slender,  ascending,  rarely  6  inches 
high,  usually  more  or  less  scabrous-puberulent :   stems  nearly  terete,  reddish: 
leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  sometimes  all  narrowly  lanceolate :  flowers  in  all  the 
axils,  usually  small,  erect  on  slender  exserted  pedicels,  often  tinged  with  rose- 
color:   stamens  5  to  8 :  akene  smooth  and  shining.  —  Bot.  King  Exped.  315. 
P.  Torreyi,  Watson,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  664.    From  the  Wahsatch  and  Uintas  to 
California  and  Oregon. 

1  R.  Acetosella,  L.,  is  the  common  "Sorrel"  of  fields  and  gardens,  spread  everywhere 
from  Europe.  It  can  be  distinguished  from  R.  pauciflorus  by  its  slender  running  roots,  more 
hastate  and  very  acid  leaves  with  the  lobes  often  toothed  at  base,  pedicels  very  short  and 
jointed  at  the  top,  and  the  valves  not  enlarged  nor  exceeding  the  small  akene. 

*  P.  aviculare,  L.,  may  be  known  by  its  prostrate  or  spreading  habit,  sessile  lanceolate  or 
oblong  leaves,  dull  broadly  ovate  akene  which  is  minutely  granular  under  a  lens.  —  Intro- 
duced from  Europe  and  growing  everywhere  about  yards  and  roadsides.  Variously  called 
"  Knot-grass,"  "  Goose-grass,"  or  "  Door-weed." 


POLYGON ACE^J.      (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.)  319 

•«-  -t-  Branches  slender  and  virgate,  angled,  terminating  in  more  or  less  open  spikes, 
the  narrow  leaves  diminishing  upward  and  becoming  bract-like. 

3.  P.  ramosissimum,  Michx.     Erect  or  ascending,  usually  2  to  4  feet 
high,  often  branching  only  above,  glabrous,  the  whole  plant  yellowish ;  sheaths 
loose,  becoming  lacerate  to  the  base :  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear :  flowers  and 
fruit  as  in  P.  erectum,  the  sepals  more  frequently  6,  stamens  3  to  6,  and  akene 
usually  smooth  and  shining.  —  From  the  Sierra  Nevada  eastward  across  the 
continent. 

4.  P.  tenue,  Michx.    Erect  and  slender,  £  to  \\feet  high,  glabrous  and 
somewhat  glaucous,  sometimes  slightly  scabrous  at  the  nodes :  sheaths  with  a  close 
somewhat  herbaceous  base,  sparingly  scarious  and  lacerate  above :  leaves  linear  to 
lanceolate,  usually  much  reduced  above  :  jlowers  often  solitary  and  usually  dis- 
tant, soon  reflexed,  the  sepals  margined  with  white  or  rose-color :  stamens  8 : 
akenes  ovate,  black  and  shining.  —  From  Arizona  to  British  Columbia  and 
eastward  across  the  continent.     The  following  varieties  occur  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains :  — 

Var.  latifolium,  Engelm.  With  broader  leaves  and  more  numerous 
flowers. 

Var.  microspermuni,  Engelm.  A  low  slender  form,  with  minute  flowers 
and  fruit. 

*  *  Low  and  slender :  Jlowers  in  short  dense  spikes,  with  imbricated  bracts :  sepals 

colored:  leaves  linear. 

5.  P.  imbricatum,  Nutt.     Stem  1  to  8  inches  high,  smooth  or  slightly 
scabrous  at  the  nodes,  often  diffusely  branched :  sheaths  rather  large,  2-parted 
or  lacerate  above  the  short  scarious  base :  bracts  with  sometimes  a  scarious 
margin  :  flowers  nearly  sessile,  rose-colored  or  white :  stamens  3  or  5  :  akene 
minutely  tuberculate-striate  or  smoothish.  —  Alpine  and  subalpine,  from  Colo- 
rado to  California  and  Oregon.    It  has  usually  been  referred  to  P.  coarctatum. 

§  2.  Flowers  fascicled,  in  usually  dense  spikes,  with  small  scarious  bracts:  leaves 
not  jointed  on  the  petiole:  sheaths  cylindrical  and  truncate,  scarious,  entire, 
naked  or  ciliate-fringed  or  margined:  perianth  colored,  5-parted,  appressed  to 
the  lenticular  or  triangular  akene :  stamens  4  to  8;  filaments  filiform.  — 
PERSICARIA. 

*  Sheaths  and  bracts  not  ciliate  nor  fringed :  sepals  not  punctate :  style  2-cleft, 

and  akene  flattened  or  lenticular. 

6.  P.  Pennsylvanicum,  L.     Stem  1   to  3  feet  high,  smooth  below,  the 
branches  above  and   especially  the  peduncles  beset  with  bristly -stalked  glands: 
leaves  lanceolate,  roughish  on  the  midrib  and  margins :  spikes  oblong,  obtuse, 
erect,  thick :  flowers  bright  rose-color :  stamens  mostly  8,  somewhat  exserted.  — 
Colorado  and  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

7.  P.  incarnatum,  Ell.     Stem  3  to  6  feet  high,  nearly  glabrous,  the  pedun- 
cles, etc.  often  minutely  rough  with  scattered  sessile  glands :  leaves  rough  on 
the  margins  and  midrib,  elongated-lanceolate  :  spikes  linear,  nodding,  becoming 
slender:  Jlowers  smaller  than  in  the  last,  lighter  rose-color  shading  to  white: 
stamens  6  and  styles  2,  both  included.  —  Colorado  and  eastward  to  the  Atlantic 
States. 

8.  P.  lapathifolium,  Ait.,  var.  incanum,  Koch.    Lower,  with  shorter 
and  less  pointed  leaves,  which  are  lanceolate,  obtuse,  and  white-downy  beneath : 


320  POLYGONACE^E.      (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY.) 

sheaths  often  somewhat  hairy  or  ciliolate  :  spikes  shorter,  oblong  and  blunt.  — 
In  the  Wahsatch,  on  the  Saskatchewan,  and  eastward  to  New  York.     Rare. 

9.  P.  nodosum,  Pers.     Often  stout,  1  to  4  feet  high,  branching,  mostly  gla- 
brous, often  sparingly  and  minutely  glandular  on  the  peduncles  :  leaves  rather 
narrowly  lanceolate,  cuneate  at  base  and  shortly  petioled,  somewhat  scabrous 
with  short  prickly  hairs  on  the  midrib  and  margins :  spikes  axillary  and  termi- 
nal, oblong  and  erect  or  often  linear  and  nodding :  flowers  white  or  light  rose- 
color:    stamens  6   and  styles  2,    included.  —  Colorado   and  New   Mexico  to 
Arizona,  California,  and  Oregon. 

10.  P.  amphibium,  L.     Aquatic,  stout  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  not 
branching  above  the  rooting  base :  leaves  floating,  thick,  smooth  and  shining 
above,  usually  long-petioled,  elliptical  to  lanceolate,  cuneate  or  cordate  at  base : 
sheaths  leaf-bearing  at  about  the  middle  :  spike  terminal,  dense,  ovate  or  oblong, 
\  to  1   inch  long,  on  a  usually  short  peduncle  :  flowers  bright  rose-color :  the 
5  stamens  and  2-clefl  style  exserted.  —  From  the  Sierra  Nevada  eastward  across 
the  continent.    In  shallow  water  or  on  muddy  banks  the  stems  become  erect, 
the  petioles  shorter,  and  the  whole  plant  more  strigose-pubescent. 

11.  P.  Muhlenbergii,  Watson.     In  muddy  or  dry  places,  scabrous  with 
short  appressed  or  glandular  hairs,  especially  upon  the  leaves  and  upper  part 
of  the  simple  stem  :  leaves  thinner  and  longer,  rather  broadly  lanceolate,  nar- 
rowly acuminate,  usually  rounded  or  cordate  at  base :  spikes  more  elongated, 
3  inches  long,  often  in  pairs :  flowers  and  fruit  nearly  as  in  the  last.  —  P.  am- 
phibium, var.  terrestr-e,  of  Gray's  Manual.     Across  the  continent. 

*  #  Sheaths  and  bracts  bristly  ciliate  or  the  sheaths  sometimes  foliaceously 

margined. 

12.  P.  Hartwrightii,  Gray.     Closely  allied  to  the  two  preceding  species, 
growing  usually  in  the  mud,  the  ascending  stems  rooting  at  the  base  and 
very  leafy,  more  or  less  rough  hairy,  at  least  on  the  sheaths  and  bracts :  leaves 
rather  narrow,  on  very  short  petioles,  not  punctate,  adnate  to  the  middle  of  the 
sheath :  flowers  bright  rose-color :  sepals  not  glandular-dotted :  stijle  2-clefl,  and 
akene  somewhat  flattened.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  294.     From  California  and 
Utah  eastward  through  the  Northern  States. 

13.  P.   Hydropiper,  L.      Smooth,  1  to  2  feet  high,  juice  very  acrid: 
leaves  punctate :  spikes  nodding,  usually  short  or  interrupted :  flowers  mostly 
greenish :   sepals  conspicuously  dotted :   stamens  6  :  style  2  to  3-parted :   akene 
dull,  minutely  striate,  either  flat  or  obtusely  triangular.  —  Ranging  across  the 
continent  northward,  where  it  is  probably  indigenous. 

§  3.  Glabrous  alpine  or  subalpine  herbs,  with  thick  creeping  rootstocks  and  simple 
stems :  flowers  in  dense  spike-like  racemes :  leaves  not  jointed  on  the  petiole : 
sheaths  obliquely  truncate,  naked,  as  well  as  the  scarious  ovate  or  lanceolate 
bracts:  perianth  colored,  deeply  5-cleft,  at  length  appressed  to  the  triangular 
akene:  stamens  8,  with  filiform  filaments:  styles  3,  long.  —  BISTORTA. 

14.  P.  Bistorta,  L.     Stems  a  foot  or  two  high :    leaves  few,  the  radical 
ones  on  long  petioles,  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  acute  at  each  end,  the  cau- 
line  much  reduced,  mostly  obtuse  at  base  and  sessile  upon  the  sheath,  the 
margin  often  slightly  revolute :  flowers  rose-colored  to  white,  on  slender  pedi- 
cels, in  very  dense  ovate  to  oblong  spikes  and  usually  long-pedunculate :  stamens 


EL^EAGNACE^E.  321 

and  styles  exserted :  akene  smooth  and  shining.  —  Throughout  the  northern 
hemisphere ;  frequent  in  meadows  and  on  stream-banks  in  the  mountains. 
The  leaves  vary  much,  from  cordate  and  oblong  (var.  oblong  if olium,  Meisn.) 
to  very  narrow  and  attenuate  at  base  (var.  linear  if olium,  Watson). 

15.  P.  viviparum,  L.     A  similar  species,  but  mostly  dwarf  and  more 
exclusively  alpine :  flowers  smaller,  nearly  sessile  in  linear  spikes  1  to  3  inches 
long,  at  least  the  lower  ones  replaced  by  sessile  bidblets  a  line  long,  —  Same  range 
as  the  last. 

§  4.  Herbs  with  fibrous  roots,  mostly  twining  or  climbing,  and  with  cordate  or 
sagittate  leaves :  flowers  in  loose  panicles  or  racemes  or  in  terminal  or  axillary 
clusters :  perianth  green  with  colored  margins,  5-parted,  enlarging  or  keeled  in 
fruit:  stamens  mostly  8  :  stiles  or  stigmas  3.1  —  TINARIA. 

16.  P.  dumetorum,  L.,  var.  scandens,  Gray.     Smooth,  twining  high 
over  bushes,  with  cordate  or  slightly  halberd-shaped  acute  leaves,  and  flowers 
in  slender  axillary  sparingly  leafy  racemes  :  perianth  long-attenuate  to  the 
slender  reflexed  pedicel ;    the  outer  sepals  strongly  winged  upon  the  keel : 
akene  acutely  triangular.  —  From  the  Atlantic  States  to  the  Upper  Missouri, 
Colorado,  and  Washington  Territory. 


ORDER  67.    EL^EAOBTACEjE. 

Shrubs,  the  foliage  scurfy  throughout  with  scarious  silvery  or  brown 
scales,  with  regular  flowers  perfect  or  dioecious,  the  perianth  herbaceous 
or  colored  within,  its  tube  lined  with  a  prominent  disk  bearing  the 
stamens,  enclosing  the  1-celled  ovary,  and  becoming  pulpy  or  spongy 
without  and  bony  within ;  fruit  a  membranous  akene,  closely  covered 
by  the  drupe-like  calyx-tube.  Flowers  solitary  or  variously  clustered 
in  the  axils  of  the  branchlets. 

1.  Elseagnus.    Flowers  perfect.    Stamens  4.    Leaves  alternate. 

2.  Shepherdia.     Flowers  dioecious.     Stamens  8.     Leaves  opposite. 

1.    EL^IAGNUS,  L. 

Calyx-limb  cylindric-campanulate  or  tubular  below,  parted  above  into 
4  deciduous  lobes,  colored  within.  Disk  glandulose.  Stamens  adnate  to 
the  calyx  and  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Fruit  drupe-like,  with  an  oblong, 
8-striate  stone.  —  Leaves  entire  and  petioled,  and  flowers  axillary  and  pedi- 
cellate. 

1.  E.  argentea,  Pursh.  A  stoloniferous  unarmed  shrub,  6  to  12  feet 
high,  the  younger  branches  covered  with  ferruginous  scales :  leaves  broad  or 
narrowly  elliptic,  silvery-scurfy  and  more  or  less  ferruginous :  flowers  numer- 

1  P.  Convolvulus,  L.,  is  low  twin'ng  or  procumbent  and  minutely  scabrous,  leaves  hal- 
berd-cordate acuminate,  flowers  few  in  axillary  fascicles  or  small  interrupted  racemes  on 
very  short  pedicels,  outer  sepals  sharply  keeled.  —  Introduced  from  Europe,  very  common 
in  the  Eastern  States,  and  found  in  Colorado  and  Montana. 

21 


322  LOBANTHACE^E. 

ous,  deflexed,  silvery  without,  pale  yellow  within,  fragrant,  the  tube  broadly 
oval,  the  limb  f unnelform :  fruit  globose-ovoid,  dry  and  mealy,  edible.  —  From 
Utah  to  the  Upper  Missouri  and  eastward  to  Minnesota  and  Canada. 

2.    SHEPHERD  I  A,   Nutt.       BUPFALO-BERBY. 

Staminate  perianth  4-parted,  the  lobes  spreading.  Stamens  alternate  with 
as  many  lobes  of  a  thick  disk  ;  filaments  free.  Pistillate  flowers  with  oblong- 
tubular  perianth;  limb  4-cleft,  erect,  the  throat  closed  by  the  lobes  of  the  disk. 
Fruit  berry-like,  with  a  smooth  shining  compressed  seed.'  —  Flowers  small 
(the  staminate  larger),  shortly  pedicellate. 

1.  S.  argentea,  Nutt.     Somewhat  spiny  shrub,  5  to  18  feet  high:  leaves 
silvery  on  both  sides,  mostly  oblong,  obtuse,  cuneate  at  base :  fruit  a  smooth  ovoid 
scarlet  berry,  acid  and  edible,  nearly  sessile.  —  East  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to 
the  Saskatchewan,  and  southward  in  the  mountains  to  New  Mexico. 

2.  S.  CanadensiS,  Nutt.     Shrub  3  to  6  feet  high,  the  branchlets,  young 
leaves,  yellowish  flowers,  etc.,  covered  with  rusty  scales :  leaves  elliptical  or  ovate, 
nearly  naked  and  green  above,  silvery  downy  as  well  as  scurfy  with  rusty  scales 
beneath  :  fruit  yellowish-red,  insipid.  —  From  the  Columbia  River  eastward 
across  the  continent,  and  in  the  mountains  southward  to  New  Mexico. 


ORDER  68.    LORANTHACEJE. 

Evergreens,  parasitic  on  shrubs  or  trees,  dull  yellowish-green  or 
brownish,  with  diehotomous  branches  and  swollen  joints,  the  opposite 
thick  and  coriaceous  e'xstipulate  and  entire  leaves  reduced  to  mostly  con- 
nate scales :  flowers  dioecious,  of  2  to  5  sepals  coherent  at  base :  anthers 
as  many  as  the  sepals  and  inserted  upon  them:  ovary  inferior,  1 -celled: 
fruit  a  berry  with  glutinous  endocarp.  —  Flowers  small  and  inconspicu- 
ous, greenish. 

1.  Phoradendron.     Flowers  globose,  mostly  3-lobed.     Anthers  2-celled,  opening  by  2 

pores  or  slits :  pollen-grains  smooth.     Berry  globose,  pulpy  and  semi-transparent. 

2.  Arceuthobium.    Flowers  mostly  compressed ;  the  staminate  usually  3-parted,  the 

pistillate  2-toothed.    Anthers  a  single  orbicular  cell,  opening  by  a  circular  slit ;  pollen 
spinulose.    Berry  compressed,  fleshy. 

1.    PHORADENDRON,  Nutt.        MISTLETOE. 

Flowers  immersed  in  the  rhachis  of  jointed  spikes.  —  Parasitic  on  branches 
of  various  kinds  of  trees :  spikes  single  or  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  opposite 
leaves,  the  lowest  joint  sterile,  the  others  bearing  solitary  or  several  flowers  on 
each  side.  Flowering  in  February  or  March,  and  maturing  its  fruit  the  next 
winter. 

1.  P.  juniperinum,  Engelm.  Glabrous,  stout,  densely  branched,  6  to  9 
inches  high :  branches  terete,  the  ultimate  branchlets  quadrangular :  scales 
broadly  triangular  connate  or  distinct,  ciliate :  staminate  spikes  of  a  single 


SANTALACE^.  323 

6  to  8-flowered  joint :  pistillate  spikes  2-flowered  :  berry  whitish  or  light  red. 
—  PI.  Fendl.  58.  On  different  species  of  Juniperus.  S.  W.  Colorado  to  New 
Mexico,  Arizona,  Nevada,  and  California. 

2.    ARCEUTHOBIUM,   Bieb. 

Flowers  axillary  or  terminal,  solitary  or  several  from  the  same  axil.  —  Para- 
sitic on  Conifers,  glabrous,  with  rectangular  branches  and  connate  scale-like 
leaves :  flowers  often  crowded  into  apparent  spikes  or  panicles,  opening  in 
summer  or  autumn  and  maturing  their  fruit  in  the  second  autumn,  when  the 
berries  suddenly  and  forcibly  eject  the  glutinous  seed  to  the  distance  of  sev- 
eral yards. 

*  Staminate  flowers  all  (or  nearly  all)  terminal  on  distinct  peduncle-like  joints, 

paniculate. 

1.  A.  Americanum,  Nutt.     Slender,   dichotomously  or  verticillately 
much  branched,  greenish  yellow :  staminate  plants  sometimes  3  or  4  inches 
long,  fertile  plants  much  smaller.  —  On  Pinus  contorta.    From  Wyoming  to 
Oregon  and  southward  to  Colorado  and  California. 

*  *  Staminate  flowers  axillary  (with  a  terminal  one) ,  forming  simple  or  compound 

spikes.    Ours  are  greenish-brown,  with  the  accessory  branchlets  of  fruiting  speci- 
mens mostly  leaf-bearing. 

2.  A.  divaricatum,  Engelm.     Eather  stout,  2  to  4  inches  high,  and  a 
line  in  diameter  at  base,  olive-green  or  pale  brownish :  branches  spreading, 
often  flexuous  or  recurved :  staminate  flowers  few  and  scattered  or  in  3  to  7 '-flow- 
ered spikes,  with  ovate  acute  lobes.  —  PI.  Wheeler,  1874,  16.     On  Pinus  edulis 
and  P.  monophylla,  from  New  Mexico  and  S.  Colorado  to  Arizona  and  S.  Utah. 

3.  A.  robustum,  Engelm.     Stouter  and  not  so  spreading:  spikes  much 
denser,  the  buds  of  the  staminate  flowers  flat  and  appressed,  and  the  3-parted 
flowers  with  shorter  and  broader  lobes.  —  On  Pinus  ponderosa.    Arizona  and 
northward  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


ORDER  69.     SANTALACE^E. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  usually  root-parasitic,  with  angled  or  striate  branches, 
entire  alternate  and  mostly  sessile  leaves  without  stipules,  and  mostly 
perfect  flowers  with  3  to  5-cleft  perianth  adherent  to  the  1 -celled  2  to  4- 
ovuled  ovary,  which  becomes  an  indehiscent  1  -seeded  usually  nut-like 
fruit ;  stamens  3  to  5,  opposite  the  perianth  lobes,  at  the  edge  of  an 
epigynous  often  lobed  disk  ;  style  2  to  5-lobed. 

1.    COMANDRA,   Nutt.        BASTARD  TOAD-FLAX. 

The  campanulate  or  urn-shaped  perianth  with  a  5-lobed  persistent  limb. 
Disk  with  a  free  lobed  margin.  Stamens  included  :  anthers  attached  by  tufts 
of  hairs  to  the  base  of  the  calyx-lobes.  —  Low  herbaceous  smooth  perennials, 
with  subterranean  rootstocks  :  leaves  glaucous,  the  lowest  scale-like  :  flowers 
greenish  white,  in  small  terminal  or  axillary  umbellate  clusters. 


324  EUPHORBIACE^E.      (SPUKGE   FAMILY.) 

1.  C.  limbellata,  Nutt.     Stems  leafy,  6  to  15  inches  high  :  leaves  oblong  : 
umbels  few-flowered,  corymbosely  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  stem :  flowers 
on  slender  pedicels,  the  white  oblong  erect  or  slightly  spreading  lobes  about 
equalling  the  green  tube,  which  is  continued  conspicuously  above  the  ovary  : 
fruit  globular,  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter.  —  In  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California 
northward  to  Washington  Territory  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.  C.  pallida,  A.  DC.     Differing  from  the  last  in  its  narrower  more  glau- 
cous and  acuter  leaves,  which  are  linear  to  narrowly  lanceolate  (or  those  upon  the 
main  stem  oblong),  all  acute  or  somewhat  cuspidate  :  fruit  ovoid,  larger  (3  to  4 
lines  long),  sessile  or  on  short  stout  pedicels.  —  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to 
Oregon. 


ORDER  70.     EUPHORBIACE^.     (SPURGE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  (ours),  with  milky  acrid  juice,  monoecious  or  dioecious  com- 
moiily  apetalous  and  often  naked  flowers,  a  free  and  usually  3-celled 
ovary  with  (in  ours)  one  pendulous  ovule  in  each  cell,  and  maturing  into 
a  3-celled  elastically  dehiscent  capsule  with  crustaceous  seeds.  Stamens 
one  to  many.  Styles  or  stigmas  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  cells  of 
the  ovary.  Leaves  mostly  alternate  and  simple,  often  stipulate. 

*  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  both  with  a  perianth,  without  an  involucre. 
••-  Stamens  erect  in  the  bud. 

1.  Tragia.    Petals  none.    Calyx  3  to  8-parted.     Flowers  in  racemes,  terminal  or  opposite 

the  leaves,  pistillate  at  the  base.    Stamens  2  or  3.     Style  3-parted. 

2.  Argytliamnia.     Petals  and  sepals  5.     Flowers  in  axillary  spicate  clusters,  pistillate 

below.     Stamens  5  to  15  in  1  to  3  whorls.    Styles  bifid, 
•i-  -t-  Stamens  incurved  in  the  bud. 

3.  Croton.    Flowers  in  terminal  spike-like  racemes.     Erect  and  gray-scurfy. 

*  *  Flowers  all  without  perianth,  included  in  a  cup-shaped  calyx-like  involucre. 

4.  Euphorbia.    Pistillate  flower  solitary,  soon  exserted :  the  staminate  numerous,  each 

of  a  single  stamen. 

1.    TRAGIA,    Plumier. 

Staminate  calyx  8  to  5-parted.  Filaments  short :  anther-cells  united.  Pis- 
tillate calyx  3  to  8-parted,  persistent.  Pod  3-lobed,  bristly,  separating  into 
three  2-valved  carpels.  —  Erect  or  climbing  plants,  pubescent  or  hispid,  some- 
times stinging,  with  mostly  alternate  stipulate  leaves  :  the  sterile  flowers 
above,  the  few  fertile  at  the  base,  all  with  small  bracts. 

1.  T.  nepetaefolia,  Muller,  var.  ramosa,  Muller.  Hirsute,  erect,  much 
branched,  6  to  8  inches  high :  stem  slender,  at  length  flagelliform-elongated, 
weak  and  somewhat  turning  :  leaves  triangular-ovate  from  a  cordate  base  or 
oftener  lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate.  —  Colorado  and  southward. 

2.    ARGYTHAMNIA,    P.Browne. 

Calyx  valvate  in  the  staminate  flowers,  imbricate  in  the  pistillate.  Petals 
alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes  and  with  the  lobes  of  the  glandular  disk. 


EUPHORHIACE.E.       (SPURGE  FAMILY.)  325 

Filaments  united  into  a  central  column.  Seeds  subglobose,  roughened  or 
reticulated,  not  carunculate.  —  Erect  herbs  or  undershrubs,  with  purplish 
juice  :  leaves  alternate,  usually  stipulate,  entire  (in  ours). 

1.  A.  humilis,  Mull.  Stem  about  one  foot  high,  much  branched,  silky 
or  strigose-pubescent,  branches  spreading  :  leaves  narrowed  at  the  base,  spatu- 
late  or  obovate-lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  sparingly  pubescent : 
raceme  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  on  very  short  peduncles.  —  S.  Colorado 
and  southward. 

3.    CROTON,   L. 

Staminate  calyx  4  to  6-parted.  Petals  often  present,  but  small  or  rudi- 
mentary, alternating  with  the  glands  of  a  central  disk.  Stamens  5  to 
many,  on  a  hairy  receptacle.  Pistillate  calyx  usually  5-parted,  but  the  petals 
mostly  obsolete.  Seeds  smooth  and  shining,  carunculate.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs, 
scurfy  or  stellately  hairy  or  sometimes  glandular :  leaves  alternate,  entire  or 
repand. 

1.  C.  Texensis,  MiilL  Covered  with  a  close  canescent  stellate  pubes- 
cence, dichotomously  branched  or  spreading,  1  to  2  feet  high :  leaves  lance- 
ovate,  oblong,  or  linear-lanceolate :  dioecious ;  racemes  of  staminate  flowers 
short :  ovary  stellate-tomentose ;  styles  twice  or  thrice  dichotomously  2-parted. 
—  S.  Colorado  and  southward. 


4.    EUPHORBIA,   L. 

Flowers  monoecious,  included  in  4  to  5-lobed  involucres,  the  lobes  usually 
alternating  with  as  many  fleshy  glands  which  are  rounded  or  often  petaloid- 
margincd  or  crescent-shaped.  —  Mostly  herbs  :  leaves  opposite  or  alternate  or 
the  upper  ones  verticillate :  involucres  terminal  or  in  the  forks,  the  sterile 
flowers  lining  the  base  and  each  from  the  axil  of  a  little  bract,  the  fertile 
flower  solitary  in  the  middle  of  the  involucre,  soon  protruded  on  a  long 
pedicel. 

A.     Glands  of  the  involucre  with  petal-like,  usually  white  or  rose-colored,  entire  or 

toothed  margins  or  appendages. 

§  1.  Leaves  all  similar,  opposite,  on  short  petioles,  small,  oblique  at  base,  furnished 
with  awl-shaped  or  scaly  and  often  fringed  stipules :  stems  much  branched, 
spreading  or  usually  procumbent :  involucres  solitary  in  the  forks  of  the  branches 
or  in  terminal  or  lateral  clusters,  small,  with  4  glands. 

*  Seeds  smooth  and  even :  leaves  entire,  glabrous. 

1.  E.  petaloidea,  Engelm.     Glabrous :  stems  procumbent  or  ascending : 
leaves  attenuate  to  the  scarcely  oblique  base,  oblong-linear  or  linear,  retuse  or 
emarginate :  involucres  solitary,  campanulate,  lobes  hairy  beneath  the  glands 
within,  the  broadly  campanulate  appendages  conspicuous;  peduncles  longer 
than  petioles  :   seeds  reddish,  with  rounded  angles.  —  From  Colorado  to  Ne- 
braska and  eastward  to  the  Mississippi. 

2.  E.  flagelliformis,   Engelm.      Distinguished  from  the   last   by   the 
smaller  involucre  bearing  very  small  and  almost  naked  glands,  often  less  than 


326  EUPHOEBIACE^E.      (SPURGE   FAMILY.) 

four  in  number;  the  more  numerous  stamens  (often  25)  with  much  smaller 
anthers ;  and  by  the  smaller,  more  angular  and  more  pointed,  grayish 
seeds.— Brandegee,  Fl.  S.  W.  Colorado,  243.  S.  W.  Colorado  to  the  Rio 
Grande. 

*  *  Seeds  minutely  roughened  or  transversely  wrinkled,  or  pitted, 
-t-  Leaves  entire. 

3.  E.  la.tcl,  Engelm.     Canescent  with  appressed  pubescence :  stems  from  a 
woody  rootstock,  spreading,  short,  rigid;  lower  internodes  longer  than  the 
leaves,  uppermost  very  short :   leaves  triangular-ovate,  abruptly  attenuate  at 
base,  or  oblong  with  revolute  margins ;  stipules  triangular-lanceolate :  involucre 
axillary,  solitary,  campanulate,  hairy,  lobes  elongated ;  glands  ovate  with  a  very 
narrow  lobulate  appendage  :  capsule  hirsute  :  seed  oblong,  transversely  wrinkled. 
—  S.  E.  Colorado  and  southward. 

4.  E.  Fendleri,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Glabrous,  from  a  slender  rootstock: 
stems  delicately  filiform,  erect  or  decumbent :  leaves  ovate  from  a  rounded 
base ;   stipules   subulate,   often   laciniate   at  base :    involucres   terminal,  solitary, 
turbinate,  slightly   bearded   in   the   throat,  lobes  short;  glands  transversely 
oblong  with  a  very  narrow  obsolete  appendage:  seed  ovate,  1-angled,  irregu- 
larly punctate. —  S.  Colorado  and  southward. 

5.  E.  revoluta,  Engelm.     Glabrous:  stem  erect,  filiform,  naked  below, 
much  branched  above  the  middle :   leaves  narrowly  linear,  revolute  on  the 
margins,   attenuated  below ;    stipules  subulate,  entire :    involucres  very  small, 
uppermost  in  the  forks  of  the  branches  and  terminal,  short-campanulate ;  glands 
purple,  with  a  whitish  or  reddish  oblong  appendage :  capsule  glabrous :  seed 
oblong,  sharply   4-angled,   sparingly   and    irregularly   rugose.  —  Colorado  and 
southward. 

•t—  •»—  Leaves  serrate  or  serrulate :  flowers  in  lateral  leafy  clusters. 

6.  E.  Stictospora,  Engelm.      Prostrate  and  pubescent:  leaves  rounded, 
subcordate,  sharply  serrate:  racemes  crowded,  with  very  small  and  slender 
long-peduncled  involucres  :  capsule  sharp  angled,  pubescent :  seeds  slender, 
sharply  ^-angled,  rugose-dotted. —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  187.     Abundant  in  New 
Mexico  and  extending  into  S.  Colorado. 

7.  E.   Serpyllifolia,  Pers.      Prostrate-spreading   and  glabrous :    leaves 
obovate-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  very  oblique  base,  sharply  serrulate  toward  the 
apex:  glands  of  the  involucre  with  narrow  somewhat  toothed  appendages: 
seeds  acutely  ^-angled,  slightly  cross-wrinkled  and  often  pitted.  —  From  Cali- 
fornia and  the  Columbia  River  to  the  Saskatchewan,  Iowa,  and  Texas. 

8.  E.  glyptosperma,  Eugelm.     Erect-spreading  and  glabrous :    leaves 
linear-oblong,  mostly  falcate,  very  unequal  at  base  (semicordate),  sharply  serru- 
late :  glands  of  the  very  small  involucre  with  narrow  crenulate  appendages : 
seeds  sharply  4-angled  and  with  5  or  6  sharp  transverse  wrinkles.  —  From  Illinois 
and  Wisconsin  to  Colorado  and  the  Columbia  River. 

9.  E.   maculata,   L.     Prostrate  and  puberulent  or  hairy:   leaves  oblong- 
linear,  very  oblique  at  base,  serrulate  upwards,  usually  with  a  brown-red  spot  in 
the  centre :  glands  of  the  small  involucre  minute,  with  narrow  slightly  crenate 
(usually  red)  appendages  :  seeds  ovate,  sharply  ^-angled  and  with  about  4  shal- 
low grooves  across  the  concave  sides.  —  Colorado,  and  common  eastward. 


EUPHOEBIACE^E.      (SPUUGE  FAMILY.)  327 

§  2.  Leaves  opposite,  on  short  petioles,  equal  at  base,  with  stipular  glands :  stems 
dichotomously  branched,  erect :  cymes  terminal,  involucres  with  5  glands :  seeds 
tuberculate. 

10.  E.  hexagona,  Nutt.     Somewhat  hairy:  stem  a  foot  or  more  high; 
branches  striate-angled :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire :  involucre  hairy  with- 
out and  within  :  glands  with  a  green  ovate-triangular  appendage  twice  their 
length:  capsule  smooth:  seeds  ovate. — From  Texas  and  Colorado  to  the 
Upper  Missouri. 

§  3.  Uppermost  or  floral  leaves  with  conspicuous  white  petal-like  margins,  whorled 
or  opposite,  the  others  scattered,  equal  at  base,  entire  and  sessile:  involucres 
5-lobed,  collected  in  an  umbel-like  inflorescence. 

11.  E.  marginata,  Pursh.     Stem  stout  (2  to  3  feet  high),  erect,  hairy  : 
leaves  ovate  or   oblong :   umbel  with  3  dichotomous  rays :  glands  of  the 
involucre  with  broad  white  appendages.  —  From  Colorado  to  Kansas  and 
Nebraska.     Cultivated  and  run  wild  in  the  Eastern  States. 

15 .     Glands  of  the  involucre  without  petaloid  appendages. 

§  4.  Involucres  in  terminal  clusters,  4  to  5-lobed,  with  few  cup-shaped  glands : 
seed  without  a  caruncle:  leaves  dentate,  all  but  the  lowest  opposite,  and 
stipules  glandular. 

12.  E.  dentata,  Michx.    Erect  or  ascending,  hairy :  leaves  ovate,  lanceo- 
late, or  linear,  petioled,  coarsely  toothed,  upper  ones  often  paler  at  the  base  : 
involucres  almost  sessile,  with  5  oblong  dentate  lobes,  and  one  or  more  short- 
stalked  glands  :  seeds  ovate-globular,  slightly  tubercled.  —  S.  Colorado  ( Bran- 
degee)  and  eastward  to  Illinois  and  Pennsylvania. 

§  5.  Involucres  in  a  terminal  dichotomous  or  commonly  umbelliferous  inflorescence, 
4  or  5-lobed,  with  as  many  flat  or  convex  entire  or  crescent-shaped  glands :  seeds 
mostly  carunculate :  glabrous,  with  entire  or  serrulate  scattered  (except  the 
uppermost)  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

13.  E.  Obtusata,  Pursh.     Erect :  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  minutely  serru- 
late, smooth,  obtuse;  upper  ones  cordate  at  base;  floral  ones  ovate,  dilated j 
umbel  once  or  twice  divided  into  3  rays,  then  into  2  :  involucre  with  naked 
lobes  and  small  stipitate  glands :  styles  distinct  and  longer  than  the  ovary,  erectf 
2-clef t  to   the  middle :   pod  beset  with  long  warts :  seeds  smooth  and  even.  — 
S.  Colorado,  arid  from  Illinois  to  Virginia. 

14.  E.  dictyosperma,  Fisch.  &  Meyer.    Erect :  leaves  oblong-  or  ovate- 
spatulate,  smooth,  obtuse  and  obtusely  serrate ;  upper  ones  cordate  at  base : 
umbels  once  or  twice  3-forked,  then  2-forked :  involucre  with  nearly  naked 
lobes  and  small  almost  sessile  glands :  styles  shorter  than  the  ovary,  spreading  or 
recurved :  pod  warty :  seeds  delicately  reticulated.  —  From  California  and  Ore- 
gon to  Texas,  Kentucky,  and  Nebraska. 

15.  E.  montana,  Engelm.     Very  glabrous   and  glaucous:   stems  leafy 
and  ascending :  leaves  rather  thick,  entire,  ovate,  obtuse;  floral  ones  orbiculate, 
triangular :  umbels  repeatedly  dichotomous :  involucre  roughish  within,  with 
oblong-linear  velvety  lobes,  and  truncate,  very  shortly  2-horned  glands :  styles 
very  short,  bifid:  pod  smooth:  seeds  superficially  pitted.  —  From  the  Upper 
Platte  to  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  southward. 


328       CEBATOPHYLLACE^E.      (HORN WORT  FAMILY.) 


ORDER  71.    CAL.LITRICHACEJE.    (WATER-STARWORTS.) 

Small  slender  aquatic  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  no  stipules 
and  monoecious  axillary  flowers  without  perianth,  but  sometimes  with 
2  bracts;  stamen  1,  with  slender  filament  and  heart-shaped  4-celled 
anther;  ovary  4-celled,  with  2  styles;  fruit  4-lobed,  flattened  and 
emarginate.  Flowers  mostly  solitary,  sometimes  a  male  and  female  in 
the  same  axil 

1.    CALLITRICHE,   L. 

Characters  given  under  the  order. 

1.  C.  verna,  L.    Amphibious,  with  elongated  stems  and  floating  rosulate 
obovate  often  emarginate  leaves,  the  submerged  ones  from  sputulate  to  linear:  bracts 
often  exceeding  the  fruit,  rarely  wanting :  styles  erect  or  spreading,  deciduous : 
fruit  orbicular  or  obcordate  or  elliptical,  of  connate  carpels. — From  California 
and  Oregon  to  Montana  and  Wyoming,  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.  C.  autumn  alls,  I*.    Submersed,  with  numerous  uniform  linear  one-nerved 
leaves,  truncate  or  retuse  at  the  apex:  flowers  without  bracts:  styles  reflexed, 
caducous :  fruit  round,  deeply  notched,  the  margins  thin  or  at  length  winged. 
—  From  California  northward,  and  thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 


ORDER  72.       EKATOPHYL.L ACE.33.     (HORNWORT  FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  whorled  finely  dissected  leaves,  and  minute  axil- 
lary and  sessile  monoecious  flowers  without  floral  envelopes,  but  with  an 
8  to  12-cleft  involucre  in  place  of  a  caly  the  fertile  a  simple  1 -celled 
ovary. 

1.    CEBATOPHYLLUM,   L. 

Sterile  flowers  of  12  to  24  stamens,  with  sessile  anthers.  Fruit  an  ache- 
nium,  beaked  with  a  slender  persistent  style.  —  Submersed  plants,  in  ponds 
or  slow-flowing  streams :  the  sessile  leaves  cut  into  thrice-forked  threadlike 
divisions. 

1.  C.  demersum,  L.  Stems  very  slender,  a  foot  or  two  long:  leaves 
in  numerous  whorls  of  6  to  8 :  akene  elliptical,  shortly  stipitate,  with  a  short 
spine  or  tubercle  on  each  side  near  the  base.  —  California  and  northward, 
thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 


ORDER  73.    URTICACE^E. 

Plants  generally  with  stipules,  and  monoecious  or  dioecious,  or  rarely 
perfect  flowers,  furnished  with  a  regular  calyx,  free  from  the  1 -celled 
ovary  which  forms  a  1 -seeded  fruit;  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of 
the  calyx  and  opposite  them,  or  sometimes  fewer. 


URTICACE.E.  329 


SUBORDER  I.    ULMACE^E.    (ELM  FAMILY.) 

Flowers  perfect  or  monceciously  polygamous.  Filaments  straight  or 
moderately  incurved  in  the  bud.  Styles  or  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  samara 
or  drupe.  —  Trees,  with  alternate  leaves. 

1.  Ulmus.     Flowers  sometimes  perfect.     Ovary  2-ovuled.    Fruit  a  samara.     Anthers 

extrorse. 

2.  Celtis.    Flowers  polygamous.    Ovary  1-ovuled.     Fruit  a  drupe.    Anthers  introrse. 

SUBORDER  II.     UBTICEJE.     (NETTLE  FAMILY.) 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Filaments  wrinkled  and  inflexed  in 
the  bud.  Style  or  stigma  simple.  Ovary  always  l-celled  and  1-seeded, 
becoming  an  akene.  —  Herbs  with  a  tough  fibrous  bark  and  opposite  or 
alternate  leaves. 

*  Calyx  iii  the  fertile  flowers  of  2  to  5  separate  or  nearly  separate  sepals  :  plant  beset  with 

stinging  bristles. 

3.  Urtica.    Sepals  4  in  both  sterile  and  fertile  flowers.    Akene  straight  and  erect,  enclosed 

by  the  2  inner  and  larger  sepals.     Stigma  capitate-tufted.    Leaves  opposite. 

4.  Laportea.    Sepals  5  in  the  sterile  flowers,  4  in  the  fertile,  or  apparently  only  2,  the 

two  exterior  being  minute.    Akene  very  oblique  and  bent  down,  nearly  naked.    Stigma 
long  and  awl-shaped.    Leaves  alternate. 

*  *  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flowers  tubular  or  cup-shaped,  enclosing  the  akene.     Plant  wholly 

destitute  of  stinging  bristles. 

5.  Farietaria.     Flowers  polygamous,  in  involucrate-bracted  clusters.      Stigma  tufted. 

Leaves  alternate. 

SUBORDER  III.     CANNABINE.E.     (HEMP  FAMILY.) 

Flowers  dioecious;  the  sterile  racemed  or  panicled;  the  fertile  in  clus- 
ters or  catkins.  Filaments  short,  not  inflexed  in  the  bud.  Fertile  calyx 
of  one  sepal,  embracing  the  ovary.  Stigmas  2,  elongated.  Ovary 
l-celled,  1-ovuled,  becoming  a  glandular  akene.  —  Herbs  with  opposite 
lobed  leaves  and  a  fibrous  inner  bark. 

6.  Humulus.    Fertile  flowers  in  a  short  spike  forming  a  membranaceous  catkin  in  fruit. 

Anthers  erect.     Leaves  3  to  5-lobed. 

1.    ULMUS,  L.       ELM. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  4  to  9-cleft.  Stamens  4  to  9,  with  long  slender  filaments. 
Ovary  2-celled.  Fruit  winged  all  around.  — Flowers  polygamous,  purplish  or 
yellowish,  in  lateral  clusters,  preceding  the  leaves,  which  are  strongly  straight- 
veined,  short-petioled,  and  oblique  or  unequally  somewhat  heart-shaped  at 
base. 

1.  U.  Americana,  (L.)  Willcl.  Buds  and  brarichlets  glabrous  :  branches 
not  corky  :  leaves  obovate-oblong  or  oval,  abruptly  pointed,  sharply  and  often 
doubly  serrate,  soft  pubescent  beneath  or  soon  glabrous,  smooth  above  or 
nearly  so  :  flowers  on  slender  drooping  peduncles  which  are  jointed  above  the 
middle,  in  close  fascicles  :  fruit  glabrous  except  the  margins,  its  sharp  points 


330  URTICACE^E. 

incurved  and  closing  the  notch.  —  In  the  Atlantic  States,  and  extending  within 
our  boundary  through  Minnesota.    Known  as  "  American"  or  "  White  Elm." 

2.    CELT  IS,    Tourn.        HACKBERRY. 

Calyx  5  to  6-parted.  Stamens  5  to  6.  Ovary  1-celled.  Fruit  globular. 
—  Leaves  pointed,  petioled :  flowers  greenish,  axillary,  the  fertile  solitary 
or  in  pairs,  peduncled,  appearing  with  the  leaves ;  the  lower  usually  staminate 
only,  in  little  fascicles  or  racemose  along  the  base  "of  the  branches  of  the 
season. 

1.  C.  occidentalis,  L.  Leaves  reticulated,  ovate,  cordate-ovate  and 
ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  sharply  serrate,  sometimes  sparingly  so  or 
only  towards  the  apex,  scabrous  but  mostly  glabrous  above,  usually  soft- 
pubescent  beneath,  at  least  when  young :  fruit  reddish  or  yellowish,  becoming 
dark  purple.  —  From  Colorado  to  Wisconsin  and  eastward.  A  small  or  mid- 
dle-sized tree  with  the  aspect  of  an  elm. 

3.     URTICA,    Tourn.        NETTLE. 

Flowers  clustered,  the  clusters  mostly  in  racemes,  spikes,  or  loose  heads. 
Stamens  in  the  fertile  flowers  inserted  around  the  cup-shaped  rudiment  of  a 
pistil.  —  Flowers  greenish.  Ours  are  perennials  with  flower  clusters  in  pani- 
cles or  pauicled  spikes.1 

1.  U.  gracilis,  Ait.     Sparingly  bristly,  slender:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
serrate,  3  to  5-uerved  from  the  rounded  or  scarcely  heart-shaped  base,  almost 
glabrous,  the  elongated  slender  petioles  sparingly  bristly :  spikes  slender  and  loosely 
panicled.  —  Colorado  and  northward,  thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.  U.  Breweri,  Watson.     Tall  and  stout,  grayish  with  a  short  somewhat 
hispid  pubescence,  or  nearly  glabrous,  and  with  scattered  bristles  :  leaves  thin, 
finely  pubescent,  soon  glabrate  or  roughish  above,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  coarsely  serrate,  on  slender  petioles :  Jlowers 
in  short  open  panicles  scarcely  exceeding  the  petioles.  — Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  x.  348. 
Ranging  from  S.  California  to  S.  Colorado  and  Texas. 

3.  U.  holosericea,  Nutt.    Tall  and  stout,  more  or  less  bristly,  finely  and 
densely  tomentose  especially  on  the  lower  side  of  the  leaves :  leaves  thick,  oblong- 
to  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  at  base,  on  short  stout  petioles:  staminate  Jlowers 
in  loose  slender  diffuse  panicles  nearly  equalling  the  leaves ;   pistillate  panicles  / 
denser  and  shorter.  —  U.  dioica,  var.  occidentalis,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exped. 
Abundant  in  the  Wahsatch  and  westward  throughout  California. 

4.    LAPORTEA,    Gaudichaud.         WOOD-NETTLE. 

Flowers  clustered  in  loose  cymes ;  the  upper  widely  spreading  and  chiefly 
or  entirely  fertile;  the  lower  mostly  sterile.  — Herbs  with  large  alternate  ser- 
rate leaves,  and  axillary  stipules. 

1  U.  dioica,  L.,  is  very  bristly  and  stinging,  with  leaves  ovate,  heart-shaped,  very  deeply 
serrate,  downy  underneath,  and  the  spikes  much  branched.  —  Introduced  into  Colorado  and 
elsewhere  from  the  East,  where  it  has  come  from  Europe. 


CUPUL1FERJS.      (OAK  FAMILY.)  331 

1.  L.  Canadensis,  Gaudichaud.  Leaves  ovate,  pointed,  strongly  feather- 
veined,  long-petioled ;  stipule  single,  2-cleft.  —  Throughout  the  Atlantic 
States,  and  coming  within  our  borders  at  the  northwest. 

5.    PARIETARIA,   Tourn.        PELLITORY. 

The  staminate,  pistillate,  and  perfect  flowers  intermixed  in  the  same  invo- 
lucrate-bracted  cymose  axillary  clusters.  — Diffuse  or  tufted  herbs,  with  entire 
3-ribbed  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

1.  P.  Pennsylvanica,  Muhl.  Low,  simple  or  sparingly  branched, 
minutely  downy :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  thin,  veiny,  roughish  with  opaque 
dots :  flowers  shorter  than  the  leaves  of  the  involucre.  —  From  Colorado  to 
Nevada  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

6.    HUMULUS,   L.       HOP. 

Sterile  flowers  with  5  sepals  and  5  erect  stamens.  Fertile  flowers  in  short 
spikes  with  leafy  imbricated  bracts,  each  2-flowered.  Akene  invested  with  the 
enlarged  scale-like  calyx.  —  Twining  rough  perennials,  with  stems  almost 
prickly  downwards,  mostly  opposite  heart-shaped  and  palmately  3  to  7-lobed 
leaves. 

1.  H.  Lupulus,  L.  Leaves  commonly  longer  than  the  petioles:  the 
fruiting  calyx,  akeiie,  etc.,  sprinkled  with  yellow  resinous  grains,  giving  the 
bitterness  and  aroma  of  the  hop.  —  In  the  mountains  from  New  Mexico  to 
British  America  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 


ORDER  74.     CUPULIFERJE.     (OAK  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  and  simple  straight- veined  leaves, 
deciduous  stipules,  and  monoecious  flowers,  both  kinds  of  flowers  in 
catkins,  or  the  fertile  solitary,  clustered,  or  spiked,  the  1 -celled,  1 -seeded 
nut  with,  or  without  an  involucre. 

Tribe  I.    Both  kinds  of  flowers  in  scaly  catkins,  2  or  3  under  each  bract,  and  no  involucre 

to  the  naked  often  winged  small  nut.  —  BETULE.E. 

1    Bet ul a.    Stamens  2,  with  bifurcate  filaments  and  separate  anther-cells.    Bracts  3-lobed, 
becoming  coriaceous  and  caducous.     Nutlet  broadly  winged. 

2.  Alnus.    Stamens  4 :   anther-cells  contiguous.     Bracts  entire,  becoming  woody,  per- 

sistent.   Nutlet  not  winged. 

Tribe  II.  Sterile  flowers  destitute  of  a  true  calyx,  consisting  of  several  stamens  included 
under  and  more  or  less  adnate  to  a  bract :  filaments  short ;  anthers  1-celled.  Fertile 
flowers  in  a  scaly  bud  or  catkin,  two  under  each  fertile  bract,  each  with  one  or  more 
bractlets,  which  form  a  foliaceous  involucre  to  the  nut.  —  COBYLE^. 

3.  Corylus.    Bract  of  staminate  flower  furnished  with  a  pair  of  bractlets  inside.     Invo- 

lucre leafy-coriaceous,  enclosing  the  large  bony  nut. 

Tribe  III.  Sterile  flowers  with  a  distinct  4  to  7-lobed  calyx,  including  3  to  20  stamens : 
filaments  exserted ;  anthers  2-celled.  Fertile  flowers  one  or  few  enclosed  in  a  cupule 
consisting  of  bracts  variously  consolidated.  — QUERCINE^E. 

4.  Quercus.     Sterile  flowers  in  slender  catkins.     Cupule  1-flowered,  scaly  and  entire; 

nut  hard  and  terete. 


832  CUPULIFER^I.     (OAK  FAMILY.) 

1.    BE  TIT  LA,    Tourn.        BIRCH. 

Sterile  flowers  3,  and  bractlets  2,  under  each  shield-shaped  scale  or  bract  of 
the  catkins,  consisting  each  of  a  calyx  of  one  scale  bearing  2  two-parted  fila- 
ments. Fertile  flowers  without  bractlets  or  calyx.  —  Outer  bark  usually 
separable  in  sheets,  that  of  the  branchlets  dotted.  Twigs  and  leaves  often 
spicy-aromatic. 

1.  B.  OCCidentalis,  Hook.     Becoming  10  or  20  feet  high,  with  close  dark- 
colored  bark  (at  length  light  brown) ;  branches  more  or  less  resinous-dotted 
at  the  extremities :   leaves  thin,  broadly  ovate,  acute,  truncate  or  rounded  or 
somewhat  cuneate  at  base,  with  short  glandular-tipped  serraturcs  and  often  ob- 
scurely lobed,  somewhat  resinous  above,  smooth  or  slightly  appressed-villous 
beneath  :  the  divaricately  3-lobed  bracts  pubescent  ciliate :  icings  of  the  nutlet  as 
broad  as  the  body  or  broader.  —  From  California  to  Washington  Territory  and 
the  Saskatchewan,  and  in  the  Kocky  Mountains  to  New  Mexico.     Sometimes 
called  "  Black  Birch." 

2.  B.  glandulosa,  Michx.     A  low  bush,  4  to  6  feet  high  or  less,  the  dark- 
colored  branches  usually  more  or  less  resinous-glandular :  leaves  small,  obovate 
to  oblong-obovate,  mostly  cuneate  at  base,  rounded  and  crenate  above,  smooth 
and  often  resinous-coated  :  the  deeply  3-lobed  bracts  slightly  ciliate :  seed  orbicu- 
lar-winged. —  From  California  to  Sitka,  and  eastward  through  British  America 
to  the  Atlantic,  and  southward  in  the  mountains  to  New  Mexico. 

2.     A  L NITS,    Tourn.        ALDER. 

Sterile  flowers  3,  and  bractlets  4  or  5  under  each  short-stalked  shield-shaped 
scale,  consisting  each  of  a  3  to  5-parted  calyx  and  as  many  stamens,  with  the 
filaments  short  and  simple.     Fertile  flowers  with  a  calyx  of  4  little  scales 
adherent  to  the  scales  or  bracts  of  the  catkin. 
§  1.   Flowers  developed  in  spring  with  the  leaves;  the  sterile  from  catkins  which 

have  remained  naked  over  winter ;  while  the  fertile  have  been  enclosed  in  a 

scaly  bud:  fruit  with  a  conspicuous  thin  wing. 

1.  A.  viridis,  DC.     Shrub  3  to  8  feet  high  :  leaves  round-oval,  ovate,  or 
slightly  heart-shaped,  glutinous  and  smooth  or  softly  downy  underneath,  ser- 
rate with  very  sharp  and  closely  set  teeth,  on  young  shoots  often  cut-toothed : 
fertile  catkins  slender-stalked,  clustered,  ovoid.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and 
northward  into  British  America,  and  thence  eastward  to  N.  New  York  and 
New  England. 

§  2.  Flowers  developed  in  earliest  spring,  before  the  leaves,  from  mostly  clus- 
tered catkins  which  (both  sorts)  were  formed  the  foregoing  summer  and  have 
remained  naked  over  winter :  fruit  wingless  or  with  a  narrow  coriaceous 
margin. 

2.  A.  incana,  Willd.     Shrub  or  small  tree  8  to  20  feet  high :  leaves 
broadly  oval  or  ovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  often  coarsely 
toothed,   whitened  and    mostly   downy   underneath :   fruit   orbicular.  —  From 
Colorado  northward  and  thence  eastward. 

Var.  virescens,  Watson.  Leaves  acutely  double-toothed,  light  green  and 
glabrous  on  both  sides  or  sparingly  pubescent :  nutlets  round-obovate,  thinly 


CUPULIFER^E.      (OAK   FAMILY.)'  333 

margined.  —  Bot.  Calif,  ii.  81.    Ranges  eastward  with  the  species,  but  extends 
westward  to  the  S.  Sierra  Nevada  and  Oregon. 

3.    CORYLUS,    Tourn.        HAZEL-NUT. 

Sterile  flowers  in  drooping  cylindrical  catkins.  —  Shrubs  with  doubly- 
toothed  leaves,  flowering  in  early  spring :  sterile  catkins  single  or  fascicled 
from  scaly  buds  of  the  axils  of  the  preceding  year,  the  fertile  terminating 
early  leafy  shoots. 

1.  C.  rostrata,  Ait.  Shrub  2  to  5  feet  high:  leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
oblong,  somewhat  heart-shaped,  pointed:  involucre  of  united  bracts,  much 
prolonged  above  the  ovoid  nut  into  a  narrow  tubular  beak,  densely  bristly.  — 
From  Colorado  to  Washington  Territory,  thence  northward  and  eastward  to 
the  Alleghanies. 

4.     QUEBCUS,    L.        OAK. 

Sterile  flowers  in  naked  catkins.  Fertile  flowers  scattered  or  somewhat 
clustered.  —  Flowers  greenish  or  yellowish :  sterile  catkins  single  or  often 
several  from  the  same  lateral  scaly  bud :  flowering  in  the  spring  and  shed- 
ding the  nuts  in  the  fall.  —  Our  two  species  are  "  White  Oaks,"  being  annual- 
fruited  and  having  sweet  kernels. 

1.  Q.  macrocarpa,  Michx.      Leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  lyrately-pin- 
natifid  or  deeply  sinuate-lobed,  or  nearly  parted,  downy  or  pale  beneath ;  the 
lobes  sparingly  and  obtusely  toothed,  or  the  smaller  ones  entire :  cup  deep, 
conspicuously  imbricated  with  hard  and  thick-pointed  scales,  the  upper  ones  awned, 
so  as  usually  to  make  a  mossy  fringed  border :  acorn  half  immersed  in  or  entirely 
enclosed  by  the  cup.  —  Throughout  the  Atlantic  States  and  coming  within  our 
range  at  its  northeastern  limit.     North  of  the  Missouri  River  a  low  scrubby 
form  is  found,  which  has  been  called  var.  depressa,  Engelm.,  having  also 
smaller  leaves  and  much  smaller  acorns  than  the  species. 

2.  Q.  undulata,  Torr.     Leaves  from  lyrate   to  nearly  entire,  always 
downy  below :  the  sweet  and  edible  acorns  oval,  oblong,  or  sometimes  elon- 
gated :  the  subhemispherical,  sessile,  short-  or  sometimes  long-peduncled  cup 
varies  from  scaly  to  very  knobby.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  248,  t.  4 ;    Engelm. 
in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii.  382,  392.     An  exceedingly  variable   species, 
embracing,  as  now  understood,  all  the  Rocky  Mountain  forms.     These  forms 
can  be  arranged  in  two  groups  as  follows  :  — 

*  Leaves  larger,  strongly  lobed,  darker  green,  and  decidedly  deciduous :  calyx- 
lobes  narrower,  ciliate:  acorns  often  thicker  and  shorter.  —  From  W.  Texas 
through  Colorado  to  Utah  and  Arizona. 

Var.  Gambelii,  Engelm.  The  large  leaf  with  broader  emarginate  or 
even  lobed  divisions.  —  Q.  Gambelii,  Nutt. 

Var.  Gunnisoni,  Engelm.  Lobes  of  the  leaf  narrow  and  entire.  —  Q. 
alba,  var.  Gunnisoni,  Torr. 

Var.  breviloba,  Engelm.  Leaves  sinuate  or  broad-  and  short-lobed.  — 
Q.  obtusiloba,  var.  bi'eviloba,  Torr. 

Var.  Jamesii,  Engelm.  Like  var.  Gunnisoni,  but  the  smaller  and  more 
rigid  leaves  with  acute  lobes. 


334  SALICINE^E.      (WILLOW   FAMILY.) 

*  *  Leaves  smaller,  paler,  more  rigid,  mostly  spinous-dentate,  and  (at  least  south- 
ward) more  or  less  persistent :  calyx-lobes  broader  and  woolly :  acorns  often 
slender  and  longer.  —  Ranging  farther  north  and  east  than  the  other 
group. 

Var.  Wrightii,  Engelm.  Leaves  small  (an  inch  long  or  less),  sinuate- 
dentate,  the  teeth  very  rigid  and  pungent.  —  The  Q.  Emori/i  of  Fl.  Colorado, 
with  which  Arizona  species  it  has  been  constantly  confounded. 

Var.  grandifolia,  Engelm.  Leaves  very  large  (3  to  5  inches  long), 
nearly  entire  or  undulate :  peduncles  very  long.  —  Upon  the  Upper  Arkansas 
(Brandegee)  and  Arizona. 


ORDER  75.    SALICINEJG.     (WILLOW  FAMILY.) 

Dioecious  trees  or  shrubs,  with  both  kinds  of  flowers  in  catkins,  one 
under  each  bract,  entirely  destitute  of  floral  envelopes  ;  the  fruit  a 
1 -celled  and  2-valved  pod,  with  numerous  seeds  furnished  with  long 
silky  down.  —  Leaves  alternate,  undivided. 

1.  Salix.     Bracts  entire.    Flowers  with  small  glands  ;  disks  none.    Stamens  few.    Stigmas 

short.     Buds  with  a  single  scale. 

2.  Populus.     Bracts  lacerate.     Flowers  with   a  broad  or  cup-shaped  disk.     Stamens 

numerous.     Stigmas  elongated.     Buds  scaly. 

1.     SALIX,    Tourn.        WILLOW.    OSIER.    (By  M.  S.  BEBB,  Esq.) 

Aments  preceding  or  accompanying  the  leaves.  Filaments  filiform,  free 
or  more  or  less  connate.  Ovary  and  capsule  more  or  less  conical.  —  Trees, 
shrubs,  or  undershrubs,  mostly  confined  to  the  neighborhood  of  water :  leaves 
mostly  long  and  pointed,  feather-veined. 

§  1.  Aments  on  short  lateral  leafy  branchlets:  scales  yellowish,  falling  before  the 
capsules  mature :  filaments  hairy  below :  shrubs  and  small  trees  of  the  low- 
lands. 

#  Stamens  3  to  5  :   capsules  glabrous :  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate. 

1.  S.  amygdaloides,  Anders.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
2  to  4  inches  long,  £  to  1  inch  wide,  attenuate-cuspidate,  paler  or  glaucous 
beneath,  closely   and   sharply   serrate;  petioles   slender  eglandular ;  stipules 
minute  and  very  early  deciduous :  staminate  aments  elongated,  slendcrlij-cylin- 
drical,  2  to  3  inches  long,  subflexuose,  the  flowers  somewhat  remotely  and 
subverticillately  arranged  on  the  slender  rhachis  ;  fertile  becoming  very  loose  in 
fruit,  3  to  4  inches  long :  scales  in  male  aments  ovate,  villons  with  crisp  hairs,  in 
the  female  narrower,  smoother,  and  fugaceous  :  capsules  lanceolate,  on  slender 
pedicels;  style  very  short  or  obsolete,  stigmas  notched.  — A  small  tree,  grow- 
ing on  the  banks  of  streams,  from  New  York  and  Missouri  west  to  Oregon. 
The  nearly  allied  S.  nigra,  so  common  between  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the 
Great  Lakes,  has  not  been  found  within  our  limits. 

2.  S.  lasiandra,  Benth.,  var.  Fendleriana,  Bebb.     Leaves  lanceolate, 
tapering  to  a  very  long  attenuate  point,  coriaceous,  scarcely  paler  beneath. 


SALICINE^E.      (WILLOW    FAMILY.)  335 

closely  glandular-serrate ;  stipules  small,  roundish ;  petioles  glandular  at  the 
tip :  starninate  aments  densely  flowered,  oblong-cylindrical,  1  to  2  inches  long* 
obtuse ;  fertile  rather  shorter,  erect  or  spreading,  in  fruit  thick;  scales  dentate, 
hairy  at  base,  in  the  female  ament  almost  glabrous :  stamens  5  or  more :  cap- 
sules tapering  from  an  ovate  base  :  style  short ;  stigmas  bifid.  —  Banks  of 
mountain  streams,  frequent.  Scarcely  distinguished  from  S-  lucida  of  the 
Eastern  States  by  the  narrower  and  less  glossy  leaves. 

#  *  Stamens  2  :    capsules  tomentose  or  glabrous :  leaves  linear,  remotely  mucro- 

nate-dentate. 

3.  S.  longifolia,  Muhl.     Leaves  varying  from  linear  to  lanceolate,  long 
acuminate,  tapering  at  base,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  2  to  4  inches  long,  1  to  6  lines 
(usually  2  to  3  lines)  wide,  margin  remotely  denticulate  with  projecting  teeth 
or  sometimes  entire ;  stipules  very  early  deciduous :  aments  linear-cylindrical, 
often  clustered  at  the  extremity  of  the  branchlets :  scales  villous,  dentate, 
subdeciduous  :    capsules  oblong-conical,  obtuse,  shortly  pedicelled,  tomentose 
or  glabrous  :  stigmas  large,  sessile.  —  From  Maine  and  Maryland  across  the 
continent  to  Oregon  and  California.     Exceedingly  variable  in  foliage,  flowers, 
and  fruit.    A  shrub  (within  our  limits)  rooting  extensively  in  alluvial  deposits 
and  forming  dense  clumps. 

§  2.    Aments  lateral  or  terminal  with  or  without  bracts:   scales  persistent,  usually 

darker  at  the  tip :  stamens  2  ,•  filaments  glabrous. 

#  Capsules  glabrous. 

4.  S.    COrdata,    Muhl.      Leaves    linear-   or   oblong-lanceolate,    acuminate, 
glandular-serrate,  glabrous  (usually  more  or  less  silky  when  young) ;  those 
of  vigorous  barren  shoots  broadly-lanceolate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base, 
3  to  4  inches  long,  1  to  l£  inches  wide,  rigid,  paler  and  reticulate-veined  be- 
neath, coarsely  serrate,  conspicuous   stipules    ovate   or   reniform ;    those  of 
depauperate  growths  linear-lanceolate,  taper-pointed  at  both  ends,  2  inches 
long  by  j  inch  wide,  very  finely  and  closely  serrate,  scarcely  paler  beneath, 
stipules  minute :  aments  more  or  less  bracted,  cylindrical,  1  to  3  inches  long 
in  fruit :  scales  dark  at  the  tip,  clothed  with  long  white  hairs :  capsule  lanceo- 
late, glabrous,  green   or   reddish,   long  pedicelled :    style    medium ;    stigmas 
notched. 

Var.  Mackenziaua,  Hook.  Leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  narrowed  at 
base,  subentire  ;  stipules  small :  aments  shortly  peduncled  ;  pedicels  long  and 
slender,  much  exceeding  the  small,  sparsely  villous  tawny  scale. 

Var.  vestita,  Anders.  Recent  twigs  tomentose  ;  young  leaves  silky : 
aments  thick,  closely  sessile,  preceding  the  leaves :  scales  clothed  with  long 
silky  hairs. 

Northern  States  clear  across  the  continent  and  northward  to  the  Arctic 
coast.  The  var.  vestita,  growing  on  the  banks  of  the  Missouri  and  Yellow- 
stone Rivers,  L.  F.  Ward,  known  as  "  Diamond  Willow  "  from  the  peculiar 
arrest  of  wood-  growth  at  the  base  of  the  atrophied  twigs,  is  said  to  afford 
very  durable  timber.  It  is  altogether  incredible,  however,  that  any  form  of 
S.  cordata  ever  attains  tree-like  size. 

5.  S.  Novse-Anglise,  Anders.     Leaves  obovate-oblong  or  oval,  somewhat 
obtuse,  closely  crenate,  green  and  glabrous  both  sides,  young  drying  black,  adult 
rigid,  striate-nerved,  shining ;  stipules  small  or  none :  aments  short,  oval-oblong, 


33ft  SALICINE.E.     (WILLOW  FAMILY.) 

at  first  wrapped  in  the  leaves  of  the  short  peduncle :  scales  obovate-roundish, 
apex  black,  villous  with  white  hairs :  capsules  conic-rostrate  glabrous,  green 
or  reddish,  short-pedicelled  :  style  medium  ;  stigmas  thick,  entire,  erect. 

Var.  pseudo-myrsinites.  Small  shrub  1  to  3  feet  high,  divaricately 
branched:  leaves  l£  inches  long,  £  inch  wide,  short  petioled,  membranaceous : 
prominently  nerved  aments  leafy-bracted,  l£  inches  long. 

Var.  pseudo-COrdata,  Anders.  By  no  means  a  tall  shrub,  branches 
upright:  leaves  oval-oblong,  l£  inches  long,  %  inch  wide,  scarcely  narrower 
below  the  middle,  roundish  at  base,  apex  produced,  rather  acute,  margin 
minutely  serrulate  :  aments  about  an  inch  long. 

Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Montana  (valley  of  Nevada  Creek, 
Canby),  and  northward  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Mackenzie  Rivers. 

6.  S.  irrorata,  Anders.    Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  3  to  4  inches  long,  \  inch 
or  less  wide,  very  smooth,  somewhat  coriaceous,  bright  green  and  shining  above 
except  the  yellowish  midrib,  paler  or  often  intensely  glaucous  beneath,  remotely 
undulate-serrate ;  petioles  ^  inch  long ;  buds  large,  roundish ;  stipules  evanescent : 
aments  all  appearing  before  the  leaves,  an  inch  long,  crowded  on  the  branches, 
sessile,  scarcely  bracted,  very  densely  flowered ;  males  oblong,  golden-yellow ; 
females  erect  or  spreading,  at  length  1  to  l£  inches  long  :  scales  dark,  obtuse, 
villous:    capsules    ovate-conical,  smooth,  green,   scarcely   pedicelled :    style 
medium ;  stigmas  very  short,  entire  or  bifid.  —  Shrub  6  to  8  feet  high,  with 
upright  branches.    One-year-old  twigs  often  covered  with  a  beautiful  glaucous 
bloom,  which  is  easily  rubbed  off;  not  present  on  vigorous  young  shoots. 
Mountains  near  Golden,   Greene;    Manitou,  Brandegee,  Jones;  Empire  City, 
Engelmann.     Only  the  very  young  leaves  (an  inch  long)  accompanying  the 
flowers  and  fruit  of  Fendler's  No.  812  were  known  to  Professor  Andersson. 

7.  S.    monticola,    Bebb.      Leaves   oblong-lanceolate,   the   eadiest  obovate, 
acute,  3  to  6  inches  long,  1  to  If  inches  wide,  glabrous,  rigid  and  glaucous 
beneath  or  thin  and  pale  beneath,  unevenly  crenate  or  serrulate ;  stipules  large, 
semicordate,  acute ;  buds  large,  ovate  and  beaked  at  the  tip :  aments  thick,  densely 
flowered,  sessile ;  males  closely  so ;  females  with  a  few  broad  bracts  at  base, 
when  in  flower  about  an  inch  long,  lengthening  in  fruit  to  1^  or  2  inches  :  scales 
oval,  obtuse,  clothed  wtih  long  yellowish-white  silky  hairs:  capsules  ovate- 
conical,  glabrous,  sessile  or  nearly  so :  style  elongated ;  stigmas  erect,  bifid 
or  entire.  —  Marshy  places  along  streams,  mountains  of  Colorado :  Golden, 
Greene;  Georgetown,  Patterson;  Empire  City,  Engelmann.     Also  collected  in 
fragmentary  specimens,  mostly  old  fruiting  aments,  by  Hall  and  many  other 
subsequent  explorers:  probably  common.     A  densely  cespitose  shrub,  8  to  12 
feet  high,  stem  1  to  2  inches  in  diameter.     The  broad,  irregularly-toothed 
leaves  (especially  when  rigid  and  glaucous  beneath)  bear  a  remarkable  resem- 
blance to  those  of  &  discolor ;  a  resemblance  heightened  by  the  conspicuous 
stipules  on  vigorous  shoots ;  but  the  aments  are  very  different.     Allied  to  the 
foregoing  and  more  nearly  representing  the  European  S.  daphnoides,  S.  irro- 
rata being  the  equivalent  as  it  were  of  S.  acutifolia. 

#  *  Capsules  tomentose  (rarely  glabrate  in  12  and  13). 
•t-  Pedicels  slender,  style  obsolete  or  none. 

8.  S.  flavescens,  Nutt.     Leaves  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  acute  or  the 
lower  obtuse,  wedge-shaped  at  base,  2  to  3  inches  long,  1  to  1£  inches  wide, 


SALICINEJE.      (WILLOW   FAMILY.)  337 

downy  but  very  soon  glabrate  and  dull  green  above,  glaucous  and  rufous 
pubescent  beneath  or  often  when  young  clothed  with  a  lustrous  silky  tomen- 
tum ;  margin  entire  or  irregularly  subserrate ;  stipules  small,  denticulate, 
f ugaceous :  aments  oblong,  densely  flowered,  appearing  before  the  leaves,  the 
males  closely  sessile,  an  inch  long,  the  females  on  distinct  peduncles,  rarely 
with  leafy  bracts,  in  fruit  2  inches  long  or  more  :  scales  blackish,  obovate,  very 
silky  :  capsules  white-tomentose,  3  to  4  lines  long,  tapering  into  a  long  beak, 
the  slender  pedicels  about  equalling  the  scales:  styles  obsolete;  stigmas  long, 
entire  or  deeply  parted,  the  linear  lobes  inflexed.  —  A  shrub,  4  to  5  feet  high, 
alt.  6,500  feet.  The  geographical  equivalent  of  the  Eastern  S.  discolor,  and 
represented  on  the  western  coast  by  the  form  known  as  S.  Scouleriana. 

9.  S.  rostrata,  Richardson.    Leaves  varying  from  obovate  to  lanceolate, 
1  to  3  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  thin  at  first,  becoming  rigid,  serrate  or 
nearly  entire,  downy  or  smooth  above,  glaucous,  reticulate-veined  and  tomen- 
tose  beneath  ;  stipules  usually  small  and  deciduous  :  aments  bracteate,  appear- 
ing with  the  leaves  ;  male  sessile,  rather  short,  densely  flowered ;  female  becoming 
very  loose  in  fruit:  capsules  tomentose,  tapering  from  near  the  base  into  a  very 
long  slender  beak;  pedicels  thread-like,  conspicuously  exceeding  the  pale,  rosy- 
tipped,  linear,  thinly-villous  scales :  style  scarcely  any ;   lobes  of  the  stigma 
entire  or  deeply  parted.  —  Does  not  spread  from  the  root,  forming  a  clump, 
but  has  rather  the  habit  of  a  small  bushy  tree.     A  reduced  form,  divaricately 
much  branched  and  the  slender  twigs  thickly  set  with  small,  oblanceolate, 
mostly  entire  leaves,  is  common  in  the  mountains.     New  England  to  Van- 
couver Island  and  northward  to  the  Saskatchewan. 

S.  MACROCARPA,  Nutt.  (S.  Geyeriana,  And.),  collected   by  Geyer  on  the 
Cosur  d'Alene  River  in  Northern  Idaho,  is  likely  to  occur  within  our  limits. 
•*-  •»-  Pedicels  short  or  none. 
-M.  Styles  distinct. 

10.  S.  Chlorophylla,  Anders.    Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-obovate,  quite 
entire,  bright  green  above,  glaucous  beneath ;  stipules  none :  aments  short,  closely 
sessile,  naked  at  base,  cylindrical,  remarkably  compact :  scales  very  dark :  cap- 
sules sessile,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  densely  ashy-tomentose,  style   elongated, 
entire;  stigmas  entire.  —  A  straggling  bush,  l£  to  6  feet  high,  at  11,000  feet 
alt.    One-year-old  twigs  shining  chestnut,  sometimes  covered  with  a  glaucous 
bloom  :  buds  large,  dark-colored  :  young  leaves  often  silky.    Cascade,  Wahsatch 
and  Rocky  Mountains ;  northward  to  the  Saskatchewan. 

11.  S.  Candida,  Willd.     Leaves  narrowli/  lanceolate,  subcoriaceous,  2  to  4 
inches  long,  ^  to  f  inch  wide,  acute  or  the  lowest  obtuse,  tapering  at  base 
into  a  short  petiole,  upper  surface  downy,  becoming  nearly  glabrous  when  old, 
under  surface  covered  with  a  dense  snow-white  tomentum  ;  margin  obscurely  crenu- 
late,  revolute:  aments  subsessile,  erect,  cylindrical,  when  in  flower  about  an 
inch  long,  anthers  red,  when  in  fruit  lengthening  to  1^  or  2  inches:  scales 
obovate,  clothed   with  long  white  hairs :    capsule  ovate-conic,  densely  white- 
woolly  ;  pedicel  about  twice  the  length  of  the  elongated,  dark-colored  nectary  : 
style  elongated,  dark  red;  stigmas  short,  spreading,  notched.  —  Bogs,  foot- 
hills of  the  Rocky  Mountains ;  rare.     Near  Cutbank  Creek,  Montana,  Canby ; 
Colorado,  Hall.     Shrub  2  to  5  feet  high :  young  shoots  white-woolly,  older 
shining  red. 

22 


338  SALICINE^E.     (WILLOW  FAMILY.) 

12.  S.  glauca,  L.,  var.  villosa,   Anders.      Leaves  oblanceolate,  acute, 
attenuate  at  base,  entire,  2  to  4  inches  long,  varying  from  soft  villous  to 
scarcely  pilose  when  young,  at  length  glabrate  and  rigid,  more  or  less  glau- 
cous beneath ;   stipules  lanceolate :   aments  short-peduncled,  cylindrical,  the 
fertile  w/ien  mature  sometimes  very  large,  2  to  3  inches  long :  scales  oblong- 
obovate,  rather  acute,  brownish :  capsules  lanceolate-acuminate,  tomentose,  at 
length  subglabrate :  pedicels  equalling  the  nectary :  style  produced,  entire  or 
deeply  bifid  ;  stigmas  entire  or  bifid.  —  A  diffuse  shrub,  3  to  7  feet  high,  with 
short  and  stout  branches,  differing  from  typical  S.  glauca  only  in  the  less 
woolly  and  more  pointed  capsules  and  the  usually  entire  styles.    Low  meadows, 
foot-hills  of  the  mountains. 

13.  S.  desertorum,  Richards.    Leaves  elliptical-oblanceolate,  rigid,  more 
or  less  whitish-tomentose  beneath,  the  yellow  midrib  prominent :  aments  very 
short,  subglobose  or  oblong,  densely  flowered :  scales  pale  rose-color,  densely  white- 
villous :  capsules  ovate-conical,  white-woolly,  sessile :  style  short ;  stigmas  bifid. 

Var.  ?  Wolfii.  Leaves  at  length  smooth,  scarcely  paler  beneath,  with  a 
tendency  to  blacken  in  drying :  scales  very  dark,  sparingly  villous :  capsules 
reddish,  glabrate:  style  entire;  stigmas  notched. — S.  Wolfii,  Bebb,  Bot. 
Wheeler  Exped.  241. 

A  low,  1  to  2  feet  high,  scraggy  shrub,  growing  in  clumps  on  alpine  slopes 
far  above  the  timber  line.  The  leaves  scarcely  exceed  an  inch  in  length  by 
2  or  3  lines  in  width,  the  small,  roundish  compact  aments  very  numerous,  less 
than  half  an  inch  long,  on  short  peduncles  which  are  invested  with  two  or 
three  narrow  leaf-like  bracts  often  exceeding  the  anient  in  length.  This  is 
the  typical  form,  Drummond,  n.  657 ;  Hall  $•  Harbour,  n.  523.  Toward  the 
fcot-hills  occur  "  varieties  which  have  a  very  different  aspect,  with  much  larger, 
more  woolly  leaves,  and  longer  and  looser  catkins,"  (Hooker,)  presenting  a 
manifest  transition  into  S.  glauca-villosa. 

14.  S.  arctica,  R.  Br.,  var.  petraea,  Anders.    Leaves  obovate,  obtuse  or 
lanceolate  and  tapering  somewhat  equally  to  the  base  and  apex,  an  inch  long, 
£  to  £  inch  wide,  entire,  green  on  both  sides,  slightly  paler  and  prominently 
nerved  beneath  :  aments  terminal,  erect,  at  length  thick  and  densely  flowered, 
1  to  2  inches  long :  scales  dark,  thinly  pilose :  capsules  ovate-conical,  2  to  3 
lines  long,  tomentose,  subsessile,  the  nectary  rather  exceeding  the  base  of  the 
capsule  :    style   elongated,  slender,  entire  ;   stigmas   bifid,  divaricate.  —  Far 
above  the  timber  line  in  little  patches  among  the  rocks,  frequently  blooming 
close  to  snow-banks.     A  very  small  creeping  shrub,  the  half-buried  hori- 
zontal branches  sending  up  short  few  leaved  twigs,  which,  with  the  conspicu- 
ous aments,  rise  only  2  to  3  inches  above  the  surface.     Colorado,  California, 
and  northward  in  other  forms  to  the  limit  of  vegetation. 

-w.  *+  Styles  none :  alpine  shrubs  with  orbicular,  reticulate-veined  leaves. 

15.  S.  vestita,  Pursh.     Leaves  elliptical  or  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  rounded 
at  base,  1  to  2  inches  long,  obscurely  crenulate,  strongly  reticulate  on  both 
surfaces,  green  above,  glaucous  beneath,  and  beautifully  clothed  with  silky 
hairs,  especially  along  the  prominent  midrib  and  excurrent  veins;  petioles 
short,  about  the  length  of  the  large,  obtuse  buds :  aments  on  short  villous 
peduncles  opposite  the  last  of  2  or  3  leaves  on  the  branch,  elongate-cylindrical, 


SALICINE.E.      (WILLOW  FAMILY.)  339 

densely  flowered,  the  males  more  slender  :  scales  short,  broad-ovate,  silky : 
capsules  ovate-conical,  sessile,  tomentose :  style  none,  lobes  of  the  stigmas 
bifid.  —  A  procumbent  shrub  rising  2  to  3  feet  above  the  rocks  or  boulders 
over  which  it  spreads,  making  a  dense  mass  4  to  10  feet  in  diameter.  Old 
Marias  Pass,  Montana,  alt.  6  to  8,000  feet,  Sargent  Sf  Canby.  Also  in  Canada 
and  Labrador. 

16.  S.  reticulata,  L.  Leaves  obovate  or  elliptic,  £  to  1  inch  long, 
rounded  at  base  or  mostly  subattenuate  into  a  long  and  slender  petiole,  quite 
entire,  glabrous,  green  above,  glaucous  beneath,  strongly  reticulated,  stipules 
none  :  aments  $  to  1  inch  long  on  slender  peduncles  at  the  ends  of  the  short 
branches,  opposite  to  the  last  leaf  :  scales  obovate,  purplish  or  yellow :  capsule 
ovate,  tomentose,  sessile,  nectary  "  a  laciniate  cup  surrounding  the  base  of  the 
capsule  " :  style  very  short  or  none  ;  stigmas  2-cleft,  brown,  spreading.  —  A 
dwarf  shrub  of  high  alpine  regions,  with  tortuous,  buried  stems,  the  leafy 
tips  and  flowers  rising  a  few  inches  above  the  surface.  Rocky  Mountains 
and  northward  to  the  Arctic  coast.  Our  plant  is  smaller  than  the  European 
type,  with  narrower  and  thinner  leaves,  less  wrinkled  above  and  fewer-flowered 
aments.  Extreme  forms,  in  which  the  leaves  are  scarcely  more  than  2  to  3 
lines  in  length  and  the  aments  reduced  to  5  to  7  flowers,  are  designated  var. 
nivalis,  Hook.  sp. 

2.    POPULUS,    Tourn.        POPLAR.    COTTONWOOD.    ASPEN. 

Trees  with  broad  and  more  or  less  heart-shaped  or  ovate-toothed  leaves, 
and  mostly  angular  branches :  buds  scaly,  covered  with  a  resinous  varnish : 
catkins  long  and  drooping,  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

1.  P.  tremuloides,  Michx.     Tree  20  to  50  feet  high,  with  smooth  green- 
ish-white bark;  branches  not  angled :  leaves  roundish-heart-shaped,  with  a  short 
sharp  point,  and  small  somewhat  regular  leeth,  smooth  on  both  sides,  with  downy 
margins :  scales  cut  into  3  to  4  deep  linear  divisions,  fringed  with  long  hairs.  — 
From  California  eastward  across  the  continent,  and  northward  to  the  Arctic 
Ocean  ;  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  as  far  south  as  New  Mexico.     The  "  Quak- 
ing Asp."     The  petiole  is  long,  slender,  and  laterally  compressed. 

2.  P.  aUglllata,  Ait.     A  large  tree,  80  feet  high  or  upward ;  branches 
acutely  angular  or  winged:  leaves  broadly  deltoid  or  heart-ovate,  smooth,  crenate- 
serrate,  or  with  obtuse  cartilaginous  teeth.  —  Extending  from  the  Atlantic 
States  into  our  northeastern  border,  and  abundant  along  the  Platte.     "  Cot- 
ton wood." 

3.  P.  balsamifera,  L.,  var.  candicans,  Gray.     A  tall  tree ;  branches 
round:  leaves  more  or  less  heart-shaped,  pointed,  serrate,  whitish  and  reticulate- 
veined  beneath ;  petioles  commonly  hairy  :  scales  dilated,  slightly  hairy :  the 
large  buds  varnished  with  copious  fragrant  resinous  matter.  —  From  Colo- 
rado northward  and  eastward  to  Lake  Superior  and  New  England.     Com- 
monly called  "  Cottonwood." 

4.  P.   angUStifolia,    James.       Branches    terete,  glabrous:    leaves   ovate- 
lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  acute,  glabrous,  crenate-serrate.  —  P.  balsamifera, 
var.  angustifolia,  Watson.     From  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to  California 
and  Washington  Territory. 


340  OECHIDACE^.      (OKCHIS   FAMILY.) 

SUBCLASS  II.      MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    OR    ENDOGE- 
NOUS PLANTS. 

Embryo  with  one  cotyledon.  Leaves  mostly  parallel-veined, 
alternate,  entire,  and  sheathing  at  base.  Flowers  usually  in 
threes. 

ORDER  76.    ORCHID ACE^E.     (ORCHIS  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  distinguished  by  their  perfect  irregular  flowers,  with  6-merous 
perianth  aduate  to  a  1 -celled  ovary,  with  very  numerous  minute  ovules 
on  3  parietal  placentae,  and  with  one  or  two  gynandrous  stamens,  the 
pollen  cohering  in  masses.  Perianth  of  6  divisions  in  2  sets ;  the  3 
outer,  or  sepals,  mostly  petal-like  and  resembling  the  3  inner:  one 
of  the  inner  set  is  variously  modified  into  what  is  called  a  labeUum  or 
Up,  the  other  two  alone  being  called  petals.  Before  the  lip,  in  the  axis 
of  the  flower,  is  the  column,  composed  of  a  single  stamen  (more  in 
Cypripediuni)  variously  coherent  with  or  borne  on  the  style  or  thick 
fleshy  stigma;  the  anther  2-celled,  each  cell  containing  one  or  more 
masses  of  pollen,  pollinia.  Stigma  a  broad  glutinous  surface  (except 
in  Cypripedlum) .  —  Perennials,  often  tuberous,  sometimes  parasitic, 
with  leaves  mostly  alternate.  Flowers  showy  and  singular  in  shape, 
arranged  for  cross -fertilization  by  means  of  insects. 

Tribe  I.  Anther  one,  terminal  and  resting  like  a  lid  upon  the  column,  deciduous  ; 
pollen-masses  '4,  smooth  and  waxy :  leafless,  except  perhaps  a  single  radical  leaf : 
flowers  pedicellate. 

1.  Calypso.    Scape  1-flowered,  from  a  solid  bulb.     Lip  saccate.     Column  broadly-winged. 

Pollen-masses  sessile  on  a  large  square  membranaceous  gland. 

2.  Corallorhiza.    Flowers  racemose,  spurred  or  gibbous  at  base.    Roots  branched,  coral- 

line.    Lip  expanded  or  concave,  crested.     Column  semiterete.     Pollen-masses  sessile 
on  a  short  oblong  gland. 

3.  Aplectrum.    Flowers  racemose,  not  spurred  nor  gibbous.     Lip  expanded,  deeply 

3-lobed.    Column  nearly  terete.     Pollen-masses  in  distinct  pairs,  without  glands. 
Rootstocks  bearing  a  solid  bulb  and  a  single  large  green  leaf. 

Tribe  II.  Anther  one,  connate  with  the  column  and  persistent  upon  its  face  just  above 
the  stigma;  pollen-masses  2,  of  coarse  grains  united  by  an  elastic  web,  each  mass 
attached  at  base  by  a  stalk  to  a  viscid  gland  :  stems  mostly  leafy  and  flowers  spicate 
or  racemose. 

4.  Habenaria.     Flowers  numerous,   white  or  greenish.     Lip    flat,    spurred.     Glands 

exposed. 

Tribe  III.  Anther  one,  erect  and  sessile  or  nearly  so  upon  the  top  of  the  column  and 
more  or  less  covering  and  declinate  upon  the  back  of  the  stigma,  persistent;  pollen- 
masses  2  or  4,  of  loosely  cohering  granules,  becoming  attached  by  their  upper  ends  to  a 
viscid  gland  on  the  beak  of  the  stigma :  without  spurs. 

5.  Spirant  lies.    Perianth  oblique  upon  the  ovary,  the  sepals  and  petals  connivent :  lip 

oblong,  embracing  the  column,  with  2  callosities  at  base.    Flowers  1  to  3-ranked  in  a 
twisted  spike.    Stems  leafy  below. 


OKCHIDACE^E.      (ORCHIS   FAMILY.)  341 

G.    Goodyera.    Like  the  last,  but  lip  saccate,  entire,  without  callosities  and  free  from 
the  column.     Leaves  all  radical,  white-reticulated. 

7.  lastera.     Perianth  spreading.     Lip  flat,  2-lobed.     Stem  low,  with  a  pair  of  broad  ses- 

sile leaves  in  the  middle. 

8.  Epipactis.    Perianth  spreading  and  ovary  rec-.urved.     Lip  somewhat  jointed  in  the 

middle,  concave  and  auriculate  at  base,  dilated  above.    Stem  leafy,  stout. 

Tribe  IV.     Perfect  anthers  2,  lateral,  the  sterile  one  forming  a  dilated  fleshy  appendage 
above  the  terminal  stigma ;  pollen  pulpy-granular. 

9.  Cypripedium.    Perianth  spreading.    Lip  an  inflated  sac.    Stems  leafy,  bearing  one 

or  a  few  showy  flowers. 

1.    CALYPSO,    Salisb. 

Petals  and  sepals  ascending,  similar  and  nearly  equal ;  lip  with  two  shcrt 
spurs  below  the  apex.  Column  petaloid,  oval  and  concave.  Lower  pair  of 
pollen-masses  smaller,  compressed.  —  A  low  herb,  in  bogs,  with  showy  flowers, 
a  scaly-sheathed  stem,  and  a  single  radical  broad  thin  leaf. 

1.  C.  borealis,  Salisb.  Stem  3  to  6  inches  high,  with  2  or  3  membrana- 
ceous  brownish  green  sheaths,  and  a  linear  acuminate  bract  at  the  summit : 
the  radical  leaf  broadly  ovate  or  slightly  cordate :  flower  drooping :  sepals 
and  petals  light  rose-color ;  lip  usually  longer,  brownish-pink  mottled  with  pur- 
ple, the  edge  margined  at  the  apex  and  bifid  or  entire,  about  equalling  the 
tooth-like  spurs  and  with  a  tuft  of  yellow  hairs  at  base.  —  From  Colorado  to 
Oregon  and  British  America ;  thence  eastward  to  the  North  Atlantic  States. 


2.    CORALLORHIZA,    Haller.        CORAL-ROOT. 

Petals  and  sepals  ascending,  similar  and  nearly  equal,  but  the  lateral  sepals 
oblique  at  base  and  either  decurrent  in  a  short  spur  adnate  to  the  side  of  the 
ovary,  or  forming  a  projecting  gibbosity  above  it.  Column  narrowly  mar- 
gined, broader  at  base,  somewhat  incurved.  —  Without  green  herbage,  the 
solitary  scape  with  2  to  4  membranaceous  sheaths,  and  bearing  a  simple  raceme 
of  brownish,  yellowish,  or  purple  flowers :  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit. 

*  Spur  present :  lip  3-lobed :  flowers  small,  yellowish-green  or  whitish,  often  tinged 
or  mottled  with  purple. 

1.  C.  multiflora,  Nutt.      Scape  a  foot  or  two   high,  many-flowered : 
sepals  and  petals  3-nerved ;  spur  manifest,  but  wholly  adnate  to  the  ovary  ;  lip 
nearl}/  sessile,  3-Iobed  by  a  deep  deft  on  each  side,  the  middle  one  rounded  or 
emarginate,  with  undulate  or  denticulate  margin :  capsule  6  to  9  lines  long, 
narrowed  to  a  short  rather  stout  pedicel.  — Across  the  continent  in  north  tem- 
perate latitudes,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  southward  to  the  Wahsatch  and 
Colorado. 

2.  C.  innata,  R.  Br.    Scape  slender,  4  to  10  inches  high,  3  to  15-flowered  : 
sepals  and  petals  l-nerved ;  spur  very  short ;  lip  somewhat  3-lobed  by  a  lateral 
deft,  abruptly  attenuate  to  the  base ;  column  stout,  constricted  in  the  middle :  cap- 
sule 2  to  4  lines  long,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  short  very  slender  pedicel.  —  From 
Colorado  to  Washington  Territory,  and  thence  eastward  to  Canada  and  the 
Atlantic  States,  and  northward  to  the  Arctic  regions. 


342  ORCHIDACE^E.      (ORCHIS   FAMILY.) 

*  *  Spur  none,  the  lateral  sepals  and  base  of  the  column  strongly  gibbous  over  the 

top  of  the  ovary :  lip  entire :  Jlowers  larger,  purple  and  veined,  not  spotted. 
3.  C.  striata,  Lindl.  Scape  stout,  a  foot  or  two  high,  many-flowered : 
flowers  often  6  or  7  lines  long ;  lip  fleshy,  somewhat  narrowed  below,  reflexed 
above  the  base  and  bearing  the  prominent  laminae  upon  the  arch.  —  C.  Macrcei, 
Gray,  Manual,  510.  From  Washington  Territory  and  Oregon  eastward  to 
the  Great  Lakes. 

3.    APLECTRTJM,    Torr.        PUTTY-ROOT. 

Lip  3-ridged.  Column  nearly  straight,  not  broader  at  base.  Scape  lateral 
from  a  thick  globose  solid  bulb  upon  a  slender  horizontal  rootstock,  the  bulb 
bearing  at  summit  a  large  petioled  plaited  leaf.  Flowers  rather  large,  soon 
deflexed. 

1.  A.  hiemale,  Torr.  Scape  with  3  or  4  greenish  sheaths:  the  radical 
leaf  ovate-oblong  to  broadly  oblanceolate,  4  to  8  inches  long,  many-nerved, 
continuing  through  the  winter :  sepals  and  petals  greenish-brown,  5-nerved ; 
lip  whitish  or  somewhat  spotted,  attenuate  into  a  distinct  claw :  ovary  attenu- 
ate into  a  slender  pedicel.  —  Along  our  eastern  border  and  eastward  to  the 
Atlantic ;  found  also  in  Oregon. 

4.    HABENARIA,   Willd. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  convergent  or  the  lower  sepals  spreading. 
Lip  without  ridges  or  callosities.  Column  very  short.  Anther-cells  parallel 
or  divergent  at  base.  —  Stems  from  fleshy-fibrous  or  tuberous  roots :  flowers 
greenish  or  white,  not  showy  in  our  species. 

#  Stems  slender,   bracteate,  with  2  or  3  leaves  at  base:  sepals  \-nerved:  spur 

longer  than  the  lip. 

1.  H.  Unalaschensis,  Watson.     Spike  of  flowers  elongated  and  rather 
open :  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear :  bracts  ovate,  not  exceeding  the 
ovary  :  sepals,  petals,  and  lip  about  a  line  long,  the  narrow  or  somewhat  cla- 
vate  spur  scarcely  or  sometimes  nearly  twice  longer.  —  H.  fcetida,  Watson, 
Bot.  King  Exped.  341.     In  the  Wahsatch,  Uinta,  and  Teton  Mountains,  and 
along  the  Pacific  coast  to  Unalaska. 

*  #  Sepals  3-nerved :  spur  not  longer  than  the  entire  lip. 
•»-  Stem  leaf  i/. 

2.  H.  hyperborea,  R.  Br.    Leaves  lanceolate,  erect :  spike  dense  :  flowers 
greenish ;  lip  and  petals  lanceolate,  somewhat  equal,  the  latter  spreading  from 
the  base:  glands  orbicular:  stalk  of  the  pollen- masses  very  slender  and  weak. 
—  Colorado  and  northward,  thence  across  the  continent. 

3.  H.  dilatata,  Gray.    Like  the  last,  but  more  slender  and  with  narrower 
commonly  linear  leaves :  flowers  white ;  Up  lanceolate  from  a  rhomboid 'al-dilated 
base,  its  base  with  the  bases  of  other  petals  and  sepals  erect-connivent :  glands 
approximate,  large  and  strap-shaped,  vertical,  nearly  as  long  as  the  pollen- 
mass  and  its  short  flat  stalk  together.  —  From  Colorado  northward  and 
eastward. 


OKCHIDACE^:.      (ORCHIS   FAMILY.)  ,343 

•i-  •*-  Scape  or  stem  naked  above,  one-leaved  at  the  base. 

4.  H.  obtusata,  Richardson.  Leaf  obovate  or  spatulate-oblong :  upper 
sepal  very  broad  and  rotmded  :  lip  deflexed,  about  the  length  of  the  tapering 
and  curving  spur :  anther-cells  arcuate  and  widely  separated.  —  Colorado  and 
northward,  thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 

5.    SPIRANTHES,    Richard.        LADIES'  TRESSES 

Dilated  summit  of  the  lip  spreading  and  undulate.  Column  very  short, 
oblique,  terminating  in  a  stout  terete  stipe.  —  Flowers  small,  white. 

1.  S.  Romanzoffiana,  Cham.  Glabrous,  rather  stout,  4  to  18  inches 
high :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear :  spike  dense,  3-ranked,  conspicuously 
bracteate,  1  to  4  inches  long :  perianth  curved ;  lip  recurved,  contracted  below 
the  rounded  wavy-crenulate  summit ;  callosities  smooth,  often  obscure.  — 
From  Colorado  northward  and  ranging  across  the  continent. 

6.     GOODYERA,    R.  Br.        RATTLESNAKE  PLANTAIN. 

Scapes  few-bracteate :  leaves  thickish,  rosulate  at  the  base,  petioled  :  root 
stock  creeping,  with  fibrous  fleshy  rootlets. 

1.  G.  Menziesii,  Lindl.  Scape  and  inflorescence  pubescent:  leaves 
smooth,  ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  reticulated  with  light  greenish 
markings :  spike  many-flowered,  rather  dense,  secund  :  perianth  white,  puberu- 
lent :  column  short  and  straight :  gland  and  bifid  beak  very  narrow  and  elon- 
gated.—  From  Colorado  northward,  thence  eastward  along  the  northern 
Vorder  to  W.  New  York ;  also  in  the  Pacific  States. 

7.    LISTER  A,    R.  Br.        TWATBLADE. 

Sepals  and  petals  similar :  lip  free,  longer  than  the  sepals.  Column  free 
and  naked.  —  Stems  from  fibrous  and  creeping  roots :  flowers  small,  in  a  loose 
raceme. 

1.  L.  COnvallarioides,  Nutt.     Stem  slender,  3  inches  to  a  foot  high, 
naked  excepting  one  or  two  sheaths  at  base  and  the  pair  of  orbicular  or  ovate 
lea ves  just  below  the  raceme :  inflorescence  pubescent :  sepals  and  petals  linear; 
lip  oblonrf-ovate  and  cuneate,  with  a  small  tooth  on  each  side  near  the  base.  — 
From  the  Sierra  Nevada  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.  Ii.  cordata,  R.  Br.     Leaves  smaller,  triangular-ovate  and  somewhat  cor- 
date :  flowers  minute,  on  short  pedicels  in  a  smooth  raceme :  sepals  ovate ;  lip 
linear.  —  Same  range  as  last. 

8.    EPIPACTIS,   Haller. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal:  lip  narrowly  constricted  in  the  middle. 
Column  short,  erect.  —  Stem  from  creeping  rootstocks :  flowers  few  and  pedi- 
celled,  with  conspicuous  bracts  divergent,  and  the  ovaries  at  right  angles  to 
the  stem. 

1.  E.  gigantea,  Dongl.  One  to  four  feet  high,  nearly  smooth :  leaves 
from  ovate  below  to  narrowly  lanceolate  above,  somewhat  scabrous  on  the 


344  IRIDACE.E.      (IRIS   FAMILY.) 

veins  beneath :  raceme  pubescent :  flowers  greenish,  strongly  veined  with 
purple :  saccate  base  of  the  lip  with  erect  wing-like  margins,  strongly  nerved, 
and  the  nerves  callous-tuberculate  near  the  base.  —  W.  Texas  and  S.  W.  Colo- 
rado to  California  and  Washington  Territory. 

9.    CYPRIPEDIUM,    L.        LADY'S  SLIPPER. 

Lateral  sepals  often  united  into  one  under  the  lip :  sac-like  lip  with  the  in- 
curved margin  auricled  near  the  base.  —  Leaves  large  and  many-nerved, 
plaited,  sheathing  at  the  base.  In  ours  the  stem  is  1  to  3-flowered,  the  lip  is 
slipper-shaped  and  mucli  inflated,  and  the  sepals  and  linear  wavy-twisted  petals 
are  brownish,  pointed,  and  longer  than  the  lip. 

1.  C.  parviflorum,  Salisb.     Sepals  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate:  lip  flattish 
from  above,  bright  yellow,  fragrant :  sterile   stamen  triangular :   leaves  oval, 

pointed.  —  Colorado  and  eastward. 

2.  C.  pubescens,  Willd.      Stem  pubescent:    sepals  elongated-lanceolate: 
Up  flattened  laterally,  very  convex  and  gibbous  above,  pale  yellow,  scentless : 
leaves  broadly  oval,  acute.  —  Colorado  and  eastward. 


ORDER  77.     IRIDACEJE.     (IRIS  FAMILY.) 

Perennial  herbs,  with  equitant  sheathing  2-runked  linear  leaves,  and 
perfect  triandrous  regular  flowers,  the  six  divisions  of  the  superior 
perianth  petal-like;  stamens  on  the  base  of  the  sepals,  with  extrorse 
anthers;  ovary  3-celled,  becoming  a  3-lobed  or  triangular  pod  with  few 
or  many  seeds.  —  Flowers  showy,  few  or  solitary.  Style  3-cleft  at  the 
apex. 

1.  Iris.    Outer  segments  of  the  flower  recurved,  the  inner  erect.     Branches  of  the  style 

petaloid,  opposite  the  anthers.     Filaments  distinct.     Rootstocks  creeping.     Seeds 
flattened. 

2.  Sisyriiichium.     Segments  similar,  spreading.    Stigmas  filiform,  alternate  with  the 

anthers.     Filaments  connate.     Roots  fibrous.    Seeds  globular. 

1.    IBIS,    Tourn.        FLOWER-DE-LUCE.    FLAG. 

Perianth  tube  prolonged  above  the  ovary.  Stamens  beneath  the  arching, 
petal-like  branches  of  the  style.  Base  of  the  style  connate  with  the  perianth 
tube ;  the  divisions  stigmatic  at  the  thin  apex,  above  which  is  a  broad  2-parted 
crest,  which  is  decurrent  on  the  inner  side  to  the  base  of  the  style.  —  Stems 
from  usually  thickened  rootstocks :  flowers  large  and  showy,  solitary  or  few 
in  a  forked  corymb. 

1.   I.  Missouriensis,  Nutt      Stems  rather  slender,  naked  or  with  1  or 

2  leaves,  £  to  2  feet  high,  usually  2-flowered :  leaves  mostly  shorter  than  the 
stem :  bracts  dilated  and  scarious  :  flowers  pale  blue  ;  sepals  and  petals  2  or 

3  inches  long,  with  narrow  claws :  seeds  obovate,  acute  at  base.  —  I.  Tol- 
mieana,  Herbert.    I.  tenax  ?  of  Fl.  Colorado.    From  Montana  and  Colorado 
westward  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  being  probably  the  only  species  of  the  Great 
Basin. 


LILIACE.E.      (LILY   FAMILY.)  345 

2.    SISYRINCHIUM,    L.        BLUE-EYED  GRASS. 

Perianth  G-parted.  Capsule  membranaceous,  subglobose. —  Stems  simple 
or  branched,  usually  geniculate  and  winged,  with  linear-lanceolate  or  grass-like 
radical  leaves,  and  fugacious  flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  clustered  within 
2  sheathing  herbaceous  bracts,  with  a  scarious  bractlet  subtending  each 
pedicel. 

1.  S.  anceps,  L.     Scape  broadly  winged,  and  the  outer  leaf  of  the  very 
unequal  spathe   longer  than  the  flowers.  —  S.  Bermudiana,  var.  anceps,  of 
Gray's  Manual.     In  the   Atlantic   States,  but  extending  westward  to  the 
Wahsatch  and  Uintas  (Watson). 

2.  S.  mucronatum,  Michx.    Scape  slender  and  narrowly  winged :  leaves 
very  narrow,  those  of  the  spathe  sharp-pointed  and  unequal,  one  of  them 
usually  longer  than  the  flowers.  —  S.  Bermudiana,  var.  mucronatum,  of  Gray's 
Manual.     Same  range  as  last,  but  extending  farther  westward. 


ORDER  78.    AM 

Like  Liliacecs,  but  ovary  inferior.  Differs  from  Iridacece  in  having 
six  stamens  and  leaves  not  equitant. 

1.    HYPOXYS,    L.        STAR-GRASS. 

Perianth  persistent,  spreading;  the  3  outer  divisions  a  little  herbaceous 
outside.  Pod  crowned  with  the  withered  or  closed  perianth.  Seeds  globular. 
—  Stemless  small  herbs,  with  grassy  and  hairy  linear  leaves  and  slender  few- 
flowered  scapes,  from  a  solid  bulb. 

1.  H.  juncea,  Smith.  Sparingly  hairy:  scapes  1  to  3,  filiform,  1  or 
2-flowered,  4  to  9  inches  long :  bracts  bristle-like,  shorter  than  the  villous 
pedicels :  the  three  exterior  divisions  of  the  perianth  greenish  and  hairy  with- 
out :  seeds  black,  minutely  fitted.  —  Colorado  (Brandegee). 


ORDER  79.     LILIACEJS.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

Terrestrial  plants,  mostly  herbaceous,  with  perfect  flowers,  a  regular 
corolla-like  6-cleft  or  divided  perianth,  stamens  opposite  the  segments, 
ovary  3-celled  and  superior  becoming  a  few  or  many-seeded  3-celled 
capsule  or  berry.  —  Stems  chiefly  from  tunicated  or  scaly  bulbs,  or 
conns,  or  rhizomes.  —  Watson's  Revision,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiv.  213. 

I.   Flowers  with  scarious  bracts,  a  persistent  perianth  with  segments  one  to  several-nerved, 
perigynous  staraeus  with  introrse  anthers,  and  an  undivided  and  mostly  persistent 
style. 
*  Inflorescence  umbellate  upon  a  naked  scape  from  a  bulb  or  conn  ;  sessile  upon  a  short 

rootstock  in  Leucocrinum. 

•*-  Bracts  (usually  2)  broad  and  spathaceous  :  capsule  more  or  less  deeply  lobed  :  perianth 
cleft  nearly  to  the  base :  bulb  mostly  tunicated. 


346  LILIACE^E.      (LILY   FAMILY.) 

1.  Allium.    Flowers  deep  rose-color  to  white.    Base  of  the  style  enclosed  between  the 

lobes  of  the  capsule  and  jointed  upon  the  short  axis.    Filaments  usually  dilated  at 
base.    Leaves  one  to  several.     Taste  and  odor  strongly  alliaceous. 

2.  Nothoscordum.    Flowers  greenish  or  yellowish  white.    Capsule  somewhat  lobed, 

with  the  style  obscurely  jointed  on  the  summit.     Filaments  filiform.     Leaves  several. 
Bulb  not  alliaceous. 

•»-  t-  Bracts  several,  not  spathaceous,  distinct :  capsule  not  lobed  :  perianth  funnel-form  : 
scape  from  a  membranous-  or  fibrous-coated  corm. 

3.  Brodlaea*    Flowers  blue.     Stamens  6,  in  two  rows,  with  naked  filaments.    Capsule 

ovate  to  oblong. 

4.  Androstephium.    Flowers  pale  lilac.    Stamens  6,  in  one  row  ;  the  filaments  united 

to  form  an  erect  tubular  crown,  with  bifid  lobes  alternate  with  the  anthers.    Capsule 
subglobose-triquetrous , 

IK  t-  -»-  Acaulescent :  bracts  elongated  linear:  capsule  triangular-obovate :  perianth  salver- 
form,  with  linear  tube  :  flowers  on  subterranean  pedicels,  from  a  short  rootstock. 
6.  Levicocriiium.    Flowers  white,  very  fragrant.     Style  slender  and  elongated,  dilated 
at  the  summit.     Leaves  narrowly  linear,  surrounded  at  base  by  scarious  bracts. 

*  *  Inflorescence  racemose  or  paniculate. 

•«-  Flowers  racemose  on  a  naked  scape  from  a  tunicated  bulb :  fruit  an  ovate  or  oblong 

capsule. 

6.  Camassia.    Flowers  blue  (or  white),  slightly  gibbous  ;  segments  8  to  7-nerved,  spread- 

ing.    Base  of  the  style  persistent.     Raceme  open.     Leaves  linear,  flat. 
•»••  •»-  Flowers  racemose,  racemose-panicled,  or  in  axillary  fascicles,  on  leafy  simple  stems 
from  creeping  rootstocks  :  fruit  a  globose  berry. 

7.  Polygonatum.     Flowers  white  or  greenish,  gamophyllous,  6-lobed  at  the  summit,  in 

axillary  pedunculate  fascicles  (or  solitary).    Stamens  on  the  tube.     Style  slender, 
deciduous. 

8.  Stnilacina.    Flowers  white,  with  distinct  perianth-segments,  in  a  racemose  panicle  or 

simple  raceme.    Stamens  at  the.base.    Style  short,  thick,  persistent. 
«»-••-  +»  Flowers  racemose-paniculate  upon  a  stout  leafy  or  leafy  bracteate  stem  from  a  stout 
caudex  or  thick  rootstock ;  anthers  sagittate :  fruit  a  berry  or  capsule  :  leaves  nu- 
merous and  crowded,  linear,  thick  and  more  or  less  rigid,  spinescent  at  apex. 

9.  Yucca.    Perianth  campanulate,  white  or  whitish,  segments  distinct.    Filaments  cla- 

vate.    Style  stout  and  persistent.     Usually  with  stout  woody  caudex. 

II.   Flower  bracts  none  or  foliaceous,  a  deciduous  perianth  with  net-veined  segments, 
hypogynous  stamens  with  extrorse  anthers,  deciduous  styles  united  at  least  at  base, 
and  the  fruit  a  loculicidal  (except  Calochortus)  capsule  or  a  berry. 
*  Stems  from  a  bulb  or  coated  corm  :  fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule  :  seeds  horizontal  or 

ascending. 

•+-  Perianth-segments  similar,  naked  :  style  long, 
w-  Bulb  scaly  :  stem  simple,  strict,  leafy :  anthers  versatile. 

10    T,ilhim.    Perianth-segments  oblanceolate,  with  a  linear  nectariferous  groove,  usually 
spotted.     Style  undivided. 

11.  Frltillaria.    Perianth-segments  broader  and  concave,  often  mottled ;  nectary  a  shal- 

low pit    Styles  united  to  the  middle  or  throughout. 
•M-  ++  Stem  simple,  low  or  dwarf,  from  a  corm  or  tunicated  bulb :  anthers  basifixed. 

12.  Erythronium.    Perianth-segments  oblanceolate,  strongly  revolute,  callous-toothed 

each  side  of  the  grooved  nectary.     Styles  usually  distinct  above.    Stem  lax,  2-leaved. 

13.  Lloydia.    Perianth  small,  spreading,  white  with  purplish  veins  and  base.    Style  un- 

divided.   Stem  leafy,  usually  1-flowered.    Alpine. 

•K  •»-  Outer  perianth-segments  smaller,  somewhat  sepal-like ;  the  inner  broad  and  usually 
bearded :  stigmas  sessile. 

14.  Calochortus.     Stem  usually  branched,  from  a  coated  corm.     Anthers  basifixed. 

Capsule  usually  septicidal. 


LILIACE.E.     (LILY  FAMILY.)  347 

#  *  Stems  from    a  short  or  creeping  rootstock :  fruit  a  reddish  lobed  berry :  seeds 

pendulous. 

15.  Streptopus.      Flowers  apparently  axillary,   greenish-white  or  purplish.      Anthers 

sagittate,  cuspidate,  on  short  deltoid  on  subulate  filaments.     Leaves  clasping. 

16.  Prosartes.     Flowers  in  fascicles  (1  to  6-flowered)  terminating  the  branches,  white  or 

greenish.     Anthers  oblong,  obtuse,  on  slender  filaments.     Leaves  with  reticulated 
veinlets. 

III.   Like  the  last,  but  perianth  persistent  with  nerved  segments,  styles  distinct,  and  cap- 
sule septicidal  (loculicidal  in  Xerophyllum). 

*  Flowers  usually  polygamous :  anthers  1-celled,  peltate  on  opening :  steins  leafy :  leaves 

not  rigid  nor  equitant. 

17.  Veratrum«    Stem  tall  and  stout,  from  a  thick  rootstock.     Inflorescence  paniculate, 

pubescent.     Leaves  broad,  strongly  nerved  and  plicate. 

18.  Zygadenus.     Stem  from  a  coated  bulb.     Inflorescence  a  raceme  or  subpaniculate, 

glabrous  ;  perianth-segments  glandular  at  base.    Leaves  linear. 

*  *  Flowers  dioecious,  on  naked  pedicels,  in  a  simple  elongated  raceme :  stem  very  leafy : 

leaves  thin,  oblanceolate. 

13.  Cluuunelirium.  Flowers  white  :  segments  narrowly  linear-spatulate,  equalling  the 
stamens,  which  are  shorter  and  abortive  in  the  pistillate  flowers.  Seeds  margined, 
and  winged  at  each  end. 

*  *  *  Flowers  perfect,  on  bracteolate  pedicels,  in  a  simple  raceme :  anthers  2-celled,  in- 

trorse :  seeds  numerous  :  stem  leafy :  leaves  equitant 

20.  Tofieldia.     Flowers  involucrate  with  3  scarious  united  bractlets.      Styles  short. 

Seeds  appendaged. 

*  *  #  *  Flowers  perfect,  on  naked  pedicels,  in  a  simple  dense  raceme:  styles  reflexed: 

seeds  few :  stem  very  leafy :  leaves  very  narrow,  rigid  and  rough-edged. 

21.  Xeropliyllum.     Flowers  white,  on  long  pedicels  ;    segments  5  to  7-nerved.    Seeds 

not  appendaged. 

1.    ALLIUM,    L.       ONION. 

Perianth-segments  1 -nerved,  usually  somewhat  spreading.     Ovules  2  at  the 
base  of  each  cell.     Capsule  often  crested.     Seeds  obovoid  and  wrinkled. 

§  1.    Bulbs  cespitose,  narrowly  oblong  and  crowning  a  more  or  less  persistent  rhi- 

zorne:  spathe  mostly  2-valved:  leaves  several,  linear:  scape  terete. 

*  Leaves  terete,  hollow. 

1.  A.  Schcenoprasum,  L.     Scape  stout:   umbel  subcapitate:   flowers 
rose-color ;  segments  4  or  5  lines  long,  acuminate :  stamens  included  :  capsule 
not  crested.  —  From  Canada  and  the  Great  Lakes  to  the  Wind  River  Moun- 
tains of  Wyoming,  Oregon,  and  Alaska. 

#  *  Leaves  flat  or  channelled. 

2.  A.  cernuum,  Roth.     Scape  slender,  |  to  2  feet  high,  from  a  bulb: 
leaves  1  to  4  lines  wide  :  umbel  open,  nodding :  flowers  numerous,  on  very  slender 
pedicels,  rose-colored  or  white ;   segments  2  or  3  lines  long,  broad  and  acutish  : 
stamens  and  style  exserted :  capsule  crested.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  Oregon, 
British  Columbia,  and  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 

3.  A.  brevistylum,  Watson.     Scape  1  to  1  £  feet  high,  from  a  stout  rhi- 
zome :   leaves  2  to  4  lines  wide :   spathe  1-valved  :   umbel  erect,  few-flowered; 
pedicels  6  to  12  lines  long:  flowers  deep  rose-color;  segments  4  to  5  lines  long, 
narrow,  long-acuminate,  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  stamens  and  style :  capsule 
not  crested.  —  Bot.  King  Exped.  v.  350.     N.  W.  Wyoming  to  S.  Utah. 


348  LILIACE.E.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

§  2.    Bulbs  mostly  solitary,  globose  to  ovate,  not  rhizomatous :    leaves  narrowly 

linear,  flat  or  channelled:-  scape  terete  or  nearly  so. 

*  Bulb-coats  more  or  less  fibrous :  leaves  several. 

t-  Capsule  not  crested :  spathe  usually  3-valved. 

4.  A.  Canadense,  Kalm.     Bulb-coats  somewhat  fibrous :  scape  a  foot  or 
more  high :  umbel  mostly  bulbiferous :  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  (6  to  10  lines 
long),  white  or  pinkish;  segments  narrowly  lanceolate,  obtusish,  equalling  or  some- 
what exceeding  the  stamens.  —  Along  our  eastern  border  and  eastward  to  the 
Atlantic  States. 

5.  A.  mutabile,  Michx.    Like  the  last :  bulbs  densely  and  coarsely  fibrous- 
coated  :  scape  a  foot  or  two  high :  umbel  rarely  or  never  bulbiferous  :  flowers 
white  to  rose-color ;  segments  thin  and  lax  in  fruit,  ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate, 
obtusish  or  acute,  a  third  longer  than  the  stamens.  —  A.  reticulatum,  var.  y,  Watson, 
Bot.  King  Exped.  v.  486.    From  New  Mexico  and  S.  Colorado  eastward  to  the 
Atlantic  States. 

6.  A.  Nuttallii,  Watson.     Bulb  usually  smaller,  very  fibrous :  scape  low 
(4  to  6  inches  high) :  pedicels  shorter  (4  to  6  lines  long)  and  usually  stouter: 
perianth-segments   usually  broader,   acute  or  acuminate,  rose-colored   or  white, 
rather  rigid  in  fruit.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiv.  227.     A.  mutabile,  var.  ft,  Watson. 
From  Kansas  and  Colorado  southward. 

H-  H-  Capsule  crested:  spathe  usually  2-valved. 

7.  A.  reticulatum,  Fraser.     Scape  3  to  8  inches  high  :  pedicels  usually 
short  (2  to  6  lines  long)  ;  otherwise  closely  resembling  A.  mutabile.  —  From 
New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan. 

*  #  Bulb-coats  not  fibrous :  some  of  the  outer  membranous  coats  in  most  species 
marked  by  a  peculiar  reticulate  venation:  leaves  several  (2  to  4):  spathe 
2-valved. 

4-  Ovary  not  crested  or  obscurely  so :  scapes  low. 

8.  A.  Brandegei,  Watson.     Bulbs  small,  the  reticulation  of  the  coats  hori- 
zontally oblong :  leaves  2,  exceeding  the  angular  scape :  pedicels  slender,  equal, 
about  4  lines  long :  flowers  rose-colored ;  the  segments  broadly  lanceolate,  acute, 
nearly  twice  longer  than  the  stamens,  not  serrulate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii. 
380.     Elk  Mountains,  Colorado  (Brandegee). 

9.  A.  acuminatum,  Hook.     Outer  bulb-coats  with  a  distinct  coarse  quad- 
rate to  hexagonal  reticulation:  pedicels  6  to  12  lines  long:  flowers  deep  rose- 
color;  segments  lanceolate,  with  acuminate  recurved  tips,  rigid  in  fruit,  a  third 
longer  than  the  stamens,  the  inner  ones  undulate-serrulate.  —  From  S.  W.  Colo- 
rado to  the  Wahsatch  and  Uinta  Mountains,  N.  California  and  Washington 
Territory. 

H_  .!_  Ovary  conspicuously  ^-crested:  perianth-segments  not  serrulate,  mostly  rose- 
colored. 

10.  A.  stellatum,  Fraser.     Outer  bulb-coats  reddish,  with  a  very  close 
linear  longitudinal  reticulation  :  scape  6  to  1 8  inches  high :  pedicel  4  to  9  lines 
long :  perianth-segments  broad,  acute :  stamens  and  style  exserted.  —  From  Wyo- 
ming to  the  Saskatchewan. 

11.  A.  bisceptrum,  Watson.    Bulbs  light-colored ;  reticulation  indistinct : 
scapes  lower,  frequently  in  pairs :  perianth-segments  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate, 


LILIACE^J.     (LILY  FAMILY.)  349 

slightly  exceeding  the  stamens:  the  alternate  filaments  with  a  broad  deltoid  adnate 
base.  —  Bot.  King  Exped.  v.  351,  pi.  37.  In  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  and 
westward  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

#  #  *  Bulb-coats  not  fibrous:  leaf  solitary,  narrowly  linear  or  filiform,  equalling 
or  somewhat  exceeding  the  low  scape  (1  to  3  inches):  capsule  prominently 
^-crested:  stamens  and  style  included. 

12.  A.  Nevadense,  Watson.      Bulb-coats  light-colored,  with  evident 
close  very  much  distorted  reticulation  :  spathe-valves  acuminate :  leaf  flat : 
pedicels  half-inch  long :  perianth  white  or  pinkish ;  segments  lanceolate,  little 
exceeding  the  stamens  and  style.  —  Bot.  King  Exped.  v.  351,  pi.  38.     From 
the  Wahsatch  Mountains  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

§  3.  Bulbs  ovate,  not  rhizomatous,  the  membranous  coats  mostly  without  reticula- 
tion :  leaves  2,  broadly  linear,  fiat  and  falcate,  thick :  scape  stout,  much  com- 
pressed and  2-winged,  low  and  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

13.  A.  Tolmiei,  Baker.      Scape  2  to  4  inches  high:   spathe  2-valved: 
flowers  light  rose-color  with  a  darker  midvein;    segments  lanceolate,  acute, 
gibbous  at  base,  a  half  longer  than  the  stamens  :  ovary  very  obscurely  crested. 
—  A.  tribracteatum,  Watson  in  Bot.  King  Exped.  v.  353,  in  part.     From  the 
Wahsatch  Mountains  to  S.  Idaho. 

2.    NOTHOSCORDUM,    Kunth. 

Like  Allium.  Capsule  oblong-obovate ;  cells  several-ovuled.  Bracts  2. 
Bulb  tunicated. 

1.  N.  striatum,  Kunth.  Bulb  small,  often  bulbiferous  at  base  :  leaves  a 
line  or  two  broad :  scape  a  foot  high  or  often  much  less  :  flowers  few,  on  slen- 
der pedicels :  capsule  2  lines  long.  —  Allium  striatum,  Jacq.  From  New  Mexico 
to  Nebraska  and  eastward  to  Virginia  and  Florida. 

3.    BRODI^A,    Smith. 

Scape  erect,  with  linear  leaves :  flowers  on  jointed  pedicels :  brown-coated 
corms  small,  ^  to  £  inch  in  diameter  or  less.  In  ours  the  perianth  is  broadly 
tubular  and  the  flowers  subcapitate. 

1 .  B.  Douglasii,  Watson.  Scape  smooth,  a  foot  or  two  high,  erect  and 
usually  stout :  leaves  carinate :  perianth-tube  subsaccate,  about  equalling  the 
lobes  :  anthers  oblong ;  the  lower  on  the  throat  opposite  the  outer  segments, 
the  upper  on  the  inner  segments,  on  a  short  free  filament  which  forms  below 
u  prominent  wing  within  the  tube.  —  Bot.  Calif,  ii.  154.  Milla  grandifiora, 
Baker.  "  Blue  Gammas."  From  W.  Wyoming  and  the  Wahsatch  to  Oregon 
and  Washington  Territory. 

4.    ANDROSTEPHIUM,    Torr. 

Perianth  6-cleft,  the  cylindric  tube  nearly  equalling  or  shorter  than  the 
lobes.  —  Scape  bearing  a  few-flowered  umbel  with  uu jointed  pedicels :  leaves 
narrowly  linear,  channelled. 


350  LILIACE^E.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

1.  A.  violaceum,  Torr.  Scape  2  to  6  inches  high :  flowers  8  to  12  lines 
long  or  more,  usually  exceeding  the  stout  pedicels ;  tube  nearly  as  long  as  the 
limb ;  crown  scarcely  shorter  than  the  limb,  the  lobes  exceeding  the  anthers. 
—  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  218.  W.  Kansas  to  Texas. 


5.    LEUCOCRINUM,    Nutt. 

Stamens  6  :  filaments  inserted  below  the  throat.  —  Blooming  in  early  spring, 
the  pure  white  and  very  fragrant  flowers  appearing  just  above  the  ground. 

1.  L.  montanum,  Nutt.  Leaves  several,  rather  thick  :  flowers  4  to  8, 
the  very  slender  tube  an  inch  or  two  long :  capsule  truncate,  with  4  to  6  seeds 
in  each  cell.  —  From  Colorado  to  N.  California. 


6.    CAMASSIA,    Lindl.        CAMASS. 

Stamens  6,  on  the  base  of  the  perianth,  shorter  than  the  segments.  Style 
slightly  trifid  at  the  apex.  —  Flowers  in  a  simple  raceme,  with  narrow  scarious 
bracts ;  pedicels  jointed  at  the  summit. 

1.  C.  esculenta,  Lindl.  Scape  stout,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  pedicels  rather 
stout,  mostly  shorter  than  the  usually  dark-blue  flowers :  perianth-segments 
scarcely  exceeding  the  style,  a  little  longer  than  the  stamens.  —  From  the 
Wahsatch  Mountains,  northward  and  westward.  The  bulb  largely  collected 
for  food  by  the  Indians,  and  called  "  Green  Gammas." 

7.  POLYGONATUM,    Tourn.        SOLOMON'S  SEAL. 

Ovules  1  to  3  pairs  in  each  cell.  Berry  blue  or  black ;  cells  1  to  2-seeded.  — 
Stem  somewhat  curved  :  leaves  sessile :  bracts  caducous,  minute. 

1.  P.  giganteum,  Dietr.  Glabrous  throughout:  stem  2  to  7  feet  high: 
leaves  broadly  ovate  to  lanceolate,  usually  clasping  by  a  broad  base  :  pedicels 
jointed  below  the  base  of  the  flower.  —  From  the  Upper  Missouri  and  New 
Mexico  to  New  England  and  Virginia. 

8.  SMILACINA,    Desf.        FALSE  SOLOMON'S  SEAL. 

Stamens  6  :  filaments  subulate.  Stigma  3-lobed  at  the  summit :  ovules 
2  in  each  cell.  —  Stems  simple,  leafy,  from  running  rootstocks :  leaves  mostly 
sessile,  oblong  or  lanceolate :  pedicels  jointed  at  the  summit. 

*  Flowers  in  a  terminal  racemose  panicle  :  stamens  exserted :  berry  reddish. 

1.  S.  amplexicaulis,  Nutt.     More  or  less  pubescent :  stem  1  to  3  feet 
high :  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  mostly  sessile  and  clasping  at  base  :  style 
nearly  equalling  the  ovarv-  —  S.  racemosa,  var.  amplexicaulis,  Watson,  Bot. 
King  Exped.  v.  345.     From  New  Mexico  to  Wyoming  and  westward  to  Cali- 
fornia and  British  Columbia. 

*  *  Flowers  in  a  simple  few-floicered   open  raceme :    stamens   included :    berry 

blue-black. 

2.  S.  Stellata,  Desf.     Glabrous  or  pubescent :   stem  a  foot  high  or  less : 
leaves  lanceolate,  acutish,  sessile  and  closely  clasping,  usually  ascending  and 


LILIACE^E.      (LILY  FAMILY.)  351 

folded:   raceme  about  an  inch  long.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  Oregon  and 
Labrador. 

3.  S.  sessilifolia,  Nutt.  Rootstock  slender  :  stem  a  foot  or  two  high  : 
leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sessile,  usually  flat  and  spreading,  somewhat 
puberulent :  raceme  larger  and  pedicels  longer  (2  to  7  lines).  —  Watson  in 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiv.  245.  From  the  Wahsatch  to  California  and  British 
Columbia.  Usually  referred  to  S.  stellata. 

9.    YUCCA,    L.        SPANISH  BAYONET. 

Segments  of  perianth  ovate-lanceolate,  many-nerved.  Stigmas  emarginate 
and  more  or  less  connate  into  a  stigmatic  tube.  Fruit  incompletely  6-celled. 
Flowers  usually  solitary  and  nodding.  —  In  ours  the  caudex  is  short  or  none. 

#  Fruit  baccate,  pendulous :  seeds  thick,  rugose,  not  margined,  with  lobed  or 

ruminated  albumen. 

1.  Y.  baccata,  Torr.     Leaves  coarsely  filamentose  on  the  margin,  very 
thick  and  rigid,  l£  to  3  feet  long  by  an  inch  or  two  wide,  channelled  or  con- 
cave, rough  especially  on  the  back,  tipped  by  a  very  stout  brown  spine: 
panicle  pedunculate:   perianth-segments  narrow,  2£  to  3  inches  long:   fruit 
oval  or  cylindric,  dark  purple,  often  long-beaked.  —  S.  Colorado  and  W. 
Texas  to  S.  California  and  Northern  Mexico. 

*  #  Fruit  capsular,  erect:  seeds  thin,  smooth,  broadly  margined,  with  entire 

albumen. 

2.  Y.  angUStifolia,  Pursh.    Leaves  filamentose  on  the  margin,  very 
stiff  and  pointed,  usually  1  to  3  feet  long  by  3  to  6  lines  wide,  smooth :  ra- 
ceme usually  simple,  nearly  sessile,  1  to  4  feet  long :   flowers  greenish- white 
or  tinged  with  brown ;  segments  broadly  ovate,  an  inch  or  two  long :  fruit 
6-sided.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  Dakota. 

10.  L  ILIUM,    L.        LILY. 

Stems  leafy,  simple :  leaves  narrow,  sessile,  whorled  or  scattered,  net- 
veiued :  flowers  large  and  showy,  in  ours  usually  solitary  and  erect. 

1.  L.  Philadelphicum,  L.  Bulb  small,  of  thick  fleshy  jointed  scales: 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  whorled  or  scattered  :  perianth-segments  reddish- 
orange,  coarsely  spotted  on  the  lower  half,  acute,  spreading,  abruptly  nar- 
rowed to  the  claw.  —  From  Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  eastward  to 
N.  Carolina  and  Canada. 

11.  PRITILLABIA,   L. 

Stems  erect,  simple,  leafy:  flowers  often  nodding  and  much  smaller  than 
in  Lilium. 

1 .  F.  atropurpurea,  Nutt.  Bulb  of  numerous  thick  scales :  stem  8  to 
15  inches  high  or  more,  \  to  6-flowered :  leaves  6  to  20,  scattered  or  somewhat 
verticillate :  flowers  dull  purple  with  more  or  less  of  yellowish  green :  styles  dis- 
tinct above  ;  stigmas  linear :  capsule  acutely  angled,  broadly  obovate.  —  From 
Wyoming  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 


352  LILIACE^E.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

2.  F.  pudica,  Spreng.  Bulb  of  numerous  very  small  rounded  scales : 
stem  3  to  8  inches  high,  I  to  6-flowered :  leaves  3  to  8,  scattered  or  somewhat 
verticillate :  flowers  usually  solitary,  nodding,  yellow  or  orange  and  tinged  with 
purple:  styles  connate  and  stigma  shortly  3-lobed:  capsule  oblong  to  subglobose. — 
Prom  Utah  and  Montana  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  British  Columbia. 


12.    ERYTHRONITJM,    L.        DOG'S-TOOTH  VIOLET. 

Stem  bearing  near  the  base  a  pair  of  closely  approximate  flat  dilated  net- 
veined  leaves :  flowers  showy,  solitary  or  few  in  a  naked  raceme. 

1.  E.  grandiflorum,  Fursh.  Leaves  not  mottled,  opposite:  flowers 
1  to  6,  yellow  or  cream-colored,  with  a  more  or  less  orange  base,  1  or  2  inches 
long :  capsule  narrowly  oblong. 

Var.  minor,  Morren.  Flowers  smaller,  an  inch  long,  bright  yellow.  — 
Colorado  and  Utah. 

13.    LLOYD  I  A,    Salisb. 

The  bulb  upon  an  oblique  rhizome,  covered  by  the  persistent  scarious  bases 
of  the  nearly  filiform  leaves. 

1.  L.  serotina,  Keichenb.  Stem  2  to  6  inches  high,  equalling  the  leaves : 
flowers  erect ;  perianth-segments  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  obscurely  pitted  at 
base,  capsule  obovate,  obtusely  angled  :  seeds  chestnut-colored.  —  Mountains 
of  Colorado  and  northward  throughout  the  alpine  and  arctic  regions  of  the 
northern  hemisphere. 

14.    CALOCHORTUS,   Pursh. 

Stems  usually  flexuous  and  branching  :  leaves  few,  linear-lanceolate,  radical 
and  cauline,  the  latter  alternate  and  clasping,  all  with  many  nerves  and  trans- 
verse veinlets :  flowers  few,  showy.  In  ours  the  flowers  are  open-cam panu- 
late,  white  or  lilac,  with  densely  hairy  glands,  and  the  capsule  narrowly  oblong 
with  thick  obtusely  angled  lobes. 

1.  C.  Nuttallii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  slender,  bulbiferous  at  base,  Avith 
a  single  narrow  canline  leaf  (sometimes  2  or  3),  umbellately  1  to  5-flowered  : 
sepals  often  with  a  dark  or  hairy  spot :  petals  an  inch  or  two  long,  white 
tinged  with  greenish  yellow  or  lilac,  with  a  purplish  spot  or  band  above  the  yellow 
base,  and  hairy  around  the  circular  or  oblong  gland :  anthers  obtuse.  —  Pacif .  R. 
Rep.  ii.  124.     From  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to  Dakota  and  California. 

2.  C.  Gunnisoni,  Watson.     Like  the  last,  but  with  acuminate  anthers 
and  a  broad  transverse  gland:  petals  light  lilac,  yellowish  green  below  the  middle, 
banded  and  fined  with  purple. — Bot.  King  Exped.  v.  348.     Mountains  from 
Wyoming  to  New  Mexico. 

15.    STREPTOPUS,    Michx. 

Stems  rather  stout,  with  forking  and  divergent  branches,  ovate  and  taper- 
pointed  rounded-clasping  membranaceous  leaves,  and  small  flowers  on  slender 
peduncles,  which  are  abruptly  bent  or  contorted  near  the  middle. 


LILIACE.E.       (LILY   FAMILY.)  353 

1.  S.  amplexifolius,  DC.  Stem  2  to  3  feet  high :  leaves  very  smooth, 
glaucous  underneath  :  anthers  tapering  to  a  slender  point :  stigma  entire, 
truncate.  —  Across  the  continent  in  northern  latitudes  and  ranging  south  to 
New  Mexico. 

16.    PROSARTES,   D.Don. 

Low  and  pubescent,  divergently  branched  above,  with  closely  sessile  ovate 
and  membrauaceous  leaves,  and  drooping  flowers.  In  ours  the  stigma  is 
3-cleft. 

1.  P.  trachycarpa,  Watson.  Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute 
or  rarely  acuminate :  perianth-segments  whitish,  slightly  spreading,  acute : 
fruit  broadly  obovate,  obtuse  and  rather  deeply  lobed,  papillose.  —  Bot.  King 
Exped.  v.  344.  Colorado  to  Utah  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

17.    VERATRUM,   Tourn.        FALSE  HELLEBORE. 

The  pubescent  panicle  mostly  staminate  below,  with  green  or  greenish 
bracts.  In  ours  the  leaves  are  broad-elliptical  and  sheathing,  the  ovary  gla- 
brous, and  the  capsule  many-seeded. 

1.  V.  Calif ornicum,  Duraud.  Stem  2  to  7  feet  high:  upper  leaves 
lanceolate,  but  rarely  acuminate :  branches  of  the  sometimes  compound 
panicle  ascending :  perianth-segments  obtuse,  whitish  with  greener  base, 
often  denticulate  above.  —  V.  album,  Watson.  From  Colorado  and  Wyoming 
to  N.  California  and  Oregon. 

18.    ZYGADENUS,   Michx. 

Stem  from  a  coated  bulb  crowning  a  short  rhizome,  with  narrowly  linear 
obscurely  nerved  leaves  mostly  near  the  base :   otherwise  as  Veratrum.     In 
ours  the  gland  covers  more  or  less  of  the  base  of  the  perianth-segments. 
*  Flowers  rather  large,  mostly  perfect. 

1.  Z.  elegans,  Pursh.     Stem  £  to  3  feet  high :  leaves  glaucous,  2  to  6 
lines  broad  :   raceme  often  few-flowered :    bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  usually  pur- 
plish:  perianth  adnate  at  base;  segments  broad,  greenish,  the  inner  abruptly 
contracted  to  a  broad  claw ;  gland  obcordate.  —  Z,  glaucus,  Nutt.     From  New 
Mexico  to  Oregon  and  Canada. 

2.  Z.  Nuttallii,  Gray.      Stem  stout,  2  feet  high:  leaves  3  to  8  lines 
broad  :  raceme  rather  densely  flowered,  with  narrow  membranous  bracts:  perianth 
free  from  the  ovary  ;  segments  not  clawed,  with  an  ill-defined  gland  at  base.  — 

Manual,  525.     From  Colorado  to  Texas. 

#  *  Flowers  smaller,  polygamous. 

3.  Z.  venenOSUS,  Watson.     Stem  slender,  $  to  2  feet  high :  leaves  2  or 
3  lines  broad,  scabrous,  the   cauline   not   sheathing :    raceme  simple,  short : 
perianth-segments  triangular-ovate  to  elliptical,  obtuse  or  rarely  acutish,  all  ab- 
ruptly contracted  to  a  short  glandular  claw ;  gland  extending  slightly  above 
the  claw  with  a  well-defined  irregular  margin:  seeds  1|  to  2£  lines  long.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiv.  279.     From  the  Wahsatch  to  California  and  British 
Columbia.    Known  as  "  Death-Camass  "  or  "  Hogs'  Potato." 

23 


354  SMILACE^E.      (SMILAX  FAMILY.) 

4.  Z.  paniculatus,  Watson.  Very  similar :  usually  stout :  leaves  3  to 
8  lines  broad,  usually  all  sheathing  :  raceme  compound:  perianth-segments  del- 
toid, acute  or  acuminate ;  gland  less  definitely  margined,  often  reaching  nearly 
to  the  middle  of  the  blade :  seeds  3  to  5  lines  long.  —  Bot.  King  Exped.  v. 
344.  From  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  to  California  and  the  Saskatchewan. 


19.    CHAM^LIRIUM,    Willd.        DEVIL'S-BIT. 

Stem  wand-like,  from  a  thick  and  abrupt  tuberous  rootstock,  terminated  by 
a  long  spiked  raceme  of  small  bractless  flowers :  fertile  plant  more  leafy  than 
the  staminate. 

1.  C.  Carolinianum,  Willd.  Stem  1  to  4  feet  high:  lower  leaves 
spatulate-oblanceolate,  2  to  6  inches  long,  the  cauline  narrower.  —  C.  luteum, 
Gray,  Manual,  527.  Coming  into  our  eastern  limit  in  W.  Nebraska  and 
extending  eastward. 

20.     TOFIELDIA,    Huds.        FALSE  ASPHODEL. 

Mostly  tufted,  with  fibrous  roots,  and  simple  stems  leafy  only  at  base,  bear- 
ing small  flowers  in  a  close  raceme :  leaves  linear,  grass-like.  Ours  has  stem 
and  inflorescence  pubescent,  and  pedicels  fascicled. 

1.  T.  glutinosa,  Willd.  Glutinous-pubescent:  stem  slender,  £  to  1J  feet 
high :  raceme  short :  pedicels  bearing  the  scarcely  lobed  involucre  near  the 
flower :  capsule  shortly  beaked :  seeds  minute,  with  brownish  testa,  and  a 
contorted  tail  at  each  end.  —  From  Wyoming  to  Oregon  and  northward,  also 
eastward  to  Canada  and  N.  Carolina. 

21.    XEROPHYLLUM,    Michx. 

Stem  from  a  bulbous  base,  bearing  a  compact  raceme  of  showy  white  flowers, 
thickly  beset  with  needle-shaped  leaves,  the  upper  ones  reduced  to  bristle-like 
bracts ;  those  from  the  root  very  many  in  a  dense  tuft. 

1.  X.  Douglasii,  Watson.  Stem  2  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  often  2  or  3 
feet  long:  pedicels  £  to  l£  inches  long:  flower-segments  2^  lines  long,  exceed- 
ing the  stamens:  capsule  cordate-ovate,  6-valved,  the  abruptly  acute  cells 
separating  and  then  dehiscing.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiv.  284.  X.  tenax  of  the 
Hayden  Reports.  Headwaters  of  the  Yellowstone  and  westward  to  Oregon. 


ORDER  80.     SMIILACEyE.     (SMILAX  FAMILY.) 

Shrubby  or  rarely  herbaceous  plants,  climbing  or  supported  by  a  pair 
of  tendrils  on  the  petiole  of  the  ribbed  and  netted-veined  simple  leaves ; 
with  dioecious  small  flowers ;  regular  perianth  of  6  similar  deciduous 
sepals,  free  from  the  ovary  j  as  many  stamens  as  sepals  j  with,  introrse 
1 -celled  anthers;  ovary  with  3  cells  and  as  many  elongated  spreading 
sessile  stigmas. 


COMMELYNACE.E.      (SPIDERWORT  FAMILY.)          355 

1.     SMI  LAX,    Tourn.        GREEN  BRIER. 

Characters  of  the  order :  flowers  in  umbels. 

1.  S.  rotundifolia,  L.  Stem  armed  with  scattered  prickles,  as  well  as 
the  terete  branches  :  branchlets  more  or  less  4-angular :  leaves  ovate  or  round- 
ovate,  slightly  heart-shaped,  abruptly  short-pointed :  berries  blue-black,  with 
a  bloom.  —  Colorado  and  eastward. 


ORDER  81.     COMUIEliYNACBjE.     (SPIDERWORT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  fibrous  or  sometimes  thickened  roots,  jointed  and  often 
branching  leafy  stems,  and  chiefly  perfect  and  6-androus,  often  irregular 
llowers,  with  the  perianth  free  from  the  2  to  3-celled  ovary,  and  having 
a  distinct  calyx  and  corolla,  of  3  persistent  sepals  and  as  many  ephe- 
meral or  deciduous  (in  ours  blue)  petals.  Style  one,  stigma  undivided. 
Pod  3  to  several-seeded.  —  Leaves  ovate,  lanceolate  or  linear,  parallel- 
veined,  flat,  sheathed  at  the  base ;  the  uppermost  often  forming  a  kind 
of  spathe. 

1.  Commelyna.    Flowers  irregular.    Three  stamens  fertile  and  three  sterile  and  smaller : 

filaments  naked. 

2.  Tradescantia.    Flowers  regular.     Stamens  all  fertile  :  filaments  bearded. 

1.    COMMELYNA,  Dill.        DAT-FLOWER. 

Sepals  somewhat  colored,  unequal;  the  2  lateral  partly  united  by  their 
contiguous  margins.  Two  lateral  petals  rounded,  on  long  claws,  the  odd 
one  smaller.  Sterile  stamens  with  imperfect  cross-shaped  anthers. — Stems 
branching,  often  procumbent  and  rooting  at  the  joints :  floral  leaf  heart- 
shaped  and  clasping,  folded  together  or  hooded,  forming  a  spathe  enclosing 
the  flowers,  which  expand  for  a  single  morning  and  are  recurved  on  their 
pedicels  before  and  afterwards. 

1.  C.  Virginica,  L.  Stems  slender,  erect,  or  reclined  and  rooting  towards 
the  base :  leaves  oblong-  or  linear-lanceolate :  spathes  peduncled,  conduplicate, 
round-heart-shaped  when  expanded,  in  fruit  somewhat  hood-like.  —  E.  Colo- 
rado and  eastward  to  New  York. 

2.    TRADESCANTIA,    L.        SPIDERWORT. 

Sepals  herbaceous.  Petals  all  alike,  ovate,  sessile.  —  Stems  mostly  upright, 
nearly  simple,  leafy :  leaves  keeled :  flowers  ephemeral,  in  umbelled  clusters, 
terminal  (in  ours)  :  floral  leaves  nearly  like  the  others. 

1.  T.  Virginica,  L.  Leaves  lance-linear,  elongated,  tapering  from  the 
sheathing  base  to  the  point,  ciliate :  umbels  sessile,  clustered,  usually  involu- 
crate  by  2  leaves,  many-flowered.  —  From  New  Mexico  northward  and  east- 
ward across  the  continent. 


356  JUNCACE^E.    (RUSH  FAMILY.) 


ORDER  82.    JUNCACE^E.     (RUSH  FAMILY.) 

Grass-like  or  sedge-like  herbs,  with  small  flowers,  a  regular  and 
hypogynous  persistent  perianth  of  6  similar  glumaceous  sepals,  6  or 
rarely  3  stamens,  a  single  short  style,  3  filiform  hairy  stigmas,  and  an 
ovary  1  or  3-celled.  —  Plants  with  liliaceous  flowers  and  sedge-like 
appearance  and  texture. 

1.  ILuzula.    Pod  1-celled,  3-seeded.     Plant  often  hairy. 

2.  Juiicus.    Pod  3-celled,  or  1-celled  by  the  placentas  not  reaching  the  axis,  many-seeded. 

Plant  never  hairy. 

1.    LUZULA,    DC.     WOOD-RUSH. 

Pod  with  one  seed  to  each  parietal  placenta.  Generally  in  dry  ground,  with 
usually  flat  and  soft  usually  hairy  leaves,  and  spiked-crowded  or  umbelled 
flowers. 

*  Pedicels  \-Jlowered,  in  a  loose  compound  cyme. 

1.  L.  spadicea,  DC.     Glabrous  or  slightly  villous:  stems  6  to  18  inches 
high  or  more:  inflorescence  lax  and  nodding,  much  exceeding  the  usually 
small  involucral  bracts:   perianth  straw-color  or  more  or  less  tinged  with 
brown ;  segments  slightly  shorter  than  the  acute  apiculate  capsule :  anthers 
much  exceeding  the  filaments :  seed  oblong,  brownish,  not  appendaged,  — 
Ranging  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  southward  into  California,  Colorado,  and  the 
N.  Atlantic  States;  chiefly  the  following  varieties: 

Var.  parviflora,  Meyer.  Inflorescence  often  3  to  6  inches  long,  with 
elongated  unequal  drooping  branches  and  slender  pedicels :  flowers  smaller : 
anthers  about  equalling  the  filaments. 

Var.  melanocarpa,  Meyer.  Similar,  but  capsule  dark  brown. — L.  par- 
viflora, var.  melanocarpa,  Gray,  Manual. 

Var.  subcongesta,  Watson.  Like  the  others,  but  the  pedicels  short  and 
more  or  less  fascicled  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  of  the  cyme. — Bot.  Calif, 
ii.  202. 

*  #  Flowers  spicate:  spikes  erect,  mostly  pedunculate  in  a  cymose  umbel. 

2.  L.  comosa,  Meyer.    Villous:  stem  6  to  15  inches  high,  leafy :  thefolia- 
ceous  bract  usually  exceeding  the  inflorescence:  peduncles  2  to  12,  unequal,  the 
longer  1  to  3  inches  long:  spikes  simple,  usually  oblong,  loosely  Jlowered:  peri- 
anth pale  or  somewhat  tinged  with  brown,  equalling  the  capsule :   anthers 
small,  equalling  the  filaments :  seed  dark,  ivith  a  white  conical  appendage  some- 
times half  as  long  as  the  seed. — The  type,  together  with  the  following  varie- 
ties, ranges  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  westward  and  northward. 

Var.  macrantha,  Watson.  Perianth  longer,  much  exceeding  the  capsule: 
anthers  equalling  or  twice  longer  than  the  filaments :  seed  larger,  the  appendage 
always  short.  —  Bot.  Calif,  ii.  203. 

Var.  SUbsessilis,  Watson.  Spikes  solitary  or  few,  nearly  sessile,  loose ; 
perianth-segments  lax  and  scarious.  —  Bot.  Calif,  loc.  cit. 

3.  L.  campestris,  DC.     Similar  to  the  preceding  type,  but  usually  less 
villous:    bracts  short:   spikes   dense,  short,  and  ovate:  perianth-segments  often 


(RUSH  FAMILY.)  357 

dark-brown.  —  Rather  rare  in  California,  Colorado,  etc.,  but  common  in  the 
Atlantic  States. 

4.  L.  spicata,  Desv.  Leaves  carinate  and  folded:  flowers  in  a  solitary 
and  compound  dense  nodding  spike :  seed  not  appendaged,  —  An  alpine  species 
in  the  mountains  of  Colorado,  and  in  similar  situations  northward  and  east- 
ward. 

2.    JUNG  US,   L.        RUSH.     BOG-RUSH. 

Stamens  when  3  opposite  the  3  outer  sepals.  —  Generally  in  wet  soil  or 
water,  with  pithy  or  hollow  simple  stems,  and  panicled  or  clustered  small 
greenish  or  brownish  flowers. 

*  Scape  naked,  the  basal  sheath  also  leafless,  or  rarely  bearing  terete  leaves  simi- 

lar to  the  scape :  flowers  in  sessile  apparently  lateral  panicles :  stamens  6  in 
ours.  —  TRUE  JUNCI. 

•i-  Floivers  many ;  panicle  more  or  less  compound :  sheaths  leafless. 

1.  J.  Balticus,  Deth.    Rather  stout:  sepals  nearly  equal  and  similar,  or 
the  inner  more  obtuse:  capsule  ovate-pyramidal,  angled,  beaked:  seeds  smaller, 
narrower,  and  longer  apiculate  than  in  the  eastern  form.  —  Ranging  across 
the  continent.     Known  as  "  Wire  grass." 

2.  J.  filiformis,  L.     Very  slender :  panicle  almost  simple :  sepals  exceed- 
ing the  broadly  ovate  obtuse  short-pointed  greenish  capsule. — From  Colorado  to 
the  Saskatchewan  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

•+-  •»-  Flowers  few;  panicle  scarcely  ever  compound :  sheaths  often  leaf-bearing: 
seeds  caudate :  low  and  alpine. 

3.  J.  Drummondii,  E.  Meyer.     Stems  1  to  l£  feet  high,  terete  and  fili- 
form :  sheaths  bristle-pointed :  spathe  more  or  less  exceeding  the  simple  1  to 
3-flowered   panicle  :    capsule  ovate-oblong,  triangular,  refuse :    seeds  ovate.  — 
Mountains  of  Colorado  to  California  and  northward. 

4.  J.  Hallii,  Engelm.     Stems  6  to  12  inches  high,  terete  and  filiform, 
much  longer  than  the  terete  bristleform  leaves :  spathe  scarcely  exceeding  the 
close  subsimple  2  to  5-flowered  panicle :  sepals  white-margined :  capsule  ovate, 
angled,  refuse :  seeds  oblong-linear.  —  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii.  446.    Colorado. 

5.  J.  Parryi,  Engelm.     Stems  4  to  8  inches  high,  setaceous,  longer  than 
the  sulcate  subterete  leaves :   spathe  exceeding  the  1  to  3-flowered   panicle : 
outer  sepals  bristle-pointed :  capsule  prismatic,  pointed :  seeds  oblong.  —  Loc.  cit. 
Mountains  of  Colorado  to  California  and  northward. 

*  #  Stems  naked  or  leafy :    leaves  flat,  or  semi-terete  and  channelled,  never 

knotted:  panicle  or  head  evidently  terminal:  stamens  6  in  ours.  —  GRASSY- 
LEAVED  JUNCI. 

•i—  Alpine:  seeds  caudate:  leaves  flstulous :  flowers  in  small  heads. 

6.  J.  triglumis,  L.    Leaves  roundish,  channelled  and  2  to  3-tubular 
below,  flattened  upward :   sheaths  auricled  at  top :  head  equalling  the  membra- 
nous spathe :  capsule  elliptical,  acute.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  northward 
to  the  Arctic  coast. 

7.  J.  castaneus,  Sm.     Stem  leafy :  leaves  terete,  deeply  channelled  at 
base :  heads  somewhat  in  pairs  sessile  or  peduncled,  shorter  than  the  rather  large 
spathe :  capsule  oval-triangular  and  rather  long  mucronate.  —  Mountains  of  Colo- 
rado northward  to  British  America  and  thence  across  the  continent. 


358  JUNCACE^E.     (RUSH  FAMILY.) 

•t-  •»-  Flowers  solitary,  panicled. 
•»-«.  Stems  slender,  simple,  tufted,  leafy  below. 

8.  J.  Vaseyi,  Engelm.     Leaves  slightly  channelled  at  base :  panicle  light- 
colored,  loose,  few-flowered  :  capsule  ovate,  retuse  :  seeds  conspicuously  caudate 
al  both  ends.  —  Loc.  cit.     From  Colorado  to  Michigan  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

9.  J.  tenuis,  Willd.     Leaves  fiat:   perianth-segments   pale:   sepals  ex- 
ceeding the  ovoid  retuse  green  capsule:  seeds  white-pointed  at  both  ends, — 
Everywhere  throughout  the  United  States. 

Var.  congestus,  Engelm.     Panicle   contracted  and  somewhat  capitate: 
perianth  and  capsule  darker.  —  Loc.  cit.  450.     Colorado  and  California. 
+•*•  -W-  Stems  branched,  diffused,  leafy. 

10.  J.  bufonius,  L.    Low  and  slender  :  panicle  spreading,  mostly  with 
one-sided  dichotomous  branches :   the  3  outer  sepals  much  longer  than  the 
inner  and  than  the  oblong  obtuse  pod :  seeds  elliptical,  obtuse.  —  Common 
everywhere. 

4-  -i-  -i-  Flowers  capitate :  seeds  not  caudate. 

11.  J.  longistylis,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stems  1  to  2  feet  high,  leafy :  leaves 
flat,  grass-like :  heads  few  in  a  contracted  panicle,  or  rarely  single :  flowers 
greenish  with    brown   lines :   sepals  equal,  a  little  shorter  or  equalling  the 
ovate,  obtuse,  mucronate  or  rostrate,  chestnut-colored  capsule :  seeds  oblan- 
ceolate  or  obovate,  pointed.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  the  Saskatchewan  and 
Washington  Territory. 

*  #  #  Stem  leafy:   leaves  knotted  by  internal  cross-partitions:  panicle  terminal, 

with  the  flowers  in  heads.  —  KNOTTY-LEAVED  JDNCI. 

•»-  Leaves  terete  or  slightly  compressed. 

++  Seeds  barely  pointed :  stamens  6. 

12.  J.  alpinus,  Vill.,  var.  insignis,  Fries.     Stem  9  to  18  inches  high: 
panicle  erect,  elongated,  greenish  or  light-brown;  heads  Jew-flowered :  sepals 
obtuse :   capsules  light-brown,  obtuse,  mucronate,  3-celled :  seeds  spindle-shaped. 
—  From  Colorado  northward,  also  eastward  to  New  York. 

13.  J.  nodosus,  L.,  var  megacephalus,  Torr.     Stem  stout,  1  to  3  feet 
high,  with  thick  leaves  :  panicle  pale  green ;  heads  many-flowered :  sepals  awl- 
pointed:  capsules  slender,  triangular,  toper-pointed,  one-celled:   seeds  obovate, 
abruptly  mucronate.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  California  and  New  York. 

•*-»•  •»-*•  Seeds  caudate :  stamens  3. 

14.  J.  Canadensis,  J.  Gay.     Tufted  stems  erect,  bearing  2  or  3  leaves  : 
heads  few  to  many-flowered  :    outer  sepals  the  shorter :   capsule  triangular- 
prismatic,  one-celled,  mostly  exsert  and  short-pointed. 

Var.  coarctatus,  Engelm.  Stem  slender,  bearing  fewer  deep-brown  3  to 
5-flowered  heads  in  a  somewhat  erect  contracted  panicle  :  sepals  much  shorter 
than  the  pod.  —  Gray's  Manual,  544.  Yellowstone  Park ;  also  eastward  from 
Wisconsin  to  New  England. 

H—  H-  Leaves  compressed  and  equitant,  ensiform :  stem  compressed  and  usually 

acutely  edged. 

15.  J.  Mertensianus,  Meyer.     Stems  weak,  from  slender  matted  root- 
stocks,  6  to  18  inches  high,  not  2-edqed :  leaves  very  narrow,  the  sheaths  with 
ligules:  heads  solitary,  densely  many-flowered,  dark  brown:  capsule  obovate, 
obtuse. — From  Colorado  to  California  and  Alaska. 


TYPHACE^E.     (CAT-TAIL  FAMILY.)  359 

16.  J.  xiphioides,  Meyer.  Stems  from  a  thick  creeping  rootstock,  2  to 
4  feet  high,  2-edged:  leaves  usually  broad,  the  sheaths  without  ligules :  heads 
numerous,  brownish,  few  to  many-flowered,  in  a  compound  panicle :  capsule 
oblong,  acute. 

Var.  montanus,  Engelm.  Lower  and  leaves  narrower:  heads  few, 
usually  many-flowered.  —  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii.  481.  From  New  Mexico 
to  Washington  Territory  and  the  Saskatchewan. 


ORDER  83.    TYPHACE^.     (CAT-TAIL  FAMILY.) 

Marsh  or  aquatic  herbs,  with  nerved  and  linear  sessile  leaves,  and 
monoecious  flowers  on  a  spadix  or  in  heads,  destitute  of  proper  floral 
envelopes.  Ovary  tapering  into  a  style.  Fruit  nut-like,  1  or  2-seeded. 

1.  Typha.     Flowers  in  a  long  very  dense  cylindrical  spike  terminating  the  stem. 

2.  Sparganium.     Flowers  in  separate  dense  spherical  leafy-braotcd  heads,  which  are 

scattered  along  the  summit  of  the  stem. 

1.    TYPHA,    Tourn.         CAT-TAIL  FLAG. 

Upper  part  of  the  spike  consisting  of  stamens  only,  intermixed  with  long 
hairs ;  the  lower  or  fertile  part  consisting  of  ovaries,  surrounded  by  club- 
shaped  bristles.  Nutlets  minute*,  very  long-stalked.  —  Leaves  long,  sheathing 
the  base  of  the  simple  jointless  stems. 

1.  T.  latifolia,  L.  Leaves  flat:  staminate  and  pistillate  parts  of  the 
spike  approximate. — Across  the  continent. 

2.    SPARGANIUM,    Tourn.        BUR-REED. 

The  upper  heads  consisting  of  stamens  only,  with  minute  scales  irregularly 
interposed ;  the  lower  larger,  consisting  of  numerous  sessile  pistils,  each  sur- 
rounded by  3  to  6  scales.  Fruit  wedge-shaped  or  club-shaped.  —  Stems 
simple  or  branching,  sheathed  below  by  the  base  of  the  linear  leaves. 

*  Erect,  with  branched  inflorescence  of  numerous  heads:  pistil  as  long  as  the 

truncate  scales:  nuts  sessile,  wedge-shaped,  angular:  leaves  mostly  fiat  and 
merely  keeled,  the  base  triangular  with  concave  sides. 

1.  S.  eurycarpum,  Engelm.    Stems  stout,  2  to  4  feet  high :  fruit  many- 
angled  when  ripe,  with  a  broad  and  depressed  summit  abruptly  tipped  in  the 
centre.  —  From  Nevada  northward  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

*  #  Erect  or  rarely  floating,  with  simple  or  branched  inflorescence  of  numerous 

heads:  pistil  with  conspicuous  style  longer  than  the  spatulate  denticulate 
scales :  nuts  attenuated  at  both  ends,  with  a  stalked  base,  nearly  terete :  leaves 
floating  or  triangular  with  flat  sides  in  the  lower  half. 

2.  S.  simplex,  Hudson.     Erect,  9  to  15  inches  high,  slender:  inflores- 
cence simple,  the  lower  heads  supra-axillary,  sessile  or  peduncled  :  fruit  more 
or  less  contracted  in  the  middle. — Across  the  continent.     Exceedingly  vari- 
able, the  following  varieties  coming  within  our  range : 


360  LEMNACE^E.      (DUCKWEED   FAMILY.) 

Var.  androcladum,  Engelm.  Stouter  and  taller :  inflorescence  branched 
below ;  branches  bearing  numerous  sterile  heads  :  fruit  larger,  not  contracted, 
long-tapering  at  both  ends.  —  Gray's  Manual,  481. 

Var.  angustifolium,  Engelm.  Leaves  floating  :  inflorescence  simple : 
fruit  smaller,  short-stiped,  contracted  in  the  middle.  —  Loc.  cit. 

*  *  *  Usually  floating,  with  very  slender  stems  and  delicate  always  flat  and 
narrow  leaves :  inflorescence  simple,  of  few  small  heads :  scales  oval  or  obovate, 
denticulate :  nuts  oval,  with  a  very  short  stipe  and  short  point. 
3.   S.  minimum,  Bauhin,  Fries.    Fertile  heads  solitary  or  two,  axillary, 
sessile,  or  the  lower  one  peduncled  :    nuts  somewhat  triangular,  contracted 
below :  stems  when  out  of  the  water  only  5  to  6  inches  high.  —  Uinta  Moun- 
tains, and  northward,  thence  eastward  to  New  England. 


ORDER  84.    UEUINACE^E.     (DUCKWEED  FAMILY.) 

Minute  stemless  plants,  floating  free  on  the  water,  destitute  of  distinct 
stem  and  foliage,  being  merely  a  disk -like  frond  producing  one  or  few 
monoecious  flowers  from  the  edge  or  upper  surface,  and  commonly  hang- 
ing roots  from  underneath ;  fruit  a  utricle,  and  seed  large. 

1.  L.emna.    Frond  1  to  5-nerved,  witR  a  single  rootlet. 

2.  Speirodela.    Froud  7  to  11-nerved,  with  several  rootlets. 


1.    LEMNA,    Linn.        DUCKWEED.    DUCK'S-MEAT. 

Flowers  marginal,  bracteate,  diandrous.  Anther-cells  bilocellate  by  a  trans- 
verse partition,  dehiscing  transversely.  Seeds  1  to  6.  —  Rootlet  destitute  of 
vascular  tissue. 

1.  L.  trisulca,  L.    Fronds  thin,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base 
into  a  slender  stalk,  very  obscurely  3-nerved,  usually  several  series  of  offshoots 
remaining  connected:  seeds  ovate.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  Oregon,  the  Sas- 
katchewan, and  eastward  through  most  of  North  America. 

2.  L.  minor,  L.     fronds  rather  thick,  round-  to  elliptic-obovate,  sessile,  very 
obscurely  3-nerved,   the  offshoots   soon   separating :    seeds   oblong-obovate.  — 
Abundant  everywhere,  closely  covering  the  surface  of  stagnant  pools. 

2.    SPEIBODELA,    Schleiden. 

Like  Lemna,  but  anther-cells  bilocellate  by  a  vertical  partition  and  dehiscent 
longitudinally,  and  ovary  2-celled.  —  Rootlets  with  axile  vascular  tissues. 

1.  S.  polyrrhiza,  Schleid.  Fronds  round-obovate,  purple  beneath:  roots 
clustered,  usually  3  to  5.  —  Lemna  polyrrhiza,  L.  Nevada,  Montana,  Wyoming, 
and  eastward  throughout  the  continent.  Very  rarely  seen  in  flower  or  fruit. 


NAIADACEJE.      (PONDWEED  FAMILY.)  861 


ORDER  85.    ALJSMACEJE.     (WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY.) 

Marsh  herbs,  with  scape-like  steins,  sheathing  leaves,  and  perfect  or 
monoecious  flowers  not  on  a  spadix,  furnished  with  both  calyx  and 
corolla;  sepals  and  petals  each  3,  distinct;  ovaries  numerous,  distinct, 
becoming  akenes  in  fruit.  —  Roots  fibrous;  leaves  radical,  petiolate, 
strongly  nerved  with  transverse  veinlets,  the  earlier  sometimes  without 
blade;  flowers  in  a  loose  raceme  or  panicle. 

1.  Alisma.     Flowers  perfect.    Carpels  verticillate,  obovate-oblong,  flattened. 

2.  Sagittaria.    Flowers  mono3cious  or  dioecious.    Carpels  capitate,  flattened  and  mem- 

branously  winged. 

1.    ALISMA,    L.        WATER-PLANTAIN. 

Petals  small.  Stamens  6,  rarely  more.  Ovaries  on  a  disk-like  receptacle. 
Akenes  in  a  crowded  whorl,  somewhat  channelled  on  the  back,  obtuse.  — 
Herbs  in  shallow  water  or  mud,  with  small  flowers  in  a  verticillately  branched 
panicle. 

1.  A.  PlantagO,  L.,  var.  Americanum,  Gray.  Leaves  long-petioled, 
ovate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate,  pointed,  mostly  rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  the 
base,  3  to  9-nerved  :  carpels  obliquely  obovate,  forming  an  obtusely  triangular 
whorl  in  fruit.  —  From  the  base  of  the  mountains  eastward  across  the  conti- 
nent ;  also  from  California  to  Washington  Territory. 

2.    SAGITTARIA,    L.        ARROW-HEAD. 

Staminate  flowers  above.  Petals  usually  conspicuous.  Stamens  numerous, 
rarely  few.  Ovaries  crowded  in  globose  heads.  Akenes  abruptly  beaked  by 
the  very  short  style.  —  Stoloniferous  herbs  with  milky  juice,  broadly  sheathing 
leaves  often  without  a  blade,  and  mostly  simple  stems  bearing  one  to  few  whorls 
of  flowers  usually  in  threes. 

1.  S.  variabilis,  Engelm.  Rootstock  tuberiferous :  scape  £  to  2  feet 
high  or  more,  angled :  leaves  very  variable,  ovate-sagittate,  or  more  or  less 
narrowed,  or  even  linear,  acute,  the  similar  lobes  more  or  less  divergent,  acu- 
minate :  petals  white,  rounded,  exceeding  the  sepals :  fruiting  heads  nearly 
half  an  inch  in  diameter :  akenes  obovate,  with  a  conspicuous  acute  horizontal 
beak  at  the  upper  angle.  —  From  the  mountains  eastward  across  the  conti- 
nent ;  also  from  Nevada  and  California  to  British  Columbia. 


ORDER  86.     NAIADACE^E.     (PONDWEED  FAMILY.) 

Marsh  or  mostly  immersed  aquatic  herbs,  with  stems  jointed  and 
leafy  (naked  and  scape-like  in  Triglochiri),  leaves  sheathing  at  base  or 
stipulate,  and  flowers  perfect  or  unisexual,  often  spathaceous,  with  or 
without  perianth  ;  ovaries  1-celled,  1-ovuled. 


362  NAIADACE^E.      (PONDWEED   FAMILY.) 

*  Immersed  aquatics  with  flat  leaves :  ovaries  4,  distinct.  —  NAIADEJE. 

1.  Zanichellia.    Flowers  monoecious,  axillary.     Stamen  1,  with  slender  filament.    Fertile 

flowers  solitary,  with  a  cup-shaped  membranous  spathe  or  perianth.     Ovaries  nearly 
sessile,  becoming  more  or  less  stipitate :  stigmas  peltate.     Leaves  opposite. 

2.  Potamogeton.     Flowers  perfect,  with  herbaceous  4-sepaled  perianth,  in  a  peduncled 

spike.    Anthers  4,  sessile.    Ovaries  sessile  :  stigma  sessile,  unilateral.    Leaves  mostly 
alternate. 

*  *  Marsh  plants  with  terete  bladeless  leaves  :  flowers  perfect,  spicate  or  racemose,  with 
herbaceous  6-lobed  perianth :  carpels  more  or  less  united,  separating  at  maturity.  — 

JUNCAGINE^E. 

3.  Triglocliin.    Ovaries  3  to  6,  united  until  maturity.     Leaves  radical.    Flowers  bract- 

less,  in  a  spike-like  raceme  terminating  a  jointless  scape. 

4.  Scheuchzeria.    Ovaries  3,  nearly  distinct,  at  length  divergent.     Flowers  bracteate  in 

a,  loose  raceme  upon  a  leafy  stem. 


1.    ZANICHELLIA,    Micheli.        HORNED  PONDWEED. 

Flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so.  Male  flowers  of  a  single  naked  stamen.  Fertile 
flowers  usually  in  the  same  axils.  Fruit  an  obliquely  oblong  beaked  nutlet. 
—  Very  slender  and  branching,  with  very  narrow  and  filiform  leaves,  not 
sheathing  and  with  small  stipules. 

1.  Z.  palustris,  L.  Stems  2  inches  to  2  feet  long  or  more,  leafy :  leaves 
£  to  3  inches  long :  fruit  somewhat  incurved,  often  more  or  less  toothed  on  the 
back.  —  From  New  Mexico  and  S.  Colorado  northward,  and  in  both  the  Pacific 
and  Atlantic  States.  In  fresh-water  ponds  and  slow  streams. 

2.     POTAMOGETOW,    Tourn.         PONDWEED. 

The  four  stamens  opposite  the  perianth  segments.     Fruit  somewhat  com- 
pressed, ovate,  drupe-like,  with  a  crustaceous  nutlet  within.  —  Slender,  jointed 
and  branching,  in  fresh  or  brackish  water,  with  linear  or  dilated  leaves,  and 
scarious  stipules :  spikes  enclosed  in  the  bud,  at  length  long-exserted.1 
*  Floating  leaves  more  or  less  coriaceous,  with  a  dilated  petioled  blade,  different 
in  form  from  the  thinner  submerged  ones;   stipules  free:   spikes  cylindrical, 
mostly  dense,  not  interrupted. 
H-  Submerged  leaves  reduced  to  narrow!  >/  grass-like  orjiliform  sessile  phyllodia. 

1.  P.  natans,  L.      Stem   rather  stout,  simple  or  sparingly   branched: 
floating  leaves  thick,  ovate-elliptic  to  lanceolate,  acutish,  slightly  cordate  at 
base,  21  to  29-nerved,  mostly  shorter  than  the  petiole  ;  stipules  long  and  con- 
spicuous; upper  submerged  leaves  with  a  small  lanceolate  blade,  the  lower 
(formed  early  or  late  in  the  season)  reduced  to  phyllodia:  peduncle  stout, 
bearing  an  emersed  spike :  fruit  turgid,  obliquely  obovate,  acute  :  nutlet  with 
a  small  deep  pit  on  each  side.  —  Across  the  continent,  in  ponds  and  ditches. 
In  deeper  or  flowing  water,  the  plant  becomes  more  slender  and  often  sub- 
merged. 

•<-  •*-  Submerged  leaves  lanceolate,  rarely  oi:al  or  linear. 

2.  P.  rufescens,  Schrad.     Floating  leaves  (often  wanting)  rather  thin, 
11  to  17 '-nerved,  narrowly  oblong-elliptic  or  oblanceolate,  acutish,  attenuate  into 

1  Mature  fruit  is  necessary  for  positive  determination. 


NAIADACE^E.      (PONDWEED   FAMILY.)  £63 

a  very  broad  short  petiole;  submerged  leaves  as  large  as  the  floating  ones,  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute  :  spikes  rather  slender, 
on  stout  often  elongated  peduncles .  fruit  round-obovate,  acutely  margined,  beaked 
by  the  rather  long  style:  nutlet  pitted  on  each  side.  —  In  Colorado  and  Montana, 
and  common  in  the  Atlantic  States ;  also  collected  sparingly  in  California.  In 
streams  or  ponds. 

3.  P.  lonchites,  Tuckerman.     Stem  rather  slender,  branching:   floating 
leaves  thickish,  1 1  to  23-nerved,  long  elliptical  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or 
acutish,  rather  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  petiole  usually  longer  than  the  blade ; 
submerged  leaves  thinner  and  longer,  mostly  linear-lanceolate,  more  attenuate  at 
base,  the  lower  sessile :  spikes  on  stout  peduncles :  fruit  obliquely  obovate,  cari- 
nate,  acute:  nutlet  somewhat  3-keeled,  the  sides  scarcely  impressed.  — Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  ii.  vi.  226.    From  Mexico  to  the  Atlantic  States;  also  in  the  Pacific 
States.     Usually  in  streams. 

4.  P.  amplifolillS,  Tuckerman.    Stems  often  stout,  simple :  floating  leaves 
(sometimes   wanting)    30   to   5Q-nerved,  elliptic   to   oblong-lanceolate,  acute, 
mostly  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  on  stout  petioles  about  equalling  the 
b'ade;  submerged  leaves  often  very  large,  mostl y  falcate  and  somewhat  undulate, 
acute,  attenuate  to  a  usually  short  petiole :  spike  thick,  on  a  very  stout  peduncle : 
fruit  large,  3-keeled,  with  a  broad  stout  beak :   sides  of  the  nutlet  not  pitted.  — 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.  loc.  cit.  225.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  the  Atlantic  States ; 
also  in  California  and  Oregon.     In  ponds  and  streams. 

5.  P.   gramineus,  L.      Stems  very  slender,   branching :    floating  leaves 
rather  thin,  9  to  15-nerved,  small,  oblong-elliptic,  acutish,  rounded  or  cuneate  at 
base,  on  slender  petioles  mostly  equalling  or  exceeding  the  blade  ;  submerged  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  variable  in  length,  more  commonly  short,  acute  or  acuminate, 
narrowed  at  base :  spikes  rather  loose,  on  stout  often  elongated  peduncles :  fruit 
round-obovate,  acute,  scarcely  keeled.  —  From  the  Yellowstone  eastward;  also  in 
Nevada  and  California.     In  still  or  flowing  water. 

#  *  Leaves  all  submerged  and  uniform,  thin  and  dilated  (lanceolate  to  oval),  nu- 
merous, mostly  sessile :  spikes  dense,  on  stout  peduncles. 

6.  P.  lucens,  L.    Stem  stout,  branching :  leaves  usually  large  (2  to  6  inches 
long),  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  abruptly  acute  or  acuminate,  often  undu- 
late-serrate, narrowed  at  base  to  a  short  petiole  or  subsessile;    stipules  large: 
peduncles  often  elongated :  fruit  acute,  slightly  keeled.  —  From  New  Mexico 
to  California ;  also  eastward  to  Florida  and  New  England. 

7.  P.  perfoliatUS,  L.      Stem  more  slender,  flexuous,  branching:   leaves 
broadly  cordate  to  cordate-lanceolate,  \  to  l£  inches  long,  obtuse  or  acute,  clasp- 
ing at  base ;  stipules  small :  spikes  somewhat  compound,  on  mostly  short  pe- 
duncles :  fruit  obtusely  keeled,  beaked  by  the  short  slender  style. 

Var.  (?)  lanceolatus,  Robbins.  Leaves  longer  (2  to  4  inches  or  more), 
and  more  lanceolate,  acuminate,  undulate:  peduncles  thickened  upward:  fruit 
nearly  orbicular.  —  Gray's  Manual,  488. 

*  *  *  Leaves  all  submerged  and  uniform,  narrowly  linear  or  setaceous,  sessile. 
H-  Stipules  free  from  the  narrow  base  of  the  leaf. 

8.  P.  pusillus,  L.    Stem  filiform  :  leaves  1  or  2  inches  long,  rarely  a  line 
wide,  often  nearly  setaceous,  1  to  5-nerved,  biglandular  at  base :  spikes  capi- 
tate, or  elongated,  or  interrupted,  on  slender  flattened  peduncles. 


364  NAIAD ACEyE.      (PONDWEED   FAMILY.) 

Var.  vulgaris,  Fries.  Leaves  3-nerved,  often  obtuse,  revolute  and  hence 
subulate.  —  From  the  Uintas  to  the  N.  Atlantic  States  and  Canada. 

•H-  -i—  Stipules  united  with  the  sheathing  base  of  the  leaf:  spikes  interrupted. 

9.  P.  pectinatUS,  L.     Stem  filiform,  repeatedly  branched :  leaves  very 
narrowly  linear,  2  to  6  inches  long,  rarely  over  ^  line  broad,  often  setaceous, 
l-nerved,  acute  :  peduncles  elongated,  slender :  fruit  in  often  dense  verticils,  large 
(2  lines  long),  obliquely  obovate,  obtusely  keeled.  —  From  the  Rocky  Mountains 
eastward  across  the  continent ;  also  in  the  Pacific  States. 

10.  P.  marinus,  L.     Resembling  narrow-leaved  forms  of  the  last,  low 
and  very  leafy :  peduncles  much  elongated :  fruit  much  smaller  (a  line  long)  and 
thinner,  round  obovate,  not  keeled  upon  the  rounded  back,  tipped  with  the  broad 
sessile  stigma. 

Var.  (?)  OCCidentalis,  Robbins.  Often  taller  and  less  leafy:  peduncles 
usually  rather  short :  spikes  interrupted.  —  Bot.  King  Exped.  339.  Colorado, 
Utah,  Montana,  and  westward. 

11.  P.    Robbinsii,    Oakes.      Stem   rather  stout,    often    branched    and 
flexuous :   leaves  numerous,  distichous,  the  close  sheaths  nearly  covering  the  stem, 
linear-lanceolate,  2  to  3  inches  long  by  2  lines  broad,  many-nerved,  acuminate, 
ciliate-serrulate :   spikes  usually  several,  on  rather  stout  pedicels :  fruit   obiong- 
obovate,  nearly  2  lines  long,  keeled  with  a  broadish  wing,  acutely  beaked.  — 
Gray's  Manual,  490.    From  Oregon  to  the  Yellowstone,  and  common  in  the 
N.  Atlantic  States. 

3.    TRIGLOCHIN,    L.        ARROW-GRASS. 

Stamens  3  or  6 :  anthers  nearly  sessile.  Ovary  with  sessile  stigmas  and 
solitary  ovules,  separating  at  maturity  from  the  central  axis  into  as  many  dis- 
tinct pods.  —  Herb  with  fibrous  roots. 

1.  T.  maritimum,  L.     Rather  stout,  a  span  to  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves 
shorter  than  the  scape,  a  line  or  two  broad :  raceme  usually  crowded,  4  to  12 
inches  long :  flowers  a  line  broad :  fruit  obtuse  at  base,  6-carpelled,  1-|  to  2£  lines 
long,  and  about  equalling  the  pedicels.  —  In  saline  places  across  the  continent. 

2.  T.  palustre,  L.     Slender,  |  to  l£  feet  high:  leaves  less  than  a  line 
broad :  flowers  smaller :  fruit  attenuate  at  base,  3-carpelled,  2^  to  4  lines  long, 
exceeding  the  pedicels,  separating  from  below  upward.  —  From  the  Rocky 
Mountains  eastward  across  the  continent. 


4.    SCHEUCHZERIA,    L. 

Stamens  6 :  anthers  on  slender  exserted  filaments.  Ovary  of  3  nearly  dis- 
tinct carpels,  becoming  divergent  coriaceous  sub-globose  pods  :  stigmas  fiat 
and  sessile.  —  Herb  with  a  creeping  jointed  scariously  sheathed  rootstock. 

1.  S.  palustris,  L.  Stems  a  span  high  or  less  :  leaves  exceeding  them, 
pitted  at  the  tip :  raceme  4  to  6-flowered,  with  sheathing  bracts,  the  upper 
ones  small. — From  the  Rocky  Mountains  eastward  across  the  continent;  also 
in  California  and  Washington  Territory. 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  365 


ORDER  87.     CYPERACE^E.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

Grass-like  or  rush-like  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots,  mostly  solid  stems, 
closed  sheaths,  and  spiked  chiefly  3-androus  flowers,  one  in  the  axil  of 
each  of  the  glume-like  imbricated  bracts,  destitute  of  any  perianth,  or 
with  hypogynous  bristles  or  scales  in  its  place,  the  1 -celled  ovary  in 
fruit  forming  an  akene.  Style  2  or  3-cleft.  Stem  leaves  when  present 
3-ranked. 

*  Flowers  all  perfect :  spikelets  few  to  many-flowered,  solitary  or  spicate,  the  spikes  capi- 

tate or  umbellate :  only  1  or  2  of  the  lower  scales  usually  empty.  —  SCIRPINE.E. 
••-  Spikelets  more  or  less  flattened,  the  scales  being  in  2  ranks :    inflorescence  involu- 
crate. —  CYPERE^E. 
!•  Cyperus.     Perianth  (bristles,  etc.)  none.     Style  slender,  deciduous.    Spikelets  spicate 

or  clustered.     Stamens  1  to  3. 

••-  •«-  Spikelets  many -flowered,  not  flattened,  the  scales  imbricated  all  around.  —  SCIRPEJE. 
•H-  Style  not  dilated  at  base. 

2.  Scirpus.     Spikelets  solitary  or  clustered  or  in  a  compound  umbel,  the  stem  often 

leafy  at  base  and  inflorescence  involucrate.  Style  deciduous  or  only  the  base  per- 
sistent. Barbed  bristles  present  at  the  base  of  the  akene  or  wanting.  Stamens 
mostly  3. 

3.  Eriophorum.    Like  the  last,  but  the  numerous  naked  bristles  long-exserted  and  silky 

in  fruit.     Spikelets  few.    Stamens  1  to  3. 

4.  Hemicarpha.     Like  Scirpus,  but  without  bristles  and  with  a  minute  hyaline  bractlet 

between  each  flower  and  the  rhachis.  Spikelets  solitary  or  few  in  a  sessile  apparently 
lateral  cluster.  Stamen  1. 

•H.  -H-  Style  enlarged  at  base. 

5.  Eleocharis.    Spikelet  solitary,  terminal  upon  a  leafless  bractless  stem.     Base  of  the 

style  persistent.    Bristles  usually  present.     Stamens  3. 

6.  Fimbristylis.    Spikelets  in  an  involucrate  umbel     Stem  leafy  at  base.     Style  usually 

wholly  deciduous.     Bristles  none.     Stamens  1  to  3. 

*  *  Flowers  monoecious ;  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in  the  same  spike,  which  is  terminal 

(in  ours) :  akene  naked,  without  bristles.  —  SCLERINE^E. 

7.  Kobresia.    Spikelets  sessile  in  a  terminal  spike,  with  a  glume-like  bract  under  each 

spikelet.     Stem  leafy  at  base.    Base  of  the  style  persistent.    Stamens  3. 

*  *  *  Flowers  monoecious,  in  the  same  or  distinct  spikelets,  or  dioecious :  akene  enclosed 

in  an  inflated  sac-like  persistent  perigynium.  —  CARICINE^E. 

8.  Carex.    Spikelets  solitary,  spicate  or  paniculate.    Hypogynous  bristles  or  scales  wholly 

wanting  or  a  single  short  bristle  at  the  base  of  the  ovary. 

1.    CYPERUS,   L.        GALINGALE. 

Scales  concave  or  keeled,  often  decurrent  upon  the  rhachis.  Akene  lenticu- 
lar or  triangular,  not  beaked,  usually  smooth.  —  With  mostly  triangular  and 
nearly  naked  simple  stems,  sheathed  at  base  by  the  nearly  radical  leaves : 
inflorescence  subtended  by  a  mostly  conspicuous  leafy  involucre,  usually  irregu- 
larly umbellate  with  unequal  rays,  the  spikelets  in  spikes  solitary  or  clustered 
upon  the  rays,  the  central  spike  or  cluster  always  sessile,  and  the  whole  often 
contracted  into  a  single  more  or  less  dense  head.  Ours  all  belong  to  EUCY- 
PERUS,  in  which  the  style  is  3-cleft  and  akene  triangular,  the  spikelets  many- 
flowered,  with  carinate  scales,  and  with  the  rhachis  naked  or  nearly  so. 


366  CYPERACE.E.      (SEDGE   FAMILY.) 

*  Stamen  1 :  spikes  short  and  small,  collected  in  globular  heads,  ovate  or  linear- 
oblong,  compactly  many-Jlowered :  low  annuals,  with  a  2  to  3-leaved  involucre. 

1.  C.  aristatus,  Rottb.    Spikes  oblong  becoming  linear,  7  to  1 3-flowered, 
in  1  to  5  ovate  heads :   scales  nerved,  tapering  into  a  long  recurved  point : 
akene  obovate,  obtuse.  —  C.  inflexus,  Muhl.     Said  to  be  sweet-scented  in 
drying.     Across  the  continent. 

*  #  Stamens  3  :  spikes  loosely  or  somewhat  remotely  6  to  12-flowered,  flatfish  and 

greenish,  several  crowded  together  in  one  sessile  or  in  a  few  peduncled  heads  or 
dense  clusters :  scales  convex  on  the  back,  many-nerved,  a  little  longer  than  the 
sharply  triangular  akene :  perennials,  with  hard  clustered  corms  or  bulb-like 
tubers  at  the  base  of  the  stems. 

2.  C.  Schweinitzii,  Torr.     Stem  rough  on  the  angles,  1  to  2  feet  high : 
leaves  linear:   umbel  simple,  4  to  8-rayed :   spikes  crowded  along  the  Upper 
part  of  the  mostly  elongated  rays,  erect :  scales  awl-pointed :  joints  of  the  axis 
narrowly-winged.  —  In  dry  sandy  places  in  Colorado  ;  also  from  Lake  Ontario 
northwestward. 

3.  C.  filiculmis,  Vahl.     Stem  slender,  wiry,  often  reclined:  leaves  linear: 
spikes  numerous  and  clustered  in  one  sessile  dense  head,  or  in  1  to  7  additional 
looser  heads  on  spreading  rays  of  an  irregular  umbel :  joints  of  the  axis  naked : 
scales  blunt,  greenish.  —  In  dry  soil,  and  coming  into  our  range  from  W. 
Kansas. 

2.    SCIRPUS,    L.        BULRUSH  or  CLUB-RUSH. 

Hypogynous  bristles  3  to  6,  barbed  or  ciliate,  or  wanting.  Style  2  to  3-cleft. 
Akene  lenticular  or  more  or  less  triangular,  obovoid.  —  Tufted  plants,  with 
creeping  rootstocks,  the  stem  sheathed  or  leafy  at  base,  and  the  spikelets  in 
an  apparently  lateral  cluster,  or  compound  umbel-like  panicle,  or  solitary. 

*  Bristles  when  present  rigid,  not  elongated  and  contorted  or  exserted  after  flower- 

ing, barbed  downwards  or  smooth. 
•»-  Spike  solitary,  few-flowered,  small,  often  flatfish  :    akene  triangular,  smooth. 

1.  S.  CSBSpitOSllS,  L.     Stems  terete,  filiform,  in  compact  turfy  tufts, 
densely  sheathed  at  the  base,  the  upper  sheath  bearing  a  very  short  awl- 
shaped  leaf  :  scales  of  the  ovoid  spike  rust-colored :  involucral  bract  a  rigid- 
pointed  scale,  resembling  the  lowest  proper  scale  of  the  spike  :    bristles  6, 
smooth,  longer  than  the  abruptly  short-pointed  akene.  —  Mountains  of  Colo- 
rado (Hall  and  Harbour)  •   also  from  the  mountains  of  New  England  and 
N.  Carolina  northwestward. 

4_  ^_  Spikes  clustered  (rarely  only  one),  appearing  lateral  from  the  one-leaved 

involucre,  which  resembles  the  naked  stem,  seeming  to  be  a  continuation  of  it. 

•w.  Stem  sharply  triangular,  stout :   sheaths  at  base  more  or  less  leaf-bearing  : 

spikes  rust i/  brown,  closely  sessile  in  one  cluster. 

2.  S.  pungens,  Vahl.     Stem  sharply  3-angled  throughout,  1  to  4  feet  high, 
with  concave  sides:  leaves  I  to  3  elongated :  spikes  1  to  6,  capitate,  usually  long 
overtopped  by  the  pointed  involucral  leaf :  scales  ovate,  sparingly  ciliate,  2-cleft 
at  the  apex  and  awl-pointed  from  between  the  acute  lobes :  anthers  tipped  with 
an  awl-shaped  minutely  fringed  appendage.  —  Borders  of  ponds  and  streams 
from  California  into  Mexico,  and  northward ;  common  in  the  Atlantic  States. 


CYPERACE.E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  367 

3.  S.  Olneyi,  Gray.     Stem  3-w  ing-angled,  with  deeply  excavated  sides,  2  to 
7  feet  high,  the  upper  sheath  bearing  a  short  triangular  leaf  or  none:  spikes 
6  to  12,  closely  capitate,  overtopped  by  the  short  involucral  leaf:  scales  orbicu- 
lar, smooth,  mucronate-pointed  :  anthers  with  a  very  short  and  blunt  minutely 
bearded  tip.  —  PL  Lindh.  30.    Across  the  southern  part  of  the  continent  and 
northward  along  the  Atlantic  seaboard. 

•w-  •»-*•  Stem  terete,  very  tall  and  stout,  naked :  sheaths  at  the  base  bearing  a  short 
and  imperfect  leaf  or  none:  spikes  rusty  or  chestnut-brown,  numerous  and 
clustered  in  a  one-sided  compound  umbel-like  panicle,  the  principal  rays  of  which 
mostly  surpass  the  involucral  leaf:  scales  with  a  salitnt  midrib  extending  into 
a  mucronate  point. 

4.  S.  lacustris,  L.     Stem  3  to  9  feet  high,  scales  ciliate :  akene  pale  and 
dull,  obovate  with  a  narrowed  base,  usually  overtopped  by  the  4  to  6  slender 
downwardly  barbed   bristles.  —  S.  validus,  Vahl.     Common  in  fresh-water 
ponds  throughout  the  Atlantic  States,  and  extending  westward  to  the  moun- 
tains. 

Var.  OGCidentalis,  Watson.  Scales  often  pubescent,  especially  on  the 
midvein,  usually  pale  with  fine  brown  lines :  bristles  not  exserted  :  akene 
broadly  obovate,  terminating  abruptly  in  a  rather  short  beak.  —  Bot.  Calif, 
ii.  218.  From  Texas  and  Colorado  to  British  Columbia  and  the  Pacific 
coast.  Known  as  "  Tule." 

H-  -i-  -i-  Spikes  clustered  in  simple  or  mostly  compound  umbellate  or  cymose- 
panicled  clusters,  many-flowered,  terete :  involucre  of  mostly  several  obvious 
and  flat  leaves:  stems  tall,  triangular,  leafy. 

•*-«.  Spikes  large :  midrib  of  the  scales  extended  beyond  the  mostly  lacerate  or  2-cleft 

apex  into  a  distinct  awn. 

6.  S.  maritimus,  L.  Leaves  flat,  linear,  as  long  as  the  stout  stem  (1  to 
3  feet  high),  those  of  the  involucre  1  to  4,  very  unequal :  spikes  few  to  several 
in  a  sessile  cluster,  often  also  with  1  to  4  unequal  rays :  awns  of  the  scale  soon 
recurved  :  akene  obovate-orlncular,  compressed,  fiat  on  one  side,  convex  or  obtuse- 
angled  on  the  other,  minutely  pointed,  shining,  longer  than  the  bristles.  —  In  salt 
marshes  everywhere  across  the  continent. 

6.  S.  fluviatilis,  Gray.      Stem  stouter  and  taller :  leaves  flat,  broadly 
linear,  the  upper  and  those  of  the  very  long  involucre  much  exceeding  the 
compound  umbel:  rays  5  to  9,  elongated,  recurved-spreading :  scales  less  lacerate 
and  their  awns  less  recurved :   akene  obovate,  sharply  and  exactly  triangular, 
conspicuously  pointed,  dull,  scarcely  equalling  the  bristles.  —  Borders  of  lakes 
and  streams  from  W.  Vermont  to  Illinois  and  Wisconsin,  and  extending  into 
our  range  at  its  northeastern  border. 

•M.  •«•  Spikes  very  numerous,  small :  scales  mucronate-pointed  or  blunt :  umbel-like 
cymose  panicle  irregular,  compound  or  decompound :  stem  tall  and  very  leafy : 
bristles  very  slender  and  often  more  or  less  tortuous  and  naked  below. 

7.  S.  sylvaticus,  L.     Spikes  lead-colored,  3  to  10  in  a  cluster  at  the  end 
of  the  mostly  slender  ultimate  divisions  of  the  open  decompound  panicle :  scales 
bluntish:  bristles  6  and  downwardly  barbed  throughout:  akene  angled  on  the 
back,  short-poiated :  style  3-cleft. 


368  CYPERACE.E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

Var.  digynus,  Boeck.  Style  2-cleft,  akene  not  at  all  angled  on  the  back, 
stamens  2,  and  bristles  4.  —  S.  microcarpus,  Presl,  of  Gray's  Manual.  From 
California  to  Colorado  and  across  the  continent  northward.  The  type  is 
rarely  collected  in  New  England. 

8.  S.  atrovirens,  Muhl.     Very  similar  to  the  last:  panicle  more  con- 
tracted, the  smaller  spikelets  crowded  in  denser  and  larger  clusters:   scales 
narrower  and  narrow/,!/  acuminate :   bristles  scarcely  barbed  below  the  middle  : 
style  3-cleft :  akene  oblong-obovate,  more  acuminate,  slightly  angled  on  the  back. 
—  In  wet  meadows  and  bogs  from  Colorado  to  California  and  Oregon,  and 
eastward  to  New  England. 

#  *  Bristles  capillary,  naked,   not  barbed,  elongating,   becoming  tortuous  and 
entangled,  much  longer  than  the  triangular  akene. 

9.  S.  lineatUS,  Michx.     Stem  triangular,  leafy,  1  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves 
linear,  flat :   umbels  terminal  and  sometimes  axillary,  loose,  drooping,  the 
terminal  with  a  1  to  3-leaved  involucre  much  shorter  than  the  long  slender 
rays :    spikes  oblong,  becoming  cylindrical,  on  filiform  drooping  pedicels : 
bristles  at  maturity  scarcely  exceeding  the  green-keeled  and  pointed  scales : 
akene  sharp- pointed.  —  From  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward, 
coming  into  our  range  from  W.  Kansas. 

3.    ERIOPHORUM,    L.        COTTON-GRASS. 

Distinguished  from  Scirpus  chiefly  by  very  numerous  naked  silky  bristles 
which  become  loug-exserted  in  fruit.  Style  very  slender  and  elongated, 
3-cleft.  Akene  acutely  triangular.  —  Perennials  with  creeping  rootstocks. 

1.  E.  gracile,  Koch.     Stem  very  slender,  1  or  2  feet  high:  leaves  slender, 
channelled-triangular :    involucre  of  I  to  3  brownish  scales:  spikelets  2  to  5  on 
short  tomentose-scabrous  slightly  nodding  rays :   akene  linear-oblong,  broadest 
above.  —  Cold  bogs  across  the  continent  in  the  northern  tier  of  States. 

2.  E.  polystachyum,  L.     Stouter :   leaves  linear,  fiat  or  barely  chan- 
nelled below:  involucre  more  conspicuous,  2  or  3-leaved:  spikelets  more  numerous 
and  larger,  upon  longer  nodding  usually  smooth  rays :  akene  broader,  obovate.  — 
From  Colorado  northward,  and  thence  eastward  across  the  continent ;  also  in 
Oregon. 

4.    HEMICARPHA,    Nees. 

Distinguished  from  Scirpus  chiefly  by  the  minute  hyaline  bractlet  between 
the  flower  and  the  axis.  Style  2-cleft.  —  Low  setaceous  annuals,  with  flattened 
stems,  somewhat  leafy  at  base. 

1.  H.  SUbsquarrosa,  Nees.  Stems  numerous,  tufted,  1  to  6  inches  high, 
brown-sheathed  at  base,  with  1  or  2  very  short  filiform  leaves :  principal  invo- 
lucral  bract  continuous  with  the  stem,  the  others  much  smaller  or  none : 
scales  brown,  tipped  with  a  short  recurved  point.  —  From  California  to  New 
Mexico  and  Colorado  and  eastward  through  the  Atlantic  States. 

5.    ELEOCHARIS,   R.  Brown.        SPIKE-RDSH. 

Scales  closely  imbricated  all  around  the  rhachis.  Perianth  of  3  to  9  short 
retrorsely  barbed  bristles,  rarely  none.  Style  usually  3-cleft,  the  conical  or 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE   FAMILY.)  369 

flattened  tuberculate  base  persistent  and  mostly  jointed  upon  the  summit  of 
the  turgid-triangular  or  lenticular  akeue.  —  Stems  tufted,  from  matted  or 
creeping  rootstocks,  terete  or  angular,  the  base  covered  with  closely  appressed 
sheaths  :  lower  scale  of  the  spikelet  sometimes  enlarged  and  bract-like. 

*  Spike  small  and  few -flowered,  the  scales  somewhat  distichous  or  only  3-ranked : 

sti/le  3-cleft  and  akene  triangular, 
-i-  Tubercle  contracted  at  its  junction  with  the  akene. 

t.  E.  acicularis,  R.  Br.  Stems  with  fibrous  roots  and  very  slender  run- 
ning rootstocks,  usually  setaceous,  1  to  8  inches  high  :  spike  3  to  9-flowered  : 
scales  acutish,  more  or  less  deeply  tinged  with  brown :  bristles  3  or  4,  often 
wanting:  akene  oblong-obovate,  obscurely  triangular  and  faintly  ribbed  on 
the  sides ;  tubercle  broad,  short  and  blunt.  —  On  sandy  or  muddy  stream- 
banks  across  the  continent. 

4-  -i-  Tubercle  continuous  with  the  akene  and  not  contracted  at  base. 

2.  E.  pauciflora,  Watson.     Stems  from  slender  running  rootstocks,  3  to 
8  inches  high,  striate  :  spike  ovate-oblong:  scales  acute,  dark  brown:  bristles 
3  to  6,  usually  equalling  the  akene  :  akene  oblong-obovate,  obtusely  triangular ; 
tubercle  rather  stout,  pyramidal,  nearly  a  third  as  long  as  the  akene.  —  Bot. 
Calif,  ii.  221.     Scirpus  pauciflorus,  Lightfoot,   Gray's   Manual,  560.     From 
Colorado  and  Wyoming  to  the  N.  Atlantic  States ;  also  in  California. 

*  *  Spike  terete,  man;]- flowered :  tubercle  somewhat  contracted  at  its  junction  with 

the  akene :  style  2-cleft  and  akene  lenticular. 

3.  E.  palustris,  B.  Br.     Stems  usually  slender,  terete,  striate,  \  to  4  feet 
high:  spike  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  acute,  3  to  12  lines  long:  scales  obtuse  or 
the  upper  acutish,  thin,  brown  with  white  margin  and  greenish  keel :  bristles  4, 
about  equalling  the  akene :  akene  obovate,  turgid,  smooth ;   tubercle  broad-deltoid, 
acutish  or  acute,  rarely  acuminate.  —  Throughout  the  continent,  and  in  most 
parts  of  the  Old  World. 

4.  E.  olivacea,  Torr.     Stems  very  slender  and  spreading,  1  to  6  inches 
high :  spike  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  1  to  3  lines  long :   scales  obtuse,  rather  loosely 
imbricated,  purple  with  a  green  midrib  :   bristles  6  or  8,  longer  than  the  akene : 
akene  and  tubercle  as  in  the  last.  — Colorado,  Montana,  and  Oregon ;  also  on 
the  Great  Lakes  and  the  Atlantic  coast. 

5.  E.  COmpressa,  Sulliv.    Stem  flat,  striate,  1  to  2  feet  high  :  spike  ovate- 
oblong,  at  length  lanceolate,  4  to  7  lines  long :  scales  acute,  dark  purple  with 
broad  white  pellucid  margins:  bristles  1  to  4  (or  none),  very  slender  and  fragile, 
shorter  than  or  equalling  the  akene :  akene  obovate-pear-shaped,  compressed  ;  tuber- 
cle small,  conical,  pointed.  —  Gray's  Manual,  558. 

6.    FIMBBISTYLIS,  Vahl. 

Scales  closely  imbricated  around  the  rhachis.  Styles  2  to  3-cleft,  often  flat- 
tened and  ciliate,  somewhat  dilated  at  base.  Akene  lenticular  or  triangular, 
usually  attenuate  at  base  or  substipitate.  —  In  ours  the  style  is  2-cleft  and  the 
akene  lenticular. 

1.  F.  spadicea,  Vahl.  Stems  1  to  2£  feet  high,  from  a  perennial  root, 
rigid,  as  are  theflliform  convolute-channelled  leaves :  spikes  ovate-oblong,  becom- 

24 


370  CYPERACE.E.    (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

ing  cylindrical :  stamens  2  or  3 :  akerw  very  minutely  striate  and  obscurely  reticu- 
luted.  —  Colorado  to  Indian  Territory  and  Texas;  also  along  the  Atlantic 
coast. 

7.    KOBRESIA,   Wffld.      » 

Lowest  glume  enclosing  an  ovary  with  a  long  trifid  style ;  the  next  one,  or 
rarely  the  next  two,  enclosing  3  stamens ;  often  a  rudimentary  glume  or  awn 
terminating  the  rhachis ;  occasionally  but  one  glume  to  a  spikelet.  —  Peren- 
nial herbs  with  filiform  leaves,  radical  or  sheathing  the  stems  at  base. 

1.  K.  scirpina,  Willd.  Stems  cespitose,  5  to  12  inches  high,  striate- 
augled :  leaves  shorter  than  the  stem :  spikelets  few,  small,  and  brown,  in  a 
somewhat  clavate  spike  one  inch  long.  —  Elyna  spicata,  Schrad.  South  Park, 
Colorado  (Hall  fr  Harbour). 

8.    CAREX,    L.        SEDGE.     (By  L.  H.  BAILEY,  JR.) 

Flowers  in  spikes,  imperfect,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in  different  parts 
of  the  same  spike  (spike  androgynous),  or  in  separate  spikes  on  the  same  culm 
(plant  monoxious),  or  rarely  on  entirely  distinct  plants  (plants  dioecious). 
Staminate  flower  composed  of  3  stamens  borne  beneath  a  bract  or  scale. 
Pistillate  flower  composed  of  a  single  pistil  bearing  2  or  3  exserted  styles, 
forming  in  fruit  a  lenticular  or  triangular  acheuium  which  is  enclosed  in  a 
more  or  less  inflated  sac  (perigynium)  borne  in  the  axil  of  a  scale.  —  Perennial 
grass-like  herbs  with  3-ranked  leaves,  mostly  triangular  culms,  and  spikes  in  the 
axils  or  exserted  from  the  sheaths  of  leaf-like  or  scale-like  bracts.  Theoreti- 
cally each  flower  is  entirely  destitute  of  floral  envelopes,  and  borne  on  a  branch 
which  springs  from  the  axil  of  a  scarious  bract  (the  scale  of  the  following 
descriptions),  the  enclosing  perigynium  of  the  fertile  flowers  answering  to  one 
(or  two)  connate  bractlet.  The  term  fruit  as  applied  to  the  perigynium  and 
its  contents  is  a  misnomer.  In  the  subgenus  Vignea  of  the  present  elabora- 
tion the  spikelets  or  spiculae  of  authors  are  called  spikes,  which  they  truly  are, 
and  they  are  conglomerated  into  heads.  The  genus  is  an  exceedingly  critical 
one  and  its  study  should  not  be  attempted  with  unripe  or  imperfect  specimens. 

Artificial  Key. 

T.    Spike  one,  terminal,  strictly  simple,  staminate  at  the  top,  or  in  dioecious  plants  (5  &  46) 

all  staminate  or  all  pistillate. 
Stigmas  three. 
Perigynium  spindle-shaped  or  lanceolate, 

Green 1 

Dark  brown  or  purple 2,  3 

Perigynium  short,  mostly  ovate  or  elliptic, 
Perfectly  smooth. 
Perigynia  1  to  3,  conspicuously  spreading,  or  remote  from  the  staminate  portion, 

Obovate,  obtuse 10 

Elliptic,  sharply  beaked 16 

Perigynia  several,  continuous  with  the  staminate  portion. 

Scales  leaf-like 11 

Scales  short,  ciliate 46 

Scales  short,  entire, 


CYPERACE.E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  371 

Very  broad,  covering  the  perigynium. 

Leaves  short,  stiff,  involute j5 

Leaves  ordinary j4 

Narrower,  shorter  than  perigynium         . :      » 17 

Scabrous  or  hairy. 

Perigynia  1  to  4,  scabrous  above                 ,    '• 4 

Perigynia  several  to  many,  hairy .        .        .  .         5 

Stigmas  two .        .        .....•«.:.  52,  53 

II.    Spikes  all  aggregated  into  a  round  or  ovoid  unintermpted  head,  stigmas  two. 

Spikes  densely  packed,  the  individual  ones  scarcely  discernible. 

Head  black '  .        .       .        .        .      50  var.  nigra. 

Head  tawny  or  brown, 

Subtended  by  1  or  2  long  leafy  bracts 80 

Naked  or  nearly  so. 
Perigynium  nearly  orbicular,  dark  ..........       70 

Perigynium  ovate  or  lanceolate. 

Spikes  staminate  at  base  .        ...       .  •     ,  ' 78,  79 

Spikes  staminate  at  top. 

Perigynium  rough-angled         .        . 58,  59 

Perigynium  smooth       .        .        .        .        .       '.        .        .        .        .        60,  61,  62 

Head  green      ...... 58 

Spikes  simply  aggregated,  the  individual  ones  readily  recognized. 

Spikes  nearly  linear,  light  colored      .        ..,..• 71 

Spikes  oval  or  ovoid. 
Perigynium  wing-margined, 

Broadly  ovate  or  oval 84,  87 

Lanceolate. 82,  83,  85 

Perigynium  wingless, 

Nerved,  beak  longer  than  the  body 64 

Nerved,  beak  short 57 

Nerveless. 

Heads  small  globular 62 

Heads  oblong -.'...  76 

III.    Some  or  all  the  spikes  distinct 

Terminal  spike  staminate  above  (staminate  flowers  inconspicuous),  spikes  often  all  approxi- 
mated into  an  interrupted  head  or  panicle,  stigmas  always  two. 

Spikes  conspicuously  panicled 65,  64  (sometimes). 

Spikes  not  panicled. 
Perigynium  strongly  nerved. 

Culm  flat          .  63 

Culm  broadly  3-angled -.«       .       .  64 

Culm  nearly  terete  ,        .       .        .        57 

Perigynium  nerveless  or  nearly  so. 

Spikes  1  to  3-flowered,  scattered  ;  perigynium  erect ;  plants  delicate      .        .  54 

Spikes  5  to  many-flowered  ;  perigynixun  divaricate  or  reflexed. 

Spikes  all  distinct .       .       .       »•      .        55 

Upper  spikes  aggregated 66 

Spikes  5  to  12-flowered  ;  perigynium  nearly  upright      ....  .59 

Terminal  spike  staminate  below. 
Stigmas  two. 
Spikes  very  dark. 

Scales  long  and  sharp .        .        49 

Scales  ordinary •    r 50,  51 

Spikes  tawny  or  whitish. 
Perigynium  lanceolate. 
Thin  and  scale-like  .        ..........        ,       .        .81,82,83 


372  CYPERACE.E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

More  or  less  thick  and  rounded. 

Heads  fulvous 85 

Heads  silvery  or  silvery-tawny 72,  73,  74 

Perigynium  ovate,  wing-margined 86,  87 

Perigynium  ovate,  not  margined  .        •     \  • 75, 76, 77 

Perigynium  broadly  obovate,  nearly  pointless 22 

Stigmas  three. 

Pistillate  spikes  nodding 25 

Pistillate  spikes  erect      .        ... 23,  24 

Intermediate  spikes  of  the  silvery  or  tawny  interrupted  head  staminate,  stigmas  two. 

Perigynium  short  and  broad,  dark-colored 68 

Perigynium  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  straw-colored        .        ...        .        .  67,  69 

Perigynium  long-lanceolate,  silvery -green     .        .        .       •       ,    .  •       »       .        .        72 
Terminal  spike  or  spikes  entirely  staminate. 
Stigmas  two. 
Perigynium  strongly  nerved. 

Plant  stout    .        .        .       .        .        .        .        . 40 

Plant  very  slender 45  var.  juncella. 

Perigynium  nerveless  or  nearly  so. 
Bracts  all  leaf-like, 

Scales  ciliate  at  top 41 

Scales  not  ciliate  .        .       •       • 42 

Bracts  not  conspicuously  leafy. 
Spikes  rounded  or  ovaL 

Staminate  spike  short-stalked 35,  45  var.  2 

Staminate  spike  sessile 47,  50 

Spikes  oblong  or  long-cylindrical. 

Perigynium  ovate,  green  or  brown-purple 43,  44,  45 

Perigynium  obovate,  yellow  or  whitish 20 

Stigmas  three. 
Perigynium  hairy. 
Pistillate  spikes  few-flowered,  almost  globular,  mostly  sessile. 

Scales  eiliate 5 

Scales  not  ciliate. 

Spikes  greenish  ;  culrns  slender 7,  8 

Spikes  greenish  or  whitish  ;  culms  very  short 8,  9 

Spikes  colored 6 

Pistillate  spikes  few-flowered,  linear  ;  plant  delicate 12 

Pistillate  spikes  several  to  many-flowered,  oblong  or  cylindrical. 

Perigynium  conspicuously  nerved ,        ...        32 

Perigynium  nerveless  or  nearly  so. 

Plant  hairy  throughout 13 

Plant  smooth 30 

Perigynium  smooth. 
Pistillate  spikes  pendulous  or  nodding. 

Beak  slender,  longer  than  body  of  perigynium  ;  spikes  greenish-white        .  29 

Body  of  perigynium  as  long  or  longer  than  beak. 

Spikes  small,  6  or  less-flowered  ;  plant  delicate 27 

Spikes  nearly  globular,  pendulous,  very  dark 48 

Spikes  very  loosely-flowered,  long-linear 26 

Spikes  thick  and  long  ;  perigynium  inflated, 

Greenish  straw-colored,  slender-beaked,  conspicuously  more  than  10-nerved    34 
Straw-colored  or  often  purplish, 

More  or  less  ascending  36,  37 

Conspicuously  squarrose 38,  39 

Spikes  all  erect, 

Short-oblong  or  round,  densely-flowered,  approximate. 
Beak  short,  bifid 31 


CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  378 

Beak  short,  stout,  truncate .18 

Beak  longer  than  body 29 

Spikes  cylindrical. 

Perigynium  beakless 19 

Perigynium  nearly  beakless,  the  point  bent 21 

Perigynium  conspicuously  beaked, 

Lanceolate,  flattened 28 

Greenish,  very  turgid  below,  large 33 

Brown  and  hard,  with  spreading  setaceous  teeth        .        ;  .        32  var. 

Thin,  inflated,  straw-colored  or  purple, 

More  or  less  ascending    .        ,        .        .        .        .        ,        .        .        .      36, 37 
Conspicuously  squarrose    ...,.,.„.          38,  39 

SUBGENUS  I.  Eucarex.  Staminate  flowers  forming  one  or  more  ter- 
minal linear  or  club-shaped  spikes  which  are  often  pistillate  at  base  or  apex, 
or  occasionally  having  a  few  pistillate  flowers  intermixed.  Pistillate  flowers 
usually  in  distinct  and  normally  simple  mostly  peduncled  spikes  which  are 
seldom  aggregated  into  heads.  Cross-section  of  the  perigynium  circular  or 
obtusely  angular  in  outline.  Style  commonly  3-parted  and  the  achenium 
trigonous  or  triquetrous.  —  Passing  into  the  following  subgenus  through  the 
members  of  the  last  section. 

§  1.  Spike  single  (in  our  species),  androgynous,  male  at  the  top,  the  rhachis  con- 
spicuously jointed:  perigynium  lanceolate  or  spindle-shaped,  longer  than  the 
scale,  deflexed  at  maturity :  stigmas  very  rarely  two.  —  DEFLEXOCARP^E. 
Low  and  mostly  slender  species. 

*  Perigynium  green,  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  several  times  longer  than  the  scale.  — 

PAUCIFLOR^E,  Tuckm. 

1.  C.  microglochin,  Wahl.     Culms  rigid  from  a  creeping  base,  2  to 
8  inches  high  :    leaves  few  and  narrow,  shorter  than  the  culm :  staminate 
flowers  very  few :  perigynia  4  to  6,  the  orifice  closed  by  a  conspicuous  pro- 
jecting racheola  which  springs  from  the  inside  beneath  the  achenium :  scales 
deciduous.  —  Uncinia   microglochin,  Ledeb.      Colorado,   probably  from   high 
mountains  (Hall  $*  Harbour,  607) ;  also  in  subarctic  America.     (Eu.) 

C.  PAUCIFLORA,  Lightf.,  distinguished  by  the  orifice  of  the  perigynium 
being  closed  with  the  stiff  persistent  style,  occurs  in  British  America  and 
may  be  expected  northward. 

#  #  Perigynium  brown,  spindle-shaped  or  narrowly  ovate,  stipitate,  little  longer 

than  the  scale.  —  PUBLIC  ARES,  Tuckm. 

2.  C.  Pyrenaica,  Wahl.     Culm  2  to  8  inches  high,  slender:  spike  dense, 
oblong,  brown  or  purple,  the  fertile  flowers  erect  until  full  maturity :  leaves 
narrow,  mostly  involute- filiform,  shorter  than  the  culms:  staminate  flowers  few, 
occupying  $  or  less  the  length  of  the  spike :  perigynium  few-nerved  or  nerveless, 
usually  shining  at  maturity.  —  High  mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  north- 
ward.    (Eu.) 

3.  C.  nigricans,  C.  A.  Meyer.     Stouter:  leaves  nearly  fiat,  a  line  or  more 
broad :  staminate  Jlowers  usualli/  conspicuous  and  occupying  about  half  the  spike: 
perigynium  somewhat  ventricose,  dull :  otherwise  as  in  the  last,  with  which  it 
grows.  —  Evidently  the  more  common  species.     (Asia.) 


374  CYPEKACE^E.      (SEDGE   FAMILY.) 

§  2.  Spikes  one  or  more:  staminate  spike  always  single,  usually  distinct,  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  sometimes  androgynous  with  all  the  pistillate  Jlowers  borne  at  its 
base :  pistillate  spikes,  if  any,  small  and  globular,  mostly  sessile,  more  or  less 
approximate :  bracts  short  or  none,  sheathless :  perigynium  ovate  or  globular, 
hirsute  (thin  and  scabrous  in  No.  4),  tightly  surrounding  the  achenium,  usually 
bearing  a  beak  half  its  length:  pistillate  scales  acute  (except  in  Nos.  4  and  5) : 
stigmas  rarely  2.  —  SPIOERIDIOPHOR^E,  Drejer.  Low  species  in  dry  places, 
the  leaves  all  radical.  No.  5  is  dioecious. 

*  Spike  one,  androgynous.  —  Fi  LI  POLICE,  Tuckm. 

4.  C.  filifolia,  Nutt.     Cespitose :   culms   slender,   obtusely  angled  and 
smooth,  3  to  12  inches  high,  when  full  grown  longer  than  the  filiform  rigid 
leaves,  their  bases  surrounded  by  dry  brown  leafless  sheaths  which  at  length 
break  up  into  fibres :  spike  £  to  1  inch  long,  ferruginous  or  whitish,  bractless, 
the  staminate  portion  sometimes  nearly  free  from  the  pistillate  portion :  peri- 
gynium  broadly   triangular-obovoid,   thin,  few-nerved  or   nerveless,  scabrous  or 
slightly  hairy  above,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short,  stout,  white-hyaline  entire 
beak,  about  the  length  or  shorter  than  the  very  broad  hyaline-margined  clasping 
scale:  perigynium  containing  a  short  serrate  racheola,  Avhence  the  name 
Uncinia  breviseta,  Torr.  — Dry  plains  and  mountains  from  Colorado  westward 
and  northward. 

Var.  valida,  Olney.  Culm  very  stout,  a  foot  high,  rigid,  sharply  angled, 
much  longer  than  the  loncj-pointed  broader  leaves:  spike  longer,  often  subtended  by 
a  hispid  bract:  perigynium  more  glabrous.  —  C.fllifolia,  var.,  Boott  in  Gray's 
Rocky  Mountain  Plants,  77.  Colorado. 

5.  C.  SCirpoidea,  Michx.     Creeping:  culms  in  flower  short,  elongating 
(6  to  16  inches  high)  in  fruit  and  exceeding  the  broad  and  flat  leaves,  more  or 
less  scabrous  on  the  angles  at  least  above,  the  basal  sheaths  not  splitting  into 
fibres :   spike  ferruginous,  linear  or  club-shaped,  %  to  2  inches  long,  occasion- 
ally with  1  or  2  accessory  spikes  at  base :  perigynium  ovate  or  obovate,  hairy, 
lightly  nerved,  about  the  length  (or  a  little  longer)  of  the  ciliate  more  or  less  obtuse 
scale:  scales  on  the  staminate  plant  hyaline-margined,  not  ciliate. — C.  Worrn- 
skioldiana,  Hornem.     High  mountains,  Colorado  and  Utah,  northward  and 
westward.     (Asia,  Norway.) 

*  *  Spikes  two  to  several,  the  lower  occasionally  peduncled  or  sometimes  radical: 
perigynium  contracted  below,  usually  bearing  two  prominent  ribs,  the  very  short 
or  often  prolonged  beak  slightly  2-toothed.  —  MONTANA,  Fries  (in  part). 

•»-  Culms  upright,  as  long  or  longer  than  the  leaves:  spikes  closely  flowered,  mostly 
aggregated  at  the  top  of  the  culm. 

6.  C.  Pennsylvanica,  Lam.     Extensively  creeping:  culms  few,  slender, 
4  to  10  inches  high  :  staminate  spike  conspicuous,  $  to  1  inch  long,  often  club- 
shaped,  sessile  or  shortly  peduncled,  sometimes  pistillate  at  the  top :    pistillate 
spikes  1  to  4,  the  lower  one  very  rarely  an  inch  remote,  the  upper  ones  bract- 
less,  the  lower  sometimes  subtended  by  a  short  and  subulate  broivn  bract:  peri- 
gynium globose  or  roundish-obovoid,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  or  often 
long  beak,  usually  shorter  than  the  acute  or  cuspidate  broivn  or  rarely  ivhitish 
scale.  —  C.  leucorum,  Willd.,  is  a  form  with  long  beaks.     Dry  sandy  plains 
about  Denver  (E.  L.  Greene],  Ute  Pass,  Col.  (T.  C.  Porter) ;  Fort  Pierre, 


CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  375 

Dak.,  and  probably  generally  distributed  northward.  A  variable  species; 
spikes  usually  brown  or  dark  purple,  sometimes  whitish,  the  pistillate  varying 
in  size  from  an  inch  long  to  very  small  and  almost  abortive.  A  form  with 
rigid  leaves,  a  single  whitish  pistillate  spike  with  large  perigynia  and  borne 
at  the  base  of  the  staminate  spike,  has  considerable  resemblance  to  forms  of 
C.  filifolia.  Radical  spikes  sometimes  occur. 

7.  C.  Emmonsii,  Dew.      Densely  cespitose :   culms  many,  very  slender, 
about  equalling  the  narrow  soft  leaves:  staminate  spike  very  small,  1  to  4  lines 
long,  often  nearly  concealed  by  the  pistillate  spikes,  which  are  2  to  5,  small,  3  to 
9-flowered,  green,  the  lower  usually  short-bracted,  very  closely  aggregated  at  the 
top  of  the  culm,  occasionally  1  or  2  of  the  lower  a  little  remote  or  rarely  on  a 
radical  peduncle  :  perigynium  small,  narrowly  oval  or  ovate  and  more  or  less 
3-sided,  with  a  conspicuous  more  or  less  toothed  beak.  —  C.  Novce-Anglice, 
var.  Emmonsii,  Carey.     Indian  Territory  (Geo.  D.  Butler)   and  southward. 
Readily  distinguished  by  its  closely  aggregated  green  spikes. 

4_  .«_  Culms  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves :  spikes  looser  flowered  and  more  scat- 
tered, often  radical. 

8.  C.  NOVSB- Anglic®,  Schw.,  var.  Rossii,  Bailey.  Culms  few,  3  to  6  inches 
high,  nearly  or  about  the  length  of  the  narrow  and  straight  leaves :  pistillate  spikes 
few,  1  to  4-flowered,  linear  and  upright,  light  colored :  perigynia  loosely  alternate 

on  a  zigzag  rhachis,  ovoid,  the  flattened  mostly  cut-toothed  beak  either  longer 
or  shorter  than  the  body.  —  C.  Rossii,  Boott.  Frequent  from  New  Mexico 
(Fendfer,  889)  to  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah;  also  in  British 
Columbia.  The  species  occurs  in  Washington  Territory  and  northward  and 
eastward  in  British  America.  It  is  distinguished  by  a  weaker  habit,  and 
darker  colored  and  more  aggregated  spikes. 

9.  C.  umbellata,  Schk.     Rootstock  stout,  mostly  horizontal:  culms  many, 
mostly  very  short  and  crowded  and  concealed  among  the  leaves,  sometimes  3  to  4 
inches  long:  leaves  many,  generally  short,  stiff  and  curved,  sometimes  weak  and 
straggling  and  6  inches  long :  staminate  spike  £  inch  or  less  long,  not  usually  dis- 
tinct and  conspicuous :  pistillate  spike  usually  crowded  among  the  bases  of  the  leaves, 
sometimes  one  or  more  of  them  exserted  and  clustered  with  the  staminate 
spike :    perigynium  globose-elliptic,  more  or  less  flattened,  produced  into  a 
flattened  toothed  beak  as  long  as  the  body.  —  Indian  Territory ;  and  common 
eastward. 

Var.  brevirostris,  Boott.  Beak  much  shorter  and  minutely  tootbed,  the 
perigynium  rounder  or  somewhat  3-sided.  —  Mogollon  Mountains,  New  Mexico, 
and  near  Golden  City,  Colorado  (E.  L.  Greene) ;  also  in  California  and  British 
America. 

§3.  Spikes  androgynous,  staminate  above:  pistillate  flowers  few,  often  remote, 
usually  on  a  more  or  less  zigzag  rhachis:  scales  prolonged  and  leaf-like  (scari- 
ous  and  often  short  in  No.  10) :  perigynium  smooth,  or  slightly  hispid  above, 
mostly  tightly  enclosing  the  achenium,  the  beak,  if  any,  straight.  —  PHYLLO- 
STACHYs,1  Carey. 

1  A  peculiar  section,  including  one  Caucasian  and  five  American  species  which  fall  into 
two  well-marked  groups.  The  section  is  connected  with  the  Montana  through  the  Brao- 
tentce,  and  with  the  Old  World  Depauperates,  and  through  that  group  with  the  Laxiflorce,  by 
C.  Geyeri. 


376  CYPERACE^E.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

*  Culms  all  as  long  or  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves :  staminate  flowers  conspicuous : 
pistillate  flowers  very  few  and  large:  leak  very  short. — PHYLLOSTACHY^E, 
Bailey. 

10.  C.  Gey eri,  Boott.    Stoloniferous :  culms  very  slender,  angled,  rough, 
about  a  foot  high,  about  the  length  of  the  flat  rough-edged  leaves  :  staminate 
portion  of  the  spike  usually  appearing  distinct,  £  to  1  inch  long :   pistillate 
flowers  1  or  2,  large,  erect  with  the  rhachis :  perigynium  triangular-obovoid, 
3  lines  long,  the  conspicuous  angles  obtuse,  one-nerved  on  the  two  inner  sides, 
very  smooth,  with  a  very  short  entire  erose  and  hyaline  beak  :  scales  thin  and 
brown,  acute,  2  to  4  times  the  length  of  the  perigynium.  —  Mountains  of 
Colorado,  Utah,  and  Montana.     Hitherto  confounded  with   C.  multicaulis, 
Bailey,  a  Califomian  and  Oregon  species  with  numerous  prolonged  stiff  terete 
and  smooth  culms. 

*  *  Culms  mostly  much  shorter  than  the  leaves:  staminate  flowers  inconspicuous: 

perigynium  small,  the  beak  produced  to  half  its  length  (or  more) :  scales  very 
green  and  much  dilated,  often  concealing  the  perigynia,  and  readily  mistaken 
for  bracts.  —  BRACTOIUE^E,  Bailey. 

11.  C.  Backii,  Boott.     Cespitose:  culms  1  to  7  inches  high,  sharply  an- 
gled :  leaves  lax  and  smooth :  staminate  portion  of  the  spike  about  3-flowered  : 
pistillate  flowers  2  to  4,  aggregated,  more  or  less  spreading :  perigynium  glo- 
bose-ovate, inconspicuously  nerved,  smooth  or  very  slightly  scabrous  above : 
lower  scales  longer  than  the  culm.  —  Dry  and  rocky  hills,  Colorado  (Hall  and 
Harbour),  and  British  America. 

§  4.  Staminate  and  pistillate  spikes  distinct :  staminate  spike  single,  more  or  less 
peduncled:  pistillate  spikes  more  or  less  elongated  and  peduncled,  loosely  alter- 
nate-flowered (except  in  C.  Richardsoni  and  No.  13) :  bracts  always  sheathed 
(except  in  No.  13),  the  sheaths  sometimes  membranaceous  and  leafless:  peri- 
gynium 3-angfed  or  globular,  tightly  enclosing  the  achenium,  faintly  nerved  or 
nerveless,  more  or  less  hairy  in  the  less  evolved  species,  smooth  and  the  short 
beak  curved  in  the  Laxiflorce.  —  DACTYLOSTACHY.®,  Drejer  (in  part). 
Mostly  low  or  undersized  species,  with  a  loose  habit,  growing  in  dry  or 
grassy  places. 

*  Sheaths  membranaceous  or  hyaline,  either  not  prolonged  into  a  bract  or  the  bract 

very  short  and  not  foliaceous  :  perigynium  more  or  less  3-angled,  hairy  in  our 

species  and  the  beak  straight.  —  DIGITATE,  Fries. 

C.  RICHARDSONI,  R.  Br.,  connecting  this  section  with  §  2,  is  distinguished 
from  C.  Pennsylvania,  which  it  strongly  resembles,  by  its  peduncled  spikes 
and  dark  purple  leafless  sheaths.  It  occurs  in  the  Eastern  States,  British 
America,  and  California,  and  may  be  expected  in  Montana. 

12.  C.  COncinna,  R.  Br.     Stoloniferous:   culms  slender,  2  to  6  inches 
high,  longer  than  the  sharp-pointed  leaves:   staminate  spike  small,  shortly 
stalked,  its  scales  obtuse,  rarely  bearing  1  or  2  pistillate  flowers  at  the  top : 
pistillate  spikes  2  to  5,  short,  rather  loosely  2  to  S-floicered,  at  least  the  lower 
ones  distinctly  peduncled  (the  peduncles  often  included  in  the  sheaths),  all  ap- 
proximate or  aggregated:  sheaths  very  short,  each  usually  bearing  an  awn-like 
bract  of  its  oicn  length :  perigynium  ovate,  strigose-hairy,  with  a  short  erose  beak, 
longer  than  the  obtuse  hyaline-margined  scale.  —  Cottonwood  Lake,  Wahsatch 


CYPERACE.E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  377 

Mountains,  9,000  feet  altitude ;  and  high  northward.     A  delicate  and  pretty 
species.    The  terminal  spike  is  rarely  all  pistillate. 

#  *  Sheathless:  bracts  green  or  foliaceous:  perigynium  triquetrous.  —  TRI- 

QUETR^E. 

13.  C.  pubescens,  Muhl.      Whole  plant  soft  hairy:  culms  slender,  1  to  2 
feet  high  :  leaves  flat  and  soft :  pistillate  spikes  2  to  4,  oblong  and  rather  tightly 
flowered,  i  to  f  inch  long,  scattered  near  the  top  of  the  culm,  the  lowest  shortly 
peduncled  and  subtended  by  a  leafy  sheatkless  bract  from  1   to  3  inches  long; 
perigynium  ovate,  boldly  triquetrous,  very  hairy,  contracted  into  a  slender  nearly 
entire  beak  over  half  as  long  as  the  body  :  scale  broad  belong  white  and  thin  on  the 
margins,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  rough  awn  inhich  equals  or  exceeds  the  peri- 
gynium. —  Missouri  River  below  Fort  Pierre  (Hayden).    A  species  of  doubtful 
affinity,  placed  here  provisionally. 

§  5.  Spike  one  (in  our  species),  small,  the  pistillate  flowers  few:  perigynium 
smooth  (sometimes  minutely  dentate  on  the  angles),  Jinn  or  horny,  mostly  shin- 
ing or  glossy,  lightly  nerved  or  nerveless,  bearing  a  short  beak:  scales  obtuse 
with  hyaline  margins:  stigmas  3.  (The  mature  perigyuium  of  No.  15  is 
unknown  )  —  LAMPROCHL^N^:,  Drejer.  Small  plants,  with  creeping  root- 
stocks.  Our  species  all  fall  under  the  group  Rupestres,  Tuckm. 

14.  C.  rupestris,  All.     Cespitose  and  somewhat  stoloniferous :  culms  ob- 
tusely angled,  erect,  1  to  4  inches  high,  usually  a  little  longer  than  the  long- 
pointed  and  mostly  channelled  leaves ;  spike  linear  or  clavate  (£  to  1  inch  long) : 
perigynium  upright,  plano-convex,  obovate  or  elliptic,  firm  in  texture,  dull,  very 
lightly  nerved,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  and  stout  truncate  beak,  hidden  by 
the  amplectant  and  very  broad  dark  scale  —  C.  Drummondiana,  Dew.     Sierra 
Blanca,  Col.  (Hooker  $•  Gray),  and  Hall  fr  Harbour  No.  273,  according  to 
Wm.  Boott;  British  America  and  high  northward.     (Eu.) 

15.  C.  Lyoni,  Boott.     Rootstocks  somewhat  creeping  or  perhaps  strictly 
cespitose  :  culms  short,  1  to  6  (usually  2  or  3)  inches  high,  rigid,  mostly  shorter 
than  the  very  rigid,  bristle-like  glaucous  leaves,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  mass 
of  brown  leafless  sheaths:   spike  linear;  the  staminate  flowers  3  to  6  ;  the 
pistillate  7  to  9 :  perigynium  ovate-lanceolate,  pallid,  finely  few-nerved ;  the 
beak  hyaline,  minutely  and  obliquely  toothed,  about  the  length  or  a  little 
shorter  than  the  obtuse  and  hyaline -margined  srtile.  —  Twin  Lakes  (John 
Wolfe)   and   Berthoud   Pass   (Vasey),  Colorado;    also   in   British   America. 
Known  only  from  immature  specimens.     Its  stiff  and  bristle-like  leaves  and 
culms  are  its  best  known  characters. 

16.  C.  Obtusata,  Lilj.     Very  extensively  creeping  by  long  and  slender  brown- 
ish rootstocks:  culms  2  to  7  inches  high,  longer  than  the  flat  and  long-pointed 
leaves :  spike  at  maturity  ovate  or  narrowly  ovoid,  half -inch  or  less  long,  the  pistil- 
late flowers  4  to  10:  perigynium  at  first  pa'e,  brownish  at  the  top,  when  mature 
spreading  and  becoming  brown  or  dark  brown-purple,  glossy,  very  horny  in  texture, 
turgid-ovate,  stipitate,  contracted  into  a  stout  obliquely  cut  and  conspicuously  white- 
hyaline  beak,  longer  and  broader  than  the  membranaceous,  acute,  and  often  de 
ciduous  scale :  achenium  short  and  broadly  triangular.  —  C.  spicata,   Schk 
C.  affinis,  R.  Br.     C.  obesa,  All.,  var.  monostachya,  Boeckeler.     South  Park, 
Colorado,  to  Montana,  westward  and  northward.     (Eu.) 


378  CYPERACE.E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

§  6.  Spikes  2  or  more  (1  in  No.  17),  more  or  less  pedunded :  staminate  spike  one 
in  our  species :  pistillate  spikes  mostly  compactly  flowered  and  cylindrical, 
erect :  bracts  leafy,  sheathing  or  sheathless :  perigynium  firm  in  texture,  smooth 
(except  in  No.  24,  and  in  young  specimens  of  No.  23),  slightly  inflated,  very 
shortly  and  stoutly  beaked  or  sometimes  beakless,  conspicuously  nerved  (except 
in  No.  22).  —  BRACHYRHYNCELE.  Slender,  not  very  leafy  species. 

*  Spike    one,    staminate    above :    perigynium     beakless.  —  POLYTRICHOIDE^E, 

Tuckm.  Including  one  very  slender  species  of  doubtful  affinity,  interme- 
diate between  the  Pallescentes  and  the  Elongatce. 

17.  C.  polytrichoides,  Muhl.    Cespitose  :  culms  many,  almost  capillary, 
usually  longer  than  the  very  narrow  leaves  :  staminate  flowers  very  few  :  peri- 
gynia  2  to  8,  alternate  and  appressed,  green,  triangular  below,  flattened  to- 
wards the  top,  blunt  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  much  longer  than  the  ovate 
acute  scale :  stigmas  rarely  2.  — Low  ground,  Colorado  and  northward. 

*  *  Staminate  spike  in  our  species  sessile  or  short-stalked :  pistillate  spikes  short 

(occasionally  an  inch  long  in  No.  19):  perigynium  obtuse  or  short  beaked, 
straight  at  the  apex,  longer  than  the  white  or  tawny  acute  scale.  —  PALLES- 
CENTES, Fries. 

18.  C.  Torreyi,  Tuckm.     Culms  8  to  16  inches  high,  sharply  angled, 
longer  than  the  hairy  leaves:  pistillate  spikes  1   to  3,  roundish,  approximate, 
almost  sessile :  perigynium  round-obovate,  sunken  at  the  lop,  very  abruptly  tipped 
with  a  short  stout  hyaline- margined  beak :  bracts  short,  about  the  length  of  the 
culm,  sheathless.  —  Clear  Creek  Canon,  near  Golden  City,  Colorado  (Rev.  E.  L. 
Greene) ;  also  in  British  America;  rare. 

19.  C.  grisea,  Wahl.     Culms  lax,  8  to  20  inches  high  :  leaves  smooth,  lax, 
and  fiat.  (3  lines  wide  in  typical  forms,  often  much  narrower) :  pistillate  spikes 
3  to  6,  rather  loosely  fiowered  and  cylindrical,  or  sometimes  reduced  to  2  or  3 
fiowers,  remote,  all  more  or  less  pedunded :  bracts  wide  and  leaf-like,  surpassing 
the  culm:  perigynium  large,  turgid-oblong,  green,  finely  many-nerved,  jinelt/ punc- 
tate with  shining  glands,  beakless  or  very  nearly  so :  scale  rough-awned.  —  S.  Utah 
(Dr.  E.  Palmer)  and  southeastward;  Nebraska  (Hayden).    This  species  bears 
little  general  resemblance  to  the  preceding. 

*  #  *  Staminate  spike   usually  long-peduncled :  pistillate  spikes   scattered,  all 

(at  least  the  lower)  on  exserted  stalks:  bracts  shorter  than  the  culm  (longer  in 
No.  20),  sheathing  :  perigynium  glaucous-green  before  maturity,  becoming  pale 
or  yellow,  the  apex  oblique  or  bent  and  short-beaked  (or  nearly   beakless  in  I 
No.  20).  —  PANICE^,  Tuckm. 

20.  C.  aurea,  Nutt.     Stoloniferous :   culm  1   to  12  inches  high,  slender, 
sharply  angled,  longer  or  shorter  than  the  fiat  and  narrow  glaucous  leaves : 
bracts  leaf-like,  the  lower  much  exceeding  the  culm  :  spikes  3  to  6,  the  staminate 
often  nearly  sessile,  the  pistillate  loosely  fiowered,  the  lower  remote,  often  on  radi- 
cal peduncles :  scales  colored  on  the  margins,  ovate,  shorter  than  the  turgid, 
globose  or  pear-shaped,  bright  yellow  or  straw-colored  and  wholly  obtuse  or  slightly 
pointed  perigynium :   stigmas  commonly  2.  —  Common  throughout  on  moist 
grassy  hillsides  and  low  mountains.     A  delicate  and  pretty  species,  readily 
distinguished  when  mature  by  its  bright  colored,  often  almost  fleshy  peri- 
gynia.     The  staminate  spike  is  occasionally  pistillate  at  the  apex.    The  apex 
of  the  perigynium  is  often  slightly  excurved  as  in  the  true  Panicece. 


CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  379 

21.  C.  tetanica,  Schk.     Creeping:  culms  strict,  slender,  6  to  20  inches 
high,  sharply  angled,  longer  than  the  pale  or  bluish  leaves  :  staminate  spike  long- 
pedunded:  pistillate  spikes  1  to  4,  usually  all  pedunded,  slender,  cylindrical, 
varying  from  compactly  to  loosely  flowered,  attenuated  at  the  base :  perigynium 
tapering  at  each  end,  more  or  less  3-angled,  scarcely  inflated,  with  a  very  short 
bent  point,  longer  than  the  nearly  obtuse  or  shortly  cuspidate  scale.  —  Indian  Ter- 
ritory and  northward ;  also  in  British  America.     Distinguished  from  its  east- 
ern allies,  C.  panicea  and  C.  Meadii  (the  latter  of  which  may  occur  within  our 
limits),  by  its  more  slender  spikes,  which  are  loosely  flowered  at  the  base,  and 
its  less  inflated  perigynium. 

*  *  *  *  Terminal  spike  stalked,  pistillate  at  the  top:  pistillate  spikes  oblong  or 

cylindrical,  densely  flowered,  erect :  bracts  sheathless  or  nearly  so,  leaf-like  : 
perigynium  ovate  orobovate,  straight,  nearly  or  quite  beakless.  —  VIRESCENTES, 
Kunth. 

22.  C.  Shortiana,  Dew.     Culms  leafy,  1  to  2£  feet  high :  leaves  long, 
flat,  rather  wide,  smooth  or  very  nearly  so:  pistillate  spikes  3  to  6,  evenly  cylindri- 
cal, £  to  2  inches  long,  the  lower  long  pedunded,  all  sparingly  staminate  at  the 
base:  perigynium  broadly  and  shortly  obovate,  nerveless,  minutely  pointed,  squar- 
rose,  somewhat  longer  than  the  rather  obtuse  'scale.  —  Indian  Territory  ( Geo.  D. 
Butler) ;  Nebraska  (Hayden). 

23.  C.  triceps,  Michx.     Cespitose:   culms  slender,  8  to  18  inches  high, 
shorter  or  longer  than  the  soft,  narrow,  flat  and  hairy  (rarely  nearly  smooth 
eastward)  leaves:  spikes  1  to  3,  approximate  and  nearly  sessile,  globular,  ovoid, 
or  short  cylindrical,  thick   (£  inch  or  less  long) :   perigynium  sparsely  hairy 
when  young,  smooth  when  mature,  ovate  or  broadly  obovoid,  turgid  and  conspicu- 
ously many-nerved  when  ripe,  pointless  and  nearly  entire  or  tipped  with  a  very 
short  and  slightly  2-toothed  beak,  about  the  length  of  the  acute  or  awn-pointed  scale. 
—  C.  hirsuta,  Willd.     C.  Smithii,  T.  C.  Porter.     Indian  Territory  (Geo.  D. 
Butler)  and  southward. 

24.  C.  virescens,  Muhl.     Cespitose :  culms  many,  very  slender,  8  inches  to 
3  feet  high,  often  much  attenuated,  about  the  length  of  the  narrow  and  fat 
long-pointed,  hairy  leaves :  spikes  green,  oblong  or  narrowly  cylindrical,  J  to  2 
inches  long,  rarely  nearly  globose  in  attenuated  specimens,  short-stalked  and 
ascending :  perigynium  ovate  or  oval,  thickly  hairy  at  maturity,  strongly  few-nerved, 
beakless,  mostly  longer  than  the  acute  whitish  scale.  —  Indian  Territory  ( Geo.  D. 
Butler). 

§  7.  Staminate  spike  mostly  solitary  and  pedunded  (sometimes  sessile  in  No.  26), 
the  upper  part  usually  pistillate  in  the  Gracillimo?. :  pistillate  spikes  several  or 
many,  more  or  less  loosely  flowered,  all  or  the  lower  on  filiform  weak  or  nodding 
peduncles:  bracts  foliaceous  and  sheathing :  perigynium  thin  and  membrana- 
ceous,  usually  slender  or  oblong,  tapering  gradually  into  a  distinct  or  long 
minutely  toothed  straight  beak,  smooth  and  shining  (in  No.  23  usually  hairy  on 
the  angles  and  not  lucid),  mostly  light-colored,  somewhat  inflated.  Scales 
thin,  white,  tawny,  or  brown.  —  HYMENOCHL^EN^;,  Drejer.  Mostly  slender 
and  open-flowered  lax-growing  species. 

*  Terminal  spike  usually  pistillate  above :  pistillate  spikes  narrow,  long-cylindri- 

cal, rather  compactly  flowered,  the  lower  on  long-exserted  or  nodding  peduncles : 


380  CYPERACE.E.      (SEDGE   FAMILY.) 

perigynium   ovate-oblong,  many-nerved,  turgid,  green  at  maturity.  —  GRACIL- 
LIM.E,  Carey. 

25.  C.  Davisii,  Schw.  and  Torr.     Culm  leafy,  lax,  1  to  2  feet  high: 
leaves  wide  and  flat,  pale,  more  or  less  hairy :  pistillate  spikes  about  three, 
usually  an  inch  or  more  long  and  two  or  three  lines  broad  :  perigynium  large 
and  turgid,  prominently  12  to  15-nerved,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  short  and 
stout  slightly  2-toothed  beak,  about  the  length  of  the  pale  awned  scale.  — 
C.  Torreyana,  Dew.     Moist  grassy  places,  Indian  Territory  ( Geo.  D.  Butler) 
and  northward. 

*  #  Terminal  spike  all  staminate :  pistillate  spikes  in  our  species  very  narrow  and 

slender  and  long-exserted  and  nodding,  loosely  flowered :  perigynium  small, 
not  inflated.  —  DEBILES,  Carey. 

26.  C.  arctata,  Boott.     Slender,  1  to  2  feet  high  :  culm  leaves  short  (2  to 
4  inches)  and  broad ;  radical  leaves  mostly  short  and  spreading,  all  smooth : 
pistillate  spikes  long-linear,  1  to  3  inches  long  and  a  line  wide,  all  nodding  at 
maturity,  very  loosely  flowered  towards  the  base :  perigynium  small,  some- 
what 3-angled,  prominently  about  2  or  3-nerved,  pointed,  rather  longer  than 
the  acute,  white  scale.  —  Along  the  Missouri  at  Fort  Pierre  (Dewey). 

*  *  *  Terminal  spike  all  staminate:  pistillate  spikes  oblong,  club-shaped  or  cy- 

lindrical  (very  small  in  No.  27),  less  drooping:  perigynium  few-nerved   or 
nerveless,  tawny  or  whitish. —  FLEXILES,  Tuckm. 

27.  C.  capillaris,  L.     Usually  densely  cespitose :  culms  very  slender,  vary- 
ing from  an  inch  to  15  inches  (var.  elongata,  Olney)  in  height,  much  longer  than 
the  numerous  very  narrow  radical  leaves:  pistillate  spikes  1  to  4,  loosely  3  to  10- 
flowered,  long-exserted  and  nodding,  the  lower  often  very  remote :  perigynium 
small,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  contracted  into  a  nearlij  entire  beak  of  about  half  its 
length,  about  the  length  or  longer  than  the  white  or  tawny  hyaline  scale.  —  High 
mountains  from  Colorado  westward  and  northward.     A  delicate  species,  vari- 
able in  size  and  in  the  length  and  shape  of  the  pistillate  scales.     (Eu.) 

28.  C.  frigida,  All.     Stoloniferous :  culm  slender,  1  to  1|  feet  high,  much 
longer  than  the  short  and  rather  broad  many-nerved,  lax  radical  leaves:  bracts 
conspicuously  and  loosely  sheathing,  the  lower  more  or  less  leaf-like,  the  upper 
setaceous :  pistillate  spikes  ferruginous,  nearly  or  quite  an  inch  long,  the  lower 
club-shaped  and  long-exserted,  the  upper  more  or  less  cylindrical  and  often  sessile 
or  nearly  so  and  approximate:  perigijnium  lanceolate,  slightly  inflated,  flattened, 
at  first  wholly  or  partly  green,  at  length  becoming  more  or  less  ferruginous, 
obscurely  nerved,  hairy  on  the  angles,  tapering  and  2-toothed,  longer  than  the 
acute  dark-brown  scale.  —  Cottonwood  Lake,  Utah  (Sereno   Watson);  also  in 
Oregon.     (Eu.) — (See  Addendum.) 

29.  C.  longirostris,  Torr.,  var.  minor,  Boott.     Cespitose :  culm  rather 
strong,  6  to  8  inches  high,  obtusely  angled,  rather  longer  than  the  flat  and 
soft  leaves:  pistillate  spikes  2  to  3,  greenish-white,  short  (^  inch  long),  thick, 
nearly  erect:  perigynium   large,  2-nerved,  green  and  shining,  produced  into  a 
slender  ivhite-tipped  toothed  beak  of  half  or  more  its  length :  scale  white,  acute 
or  cuspidate,  about  the  length  of  the  perigyninm.  —  Colorado  (Hall  $*  Har- 
bour).—  The  species,  differing  in  its  much  greater  size,  longer  and  at  length 
long-pendulous  spikes,  and  very  long-beaked  perigynium,  occurs  near  the 
boundary  in  British  America. 


CYPERACE^:.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  381 

§  8.  Staminate  spikes  one  or  more :  pistillate  spikes  two  to  several,  stout,  erect, 
mostly  shortly  peduncled,  somewhat  squarrose  or  comose  in  appearance :  peri- 
gynium  thick  in  texture,  hairy,  more  or  less  spreading,  distinctly  and  stoutly 
straight-beaked,  the  teeth  short:  scales  prominent.  —  LASIOCARP^E,  Fries. 
Stout,  mostly  tall  species,  in  wet  or  grassy  places.  Our  species  falls 
under  the  group  Lanuginosce,  Carey. 

30.  C.  filiformis,  L.,  var.  latifolia,  Beklr.     Stoloniferous :  culms  1  to 
2|  feet  high,  strong :  leaves  flat  1  to  2  lines  broad,  about  the  length  or  longer 
than  the  culm:  staminate  spikes  1  to  3,  the  lower  small  and  aggregated  at  the 
base  of  the  terminal  one :   pistillate  spikes  1  to  4,  remote,  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
or  the  lower  peduncled,  f  to  2  inches  long,  often  loosely  flowered  at  the  base  : 
bracts  leaf -like,  usually  much  exceeding  the  culm,  the  upper  sheathless :  peri- 
gynium  ovate  or  shortly  ovoid,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  very  short,  erect, 
divergently  and  very  shortly  toothed  beak :  scales  ovate,  purple,  acute  or  cus- 
pidate, shorter  or  longer  than  the  turgid  and  densely  hairy  perigynium.  — 
C.  lanuginosa,  Michx.     C.  pellita,  Muhl.     Throughout,  in  wet  and  swampy 
places. 

Var.  sematorhyncha,  W.  Boott,  is  a  form  with  purple  beaks :  scarcely 
distinct  from  the  last  variety.  —  C.  cematorhyncha,  Desv.  Jordan  Valley, 
Utah  (Sereno  Watson}. 

The  species  may  be  expected  in  Montana.  It  is  distinguished  by  its  filiform 
and  involute  leaves. 

§  9.  Staminate  spike  mostly  single :  pistillate  spikes  2  to  4,  short,  oblong  or  globu- 
lar, sessile  or  nearly  so,  erect,  compactly  flowered,  in  our  species  approximate 
at  the  top  of  the  culm  and  subtended  by  long  and  leafy  bracts :  perigynium 
smooth,  nerved,  conspicuously  beaked,  not  prominently  toothed.  —  SPIROSTA- 
CHYJE,  Drejer.  Rather  slender  species. 

31.  C.  flava,  L.     Culm  slender,  4  to  18  inches  high,  smooth,  longer  than 
the  narrow  stem  leaves :   bracts  much  longer  than  the  culm,  leaf-like,  very 
shortly  sheathed :  staminate  spike  short,  mostly  sessile  :  perigynium  shining, 
yellowish,  reflexed  at  maturity,  twice  the  length  of  the  scale.  —  Meadows 
and  wet  places,  Hudson's  Bay  Creek,  Montana  (  W.  M.  Canby),  and  north- 
ward.    (Eu.) 

§  10.  Staminate  spikes  two  or  more,  long-stalked :  pistillate  spikes  2  to  several, 
usually  all  ped uncled,  long  and  heavy,  loosely  flowered,  erect  or  nodding:  peri- 
gynium large,  thick  in  texture,  strongly  nerved,  hairy  or  smooth,  produced  into 
a  long  beak  ivhich  terminates  in  very  conspicuous  awl-like  erect  or  spreading 
teeth.  —  ECHINOSTACHY^E,  Drejer.  Coarse  species. 

32.  C.  trichocarpa,  Muhl.,  var.  aristata,  Bailey.     Culms  very  stout, 
sharply  angled  :  sheaths  and  under  side  of  the  leaves  sparsely  hairy :  stami- 
nate spikes  3  to  8,  usually  considerably  separated ;  the  scales  very  long,  loose 
and   pointed  :   pistillate  spikes  2  to  3  inches   long,  5  lines  or  more    broad, 
upright,  scattered,  loosely  flowered  at  the  base:   perigynium  very  strongly 
nerved,  smooth,  ovate-lanceolate,  terminated  by  very  conspicuous  divaricate, 
smooth  and  slender  teeth  (which  are  l£  to  2  lines  long),  usually  longer  than 
the  rough-awned  scale. —  C.  aristata,  R.  Br.     C.  mirata,  Dew.     Bogs  and 
creeks,  Utah  (  Watson,  L.  F.  Ward) ;  to  British  America. 


332  CYPERACE^J.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

Var.  JDeweyi,  Bailey.  Usually  more  slender  than  the  last,  the  leaves 
and  sheaths  smooth :  pistillate  spikes  1  to  2  inches  long  and  £  inch  or 
less  broad :  perigynium  very  smooth,  usually  somewhat  polished,  rather 
coriaceous,  the  nerves  not  conspicuous,  the  teeth  mostly  short :  scale  usually 
not  conspicuously  awned.  —  C.  Iceviconica,  Dew.  Big  Sioux  and  Yellow- 
stone Rivers  (Hayden),  Bismarck,  Dakota  (A.  B.  Seymour).  These  varieties 
pass  by  all  gradations  into  the  species,  which  may  occur  within  our  eastern 
limits. 

§  11.  Sterile  and  fertile  spikes  one  to  several  or  many:  fertile  spikes  mostly  large 
and  compactly  flowered :  perigynium  much  inflated  (cross- sect  ion  nearly  twice 
or  much  more  than  twice  the  width  of  the  mature  achenium),  membranaceous, 
smooth,  conspicuously  nerved  (or  nearly  nerveless  in  No.  35),  tapering  into  a 
toothed  beak  as  long  as  the  body  or  longer.  —  PHYSOCARP^E,  Drejer.  Mostly 
large  and  stout  species,  to  be  regarded  as  the  most  developed  of  the  genus. 
No.  35  is  the  least  developed  of  the  section,  and  in  some  forms  it  appears 
to  ally  itself  with  other  and  very  dissimilar  sections. 

*  Staminate  spike  solitary,  stalked:  pistillate  spikes  sessile  or  nearly  so,  short  and 

thick,  at  maturity  green  or  greenish-tawny,  usually  turning  dark-colored  in  dry- 
ing :  perigynium  large,  very  turgid  at  the  base,  gradually  lengthened  into  a  long- 
conical  slenderly  toothed  beak  which  much  exceeds  the  scale.  —  LUPULIN^E, 
Tuckm. 

33.  C.  lupulina,  Muhl.    Tall  and  leafy  (2  to  3  feet  high) :  fertile  spikes 
2  to  4,  several  to  many-flowered,  heavy,  turgid-oblong  or  cylindrical,  approxi- 
mate or  the  lower  remote  and  on  more  or  less  exserted  stalks,  becoming  nearly 
straw-colored  at  full  maturity:   bracts  wide,  long  and  leaf-like,  the  lower 
sheathing :   perigynium  upright.  —  Indian  Territory  and   southward  in  wet 
places. 

C.  INTUMESCEXS,  Rudge,  distinguished  by  its  few-flowered  and  aggregated 
sessile,  greener  spikes,  sheathless  bracts,  and  more  spreading  perigynia,  has  a 
similar  range  as  the  last,  but  has  not  yet  been  found  within  our  limits.  It 
also  occurs  in  British  America. 

#  #  Staminate  spikes  commonli/  more  than  one :  pistillate  spikes  usually  long  and 

densely  cylindrical  (short  in  No.  35  and  occasionally  in  No.  38) :  perigynium 
smooth  and  shining,  long-beaked,  at  maturity  yellow  or  straw-colored,  or  occa- 
sionally partly  reddish  purple.  —  VESICARI.E,  Tuckm. 

-i-  Staminate  spike  one:  pistillate   spikes  comose,  cylindrical  and  drooping  or 
spreading :  bracts  sheathless  or  nearly  so :  beaks  long. 

34.  C.  hystricina,  Muhl.     Plant  rather  slender,  pale,  12  to  18  inches 
high  :  spikes  2  to  4,  narrow  (f  to  2  inches  long  and  £  inch  and  less  wide),  nod- 
ding or  the  upper  one  nearly  erect  or  spreading,  decidedly  comose  in  appear- 
ance: perigynium  15-nerved,  not  prominently  inflated,  prolonged  into  a  very 
slender  and  setaceously  toothed  beak,  the  lobes  of  which  are  spreading :  scales 
awn-like,  shorter  than  the  perigynium.  —  C.  Cooleyi  and  C.  Thurberi,  Dew. 
Wet  places,  New  Mexico  and  northeastward  to  Nebraska.     Distinguished 
from   C.  tentaculata,  Muhl.,  which  may  occur  within  our  southeastern  bor- 
der, by  its  smaller,  more  comose  and  more  nodding  spikes,  and  by  its  smaller 


CYPERACEJ3.      (SEDGE   FAMILY.)  383 

or  more  nerved  (10-nerved  in  that  species)  perigynia.     C.  hystricina  affords  a 
transition  to  the  Echinostachyce. 

C.  SQOARKOSA,  L.,  occurs  at  Fayetteville,  N.  W.  Arkansas  (F.  L.  Harvey). 
It  is  at  once  distinguished  by  its  exceedingly  densely  flowered  short,  upright 
spikes,  the  terminal  one  being  androgynous.  It  is  one  of  the  Squarrosce, 
Carey. 

4-  •»-  Staminate  spike  one,  rarely  two :  pistillate  spikes  short,  erect,  more  or  less 
purplish :  beaks  short :  stigmas  usually  two. 

35.  C.  saxatilis,  L.     Stoloniferous  :  culm  4  to  12  inches  high,  sharply 
angled,  about  the  length  of,  or  a  little  longer  than,  the  narrow  and  sharp- 
pointed  leaves :  pistillate  spikes  one  to  three,  the  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
the  lower  mostly  more  or  less  ped uncled,  all  dark  purple  or  at  maturity  becom- 
ing brown  :   bracts  narrow,  long-pointed,  shorter  or  a  very  little  longer  than 
the  culm :  perigynium  ovate-oblong  or  elliptic,  nerveless  or  very  inconspicu- 
ously nerved  at  the  apex,  rather  abruptly  contracted  into  a  very  short  nearly 
entire  beak,  mostly  longer  than  the  more  or  less  obtuse  membrauaceous  scale. 
—  (7.  pulla,  Gooden.     C.   vesiain'a,  var.  alpigena,  Fries.     Rocky  mountains 
of    British  America  and   northward,  and   no   doubt   on   our   higher  moun- 
tains.    (Eu.) 

Var.  Grahami,  Hook.  £  Arn.  Stouter,  12  to  20  inches  high :  perigyuium 
lighter  colored,  often  nearly  straw-colored,  prominently  few-nerved,  the  beak 
longer  and  more  conspicuously  toothed.  —  C.  Grahami,  Boott.  C.  vesicaria, 
var.  dichroa,  Anderss.  C.  saxatilis,  var.  major,  Gluey.  High  mountains  of 
Colorado,  Utah,  and  northward.  (Eu.) 

•*-  -t—  -t-  Staminate  spikes  two  or  more:  pistillate  spikes  normally  long,  spreading 
or  drooping :  stigmas  three. 

•*-«•  Perigynium  conspicuously  turgid,  ascending  at  maturity. 

36.  C.  vesicaria,  L.     Stoloniferous :  culms  stout,  I  to  2^  feet  high,  sca- 
brous, shorter  than  the  upper  leaves :  leaves  flat,  2  to  3  lines  broad  :  pistillate 
spikes  2  to  4,  thick  (4  to  8  lines  in  diameter),  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  on  weak 
or  nodding  peduncles :  perigynium  ovate-lanceolate,  one  third  or  less  as  broad  as 
long,  gradually  tapering  into  a  slender  beak,  12  or  more  nerved,  longer  than  the 
inconspicuous  scale.  —  Uinta  Mountains,  Utah?   (No.  1270  King's  Survey,  an 
immature  specimen),  California,  and  Oregon.     (Eu.) 

37.  C.  monile,  Tuckm.     Culms  usually  more  slender  and  leaves  a  little  nar- 
rower: spikes  more  slender:  perigi/niutn  subglobose,  much  inflated  towards  the 
base,  one  half  or  more  as  broad  as  long,  abruptly  short-beaked,  10  or  less  nerved: 
otherwise  as  in  the  last. —  C.  Vaseyi,  Dew.     Colorado  (  Vasej). 

•w  +*  Perigynium  not  conspicuously  turgid,  squarrose  at  maturity,  and  the  spikes 
comose  in  appearance. 

38.  C.  Utriculata,  Boott.    Somewhat  Stoloniferous:  culm  very  stout  (1  to 
3  feet  high),  acutely  angled  above,  very  thick  and  spongy  at  the  base:  leaves 
broad  (2  to  6  lines),  carinate  at  the  base,  much  exceeding  the  culm,  conspicu- 
ously nodulose-reticulated:  pistillate  spikes  2  to  6,  more  or  less  remote,  the  upper 
sessile,  the  lower  often  on  weak  peduncles  an  inch  or  two  long,  long-cylindri- 
cal or  terete  (1  to  7  inches  long],  thick  and  compactly  flowered  (sometimes 


384  CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE   FAMILY.) 

loosely -flowered  at  the  base),  often  staminate  at  the  top:  perigynium  ellipsoid 
or  globose-ovoid,  usually  gradually  tapering  into  a  short  beak,  broader  and  com- 
monly longer  than  the  very  acute  or  rough-awned  scale.  —  Var.  MINOR,  Sart- 
well,  is  a  form  smaller  in  all  its  parts,  with  spikes  an  inch  or  so  long.  — 
Common  in  swamps  from  Colorado  and  Utah  northward.  Too  near  the 
next. 

39.  C.  ampullacea,  Good.     Culm  rather  slender,  obtusely  angled,  not  con- 
spicuously thickened  at  the  base :  leaves  narrow  (f  to  2  lines  broad),  canaliculate, 
finely  and  inconspicuously  nodulose  below,  gradually  tapering  into  very  long  points: 
spikes  fewer,  narrower  and  shorter,  more  approximate,  the  lower  seldom  much  ex- 
serted :  perigynium   subglobose  or  globose-elliptic,  in  typical  forms  shortly  and 
abruptly  beaked,  longer  than  the  normally  muticous  scale.  —  In  similar  situa- 
tions with  the  last,  but  evidently  less  common,  from  Colorado  and  Utah 
northward.     (Eu.) 

§  12.  Staminate  spikes  one  or  more,  long:  pistillate  spikes  one  to  several,  brown, 
purple,  or  greenish,  commonly  approximate,  sessile  or  peduncled,  oblong  or  linear, 
mostly  elongated:  perigynium  not  inflated,  biconvex,  minutely  beaked  or  beak- 
less,  smooth:  stigmas  2.  —  MICRORHYNCH.E,  Drejer.  Paludose  and  alpine 
species  of  upright  habit,  often  growing  in  tufts  or  tussocks.  Our  species 
fall  under  the  group  Acutce,  Fries. 

*  Perigynium  strongly  nerved. 

40.  C.  Jamesii,  Torr.     Stoloniferous :  culm  1  to  2  feet  high,  rough  on 
the  sharp  angles,  longer  than  the  glaucous,  long-pointed  leaves :  staminate 
spikes  1  to  4,  usually  one,  large,  occasionally  bearing  a  few  pistillate  flowers 
at  the  top :  pistillate  spikes  2  to  4,  erect,  the  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the 
lower  more  or  less  peduucled,  broadly  cylindrical,  often  inclining  to  club- 
shaped  ;  lower  bract  often  leaf -like :  perigynium  oval  or  obovate,  ascending, 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  short,  toothed  (rarely  nearly  entire)  beak,  green- 
ish, about  the  length  of,  or  a  little  longer  than,  the  obtuse  or  abruptly  cuspi- 
date scale,  and  twice  as  broad.  —  Colorado,  Utah,  and  southward.     Spikes 
sometimes  purplish. 

Var.  Nebraskensis,  Bailey.  Culm  stouter,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  about 
the  length  of  the  leaves  :  pistillate  spikes  mostly  short,  narrowly  cylindrical 
or  terete :  perigynium  squarrose  or  spreading,  usually  rusty  brown,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  gradually  pointed,  narrower  scale.  —  C.  Nebraskensis,  Dew. 
With  the  species  and  eastward. 

*  *  Perigynium  slightly  nerved  or  nerveless. 

•i-  Robust  species  (mostly) :   bracts  leaf-like,  usually  exceeding  the 
culm. 

41.  C.  laciniata,  Boott.    Culm  very  sharply  angled,  2  to  3  feet  high,  rough 
on  the  angles,  at  least  above :  leaves  very  long :  pistillate  spikes  3  to  6,  dark 
brown,  1  to  3  inches  long,  cylindrical  and  closely  flowered,  remote,  the  upper 
sessile,  the  lower  nodding  or  spreading  on  exserted  peduncles  and  loosely 
flowered  at  the  base  :  perigijnium  oval  or  elliptic,  sometimes  nearly  circular,  con- 
tracted into  a  short,  toothed  beak,  usually  toothed  on  the  angles  above  (the  teeth 
deciduous  with  age),  faintly  several  nerved,  about  the  length  of  the  narrow  pale- 


CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  385 

ribbed,  dilate,  (laciniate)  scale. — Provost  River,  N.  Utah  (Sereno  Watson,-  an 
ambiguous  specimen).  The  leaves  usually  dry,  stiff  and  hard.  The  lowest 
hract  is  often  very  much  prolonged. 

42.  C.  aquatiliS,  Wahl.     Stoloniferous  :  culm  obtusely  angled,  2  to  3  feet 
high,  smooth,  leafy :  leaves  fiat,  pale,  scarcely  longer  than  the  culm :    pistillate 
spikes  2  to  4,  erect,  thick  and  compactly  fiowered  throughout  or  more  commonly 
inclining  to  club-shaped  with  a  gradually  attenuated  base,  the  upper  sessile,  the 
lower  more  or  less  peduncled  and  often  loug-exserted  :  perigynium  broadly 
elliptic  or  obovate,  rarely  circular,  nerveless,  tipped  with  a  minute  and  entire  point, 
green  or  light-colored,  wider  and  either  longer  or  shorter  than  the  green  or  purple- 
margined  acutish  scale.  —  Wyoming  (  W.  Boott) ;  probably  generally  distrib- 
uted.   A  large  species  in  wet  places,  readily  distinguished  from  the  next  by 
its  stout  and  leafy  smooth  culms,  wide  and  amplectant   bracts,  and  thick 
spikes.     (Eu.) 

Var.  sphagnophila,  Anders.  Slender,  8  to  16  inches  high:  leaves  very 
narrow,  long-pointed :  spikes  slender,  very  loosely  Jlowered  and  long-attenuated 
below,  the  lower  peduncles  slender  and  Jlexuose :  perigynium  about  the  width  of 
or  a  little  wider  than  the  dark  purple  scale.  —  C.  aquatilis,  var.  minor,  Boott. 
C.  borealis,  Lange.  C.  personata,  Olney.  Twin  Lakes,  Colorado  (John  Wolfe) ; 
also  in  British  America.  (Eu.) 

C.  LENTICULARIS,  Michx.,  may  be  expected  northward.  It  may  be  dis- 
tinguished from  C.  aquatilis  by  its  smaller  size,  narrower  spikes  the  terminal 
one  of  which  is  pistillate  at  the  top,  and  the  nerved  perigyuium. 

-«-  H-  Low  or  tall  and  slender  species:  bracts  mostly  short  and  narrow,  often 
setaceous  (rarely  long  in  Nos.  42  an d  43). 

*+  Culms  slender  and  tall  (2  feet  or  more  high) :  leaves  with  more  or  less  revolute 
margins  when  dry. 

43.  C.  Stricta,  Lam.     Densely  cespitose,  forming  high  tussocks  in  wet  places : 
culms  2  to  5  feet  high,  sharply  angled,  rough,  leafy  only  at  the  base,  longer  than 
the  narrow  and  long-pointed  carinate  leaves,  when  full  grown  surrounded  below 
by  the  conspicuous  reticulated  fibrous  remains  of  the  older  sheaths :    pistillate 
spikes  2  to  4,  erect  or  spreading,  sessile  or  the  lower  shortly  peduncled  and 
sometimes  loosely  flowered  at  the  base,  linear,  often  male  at  the  top;  lower 
spike  or  two  often  subtended  by  a  narrow  bract  barely  as  long  as  the  culm  : 
perigynium  oval  or  ovate,  green  or  light-colored,  nerveless  or  nearly  so,  the  point 
entire  or  slightly  emarginate,  little  broader  and  longer  or  shorter  than  the  purple' 
margined  ascending  acute  or  acutish  scale.  —  C.  Virginiana,  Smith.     C.  acuta, 
Muhl.,  etc.     C.  angustata,  Boott.     C.  xerocarpa,   S.   H.  Wright.     Colorado 
(Brandegee,  Vasey). 

44.  C.  aperta,  Boott,  var.  divaricata,  Bailey.     Differs  from  the  last  in 
its  smoother  culm,  hi  the  absence  of  reticulated  fibrous  sheaths,  and  in  the  broader 
perigi/nium  which  is  subtended  by  <m  acute  spreading  scale  of  more  than  its  own 
length:    bracts   sometimes   leaf-like.  —  Colorado  (Vasey).     Differs  from  the 
typical  Eastern  C.  aperta,  which  may  be  expected  in  our  region,  in  its  greater 
size,  wider  leaves,  and  looser  habit,  larger  perigynia,  and  more  conspicuously 
divaricate,  darker  scales. 

25 


CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

•»-*•  -w-  Culms  3  to  18  inches  high:  leaves  more  or  less  involute  when  dry. 

45.  C.  Vlllgaris,  Fries.  Stoloniferous,  not  tufted,  bluish  in  appearance: 
culms  mostly  stout,  sharply  angled,  smooth  except  near  the  top,  longer  than 
the  narrow  leaves :  staminate  spikes  1  to  3,  usually  2  :  pistillate  spikes  2  to  4, 
usually  about  an  inch  long,  stout,  densely  flowered  (or  the  lower  rarely  loosely 
flowered  at  the  base),  erect,  sessile  or  the  lower  shortly  ped uncled,  green  and 
black  in  appearance,  with  a  bract  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  culm :  bracts 
usually  bearing  minute  purple  auricles  at  the  top  of  the  sheath :  perigynium 
appressed,  oval,  ovate  or  round-ovate,  finely  striate  towards  the  base,  bright 
green  above  the  middle,  the  distinct  beak  entire  or  emarginate,  longer  and 
broader  than  the  obtuse,  black,  green-nerved  appressed  scale.  —  Twin  Lakes, 
Colorado  (John  Wolfe :  these  specimens  were  named  C,  turfosa,  Fries,  in  the 
Preliminary  Report  of  Wheeler's  Survey,  but  they  lack  the  yellowish-purple 
spikes  and  rough-angled  perigynia  of  that  Scandinavian  plant). 

A  perplexingly  variable  species,  distinguished  from  Nos.  43  and  44  by  its 
lower,  stiffer,  less  cespitose  habit,  and  thicker,  oblong,  conspicuously  green 
and  black  spikes,  and  more  nerved  perigynia,  rather  than  by  any  positive 
descriptive  characters.  Scandinavian  caricographers  state  that  reticulated 
basal  sheaths  never  occur  in  any  of  the  forms  of  this  species.  The  auricles  at 
the  base  of  the  bracts  are  often  inconspicuous,  and  they  are  sometimes  present 
in  C.  stricta  and  others  of  the  Acutce.  The  type  of  the  species  is  common  in 
the  Eastern  United  States,  in  Europe,  and  in  Asia.  In  our  region  the  follow- 
ing varieties  appear  to  be  clearly  made  out :  — 

Vur.  juncella,  Fries.  Cespitose  and  very  slender:  leaves  narrow,  longer 
than  the  culm  :  spikes  linear,  often  much  attenuated  at  the  base :  perigynium 
elliptic  or  broader,  distinctly  nerved  and  beaked,  longer  than  the  obtuse 
black-margined  scale.  —  C.  Kelloggii,  W.  Boott.  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Utah 
(  Watson,  M.  E.  Jones).  Different  from  all  other  forms  of  C.  vulgar  is  in  its 
slender  and  lax  habit.  It  much  resembles  the  type  in  the  green  and  black  of 
its  spikes.  (Eu.) 

Var.  hyperborea,  Boott.  Culms  and  leaves  as  in  the  species :  staminate 
spike  one :  pistillate  spikes  3  to  5,  slender,  lax,  loosely  flowered  at  the  base, 
the  lower  peduncled  and  often  remote,  black-purple  or  fuscous-purple :  peri- 
gynium narrow,  mostly  elliptic,  almost  pointless,  entire  at  the  orifice,  very 
faintly  nerved  towards  the  base,  shorter  or  rarely  a  little  longer  than  the  acute 
or  acutish  dark  purple  scale.  —  C.  hyperborea,  Drejer.  C.  limula,  Fries. 
C.  Bigelovii,  Torr.  C.  Washingtoniana,  Dew.  C.  rigida,  var.  Bigelovit, 
Tuckm.  Alpine  regions,  Colorado,  northward  and  westward.  (Eu.) 

Var.  alpina,  Boott.  Leaves  broad  (2  lines)  and  flat:  staminate  spikes 
sometimes  2,  usually  1 :  pistillate  spikes  3  to  5,  short  and  thick  (3  to  9  lines 
long),  erect,  approximate  or  the  lowest  sometimes  remote  and  shortly  pedun- 
cled, dark  purple :  auricles  very  prominent :  perigynium  obovate  or  nearl}-- 
circular,  nerveless,  shortly  beaked,  pale  below,  usually  more  or  less  purple 
above,  commonly  shorter  than  the  very  dark,  acute  scale.  —  C.  rigida,  Gooden. 
C.  saxatilis  of  Scand.  authors,  not  L.  With  the  last.  (Eu.) 

§  13.  Staminate  spike  one,  short,  either  pistillate  above  or  not  conspicuous  (except 
in  No.  46):  pistillate  spikes  none  to  several,  short  and  thick,  mostly  dark- 
colored,  commonly  aggregated  (often  only  approximate)  sometimes  staminate  at 


CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  387 

the  base :  perigynium  biconvex  or  very  obtusely  3-angJed,  with  a  very  short  entire 
or  emarginate  beak,  or  beakless :  stigmas  2  or  3.  —  MELANOSTACHYJE,  Tuckm. 
Mostly  mountain  or  boreal  species,  distinguished  by  the  aggregated  spikes 
and  inconspicuous  or  androgynous  terminal  spike  and  nigrescent  color.  To 
be  regarded  as  probably  the  least  evolved  section  of  the  genus,  connecting 
the  two  subgenera. 

*  Terminal  spike  all  staminate  (in  No.  46  often  with  a  few  pistillate  flowers  at 

base  or  apex,  or  rarely  all  pistillate  and  dioecious),  cylindrical:  pistillate  spikes 
approximate,  erect:  stigmas  usually  3. —  STYLOS^. 

46.  C.  Parryana,  Dew.    Stoloniferous  :  culms  rigid,  2  to  16  inches  high, 
stout,  obtusely  angled,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  granulated,  longer  than  the  rigid,  long- 
pointed,  narrow  leaves :  terminal  spike  usually  largest,  about  an  inch  long,  brown, 
with  I  to  5  small,  globular,  oblong,  or  cylindrical  erect  spikes  near  its  base  (or 
sometimes  entirely  solitary!),  the  lower  usually  subtended  by  a  narrow  bract 
shorter  than  the  culm  and  often  more  or  less  remote  and  shortly  peduncled  : 
perigynium  obovate  or  triangular-obovoid,  somewhat  plano-convex,  scabrous  above, 
lightly  nerved  especially  on  the  outer  side,  very  abruptly  short-beaked,  the  orifice 
entire  or  erose-ht/aline,  shorter  and  about  the  width  of  the  very  obtuse,  brown,  white- 
nerved,  hyaline-margined,  sometimes  minutely  apiculate  and  ciliate  scale.  —  C.  arc- 
tica,  Dew.     C.  Hallii,  Oluey.     South  Park,  Colorado,  and  northward  in  the 
mountains  :  rare.     Named  for  Capt.  Parry,  the  Arctic  explorer.     The  mono- 
stachyous  specimens  resemble  No.  5,  from  which  they  are  readily  distinguished 
by  the  hairless  perigynia. 

47.  C.  Raynoldsii,  Dew.    Stoloniferous :  culms  13  inches  to  3|  feet  high, 
sharply  angled,  longer  than  the  fiat,  glaucous  leaves :   staminate  spike  sessile, 
about  half  an  inch  long:  pistillate  spikes  3  to  6,  short  and  thick  (4  lines  wide), 
not  commonly  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad  (and  usually  less),  sessile  or  short 
peduncled,  aggregated,  or  the  lowest  an  inch  or  two  remote  and  exserted  :  lower 
bract  about  the  length  of  the  culm,  bearing  conspicuous  purple  auricles :  perigy- 
nium large,  obovoid,  3-angled,  prominently  nerved,  green  or  light-colored,  abruptly 
narrowed  into  a  nearly  entire  purple  beak,  somewhat  spreading,  when  mature  much 
longer  and  broader  than  the  acute  black  scale.  —  C.  LyaUii,  Boott.     Mountains, 
Utah  to  Wyoming. 

*  #  Terminal  spike  staminate:   pistillate  spikes  ovoid  or  oblong  and  drooping: 

stigmas  3.  — LIMOS^J,  Tuckm. 

48.  C.  Magellanica,  Lam.     Loosely  tufted:  culms  I   to  2  feet  high, 
smooth,  about  the  length  of  or  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  pistillate  spikes  2  to  4, 
rather  loosely  flowered,  on  peduncles  of  about  their  own  length,  sometimes 
with  a  few  staminate  flowers  at  their  base  or  apex,  the  lowest  with  a  bract 
which  exceeds  the  culm :    perigynium    nearly   orbicular,   granular,  whitish, 
entire  at  the  orifice,  few-nerved,  about  half  as  long  as  the  long-pointed  brown- 
purple  scale. —  C.  irrigua,  Smith.     Uinta  Mountains,  Utah.     (Ku.) 

*  *  *  Terminal  spike  club-shaped,  staminate  below:  lateral  spikes  occasionally 

bearing  a  few  staminate  fiowers  at  base.  —  ATRAT^E,  Kunth. 

•t-  Scales,  especially  of  the  terminal  spike,  narrow  and  acuminate,  very  acute  or 

awncd,  much  longer  than  the  perigynia. 

49.  C.  Buxbaumii,  Wahl.    Stoloniferous :  culm  1  to  2  feet  high,  sharply 
angled,  rough  above,  about  the  length  of  the  firm,  narrow  leaves :  pistillate 


388  CYPEKACE^E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

spikes  2  to  5,  erect,  sessile,  or  the  lowest  very  shortly  peduncled,  distinct, 
usually  more  or  less  remote,  glaucous-purple :  perigynium  elliptic,  glaucous, 
nerved,  rough-granular,  contracted  into  a  short  emarginate  or  entire  beak.  — 
Bogs  throughout,  but  evidently  nowhere  common.  The  terminal  spike  is 
rarely  all  staminate.  The  lower  leaf  sheaths  are  purple  and  at  length  fibril- 
lose.  (Eu.) 

-i-  4-  Scales  broad,  not  conspicuously  acute. 

50.  C.  atrata,  L.    Cespitose :  culm  6  inches  to  2  feet  high,  sharply  angled, 
smooth  or  roughish,  longer  than  the  long-pointed  leaves:   bracts  about  equal- 
ling the  culm,  mostly  with  conspicuous  auricles :   spikes  2  to  4,  densely  flow- 
ered,  clavate  or   oblong,   thick,  £   to    l£   inches   long,   black   or   dark   brown, 
approximate  or  often  aggregated,  all  more  or  less  peduncled,  at  first  upright  or 
spreading,  at  length  usually  drooping  and  often  exserted,  and  the  top  of  the  culm 
appearing  as  if  bent  over :  perigynium  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  nerveless,  bearing 
a  short  notched  beak,  commonly  a  little  broader  and  about  the  length  or  a  little 
shorter  than  the  black  or  dark  brown  obtuse  or  acutish  scale.  —  Varies  much  :  the 
spikes  are  sometimes  more  or  less  erect  at  maturity,  the  upper  spike  is  rarely 
all  staminate,  and  the  upper  scales  are  often  acuminate  but  never  awued. 
High  mountains,  Colorado  and  Utah  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

Var.  nigra,  Boott.  Spikes  short,  about  as  broad  as  long,  densely  aggregated 
and  capitate,  sessile,  erect :  midnerve  of  the  scale  generally  projecting  into  a  short 
cusp:  perigynium  usually  scabrous. —  C.  nigra,  All.  With  the  last.  (Eu.) 

Var.  ovata,  Boott.  Eesembling  the  drooping  or  open  forms  of  the  spe- 
cies, but  the  spikes  more  slender,  the  ivhitish  or  green  perigynium  conspicuously 
broader  and  mostly  longer  than  the  brown  scale,  giving  to  the  graceful  spikes  a 
conspicuous  light  and  dark  appearance.  —  C.  ovata,  Iludge.  Colorado,  Utah, 
and  southward. 

Var.  erecta,  W.  Boott.  Like  the  last,  but  the  spikes  erect,  short,  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  and  the  staminate  scales  narrow.  —  Nevada  and  westward  ;  probably 
in  our  region. 

51.  C.  alpina,  Swartz.     Culms  very  slender,  6  inches  to  2  feet  high,  smooth, 
longer  than  the  narrow  leaves:  spikes  2  to  4,  small  (|  inch  and  less  long), 
mostly  compactly  flowered,  black  or  black  and  green,  closely  aggregated,  erect  and 
capitate,  the  lowest  very  short-stalked  and  usually  subtended  by  a  green  bract: 
perigynium  ovate  or  elliptic,  obscurely  nerved  or  nerveless,  with  a  short  slightly 
notched  beak,  green  or  fuscous,  commonly  a  little   longer  than   the  ovate,  black, 
nearly  obtuse  scale.  —  C.  Vahlii,  Schk.     High  mountains,  South  Park,  Colo- 
rado, and  northward.    A  delicate  species,  distinguished  from  erect  forms  of 
the  preceding  species  by  its  slender  naked  culm,  and  small,  nearly  globular 
spikes. 

SUBGENUS  II.  Vignea.  Staminate  flowers  few  and  inconspicuous,  borne 
at  the  base  or  apex  of  the  pistillate  spikes.  Pistillate  flowers  in  short, 
sessile  spikes  (spike  single  in  Nos.  52  and  53),  which  are  commonly  more  or 
less  aggregated  into  heads,  or  even  panic-led.  Cross-section  of  the  perigynium 
plano-convex  in  outline.  Styles  two  and  achenium  lenticular.  —  The  spikes, 
and  especially  the  terminal  one,  usually  have  contracted  bases  when  the  stami- 
nate flowers  are  borne  below,  and  empty  scales  at  the  top  when  the  staminate 
flowers  are  borne  above. 


CYPERACE^.    (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  389 

§  14.     Staminate  flowers  borne  at  the  top  of  the  pistillate  spikes  ;  or  in  the  Are- 
nance  spikes  often  wholly  staminale  and  the  plants  occasionally  dicecious. 

ACROARRHEN.E,  Anderss. 

*  Spike  one  and  simple :  plants  very  small.  —  NARDIN^E,  Tuckm. 

52.  C.  nardina,  Fries.     Densely  cespitose :  culms  £  to  5  inches  high,  rigid, 
about  the  length  of  the  very  numerous,  setaceous,  rigid  or  stiffly  recurved  leaves : 
spike  1  to  4  lines  long,  compactly  flowered :  perigynium  oval  or  elliptic,  obscurely 
nerved,  abruptly  very  short  beaked,  erect,  when  mature  usually  about  the  length 
of  the  broad  and  obtuse  brown  scale.  —  Upper  Marais  Pass  (  W.  M.  Canby),  and 
high  northward.     Resembles  the  tristigmatous  No.  14,  with  which  it  should 
perhaps  be  associated.     (Eu.) 

53.  C.  gynocrates,  Wormsk.     Creeping  :  culms  3  to  8  inches  high,  longer 
than  the  rigid,  erect  or  spreading  leaves :  spike  2  to  6  lines  long,  loosely  flow- 
ered (perigynium  sometimes  but  one,  C.  monosperma,  Macoun) :  perigynium 
ovate,  prominently  nerved,  gradually  and  conspicuously  beaked,  spreading  at  ma- 
turity, longer  than  the  acute  scale.  —  South  Park,  Colorado  (John  Wolfe),  and 
in  British  America.     (Eu.) 

#  #  Spikes  green  when  mature,  aggregated  or  remote,  never  in  compound  heads. 

(Here  may  be  sought  forms  of  No.  59.)  — MUHLENBERGIAN^E,  Tuckm. 

4-  Spikes  few-flowered,  distinct,  often  remote. 

54.  C.  tenella,    Schk.      Tufted   and   stoloniferous :   culms  very  slender, 
almost  capillary,  6  to  16  inches  high,  about  the  length  of  the  narrow,  loose 
leaves:  spikes  scattered,  1  to  ^-flowered :  perigynium  shortly  oval,  rounded  on  the 
outside,  finely  nerved,  abruptly  and  minutely  beaked,  longer  than  the  very  thin 
scale. —  C.  disperma,  Dew.     C.  gracilis,  Carey.     Swamps  throughout. 

55.  C.  rosea,  Schk.,  var.   retroflexa,  Torr.      Tufted:   culms  slender, 
smooth,  longer  than  the  narrow  leaves:  spikes  3  to  8-flowered,  mostly  approxi- 
mate, the  lower  distinct  but  not  remote,  stellate  in  appearance  when  mature :  peri- 
gynium sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,   smooth  throughout,  flnely   nerved  and   spongy- 
thickened  at  the  base  on  the  inner  side,  gradually  tapering  into  a  toothed  beak,  at 
maturity  widely  spreading  or  reflexed,  a  little  longer  than  the  very  acute  scale.  — 
C.  retroflexa,  Muhl.     Dry  banks  and  copses,  Indian  Territory  and  southward. 
The  species  which  probably  occurs  within  our  limits  is  distinguished  by  its 
more  scattered  spikes,  shorter  scales,  and  scabrous  upper  angles  of  the  peri- 
gynium.    From  its  allies,  the  species  and  its  variety  are  distinguished  by 
their  small  and  stellate  spikes. 

H-  •«-  Spikes  several  to  many-flowered,  aggregated  into  a  globular  or  oblong 

head. 

56.  C.  Cephalophora,  Muhl.     Cespitose  :  culms  rather  stout,  rough,  rather 
longer  than  the  narrow  leaves :  spikes  3  to  6,  small,  very  densely  aggregated, 
the  head  subtended  by  a  setaceous,  rarely  leafy  bract :  perigynium  broadly  orate, 
rather  abruptly  short-beaked,  obscurely  nerved  on  the  outer  side,  rough  above, 
mostly  longer  than  the  acute  or  cuspidate  scale.  —  Indian  Territory  and  south- 
westward. 

57.  C.  Muhlenbergii,  Schk.     Culm  stiff,  1  to  2  feet  high,  very  sharply 
angled,  rough,  usually  a  little  longer  than  the  narrow  and  long-pointed  leaves : 


390  CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

spikes  6  to  10,  aggregated  into  an  oblong  more  or  less  interrupted  heavy  head,  each 
one  subtended  by  a  short  setaceous  bract :  perigynium  large,  broadly  ovate  or  orbicu- 
lar-ovate, very  conspicuously  nerved,  about  the  length  of  the  rough-awned  scale.  — 
Sterile  soil  "on  the  Missouri  below  Fort  Pierre"  (Prof.  Dewey). 

58.  C.  cephaloidea,  Boott.    Distinguished  from  the  last  by  its  broad  and 
long  flat  leaves  (about  £  inch  wide),  wing-margined  entirely  nerveless  perigynium, 
and  somewhat  tawny  heads.  —  Fort  Pierre,  Dakota,  and  southward. 

*  #  *  Spikes  tawny  or  brown,  somewhat  chaffy  in  appearance,  closely  aggregated 
or  densely  capitate:  perigynium  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  not  conspicuously 
nerved.  —  FCETID.E,  Tuckm. 

•H-  Perigynium  conspicuously  rough  on  the  angles  above. 

59.  C.  muricata,  L.     One  to  two  feet  high,  erect,  the  culm  scabrous : 
spikes  3  to  12-flowered,  approximate  into  a  loosely  interrupted  head,  the  lower 
distinct,  the  pointed  perigynia  and  scales  conspicuous :  perigynium  green  or 
greenish,  stalked,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  nerveless  or  nearly  so,  gradually 
beaked,  spreading,  about  the  length  of  the  acute  brown  scale.  —  Banks,  Colo- 
rado, Utah,  and  southward.     (Eu.) 

Var.  confixa,  Bailey.  Culms  very  slender,  usually  prolonged  (1  to  2£ 
feet  high) :  spikes  5  to  10-flowered,  brown  and  green  or  tawny,  aggregated 
into  a  rather  loose  continuous  oval  or  oblong  naked  head  (which  is  \  to  1  inch 
long):  perigynium  usually  narrower  than  in  the  species. —  C.  Hoodii  of 
authors,  not  Boott.  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Utah  ( Watson,  1228);  N.  W. 
Wyoming  (Parry  281);  also  in  British  America,  Oregon,  and  California. 
Distinguished  from  No.  58  by  its  smaller  size,  weak  culm,  narrow  leaves,  nar- 
row perigynium,  and  rounder,  smaller  head.  Much  like  C.  Hoodii,  Boott, 
which  is  distinguished  by  its  stiffer  culm,  much  heavier,  more  compact,  and 
browner  heads,  which  are  made  up  of  more  numerous-flowered,  more  chaffy, 
and  much  longer  more  or  less  pointed  spikes,  and  more  upright  perigynia 
which  are  mostly  concealed  beneath  the  scales.  That  species  occurs  in  Cali- 
fornia and  Oregon. 

Var.  gracilis,  Boott.  Slender :  head  more  interrupted  than  in  the  spe- 
cies, almost  linear,  more  fuscous,  each  spike  subtended  by  a  pointed  or  awned 
bract:  perigynium  erect,  shorter  than  the  very  acute  or  cuspidate  scale. — 
C.  Hookeriana,  Dew.  With  the  species,  and  northward  and  eastward. 

H-  H-  Perigynium  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous. 

60.  C.  fOBtida,  All.      Creeping:  culm  5  to  16  inches  high,  rather  stout, 
scabrous,  longer  than  the  long-pointed  leaves :  spikes  very  densely  aggregated  into 
a  globose  or  ovoid  brown  head:  perigynium  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  toothed 
at  the  apex,  about  the  length  of  the  acute  or  mucronate  brown  scale.  —  Mountains, 
Colorado,  Utah,  and  Wyoming.     (Eu.) 

61.  C.  incurva,  Lightf.  ?     Extensively  creeping :  culm  stiff  and  short  (£  to 
6  inches  long),  smooth,  usually  curved,  about  the  length  of  the  narrow  and  stiff 
'curved  leaves :  spikes  2  to  5,  crowded  into  a  short-ovoid  or  globular  brown  or 
tawny  head  (which  is  only  ^  to  f  inch  long) :  perigynium  large  and  turgid, 
stipitate,  broadly  ovate,  conical  above,  purple  towards  the  top,  faintly  many  nerved 
on  one  side  at  least,  narrowed  into  a  short  and  stout  entire  beak,  not  covered  by  the 
acute,  thin  scale.  —  Rocky  Mountains  of  British  America.     Immature  speci- 


CYPEBACE^E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  391 

mens  from  an  alpine  ridge  near  Middle  Park  ( C.  C.  Parry)  and  from  near 
Mt.  Gray  (H.  N.  Patterson),  Colorado,  are  probably  to  be  referred  here.  The 
specimens  are  peculiar  for  their  upright  habit,  large  and  dark  heads,  and  very 
broad,  inflated  perigynia. 

62.  C.  Stenophylla,  Wahl.     Stolonfferous :  culms  stiff,  1  to  6  inches  high 
from  a  mass  of  fibrillose  sheaths,  usually  longer  than  the  stiff  involute  filiform 
leaves:  spikes  3  to  6,  short  (2  to  4  lines  long),  nearly  globose,  loosely  conglomer- 
ated into  a  small  subglobose  or  shortly  oblong  head,  each  spike  subtended  by  a 
scarious  mucronate  bract  of  less  than  its  own  length  :  perigynium  ovate,  brown, 
nerved,  gradually  contracted  into  a  short,  blunt,  entire  beak,  tightly  enclosing  the 
acheniurn,  at  maturity  longer  than  the  hyaline,  brown,  acutish  scale.  —  Dry  hills 
and  mountains,  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  eastward  and  northward;  also  in 
Iowa.     (Eu.) 

C.  TERETIUSCULA,  Gooden.,  distinguished  by  small  chestnut-colored  spikes 
disposed  in  an  appressed  or  loose  nearly  simple  panicle,  will  probably  be  found 
in  Montana. 

#  #  *  *  Spikes  yellow  or  tawny  when  mature  (in  No.  63  often  green),  aggregated 

into  more  or  less  compound  heads  or  panicles:  perigynium  many-nerved,  stipi- 
tate,  tapering  from  a  spongy  base  into  a  more  or  less  conspicuous  beak.  — VUL- 
PINE, Kunth. 

•»-  Beak  shorter  than  the  body  of  the  perigynium. 

63.  C.  COnjuncta,  Boott.     Culms  flat,  about  the  length  of  the  broad  and 
lax  leaves :  spikes  6  to  many,  loosely  disposed  into  a  long  and  interrupted 
head,  the  lower  branches  of  which  are  sometimes  compound  :  perigynium  ovate, 
rough  on  the  angles  above,  the  base  cordate  on  the  outer  side  and  conspicu- 
ously white-thickened,  broader  and  a  little  longer  than  the  acute  scale. — 
C.  vulpina,  Carey,  etc.,  not  L.    Fort  Pierre,  Dakota  (Dewey) :  rare.    Eeadily 
distinguished  by  its  flat  culm. 

•»-  •»-  Beak  twice  or  more  the  length  of  the  body. 

64.  C.  Stipata,  Muhl.    Cespitose :  culms  thick  and  spongy,  1  to  2  feet  high, 
very  sharply  3-angled,  almost  winged,  about  the  length  of  the  broad  light  green 
canaliculate  rough-edged  leaves:  spikes  10  to  20,  loosely  aggregated  into  an 
oblong  or  pyramidal  head  (1  to  3  inches  long),  which  is  somewhat  branching  or 
occasionally  nearly  simple  at  the  base :  perigynium  lanceolate,  finely  nerved,  the 
rough  beak  about  twice  the  length  of  the  rounded  base,  the  whole  about  twice  (or  a 
little  more)  as  long  as  the  scale.  —  Pastures  and  wet  places  throughout. 

65.  C.  crus-COrvi,  Shuttl.     Culms  2  to  4  feet  high,  stout,  sharply  angled, 
leafy  and  glaucous:  leaves  4  to  9  lines  wide,  glaucous:  spikes  very  numerous, 
disposed  in  a  large  panicle  which  is  4  to  9  inches  long  with  the  lower  branches  con- 
spicuous and  usually  long:  perigynium  peculiarly  corky-thickened  and  truncate  at 
the  base,  conspicuously  few-nerved,  the  rough  and  slender  beak  thrice  or  more  the 
length  of  the  body,  the  whole  three  or  four  times  the  length  of  the  inconspicuous 
scale.  —  Indian  Territory  and  southward.    A  conspicuous  species  with  much 
the  aspect  of  Panicum  crus-galli. 

*  *  #  *  #  Spikes  yellow  or  tawny,  aggregated  into  a  long,  appressed,  compound 

or  rarely  simple  head:  perigynium  small,  ovate,  few-nerved  or  nerveless, 


392  CYPERACE.E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

scarcely  longer  or  shorter  than   the  rough-pointed   scale,  —  MULTIFLOR^J, 
Kunth. 

66.  C.  vulpinoidea,  Michx.    Culms  stiff,  sharply  angled,  often  scabrous, 
about  the  length  of  the  narrow  leaves :  spikes  8  to  20,  forming  an  interrupted 
brown  or  greenish-tawny  head  an  inch  or  two  long  and  composed  of  6  to  10 
crowded  clusters,  one  or  more  of  the  lower  spikes  subtended  by  a  short  and 
setaceous  or  rarely  somewhat  leafy  bract :  perigynium  diverging  at  maturitv, 
more  or  less  rough  on  the  angles.  —  C.  multiflora,  Dew.     C.  setacea,  Dew. 
Colorado  ( Vasey),  Nebraska  (Hat/den).     A  widely  variable  species,  running 
into  a  multitude  of  forms,  of  which  only  the  following  has  decisive  char- 
acters. 

Var  platycarpa,  Gay.  Culms  mostly  rather  longer  than  the  leaves; 
lower  sheaths  transversely  striate  opposite  the  leaves :  spikes  more  scattered, 
forming  a  very  narrow  head,  the  upper  aggregated,  the  lower  distinct  and 
oblong  (|  inch  or  less  long)  and  very  densely  flowered  and  spreading  with  a 
truncate  top :  perigynium  larger,  orbicular-ovate,  winged,  nearly  green,  spread- 
ing at  nearly  right  angles  to  the  rhachis.  —  Indian  Territory  and  probably 
southwestward. 

******  Staminate  flowers  variously  situated,  usually  some  of  the  intermedi- 
ate or  terminal  spikes  all  staminate,  or  the  plant  entirely  dioecious:  spikes 
aggregated  in  more  or  less  chaffy  heads,  straw-colored  or  brown.  (The  student 
may  seek  here  No.  72,  which  has  the  intermediate  spikes  staminate,  but 
which  is  distinguished  from  all  members  of  this  group  by  its  few,  erect, 
and  long-lanceolate  perigynia.)  —  ARENARIJE,  Tuckm. 

•«-  Spikes  short :  scales  ovate,  not  awned  or  conspicuouslj  acute. 

67.  C.  siccata,  Dew.    Extensively  creeping :  culm  erect  (1  to  2  feet  high), 
sharply  angled,  rough,  mostly  longer  than  the  rather  narrow  leaves :  spikes  4 
to  12,  simple,  alternate,  ferruginous,  longer  than  the  scale-like  bracts,  the  middle 
ones  or  sometimes  the  lower  ones  all  staminate,  loosely  aggregated  into  an  oblong  or 
cylindrical  head  (which  is  £  to  2  inches  long)  :  perigynium  green,  nerved,  the 
margins  slightly  incurved,  ovate  below,  contracted  into  a  rough  and  slightly  toothed 
beak  which  is  longer  than  the  body,  the  whole  longer  than  the  hyaline-margined 
acute  scale.  —  Dry  places,  Colorado  and  northward.    The  forms  with  the  lower 
spikes  all  masculine  resemble  those  species  of  the  next  section  with  a  single 
terminal  spike  which  is  prolonged  and  staminate  at  the  base. 

68.  C.  marcida,  Boott.     Culm  erect,  1  to  2  feet  high,  sharply  angled, 
scabrous,  longer  than  the  narrow  leaves:  spikes  4  to  15, ferruginous  or  dark 
brown,  the  lower  usually  somewhat  compound,  staminate  at  the  apex  or  nearly  dioe- 
cious, spreading  and  imbricated  into  an  oblong-conical  or  broadly  cylindrical  head: 
perigynium  brown,  becoming  very  dark  at  maturity,  nerved,  ovate  or  orbicular-ovate, 
with  incurved  and  serrate  margins,  contracted  into  a  beak  shorter  than  the  body, 
about  the  length  of ,  or  a  little  shorter  than,  the  acute  or  cuspidate  scale.  —  Sandy 
meadows  and  mountains  throughout. 

69.  C.  disticha,  Hudson.     Extensively  creeping :  culm  stout,  1  to  3J  feet 
high,  sharply  angled,  rough  above,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves:  spikes  10 
to  25,  globose  or  ovoid,  compactly  flowered,  ferruginous  or  straw-colored,  usually 
all  simple,  the  middle  or  terminal  ones  staminate,  loosely  aggregated  (the  two  or 
three  lowest  sometimes  distinct)  into  a  cylindrical  or  oblong  thick  and  heavy 


CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  393 

head  (1  to  3  inches  long  and  3  to  9  lines  wide)  which  is  sometimes  sub- 
tended by  a  bract  of  its  own  length:  perigynium  tawny,  ovate,  promi- 
nently nerved,  scarcely  wing-margined,  rough  above,  shortly  beaked  (the  orifice 
nearly  entire),  bearing  a  conspicuous  fissure  on  the  outer  side,  commonly 
longer  than  the  acute  brown  scale.  —  Dry  places,  Utah,  Colorado,  and  north- 
ward. (Eu.) 

70.  C.  Gay  ana,  Desv.     Creeping:  culms  slender  (1  to  2  feet  high),  longer 
than  the  leaves :  spikes  4  to  15,  globose  or  loosely  ovoid,  dark  brown,  simple, 
nearly  dioecious  (rarely  staminate  at  the  top),  rather  loosely  aggregated  into  a 
small  ovoid  head  (8  lines  to  one  inch  long)  :  perigynium  triangular-obovoid,  about 
as  wide  as  long  (sometimes  wider),  gibbous  below,  rough  on  the  top,  squarely 
contracted  into  a  very  short  nearly  entire  beak,  obscurely  nerved  below,  brown  and 
shining  at  maturity,  shorter  than  the  acute  chaffy  scale.  —  Colorado  and  south- 
ward. 

•«—  •*—  Spikes  mostly  nearly  linear  or  narrowly  oblong,  chajfy :   the  scales  long, 
attenuated  or  owned :  heads  pale. 

71.  C.  Douglasii,  Boott.     Creeping :  culm  6  to  12  inches  high,  obtusely 
angled  and  mostly  smooth,  longer  or  shorter  than  the  long-pointed  leaves : 
spikes  usually  many,  simple  or  compound,  pale  and  chaffy,  dioecious  or  nearly 
so,  densely  aggregated  into  a  conspicuous  and  heavy  head  an  inch  or  two 
long  and  often  an  inch  wide,  which  is  sometimes  subtended  by  a  setaceous 
bract  of  nearly  its  own  length  :    perigynium  ovate-lanceolate,  nerved,  pro- 
duced into  a  slender  toothed  beak,  much  shorter  and  entirely  concealed  by 
the  long,  acute,  scarious  scale  :  stamens  and  stigmas  long  and  conspicuous.  — 
C.  Fendleriana,  Bckler.     Var.  MINOR,  Olney,  includes  small  forms  2  to  6 
inches  high,  with  smaller  spikes  not  closely  aggregated.     Common,  especially 
in  Wyoming,  Colorado,  Utah,  and   southward.     Mature  perigyuia  of  this 
species  are  rarely  seen. 

Var.  brunnea,  Oluey.  Usually  taller  than  the  species  and  more  slender 
(12  to  20  inches  high) :  leaves  equalling  or  exceeding  the  culm :  spikes  fewer 
(3  to  8),  the  lower  distinct,  borne  in  an  oblong  fuscous  head  :  lower  bract 
short-awned.  —  Nevada  and  westward ;  probably  in  our  region. 

§  15.  Spikes  staminate  at  the  base.  (No.  77  is  sometimes  dioecious,  No.  72 
has  the  central  spikes  stamiuate  or  is  rarely  dioecious,  and  No.  78  some- 
times has  spikes  staminate  at  the  top.)  —  HYPARRHEN.E,  Anderss. 

*  Spikes  silvery  green  or  tawny  when  mature,  distinct,  mostly  small :  perigynium 
not  wing-margined  nor  conspicuously  broadened,  mostly  nearly  jiat  on  the  inner 
surface.  —  ELONGATE,  Tuckm. 

•»-  Perigynium  nearly  linear  or  ovate-lanceolate,  in  loose  spikes. 

72.  C.  bromoides,  Schk.     Cespitose :  culms  usually  very  slender,  1  to  2 
feet  high,  longer  than  the  narrow  and  grass-like  leaves  :  spikes  4  to  8,  becoming 
tawny  with  age,  erect,  loosely  aggregated  into  a  narrow  and  lax  head  about  an  inch 
long,  the  middle  ones  usually  staminate,  or  some  rarely  staminate  at  top  or  bottom 
(or  dioecious),  mostly  much  longer  than  the  inconspicuous  scarious  bracts: 
perigynium  linear-lanceolate,  contracted  below,  strongly  nerved,  erect,  attenuated 
into  a  long  rough  beak  which  has  a  fissure  on  its  outer  side,  the  whole  longer  than 


394  CYPEKACE^E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

the  lanceolate  and  acute  scale.  —  Wet  places,  Canon  City  (Brandegee)  and 
Middle  Park  (Parry),  Colorado. 

73.  C.  Deweyana,  Schw.     Cespitose :  culms  weak  and  slender,  1  to  3 
feet  high,  longer  than  the  flaccid  and  flat  leaves  :  spikes  3  to  6,  silvery  green, 
erect,  4  to  8-floWered,  the  two  or  three  upper  ones  approximate,  the  lower  more  or 
less  remote,  the  lowest  subtended  by  a  setaceous  bract  of  more  than  its  own  length, 
all  uniformly  staminate  at  the  base :  perigynium  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, very  thin  in  texture,  spongy  at  the  base,  nerveless  or  very  nearly  so,  nearly 
erect,  prolonged  into  a  long  and  rough  toothed  beak,  little  longer  than  the  very  acute 
or  owned  white  scale.  —  Moist  copses  throughout. 

Var.  Bolanderi,  W.  Boott  (C.  Bolanderi,  Olney),  with  stouter  culms, 
5  to  10  spikes  which  are  mostly  10  to  30-flowered,  nerved  perigynium,  and 
mostly  hispid-awned  scales,  may  be  found  westward.  It  occurs  in  California 
and  Oregon. 

74.  C.  elongata,  L.     Cespitose:  culms  very  slender,  1^  to  2£  feet  high, 
sharply  and  roughly  angled,  about  the  length  of  the  numerous  rough-edged  leaves : 
spikes  8  to  12,  oblong,  loosely  8  to  30-flowered,  somewhat  spreading,  loosely  ap- 
proximated into  an  interrupted  head,  tawny  or  brown,  longer  than  the  almost 
obsolete  bracts :  perigynium  ovate-lanceolate,  firm  in  texture,  strongly  many-nerved 
on  both  sides,  spreading,  mostly  excurved  when  mature,  narrowed  into  a  nearly 
smooth  rather  obtuse  point,  longer  than  the  obtuse  or  obtusish  broad  and  white- 
margined  scale.  —  "  Uinta  Mountains,  shore  of  a  small  subalpine  lake  near  the 
head  of  Bear  River."    (Olney  in  Bot.  King  Exped.)    Readily  distinguished  by 
its  rusty  spikes  and  spreading  strongly  nerved  perigynia.     (Eu.) 

H-  •«-  Perigynium  ovate  or  nearly  so,  not  sharp-margined,  firm  in  texture,  erect  in 
closely  fiowered  and  rounded  spikes. 

75.  C.  canescens,  L.     Culms  slender,  1   to  2  feet  high,  often  weak, 
rough,  about  the  length  or  a  little  longer  than  the  leaves  :  spikes  3  to  10,  pale 
or  glaucous,  scattered  or  remote   (the  upper  usually  approximate),  small  and 
densely  10  to  20- /lowered,  obovoid  or  ellipsoid,  mostly  conspicuously  narrowed  at 
the  base  with  staminate  flowers :  perigynium  small,  short-ovate  or  oval,  whitish  and 
granular,  mostly  obscurely  nerved,  abruptly  and  minutely  beaked,  rather  longer 
than  the  acutish  scale.  —  C.  curia,   Gooden.     Colorado  and  northward  ;    not 
common.     (Eu.) 

Var.  alpicola,  Wahl.  Usually  more  slender :  spikes  smaller  (3  to  9-flow- 
ered),  usually  tawny  or  brown :  perigynium  somewhat  spreading.  — C.  vitilis,  Fries. 
C.  canescens,  var.  vitilis,  Carey.  Colorado,  Utah,  and  northward.  Including 
a  variety  of  weak,  few-flowered  forms,  and  passing  by  numerous  gradations 
into  the  species.  (Eu.) 

Var.  dubia,  Bailey.  Culm  stiff  (a  foot  high),  longer  than  the  long -pointed 
leaves:  spikes  3  to  6,  all  approximated  at  the  top  of  the  culm,  oblong,  10  to  20- 
fiowered,  light  tawny :  perigynium  gradually  narrowed  into  a  beak  half  as  long  as 
the  body  or  more,  minutely  rough  on  the  angles  above,  nerved,  about  the  length  of  or 
a  little  longer  than  the  scale.  —  Bear  River  Canon,  Utah  (  Watson,  1231').  An 
imperfectly  known  variety,  much  resembling  the  European  C.  helvola,  Blytt, 
from  which  it  differs  in  its  narrower  scales,  and  in  the  nerved  and  rough- 
angled  perigynium. 


CYPERACE2E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  395 

76.  C.  lagopina,  Wahl.      Cespitose:    culms  4   to   10  inches  high,  erect, 
rather  longer  than  the  leaves :  spikes  usually  3,  often  5  or  6,  subglobose  or  ovoid, 
reddish-brown,  compactly  flowered,  contiguous  or  the  lowest  a  little  remote,  all 
small,  longer  than  the  scale-like  bracts  :  perigynium  small,  obovate  or  elliptical, 
usually  colored  above,  thick  in  texture,  nerved,  tapering  towards  the  base,  often 
curved,  rather  abruptly  short-beaked,  the  beak  with  a  closed  fissure  on  the  outer 
side,  longer  than  the  ovate,  broad,  brown,  hyaline-margined  acute  scale.  —  Uinta 
Mountains,  Utah  (  Watson).    A  small  alpine  species,  distinguished  by  its  heads 
of  few  dark-colored  spikes,  its  narrow  leaves,  and  cespitose  habit.     (Eu.) 

•<-••-•<-  Perigynium   ovate,  sharp-margined,  firm,  often  thickened  at  the   base, 
spreading,  in  open  and  at  maturity  stellate  spikes. 

77.  C.  echinata,  Murr.     Cespitose:   culms  sharply  angled,  smooth  or 
rough,  slender  and  erect  (6  inches  to  2  feet  high),  usually  longer  than  the 
narrow,  pale  leaves:  spikes  small,  about  8  to  15-flowered,  scattered,  globular, 
the  upper  one   conspicuously  contracted   below  with   staminate  flowers,  or 
rarely  all  the  spikes  staminate  or  all  pistillate  (C.  sterilis,  Willd.)  :  perigynium 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  gradually  narrowed   into  a  sharp-edged,  rough, 
toothed  beak,  nerved,  spreading  or  reflexed,  about  the  length  of  or  longer 
than  the  acute  scale.  —  C.  stellulata,  Gooden.     Var.  MICROCARPA,  Bcklr. 
(C.  scirpoides,  Schk.,"^.  stellulata,  var.  scirpoides,  Carey)  includes  small  and 
fewer-flowered  forms.     Twin  Lakes,  Colorado  (John  Wolfe) ;  also  in  Arizona 
and  British  America.     (Eu.) 

#  #  Spikes  tawny  or  dark,  rather  large,  sometimes  crowded:  perigynium  with 
a  more  or  less  thin  or  winged  margin  which  is  mostly  incurved  at  maturity, 
rendering  the  perigynium  concave  inside.  —  OVALES,  Kunth. 

•t-  Spikes  aggregated  into  a  more  or  less  dense  head. 

78.  C.  Bonplandii,  Kunth,  var.  angUStifolia,  Boott.     Stokniferous : 
culm  slender  and  nearly  naked  (a  foot  or  more  high),  longer  than  the  grass-like 
leaves:  spikes  3  to  6,  small  and  chaffy,  crowded  into  a  small  capitate  dark  brown 
head  which  is  a  half-inch  or  less  long:   bracts  scale-like,  often  setaceously 
pointed,  sometimes  inconspicuous,  never  longer  than  the  head  :  perigynium 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  colored,  narrowed  into  a  serrate  beak  about  as 
long  as  the  body,  nerved,  narrowly  winged,  about  the  length  of  the  acutish  scale  or  a 
little  longer  and  about  as  wide.  —  C.  Bonplandii,  var.  minor,  Oluey.     Mountains 
of  Colorado  and  Utah.    The  species,  which  is  South  American,  evidently  occurs 
in  California,  and  the  C.  tenuirostris,  Gluey  in  herb  ,  collected  in  Wyoming  by 
C.  C.  Parry,  may  be  the  same.    It  is  lower  and  stiff er  in  habit  than  the  variety 
with  larger  heads  (which  are  lighter  colored)  and  a  greenish  perigynium. 
Forms  of  this  species  appear  to  unite  it  with  the  next,  but  in  general  they 
may  be  distinguished  by  the  narrowly  winged  perigynium. 

79.  C.  festiva,  Dew.     Cespitose:  culms  usually  slender,  6  inches  to  2£ 
feet  high,  longer  than  the  flat  stem-leaves:  spikes  6  to  15,  roundish,  small,  densely 
aggregated  (occasionally  somewhat  loosely)  into  a  fulvous  dark  brown  or  green 
and  brown  ovoid  head  (which  is  £  to  1  inch  in  diameter) :  bract  usually  incon- 
spicuous, sometimes  as  long  as  the  head,  narrow:  perigynium  varying  from 
broad-ovate  at  base  to  long-lanceolate,  greenish,  conspicuously  winged  (half  its  width 
or  more  being  consumed  in  the  thin  margins),  narrowed  gradually  into  a 


396  CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE   FAMILY.) 

rough  beak  about  as  long  as  the  body,  nerved  or  almost  nerveless,  longer  and 
broader  than  the  acute  or  somewhat  obtuse  brown  scale.  —  On  grassy  mountain- 
sides and  alpine  summits  throughout.  A  variable  and  widely  distributed 
species.  Through  its  looser  forms  it  approaches  No.  84.  (N.  Eu.) 

Var.  Haydeniana,  W.  Boott.  Low  (4  to  8  inches  high) :  head  very  dense 
and  dark :  perigijnium  tawny :  bracts  cuspidate.  —  C.  Haydeniana,  Olney.  Uinta 
Mountains,  Eastern  Utah  (Hat/den). 

80.  C.  athrostachya,  Olney.     Differs  from  the  last  in  the  presence  of 
elongated  bracts  which  are  expanded  and  strongly  nerved  at  the  base,  the  two  or 
three  lower  much  exceeding  the  mostly  paler  head :  lowest  spike  rarely  distinct.  — 
Colorado   ( Vasey)   and   Upper  Flathead  River  Valley,  Montana   ( W.  M. 
Canby.) 

•H-  -i-  Spikes  mostly  separated,  or  if  aggregated  the  individual  spikes  well  de- 
fined. 

++  Perigynium  thin  and  scale-like,  with  little  distinction  between  the  margin  and 
the  body,  mostly  greenish. 

81.  C.  lagopodioides,  Schk.     Culm  stout  and  leafy,  1$  to  3  feet  high, 
sharply  angled,  rough  above:  sheaths  of  the  leaves  dilated:  spike  7  to  15  or 
more,  mostly  large,  compactly  flowered,  mostly  obovoid,  not  pointed,  disposed  in  a 
loose  and  heavy  long  greenish  or  straw-colored  head :  bracts  filiform  or  none : 
perigynium  erect,  lanceolate,  nearly  nerveless,  with  narrow  serrate  margins,  longer 
than  the  similarly  colored  scale.  —  New  Mexico,  near  Santa  Fe  (Fendler),  and 
probably  northward. 

82.  C.  cristata,  Schw.     Differs  from  the  last  in  its  smaller  size,  fewer, 
smaller,  more  densely  Jlowered  and  more  aggregated  spikes  which  are  globular  : 
perigynium  smaller,  spreading  at  right  angles  or  even  reflexed,  giving  a  character- 
istic cristate  appearance  to  the  spikes.  —  C.  lagopodioides,  var.  cristata,  Carey. 
Laramie  hills,  E.  Wyoming  (Hayden),  and  eastward. 

Var.  mirabilis,  Boott,  is  a  form  with  long  and  lax  culms,  broader,  ovate 
perigynium  with  the  points  loosely  conspicuous,  and  the  spikes  looser  Jlowered. — 
C.  mirabilis,  Dew.  C.  lagopodioides,  var.  mirabilis,  Olney.  Nebraska  (Dewey), 
and  probably  common  along  our  eastern  borders.  Transition  to  C.  straminea, 
from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  its  lax  culms  and  leaves,  aggregated  and 
rounded  spikes  which  are  green  or  greenish,  and  much  narrower  and  thinner 
perigynia. 

83.  C.  SCOparia,  Schk.     Culms  rather  stiff,  about  as  long  as  the  very 
narrow  and  long-pointed  leaves :  spikes  4  to  8,  generally  aggregated  into  a  close 
head,  club-shaped   or   ovate,  pointed,   straw-colored   when   mature:    perigynium 
elliptic-lanceolate,   straw-colored:    runs   into   No.   81. —  C.  lagopodioides,   var. 
scoparia,  Bcklr.     Colorado  (Herb.  Olney),  and  probably  throughout  the  conti- 
nent to  the  east. 

•H-  ••-*.  Perigynium  thickened  in  the  middle,  with  conspicuous  wing-margins  which 
are  more  or  less  incurved,  mostly  tawny  or  brown. 

84.  C.  leporina,  L.     Cespitose :  culms  erect,  6  to  1 6  inches  high,  scabrous 
above,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves  :  spikes  3  to  6,  erect,  ovoid,  all  contiguous 
into  an  oblong  dark  brown  head:  lower  bracts  often  green  and  as  long  as  the 
head,  but  usually  all  scale-like :  perigynium  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  broadly 


GRAMINE.E.      (GRASS  FAMILY.)  397 

winged,  nerved,  rough  on  the  margins,  contracted  into  a  beak  scarcely  as  long  as 
the  body,  the  whole  not  longer  than  the  thin-margined  scale.  —  Colorado,  Utah,  and 
northward.  (Eu.) 

85.  C.  Liddoni,  Boott.     Culm  erect  or  nearly  so:  spikes  3  to  6,  obovoid  or 
oblong,  pointed,  erect,  chaffy  at  the  base,  conspicuously  fulvous  in  color,  contiguous, 
or  loosely  aggregated  into  an  oblong  head  (about  an  inch  long) :  perigynium  large 
and  conspicuous,  greenish  or  tawny,  firm  in  texture,  lanceolate  (4  to  6  lines  long), 
thrice  as  long  as  the  elliptic  brown  achenium,  few-nerved  when  mature,  rough  on 
the  narrowly  winged  and  incurved  margins,  very  gradually  beaked,  about  the 
length  of  the  acute  and  thin-margined  scale.  —  C.  adusta,  var.  congesta,  W.  Boott. 
Mostly  at  high  altitudes,  South  Park,  Colorado  ( John  Wolfe),  and  Montana 
(F.  L.  Scribner) ;  said  to  occur  in  Arizona. 

86.  C.  adusta,  Boott,  var.  minor,  Boott.     Culm  very  slender  towards 
the  top,  weak  and  nodding  at   maturity,  erect   when    young:    leaves   narrow, 
very  long-pointed :  spikes  all  silvery  brown,  long-attenuated  at  the  base,  the  lower 
rather  remote:  perigynium  thin  and  papery,  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  nerveless. 
—  C.  pratensis,  Drejer.    South  Park,  Colorado  ( John  Wolfe) ;  also  in  British 
America. 

87.  C.  Straminea,  Schk.    Culms  erect,  1  to  2  feet  high,  mostly  stiff,  much 
longer  than  the  erect  long-pointed  stem-leaves:  spikes  3  to  8,  all  distinct,  ovoid  or 
globose,  tawny  or  straw-colored,  mostly  approximate  at  the  top  of  the  culm : 
perigynium  orbicular  or  ovate-orbicular,  often  cordate  at  base,  few-nerved,  thin,  very 
ividely  -winged,  spreading,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  smooth  or  nearly  smooth  beak 
which  is  not  longer  than,  the  body,  much  wider  and  usually  longer  than  the  acute 
scale.  —  C.  festucacea,  Schk.    Vars.  festucacea  and  aperta,  Boott.     Dry  banks, 
New  Mexico  (Fendler),  Uintas,  Northern  Utah  (  Watson),  Colorado  ( Vasey), 
Bitter-Root  Valley,  Western  Montana  (  Watson),  and  eastward ;  also  in  British 
America. 

Var.  tenera,  Boott.    Top  of  the  culm  slender  and  somewhat  nodding:  spikes 
more  tawny.  —  C.  tenera,  Dew.    Indian  Territory  ( Geo.  D.  Butler). 


ORDER  88.     GRAUIINE^.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

Grasses,  with  usually  hollow  stems  (culms)  closed  at  the  joints,  alter- 
nate 2-ranked  leaves,  their  sheaths  split  or  open  on  the  side  opposite 
the  blade;  the  hypogynous  flowers  imbricated  with  2-ranked  glumes 
or  bracts ;  the  outer  pair  (glumes  proper)  subtending  the  spikelet  of 
one  or  several  flowers ;  the  inner  pair  (flowering  glume  and  palet)  en- 
closing each  particular  flower,  which  is  usually  furnished  with  2  or 
3  minute  hypogynous  scales.  Stamens  1  to  6,  mostly  3 :  anthers 
versatile.  Styles  2  or  2-parted :  stigmas  hairy  or  plumose.  Ovary 
1 -celled,  1-ovuled,  forming  a  seed-like  grain  in  fruit.  —  Eoots  fibrous. 
Sheaths  of  the  leaves  more  or  less  extended  above  the  base  of  the 
blade  into  a  scarious  appendage  (ligule).  See  Vasey's  Descriptive  Cata- 
logue of  U.  S.  Grasses. 


898  GRAMINEJE.      (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

SERIES  I.  Spikelets  articulated  with  the  pedicel  below  the  glumes,  and  consisting  of  one 
fertile  terminal  flower,  and  usually  an  inferior  one  which  is  male  or  sterile.  —  PANI- 

CACEJE. 

Tribe  I.  Fertile  spikelets  perfect,  rarely  by  abortion  unisexual,  spicate  or  paniculate : 
outer  glumes  usually  two,  rarely  one  or  none  ;  flowering  glume  indurated  in  fruit,  or  at 
least  more  rigid  than  the  outer  ones,  awnless.  —  PANICE^E. 

*  Branches  of  the  simple  panicle  spike-like,  or  variously  branched,  not  produced  beyond 

the  spikelets. 

1.  Paspalum.    Spikelets  in  one  or  two  rows  along  one  side  of  the  solitary,  subdigitate,  or 

scattered  flattened  spikes.  Glumes  3  (rarely  2),  the  two  outer  ones  membranous, 
equal,  or  sometimes  the  outer  one  smaller  or  disappearing  :  the  flowering  glume  more 
or  less  concave,  becoming  indurated,  embracing  the  shorter  palet,  which  is  of  the 
same  texture. 

2.  Beckmaimia.     Spikelets  subsessile,  crowded  in  two  rows  upon  the  short  simple  or 

compound  branches  of  a  long  narrow  panicle.  Glumes  3,  sub-coriaceous,  obovate  or 
boat-shape,  compressed  and  inflated,  empty :  the  flowering  glume  lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  of  thinner  texture. 

3.  Panicum.    Spikelets  spicate  or  paniculate.     Glumes  3  (rarely  2),  the  two  outer  ones 

empty  and  one  of  them  smaller  (often  very  small)  than  the  other :  fertile  glume  with 
its  palets  usually  coriaceous  in  texture  and  obtuse  or  obtusish. 

4.  Setaria.    Spikelets  in  a  cylindrical  spike,  or  sometimes  an  interrupted  panicle  ;  several 

bristles  below  the  articulation  of  the  spikelets,  which  are  persistent  after  the  fall  of 
the  spikelets.  Glumes  3  (rarely  2),  the  two  outer  ones  empty  and  membranous,  as  is 
also  the  lower  flowering  one  :  the  flowering  glume,  with  its  palets,  indurated  and 
striate. 

*  *  Spikelets  surrounded  by  or  intermixed  with  abortive  branches  of  the  panicle,  forming 

a  bristly  involucre,  which  is  deciduous  with  the  spikdet. 

5.  Cenchrus.     Spikelets  enclosed  1  to  3  together  in  a  coriaceous,  spiny  involucre  or  bur ; 

these  arranged  in  an  oblong  or  cylindrical  panicle. 

*  *  *  Spikes  one  to  many  on  a  common  peduncle,  rhachis  produced  beyond  the  uppermost 

spikelet. 

6.  Spartina.    Spikelets  one-flowered,  much  flattened,  sessile  along  one  side  of  the  long 

triangular  rhachis,  or  in  racemose  spikes.  Outer  glumes  strongly  compressed,  with  a 
rigid  keel,  unequal,  awnless :  flowering  glume  membranaceous,  compressed,  carinate : 
palet  nearly  equalling  its  glume,  2-keeled. 

Tribe  II.  Spikelets  usually  perfect,  or  some  of  them  imperfect,  articulated  in  fascicles 
with  the  rhachis  of  the  simple  spike :  flowering  glumes  membranaceous  ;  generally 
the  outer  or  empty  ones  smaller  and  hyaline.  —  ZOYSIE^E. 

7.  Hilaria.    Inflorescence  in  terminal  spikes.    Spikelets  in  small  clusters  of  three,  closely 

sessile  at  the  joints  of  the  rhachis  ;  the  central  spikelet  containing  a  single  fertile 
flower,  either  female  or  perfect :  the  lateral  spikelets  each  with  2  or  3  male  flowers. 

Tribe  III.  Spikelets  arranged  along  the  rhachis  of  the  spike  or  the  branches  of  the 
panicle  generally  in  twos,  or  the  terminal  one  in  threes.  Flowering  glume  hyaline, 
smaller  than  the  empty  ones,  often  bearded.  — ANDROPOGONE^;. 

8.  Amlropngon.     Inflorescence  in  simple  or  paniculate  spikes.     Spikelets  in  pairs  in 

the  alternate  notches  of  the  rhachis,  one  sessile  and  fertile,  the  other  pedicelled  and 
sterile. 

9.  Chrysopogon.     Inflorescence  loosely  paniculate.    Fertile  spikelets  one-flowered,  ses- 

sile between  two  pedicellate  sterile  spikelets  at  the  end  of  the  slender  branches  of 
the  panicle,  with  sometimes  1  to  3  pairs  of  spikelets  on  the  branch  below  the  termi- 
nal three, 

SERIES  II.  Spikelets  usually  not  articulated  with  the  pedicel  below  the  glumes ;  the 
rhachis  continuous  above  the  persistent  lower  glumes,  and  disarticulating  with  the 
flowers  or  persisting  ;  consisting  rarely  of  a  single  flower,  or  of  one  perfect  and  one  or 


GRAMINEJE.      (GRASS  FAMILY).  399 

two  inferior  imperfect  ones,  or  of  from  two  to  many  flowers,  the  upper  ones  or  some 
of  them  imperfect.  The  rhachis  sometimes  produced  beyond  the  upper  flower  as  a 
stipe-like  pedicel  or  as  an  imperfect  flower.  —  POACE.*:. 

Tribe  IV.    Spikelet  one  to  three-flowered,  perfect  flower  solitary  and  terminal :  glumes 

one-nerved  or  keeled  (sometimes  three-nerved  in  Phalaris).  —  PHALARIDE.E. 

*  Rhachis  articulated  above  the  outer  glumes. 

10.  Phalaris.    Spikelets  one-flowered,  compressed,  on  the  densely  flowered  branches  of 

a  panicle  (in  ours).  Outer  glumes  acute,  boat-shaped,  becoming  coriaceous  or  carti- 
laginous ;  within  these  the  flower  consisting  of  two  glumes,  sometimes  called  palets, 
enclosing  stamens  and  pistil ;  below  the  flower  one  or  two  small  scales  or  bristles. 

11.  Hierochloa.    Spikelets  3-flowered,  in  an  open  panicle  :  terminal  flower  perfect,  but 

with  only  2  stamens ;   the  two  lower  flowers  male  only,  each  with  3  stamens.    Two 
outer  glumes  thin  and  scarious,  acutely  keeled ;  glumes  of  the  male  flowers  thicker, 
sometimes  short-awned,  each  enclosing  a  narrow,  thin,  bifid,  two-keeled  palet ;  the 
upper  or  peifect  flower  has  a  one-nerved  glume  in  place  of  a  palet. 
*  *  Rhachis  articulated  below  the  spikelet. 

12.  Alopecurus.    Spikelets  one-flowered,  crowded  in  a  cylindrical  spike.    Outer  glumes 

strongly  compressed,  boat-shaped,  keeled,  nearly  equal,  frequently  united  at  base ; 
flowering  glume  shorter,  keeled,  with  a  slender  dorsal  awn,  frequently  more  or  less 
united  below  by  the  opposite  margins  and  enclosing  the  stamens  and  styles. 

Tribe  V.    Spikelet  perfect,  one-flowered  ;  rhachis  often  prolonged  beyond  the  flower  as  a 
bristle  or  stipe.  — AGROSTIDK^E. 

*  Spikelets  paniculate :  rhachis  not  produced  beyond  the  flower :  beard  of  the  flowering 

glume  terminal. 

13.  Aristida.    Spikelets  in  a  spicate  or  open  branching  panicle,  generally  on  filiform 

pedicels.  Outer  glumes  unequal,  often  bristle-pointed :  flowering  glume  narrow, 
rolled  around  the  flower,  terminating  with  a  trifid  awn,  or  apparently  3-awned :  palet 
small  and  thin,  enclosed  in  the  flowering  glume. 

14.  Stipa.    Spikelets  terete.      Outer  glumes  membranaceous,  keeled:    flowering  glume 

narrow,  coriaceous,  rigid,  involute,  with  a  simple  twisted  awn  from  the  apex :  palet 
small  and  thin. 

15.  Oryzopsis.     Resembling  Stipa,  but  the  flowering  glume  shorter  and  broader,  often 

oblique  at  top,  and  the  awn  usually  short,  slender  and  very  deciduous. 
10.  Mublenbergia.  Spikelets  small,  articulated  above  the  glumes.  Outer  glumes  vari- 
able in  size,  from  minute  to  nearly  as  large  as  the  flowering  glume,  sometimes  bristle- 
pointed,  keeled,  persistent,  thin :  flowering  glume  3  to  5-rierved,  rigid  or  thinnish, 
mucronate  or  awned,  sometimes  with  a  long  capillary  awn  from  the  apex  between  the 
short  teeth,  frequently  pubescent  below  :  palet  about  as  long  as  the  flowering  glume 
and  of  the  same  texture. 

*  *  Spikelets  in  a  dense  spike-like  cylindrical  panicle :  rhachis  produced  beyond  the  flower 

in  a  bristle,  or  naked  :  flowering  glumes  awnless,  or  produced  in  1  to  3  straight  bristles. 
17.  Phleum.     Outer  glumes  one-nerved,  mucronate  or  short-awned  :    flowering  glume 
membranaceous,  shorter  and  broader  than  the  outer  glumes,  truncate  and  toothed  at 
the  apex :  palet  hyaline,  narrow. 

*  *  *  Spikelets  small,  loosely  spicate  or  variously  paniculate :  rhachis  not  produced  beyond 

the  flower:  glumes  awnless  and  beardless. 

13.  Sporobolus.  Spikelets  rarely  2-flowered.  Outer  glumes  unequal,  the  lower  one 
shorter,  1  to  3-nerved :  flowering  glume  mostly  longer :  palet  about  equalling  the 
flowering  glume  and  of  the  same  texture,  2-nerved. 

*  *  *  *  Spikelets  small,  variously  paniculate:  flowering  glume  usually  with  a  more  or 

less  twisted  dorsal  awn,  rarely  mucronate  or  awnless. 

•t-  No  bristle  standing  opposite  the  palet. 

19.  Agrostis.  Outer  glumes  nearly  equal  or  the  lower  rather  longer,  1-nerved,  awnless  : 
flowering  glume  shorter  and  wider,  hyaline,  3  to  6-nerved,  awnless,  or  sometimes 


400  GKAMINE^E.      (GBASS  FAMILY.) 

with  dorsal  awn :  palet  shorter  than  flowering  glume,  often  reduced  to  a  small  scale 
or  wanting.  Stamens  3. 

20.  China.     Spikelets  much  flattened,  in  an  open  spreading  panicle.     Outer  glumes 

strongly  keeled,  hispid  on  the  keel,  the  upper  somewhat  longer :  flowering  glume 
stalked  above  the  outer  glumes  and  about  the  same  length,  3-nerved,  short-awned  on 
the  back  near  the  apex  :  palet  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume,  one-nerved.  Stamen  one. 

21.  Ammophila.     Outer  glumes  large,   nearly  equal,   rigid,  thick,  keeled,   5-nerved : 

flowering  glume  similar  in  texture,  about  equal  in  length,  sometimes  mucronate : 
palet  as  long  as  its  glume,  of  similar  texture,  2-keeled  and  sulcate  between  the  keels. 
Hairs  at  the  base  of  the  flower  usually  scanty  and  short. 

1-  •«-  A  glabrous  or  hairy  bristle  standing  opposite  the  palet. 

22.  Deyeuxia.    Outer  glumes  about  equal,  keeled,  awnless  :    flowering  glume  usually 

with  a  ring  of  hairs  surrounding  its  base,  entire  or  2  to  4-toothed,  usually  with  a 
dorsal  awn  :  palet  narrow,  2-nerved  and  2-keeled. 

Tribe  VI.  Spikelets  2  to  many-flowered,  often  paniculate:  flowering  glumes  commonly 
with  a  dorsal  or  terminal  geniculate  awn  :  rhaehis  more  or  less  produced  beyond  the 
flowers.  —  AVENE^E. 

23.  Deschampgia.    Spikelets  2-flowered,  mostly  in  a  loose  panicle  with  slender  branches. 

Rhachis  hairy  and  produced  into  a  hairy  bristle,  which  rarely  bears  an  empty  glume. 
Outer  glumes  acute,  keeled,  with  scarious  margins:  flowering  glumes  obtuse  or 
toothed,  with  a  fine  dorsal  awn  below  the  middle :  palet  prominently  2-nerved,  often 
2-toothed. 

24.  Trisetum.    Spikelets  2  to  5-flowered,  in  a  dense  or  open  panicle.     Ehachis  usually 

hairy  and  produced  into  a  bristle  at  the  base  of  the  upper  flower.  Outer  glumes 
unequal,  keeled,  with  scarious  margins :  flowering  glumes  of  similar  texture,  keeled, 
2-toothed  at  apex,  the  teeth  sometimes  prolonged  into  bristle-like  points,  the  middle 
nerve  furnished  with  an  awn  attached  above  the  middle,  which  is  usually  twisted  at 
the  base  and  bent  in  the  middle  :  palet  hyaline,  narrow,  2-nerved,  2-toothed. 

25.  Avena.    Spikelets  unusually  large,  2  to  5-flowered,  the  uppermost  generally  imperfect, 

in  a  loose  panicle.  Rhaehis  hairy  below  the  flowers.  Outer  glumes  nearly  equal, 
lanceolate,  scarious  :  flowering  glumes  firmer,  shortly  bifid,  with  a  long  dorsal  twisted 
awn  below  the  apex :  palet  as  in  last. 

26.  Daiilhoiiia.     Spikelets  3  to  many-flowered,  in  a  panicle  or  simple  raceme.    Rhaehis 

hairy  and  produced  beyond  the  flowers  in  a  stipe  or  imperfect  flower.  Outer  glumes 
narrow,  keeled,  usually  as  long  as  the  spikelet :  flowering  glumes  convex  on  the  back, 
7  to  9-nerved,  with  two  terminal  teeth  or  lobes,  and  with  a  flattish  twisted  and  bent 
awn  between  the  teeth  :  palet  broad,  2-keeled,  obtuse  or  2-pointed. 

Tribe  VII.    Spikelets  one  to  many-flowered,  sessile  and  secund  in  two  rows  along  the 

rhaehis  of  one-sided  spikes.  —  CHLORIDES. 

*  One  fertile  flower  in  each  spikelet. 

27.  Scbedonnardns.    Spikelets  one-flowered,  solitary  at  each  joint  of  the  slender  tri- 

angular rhaehis  of  the  paniculate  spikes,  and  partly  immersed  in  an  excavation  ;  the 
spikes  alternate  and  distant.  Outer  glumes  acuminate,  unequal,  the* longer  equalling 
the  flowering  glume,  which  is  linear-acuminate  and  thickish  at  the  keel 

28.  Bouteloua.    Spikes  numerous  in  a  racemose  panicle ;  spikelets  densely  crowded,  each 

consisting  of  one  perfect  flower,  and  a  stalked  pedicel  bearing  empty  glumes  and  1  to 
3  stiff  awns.  Outer  glumes  unequal,  acute,  keeled  :  flowering  glume  broader,  usually 
thicker,  with  3  to  5  lobes,  teeth,  or  awns. 

*  *  Two  to  many  fertile  flowers  in  each  spikelet. 

29.  Bucbloe.    Spikelets  dioecious,  or  rarely  monoecious,  heteromorphous.  —  Male  plant. 

Spikelets  2  to  3-flowered  in  2  or  3  short  spikes  at  the  summit  of  the  culm,  5  or  6 
closely  approximated  in  each  spike.  Outer  glumes  unequal,  1-nerved,  the  lower  one 
half  as  long  as  the  flower  above  it,  the  upper  shorter :  flowering  glumes  and  palets  of 
equal  length,  membranaceous,  the  former  3-nerved,  the  latter  2-nerved.  —  Female 
plant.  Spikelets  closely  approximated  in  short  capitate  spikes,  which  are  mostly 


GRAMINE^.      (GRASS  FAMILY.)  401 

near  the  ground  and  partly  enclosed  in  the  bract-like  sheaths  of  the  upper  leaves,  one- 
flowered,  all  the  upper  glumes  indurated  and  cohering  at  their  bases  with  the  thick- 
ened rhachis,  the  lower  glume  of  the  lowest  spikelet  lanceolate  with  an  herbaceous  tip, 
or  2  to  3-cleft,  thickened  and  adnate  to  the  upper  glume,  the  lower  glumes  of  the  other 
spikelets  free,  much  smaller,  membranaceous,  one-nerved :  flowering  glume  shorter, 
3-nerved,  tricuspidate. 

Tribe  VIII.     Spikelets  2  to  many-flowered,  variously  paniculate  or  rarely  racemose: 
flowering  glumes  awnless  or  terminated  by  one  to  many  awns.  —  FESTUCACE^E. 

*  Glumes  1  to  3-nerved,  or  rarely  many-nerved,  3-toothed,  3-divided,  or  3-awned :  rhachis 

glabrous  or  short  pilose. 

30.  Triodia.    Spikelets  in  a  strict  spicate  or  open  spreading  panicle,  some  of  the  upper 

flowers  male  or  imperfect.  Outer  glumes  keeled,  awnless :  flowering  glumes  imbri- 
cated, rounded  on  the  back,  at  least  below,  hairy  or  smooth,  3-uerved,  either  mucro- 
nate,  3-toothed,  or  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  or  obscurely  erose  :  palet  broad,  prominently 
2-keeled. 

31.  Diplachne.     Spikelets   narrow,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  distant  on  the   long   slender 

branches  of  the  panicle,  usually  in  two  rows.  Outer  glumes  keeled,  awnless  :  flower- 
ing glumes  1  to  3-nerved,  with  a  thin  shortly  2-lobed  apex,  the  keel  produced  into  a 
short  point  or  awn  between  the  lobes  :  palet  thin,  prominently  2-nerved. 

32.  Triplasis.    Panicle  simple  and  scanty,  partly  included  in  the  leaf-sheath.     Spikelets 

remotely  2  to  5-flowered.  Outer  glumes  much  shorter  than  the  flowers,  1-nerved  : 
flowering  glumes  2-lobed  or  2-cleft,  3-nerved,  strongly  fringed  on  the  nerves,  the  mid- 
nerve  extended  into  an  awn  between  the  lobes :  palet  shorter,  2-keeled,  long  ciliate  on 
the  keels. 

*  *  Tall  grasses  with  a  many-flowered  panicle :  flowering  glumes  3-toothed,  or  1  to  3-awned : 

rhachis  or  the  flowering  glumes  long  pilose. 

33.  Phragmites.     Flowers  rather  distant,  silky,  villous  at  the  base  and  with  a  conspicu- 

ous silky-bearded  rhachis,  all  perfect  but  the  lowest  flower  of  the  spikelet,  which  is 
male  and  glabrous.  Outer  glumes  narrow,  unequal,  glabrous,  keeled  :  flowering 
glumes  slender,  awl-pointed :  palets  much  shorter,  2-keeled,  pubescent  on  the 
keels. 

*  *  *  Spikelets  capitate  :  flowering  glumes  3  to  5-nerved. 

34.  Munroa.    Spikelets  2  or  3  together  in  small  sessile  leafy  heads  or  clusters  terminating 

the  numerous  fasciculate  and  lateral  branches,  and  at  the  nodes,  each  about  3-flow- 
ered,  the  upper  flower  imperfect.  Outer  glumes  shorter  than  the  flowers,  1-nerved : 
flowering  glumes  larger,  rather  rigid,  3-nerved,  entire  or  2-toothed,  the  central  nerve 
excurrent  in  a  mucro  or  short  awn. 

*  *  *  *  Spikelets  variously  paniculate :  flowering  glumes  mostly  3-nerved,  rarely  1-nerved. 

35.  Kceleria.    Spikelets  3  to  5-flowered,  compressed,  numerous  in  a  dense  spike-like  cy- 

lindrical or  interrupted  panicle.  Outer  glumes  unequal,  keeled,  lanceolate,  about  as 
long  as  the  spikelet :  flowering  glumes  similar,  rarely  mucronate,  the  upper  one  usually 
smaller  and  imperfect. 

36.  Eatonia.    Spikelets  usually  2-flowered  and  with  an  abortive  rudiment  or  pedicel,  nu- 

merous in  a  contracted  or  slender  panicle,  very  smooth.  Outer  glumes  unequal ;  the 
lower  narrowly  linear,  keeled,  1-nerved  ;  the  upper  broadly  obovate.  shorter  than  the 
spikelet,  not  keeled,  3-nerved  :  flowering  glumes  oblong,  obtuse,  chartaceous. 

37.  Catabrosa.    Spikelets  2  to  3-flowered,  in  a  loose  panicle.     Outer  glumes  unequal, 

shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  the  lower  short  and  narrow  ;  the  upper  obovate,  3-nerved, 
erosely-dentate  at  the  apex  :  flowering  glumes  obtuse,  prominently  3-nerved. 

38.  Eragrostis.    Spikelets  usually  many-flowered,  pedicellate  or  sessile  in  a  loose  and 

spreading  or  narrow  and  clustered  panicle.  Outer  glumes  unequal  and  rather  shorter 
than  the  flowering  ones,  keeled,  1-nerved :  flowering  glumes  obtuse  or  acute,  unawned, 
3-nerved,  with  prominent  keel  and  the  lateral  nerves  sometimes  very  faint. 

26 


402  GRAMINE.E.      (GRASS   FAMILY.) 

*****  Flowering  glumes  3  to  5  or  many-nerved,  more  or  less  involute,  the  upper  two  or 
more  empty  or  imperfect. 

39.  Melica.    Spikelets  2  to  many-flowered,  usually  convolute  around  each  other,  the  upper 

1  to  3  smaller  and  imperfect  Outer  glumes  awnless,  the  lower  3  to  5-nerved,  the 
upper  sometimes  7  to  9-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  vanishing  within  the  scarious  mar- 
gin: flowering  glumes  thicker,  rounded  or  flattish  on  the  back,  5  to  9-nerved,  the 
lateral  nerves  vanishing  below  the  apex,  the  central  one  sometimes  ending  in  a  point 
or  awn ;  palets  ciliate  on  keels  and  apex. 

******  Flowering  glumes  5  to  many-nerved,  the  upper  one  empty,  style  short,  stigmas 
plumose  :  leaves  generally  narrow,  without  transverse  veins. 

40.  Distichlis.     Spikelets  dioecious,  many-flowered,  compressed,  crowded  in  a  dense  spi- 

cate  or  capitate  or  rather  open  panicle.  Outer  glumes  herbaceous,  narrow,  keeled  : 
flowering  glumes  rigidly  membranaceous  or  subcoriaceous,  keeled  :  keels  of  the  palet 
narrowly  winged. 

41.  Poa.     Spikelets  somewhat  compressed,  usually  2  to  5-flowered,  in  a  narrow  or  loose 

and  spreading  panicle,  the  rhachis  between  the  flowers  glabrous  or  hairy,  the  flowers 
generally  perfect,  occasionally  dioecious.  Outer  glumes  keeled,  1  to  3-nerved,  not 
awned :  flowering  glumes  5  to  7-nerved,  the  intermediate  nerves  frequently  obscure, 
often  with  a  few  loose  or  webby  hairs  at  the  base. 

42.  Graphephorum.     Spikelets  2  to  5-flowered,  rather  terete,  in  a  narrow  or  loose  pani- 

cle. Outer  glumes  nearly  equalling  the  rather  remote  flowers,  keeled,  3  to  5-nerved: 
flowering  glumes  rounded  on  the  back  or  obscurely  keeled,  faintly  or  strongly  nerved  ; 
a  tuft  of  villous  hairs  at  the  base  of  each  flower. 

43.  Glyceria.    Spikelets  several  to  many-flowered,  terete  or  flattish,  in  a  narrow  or  diffuse 

panicle,  the  rhachis  smooth  and  readily  disarticulating  between  the  flowers.  Outer 
glumes  unequal,  1  to  3-nerved  :  flowering  glumes  obtuse,  more  or  less  denticulate  at 
the  apex,  rounded  (never  keeled)  on  the  back,  5  to  9-nerved,  the  nerves  separate  and 
all  vanishing  before  reaching  the  apex. 

44.  Festuca.     Spikelets  3  to  many-flowered,  variously  panicled,  pedicellate,  rhachis  not 

hairy.  Outer  glumes  unequal,  the  lower  1-nerved,  and  the  upper  3-nerved,  narrow 
and  keeled :  flowering  glumes  narrow,  rounded  on  the  back,  more  or  less  distinctly 
3  to  5-nerved,  acute  or  tapering  into  a  straight  awn. 

45.  Broinus.    Spikelets  5  to  many-flowered,  in  a  dense  or  lax  or  diffuse  panicle,  subterete 

or  compressed,  the  rhachis  between  the  flowers  glabrous.  Outer  glumes  more  or  less 
unequal,  acute,  awnless  or  short  mucronate,  1  to  9-nerved  :  flowering  glumes  rounded 
on  the  back  or  compressed  and  keeled,  5  to  9-nerved,  acute,  or  awned  from  below  the 
mostly  2-cleft  apex. 

Tribe  IX.    Spikelets  one  to  many-flowered,  sessile  on  the  teeth  or  excavations  of  the  rha- 
chis of  the  simple  stout  spike.  —  HORDEACE.E. 
*  Spikelets  solitary  at  the  nodes,  3  to  many-flowered,  rarely  2-flowered. 

46.  Agropyrum.     Spikelets  compressed,  alternately  sessile  on  the  continuous  or  slightly 

notched  rhachis.  Outer  glumes  nearly  equal  and  opposite,  1  to  3-nerved,  scarcely 
keeled,  tapering  to  a  point  or  awned  :  flowering  glumes  similar,  rounded  on  the  back, 
3  to  7-nerved,  pointed  or  awned  from  the  apex :  the  two  prominent  nerves  of  the 
upper  palet  almost  marginal  and  scabrous  ciliate. 

*  *  Spikelets  two  to  many  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis. 

47.  Hordeum.    Spikelets  1-flowered,  with  an  awl-shaped  rudiment  of  a  second  flower, 

in  a  dense  spike,  in  clusters  of  2  or  3 ;  central  spikelet  of  each  cluster  perfect  and 
sessile,  the  lateral  ones  short-stalked  and  imperfect  or  abortive.  Outer  glumes  side 
by  side,  two  to  each  spikelet  or  6  at  each  joint,  slender  and  awn-pointed  or  bristle- 
form  :  flowering  glume  herbaceous,  shorter,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  rounded  on  the  back, 
not  keeled,  5-nerved,  acute  or  long-awned. 

48.  Elymus.     Spikelets  2  to  4  at  each  joint,  sessile,  1  to  6-flowered.    Outer  glumes  two  for 

each  spikelet,  nearly  side  by  side  in  its  front,  forming  a  kind  of  involucre  for  the  clus- 
ter, narrow,  rigid,  1  to  3-nerved,  acuminate  or  awned :  flowering  glumes  herbaceous, 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  rounded  on  the  back,  not  keeled,  acute  or  awned. 


GRAMINE^E.      (GRASS  FAMILY.)  403 

1.    PASPALUM,   L. 

Ours  are  perennials,  with  very  obtuse  orbicular  spikelets  and  a  narrow  wing- 
less rhachis. 

1.  P.  setaceum,  Michx.  Stems  ascending  or  decumbent  (1  to  2  feet 
long),  slender :  leaves  and  sheaths  clothed  with  soft  spreading  hairs :  spikes 
very  slender  (2  to  4  inches  long),  mostly  solitary  on  a  long  peduncle,  and 
usually  one  from  the  sheaths  of  each  of  the  upper  leaves  on  short  peduncles 
or  included:  spikelets  narrowly  2-rowed.  —  Colorado  (Hall  fr  Harbour),  and 
very  common  eastward. 

2.    BECKMANNIA,    Host. 

A  coarse  perennial  aquatic,  with  flat  scabrous  leaves  and  glabrous  sheaths. 

1-  B.  eruC36formis,  Host.  Stems  stout,  1  to  4  feet  high:  leaves  4  to  8 
inches  long ;  ligules  elongated  :  panicle  4  to  12  inches  long,  erect,  strict,  secund, 
the  short  crowded  branchlets  densely  flowered  from  the  base  :  spikelets  nearly 
orbicular,  the  upper  rudimentary  floret  minute,  stipitate.  —  Widely  distributed 
west  of  the  Mississippi. 

3.    PA  NIC  TIM,   L.        PANIC  GRASS. 

Panicle  sometimes  with  the  inflorescence  crowded  upon  one  side  of  a  narrow 
rhachis.  Grasses  of  various  habits,  from  low  and  almost  prostrate  to  stout 
and  several  feet  high. 

*  Spikelets  disposed  in  diffuse  and  spreading  panicles,  scattered,  awnless.1 
•*-   Spikelets  pointed. 

1.  P.  capillare,  L.     Sheaths  and  usually  the  leaves  very  hairy:   panicle 
half  the  length  of  the  stem,  very  open,  its  long  slender  branches  solitary  or 
in  pairs,  divaricate  when  old ;  spikelets  ovoid  to  narrowly  oblong,  scattered, 
on  long  pedicels  :  sterile  flower  neutral  and  of  a  single  glume,  twice  the  length 
of  the  acute  1-nerved  lower  glume ;  upper  glume  5-nerved,  pointed,  nearly  a 
half  longer  than  the  somewhat  obtuse  perfect  flower.  —  An  abundant  grass 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  mostly  in  sandy  soil.     Known  as  "  Old- Witch 
Grass." 

2.  P.  Virgatum,  L.     Taller  (3  to  5  feet  high)  and  glabrous :  leaves  ver>, 
long,  flat :  branches  of  the  compound  loose  and  large  panicle  at  length  spread- 
ing or  drooping;  spikelets  ovate,  scattered,  usually  purplish:    sterile  flower 
staminate  and  of  a  flowering  glume  and  a  single  palet ;  lower  glume  more  than 
half  the  length  of  the  upper. —About  Denver,  and  common  in  the  Eastern 
States. 

3.  P.  amarum,  Ell.     Like  the  last,  but  much  smaller,  with  stems  sheathed 
to  the  top,  leaves  involute,  gfa,ucous,  coriaceous,  the  uppermost  exceeding  the 
contracted  panicle.  —  Canon  City  (Brandegee),  and  in  sandy  soil  along  the 
Atlantic  coast. 

1  P.  sanguinale,  L.,  an  introduced  species,  has  spikelets  in  pairs,  one  sessile,  the  other 
pedicelled,  crowded  on  one  side  of  four  or  more  simple  flattened  branches  digitately  clustered 
at  the  top  of  the  stem;  the  lower  glume  very  minute,  the  upper  half  the  length  of  the 
flower.  —  Appearing  late  in  the  season,  and  known  as  CRAB  GRASS  or  FINGER  GRASS. 


404  GRAMINE^l.      (GKASS   FAMILY.) 

•»-  •»-  Spikelets  obtuse. 

4.  P.  SCOparium,  Lam.     Stem  geniculate  at  the  lower  nodes  and  at 
length  branched  and  reclining :  leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  erect  and  somewhat 
rigid,  hairy  beneath  and  fringed  with  spreading  hairs  at  base :  panicle  nearly 
simple,  with  slender  hairy  branches;  spikelets  few,  large,  tumid,  obovate,  usually 
hairy  :   upper  glume  ^-nerved,  twice  or  three  times  the  length  of  the  lower  one : 
flowering  glume  with  a  transverse  fold  or  furrow  near  the  base,  —  P.  pauciflorum, 
Ell.  ?  of  Gray's  Manual.     Colorado,  Oregon,  and  eastward  to  New  England. 

5.  P.  dichotomum,  L.     Stem  erect  and  simple,  or  late  in  the  season 
decumbent  and  variously  branched  :  lower  leaves  usually  ovate,  the  upper  linear- 
lanceolate,  smooth  or  hairy  or  velvety :  terminal  panicle  open,  ovoid,  those  of 
the  branches  short  and  often  included  in  the  sheaths;   spikelets  oblong-obovate, 
smooth  or  hairy :  upper  glume  5  to  7-nerved,  three  times  the  length  of  the 
lower  one.  —  Found  everywhere,  and  exceedingly  variable. 

*  *  Spikelets  crowded  in  3  or  4  rows  or  irregularly  on  the  one-sided  spike-like 
branches  of  the  panicle.1 

4.    SETAE,  I  A,    Beauv.        BRISTLY  EOXTAIL  GRASS. 

Annuals,  with  linear  or  lanceolate  flat  leaves.  Closely  related  to  Panicum, 
but  easily  distinguished  by  the  bristly  appearance  of  the  spike.2 

1.  S.  setosa,  Beauv.,  var.  caudata,  Vasey.  Stem  flattened  below, 
leafy:  leaves  and  sheaths  retrorsely  scabrous,  hairy  at  the  mouth  of  the 
sheath,  upper  leaves  involute-pointed :  spikes  cylindrical,  4  to  6  inches  long, 
often  nodding,  usually  much  interrupted  below,  pale  green :  bristles  up- 
wardly serrulate :  perfect  flowers  ovate,  acute,  finely  punctate.  —  Grasses 
U.  S.  13.  S.  caudata,  R.  &  S.  S.  W.  Colorado  (Brandegee)  to  Arizona,  New 
Mexico,  and  Texas. 

6.    CENCHRTJS,    L.        BUR  GRASS.    HEDGEHOG  GRASS. 

Annual.  A  troublesome  grass,  in  sandy  localities,  the  spiny  heads  being 
deciduous  and  parting  readily  from  the  stem. 

I.  C.  tribuloides,  L.  Stems  branching  and  ascending:  leaves  flat: 
panicle  of  8  to  20  spherical  heads :  involucre  prickly  all  over  with  spreading 
and  barbed  short  spines,  more  or  less  downy.  —  Found  everywhere,  especially 
on  the  margins  of  lakes  and  rivers. 

1  P.  Crus-cialli,  L. ,  very  widely  introduced,  possibly  indigenous  somewhere  on  the  conti- 
nent, has  stems  from  an  inch  or  two  to  five  feet  high,  leaves  lanceolate  and  rough  on  the 
margins,  panicle  mostly  dense  and  pyramidal,  often  tinged  with  purple,  outer  glumes  rough 
upon  the  nerves  and  abruptly  pointed,  glume  of  sterile  flower  awl-pointed  or  short-awned, 
but  mostly  with  a  rough  awn  an  inch  long  or  more.  —Known  as  BARN- YARD  GRASS. 

2  The  following  species,  all  of  which  have  bristles  in  clusters  and  roughened  or  barbed 
upwards,  are  very  commonly  introduced  :  — 

S.  glaiica,  Beauv.,  known  by  its  dense  tawny  j'ellow  cylindrical  spike  (2  to  4  inches  long), 
6  to  11  bristles  in  a  cluster,  and  perfect  flower  transversely  wrinkled.  —  FOXTAIL. 

S.  viridis,  Beauv.,  has  a  green  more  or  less  compound  nearly  cylindrical  spike,  few  bris- 
tles, and  perfect  flower  striate  lengthwise  and  dotted.  —GREEN  FOXTAIL.  BOTTLE  GRASS. 

S.  Italicn,,  Knnth,  has  thick  compound  yellowish  or  purplish  nodding  spikes  (6  to  9 
inches  lonpr)  and  2  or  3  bristles  in  a  cluster.  — Sometimes  cultivated  under  the  name  of 
MILLET,  or  BENGAL  GBASS. 


(GRASS  FAMILY.)  405 

6.     SPAETINA,    Schreber.        CORD  or  MARSH  GRASS. 

Perennials,  With  simple  and  rigid  reed-like  stems,  from  extensively  creeping 
scaly  rootstocks,  very  smooth  sheaths,  and  long  tough  leaves. 

1.  S.  cynosuroides,  Willd.     Stems  2  to  6  feet  high:  leaves  2  to  4  feet 
long,  tapering  to  a  long  slender  involute  point :  spikes  5  to  20,  scattered  and 
spreading,  at  least  at  maturity,  the  pedicels  and  common  axis  strongly  hispid  on 
the  angles :  lower  glume  very  narrow ;  the  upper  broad,  spinulose-hispid  on  the 
keel  and  tapering  to  a  rough  awn :  the  flowering  glumes  very  rough  on  the 
midrib  which  terminates  just  Below  its  tip.  —  Across  the  continent  along 
the  borders  of  lakes  and  rivers,  especially  common  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

2.  S.  gracilis,  Trin.     Stems  more  slender,  1  to  3  feet  high,  exceeding  the 
spreading  distichous  rough  and  rigid  leaves :  spikes  4  to  10,  mostly  sessile,  closely 
appressed  to  the  nearli/  smooth  rhachis .'  outer  glumes  very  unequal,  the  lower 
acuminate,  the  upper  acute,  they  and  the  flowering  glume  ciliate  and  hispid 
upon  the  keel.  —  Steud,  Gram.  214.     In  saline  soils  from  Oregon  to  Texas, 
also  in  Florida. 

7.    HILARIA,    HBK. 

Creeping  plants,  with  spikelets  so  closely  sessile  as  to  require  some  care  in 
their  separation. 

1.  H.  Jamesii,  Benth.  Stems  1  to  l£  feet  high,  hairy  at  the  nodes: 
leaves  glaucous,  rigid,  scabrous,  mostly  convolute,  the  upper  ones  short  and 
pungent;  sheaths  scabrous,  hairy  at  the  throat;  ligule  laciniate  :  spike  2  to  3 
inches  long,  erect :  outer  glumes  of  the  perfect  spikelet  ciliate,  cleft  nearly 
to  the  middle,  the  lobes  1-nerved  on  the  inner  margin  with  3  to  5  interme- 
diate bristles,  the  central  one  longer :  flowering  glume  3-nerved,  bifid  :  palet 
2-nerved,  slightly  bifid :  lower  glume  of  the  sterile  spikelets  slightly  2-cleft, 
awned  above  the  middle;  upper  glume  emarginate,  cuspidate  — Pleuraphis 
Jamesii,  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i.  148.  From  Texas  and  New  Mexico  to 
S.  Colorado  and  Nevada. 


8.    ANDROPOGON,    L.        BEARD  GRASS. 

Coarse,  mostly  rigid  perennials,  with  lateral  or  terminal  spikes  commonly 
clustered  or  digitate,  the  rhachis  hairy  or  plumose-bearded,  and  often  the 
sterile  and  staminate  flowers  also. 

1.  A.  furcatUS,  Muhl.     Tall,  3  to  4  feet  high,  the  naked  summit  of  the 
stem  terminated  by  2  to  5  rigid  digitate  spikes:  spikelets  approximated,  ap- 
pressed :  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  fertile  spikelet,  on  the  rhachis,  and  on  the 
stout  pedicel  of  the  awnless  staminate  spikelet  short  and  rather  sparse :  awn 
of  fertile  flower  long  and  bent.  —  In  dry  sterile  soil  from  Colorado  to  Texas, 
and  very  common  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

2.  A.  SCOpariuS,  Michx.     Stems  1  to  3  feet  high,  with  numerous  paniculate 
branches :  spikes  single,  scattered,  mostly  peduncled,  very  loose,  often  purplish, 
silky  with  lax  dull  white  silky  hairs  shorter  than  the  Jlowers :  awn  of  fertile 
flower  twice  as  long  as  the  flower,  twisted  or  bent.  —  In  S.  Colorado  and 
common  eastward. 


406  GR  AMINES.     (GKASS  FAMILY.) 

3.  A.  saccharoides,  Swz.  Stems  slender,  I  to  3  feet  high :  spikes  in 
pairs  (or  fours)  on  short  mostly  vxserted  and  loosely  paniculate  peduncles,  densely 
flowered,  very  silky  with  long  bright  white  hairs :  fertile  flower  monandrous, 
with  a  capillary  awn. — A.  argenteus,  DC.  Probably  including  also  (at  least 
in  S.  Colorado)  A.  Jamesii,  Torr.  Colorado  and  southward. 

9.    CHRYSOPOGON,    Trin.         INDIAN  GRASS.    WOOD  GRASS. 

A  tall  simple  perennial,  with  glaucous  linear-lanceolate  leaves  and  yellow- 
ish or  russet-brown  and  shining  spikelets. 

1.  C.  niltans,  Benth.  Stem  3  to  5  feet  high,  terete :  panicle  narrowly 
oblong;  the  perfect  spikelets  at  length  drooping,  clothed,  especially  towards 
the  base,  with  fawn-colored  hairs,  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  twisted  awn  ; 
sterile  spikelets  small  and  imperfect,  deciduous,  or  reduced  to  a  mere  plumose- 
hairy  pedicel.  —  Sorghum  nutans,  Gray.  Southern  Colorado,  and  common  in 
the  Atlantic  States. 

10.     P  HAL  ARTS,    L.        CANARY  GRASS. 

Ours  is  a  perennial,  with  broad  flat  leaves,  branched  panicle,  and  glumes 
not  winged  on  the  back.1 

1.  P.  arundinacea,  L.  Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  reed-like  :  outer  glumes 
open  at  flowering,  3-nerved,  thrice  the  length  of  the  fertile  flower  :  rudimen- 
tary flowers  reduced  to  a  minute  hairy  scale  or  pedicel.  —  Wet  grounds  and 
river  banks  across  the  continent,  especially  northward. 

11.     H I E  R  O  C  H  L  O  A,    Gmelin.        HOLY  GRASS.    VANILLA  GRASS. 

Perennials  with  flat  leaves,  the  dried  plants  giving  off  a  pleasant  vanilla- 
like  odor. 

1.  H.  borealis,  R.  &  S.  Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  with  short  lanceolate 
leaves :  panicle  somewhat  one-sided,  pyramidal ;  spikelets  chestnut-color : 
staminate  flowers  strongly  hairy-fringed  on  the  margins ;  the  flowering  glume 
mucronate  or  bristle-pointed  at  or  near  the  tip :  fertile  flower  hairy-fringed 
at  the  tip.  —  From  California  to  Colorado  and  far  northward,  thence  eastward 
through  the  northern  border  States  and  Canada  to  Labrador. 

12.    AL  OPE  CUR  US,    L.        FOXTAIL  GRASS. 

Perennials,  with  the  flower  clusters  contracted  into  a  cylindrical  and  soft 
dense  spike,  whence  the  name. 

1.  A.  alpinus,  Sm.  Stem  erect,  smooth,  6  inches  to  a  foot  high:  upper 
leaf  much  shorter  than  its  inflated  sheath :  outer  glumes  rather  acute,  3-ribbed, 
covered  on  the  back  with  long  dense  white  hairs :  flowering  glume  about 
equalling  the  outer  ones,  the  awn  exserted  more  than  half  its  length,  slightly  bent 
but  not  twisted.  —  English  Fl.  i.  81.  High  mountains  of  Colorado  and  north- 
ward. 

1  It  is  probable  that  P.  Canariensis,  L.,  is  sparingly  naturalized  within  our  range,  the 
seed  being  a  favorite  food  of  cage-birds.  It  may  be  known  by  its  very  dense  spike-like 
panicle  and  wing-keeled  outer  glumes. 


GRAMINE.E.      (GRASS   FAMILY.)  407 

2.  A.  aristulatUS,  Michx.  Stem  ascending  from  a  decumbent  base,  1  to  2 
feet  high  :  leaves  glaucous :  spike  about  2  inches  long,  slender  and  very  pale 
green  :  outer  glumes  obtuse,  the  flowering  one  slightly  exceeding  them,  its  awn 
attached  just  below  the  middle  and  barely  exceeding  it.  —  A.  geniculatus,  var. 
aristulatus,  Torr.  From  Colorado  to  California  and  Oregon,  and  eastward 
across  the  continent. 

13.    ARISTIDA,   L.        TRIPLE-AWNED  GRASS. 

Stems  generally  branching;  leaves  narrow,  often  involute;  spikelets  in 
simple  or  panicled  racemes  or  spikes ;  grain  linear.  All  grow  in  sterile,  dry 
soil. 

#  Awns  unequal,  the  middle  one  longer  than  the  lateral  ones. 

1.  A.  basiramea,  Engelm.     Stems  erect,  6  to  15  inches  high,  slender, 
much  branched  at  the  base,  and  with  short  floriferous  branches  enclosed  in  the 
upper  leaf  sheaths  :  leaves  flat,  becoming  involute  towards  the  apex,  sparsely 
hairy  on  the  margins  below:  panicle  1^  to  3  inches  long,  erect,  rather  lax,  its 
base  sheathed  by  the  upper  leaf :   glumes  linear,  unequal,  1-nerved,  with  a 
short  bristle-like  point:   flowering  glume  nearly  terete,  spotted  with  black, 
with  a  short,  acute  hairy  callus :  middle  awn  about  6  lines  long,  the  lateral 
ones  4  lines  long,  spirally  twisted  below  (when  mature).  —  Bot.  Gazette,  ix. 
76.     Minnesota,  W.  Upham,  and  ranging  through  the  prairie  region  of  the 
Northwest. 

*  #  Awns  about  equal  in  length. 

2.  A.  purpurea,  Nutt.     Stem  simple,  erect,  slender,  6  to  15  inches  high: 
sheaths  scabrous,  exceeding  the  internodes,  pilose  at  the  throat:  panicle  slen- 
der, 3  to  6  inches  long,  loosely  few-flowered  :  outer  glumes  purplish,  unequal, 
bifid  and  shortly  awned :  flower  densely  short-pilose  at  the  pointed  base,  sca- 
brous above :  awns  1  to  2  lines  long,  not  exceeding  the  flower,  scabrous.  —  Steud. 
Gram.  134.     From  Colorado  to  Texas  and  westward  to  the  Great  Basin. 

Var.  longiseta,  Vasey.  With  very  long  awns.  —  A.  longiseta,  Steud. 
Colorado  and  southward  to  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

3.  A.  oligantha,  Michx.     Stems  tufted,  bearing  a  loosely  few-lowered 
raceme :  leaves  short :  outer  glumes  nearly  equal,  the  lower  ones  3  to  5-nerved, 
nearly  an  inch   long;  awns  capillary,  1^  to  3  inches  long,  much  exceeding  the 
slender  flower.  —  Colorado  and  southward,  thence  eastward  to  Illinois,  Vir- 
ginia, and  the  Southern  States. 

14.     STIPA,   L.        FEATHER  GRASS. 

Perennials,  with  narrow  involute  leaves  and  a  loose  panicle  of  early  decidu- 
ous florets.  Some  of  the  species  are  called  "  Bunch  Grass."  The  flower  has 
a  hardened,  often  sharp-pointed  and  bearded  pedicel  or  stipe  at  its  base,  the 
callus. 

*  Awn  for  a  part  of  its  length  distinctly  plumose  with  silky  hairs. 

1.  S.  Mongolica,  Turcz.  Slender,  a  foot  high,  with  filiform  leaves  and 
a  loose  few-flowered  panicle :  glumes  membranous,  obtuse,  about  2  lines  long, 
not  quite  equal,  purplish :  flowering  glume  scarcely  shorter,  hairy :  the  bent 
awn  6  lines  in  length.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado. 


408  GRAMINE.E.      (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

2.  S.  pennata,  L.,  var.   Neo-Mexicana,   Thurber.  —  Easily  distin- 
guished by  the  awns,  which  are  6  inches  or  more  long,  twisted  for  l£  to  2  inches 
below,  the  upper  part  flat  and  beautifully  plumose-pennated.  —  Gram.   Mex. 
Bound,  ined.    Extending  into  S.  W.  Colorado  from  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

#  *  Awn  not  plumose,  often  strongly  pubescent. 
•t-  Panicle  loose,  open. 

3.  S.  KichardSOnii,  Link.     Stem  l£  to  2  feet  high,  slender:  panicle  4  to 
5  inches  long,  with  slender  few-flowered  branches ;  callus  short  and  blunt :  outer 
glumes  pointless,  nearly  equal,  about  equalling  the  pubescent  flowering  glume ; 
awn  6  to  8  lines  long.  —  Mountains   of   Montana,  Scribner,  and   northward ; 
Manitoba  and  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  Macoun ;  also  in  Maine. 

4.  S.  COmata,  Trin.  &  Rupr.    Stems  1  to  4  feet  high,  stout,  mostly  scabrous  : 
leaves  roughened,  the  radical  4  or  £  the  length  of  the  stem:  panicle  included 
at  base  by  the  upper  sheath,  8  to  12  inches  long ;  callus  pointed:  outer  glumes 
nearly  equal,  with  a  long  subulate  point:  flowering  glume  pubescent  with  coarse 
hairs:  awn  4  to  6  inches  long,  scabrous  especially  above,  shining,  variously 
curled  and  twisted.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King   Exped.  380.      From  the  Upper 
Missouri  to  California,  New  Mexico,  and  Nebraska. 

•»-  -i-  Panicle  narrow,  contracted. 

5.  S.  Spartea,  Trin.     Stems  1  £  to  3  feet  high,  rather  stout :  callus  pun- 
gently  pointed,  villous-bearded  (when  mature) :  glumes  lanceolate,  slender  subu- 
late-pointed, greenish,  longer  than  the  palets  which  are  linear  and  pubescent 
below.  —  From  Colorado  to  the  Upper  Missouri,  thence  eastward  to  Illinois 
and  Michigan. 

6.  S.  viridula,  Trin.     Stems  l£  to  5  feet  high,  with  numerous  withered 
sheaths  at  base:  panicle  6  to  18  inches  long;  callus  very  short:  glumes  ovate, 
bristle-pointed,  sometimes  tinged  with  purple  :  lower  palet  with  short  scattered 
hairs  which  form  a  rather  irregular  crown,  and  with  2  very  minute  hyaline  teeth : 
awn  1  to  l£  inches  long,  usually  twice  bent,  pubescent  below  and  scabrous 
above.  —  Watson,  Bot.   King  Exped.  380.     From  Colorado  to  California, 
Oregon,  the  Upper  Missouri,  and  British  America. 

15.    ORYZOPSIS,    Michx.        MOUNTAIN  RICE. 

Perennials,  with  rigid  leaves  and  a  narrow  raceme  or  panicle.    Spikelets 
rather  large. 

1.  O.  micrantha,  Thurber.    Leaves  linear-setaceous,  involute  :  branches 
of  the  panicle  in  pairs,  many-flowered ;  spikelets  shining,  florets  smooth,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  linear  acutish  glumes  :  awn  about  thrice  longer  than  the  glumes : 
anthers  naked  at  apex. —  Steud.  Glum.  122.     Colorado  and  southward. 

2.  O.  cuspidata,  Benth.     Stems  1  to  2  feet  high,  rather  rigid  and  some- 
\vhat  scabrous:  leaves  narrow,  involute,  elongated  (2  to  18  inches):  panicle 
frequently  included  at  base,  dichotomousli/  branched ;  the  spikelets  solitary  upon 
capillary  peduncles :   outer  glumes  more  or  less  purple,  pubescent,  attenuate- 
rostrate  :  flowering  glumes  rigid,  densely  covered  with  long  white  silky  hairs :  the 
stout  nearly  straight  awn  mostly  longer :  palet  rigid  :  anthers  bearded  at  apex. 
—  Eriocoma  cuspidata,  Nutt.     From  the  Sierras  eastward  to  Missouri  and 
Texas. 


GRAMINE^E.      (GRASS  FAMILY.)  409 

16.    MTJHLENBEKGIA,    Schreb.        DROP-SEED  GRASS. 

The  grain  is  lance-oblong  and  drops  enclosed  in  the  palets. 

*  Panicles  contracted  or  glomerate, 
•«-  Flowering  glumes  barely  mucronate  or  sharp-pointed. 

1.  M.  Mexicana,  Trin.     Stems  ascending,  much  branched,  2  to  3  feet 
high :  leaves  short  and  narrow :  panicles  lateral  and  terminal,  often  included 
at  the  base,  the  branches  densely  spiked-clustered,  linear :  outer  glumes  awn- 
less,  sharp-pointed,  unequal,  the  upper  about  the  length  of  the  very  acute 
flowering  glume.  —  Wyoming  and  eastward,  where  it  is  very  common. 

•i-  -i—  Flowering  glume  bristle-awned  from  the  tip. 

2.  M.  Wrightii,  Vasey  ined.     Stems  erect,  9  inches  to  a  foot  high  or 
more:  leaves  involute,  rather  rigid  and  pungently  pointed,  scabrous,  pale; 
sheaths  much  shorter  than  the  internodes :  panicle  spike-like,  I  to  3  inches  long,  the 
two  or  three  lowest  clusters  of  spikelets  somewhat  distant :  the  glumes  and 
palets  scabrous,  especially  on  the  midribs ;  lower  glume  the  shorter,  J  to  ^  the 
length  of  the  flowering  glume,  mucronate  pointed ;  upper  glume  longer,  l-nerved 
and  short-awned :  Jlowering  glume  l-nerved,  tipped  bj  a  stout  rough  awn  about 
%  the  length  of  the  palet.  —  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

3.  M.  gracilis,  Trin.     Stems  erect,  rigid,  clothed  below  with  withered 
sheaths,  6  inches  to  2  feet  high :  leaves  filiform,  convolute,  scabrous,  with  the 
whole  plant  pale ;  sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes :  panicle  3  to  6  inches  long, 
often  bronzed  or  blackish,  very  narrow,  the  erect  rays  mostly  solitary :  lower 
glume  a  little  the  shorter,  more  or  less  acute ;  the  upper  half  the  length  of 
the  floret,  3-nerved,  obtuse,  erose  at  apex  or  with  several  teeth,  some  of  them  with 
short  awns :  flowering  glume  with  a  short-bearded  minute  callus,  pubescent, 
often  thickly  marked  with  blackish-green  spots,  terminated  by  a  slender  rough- 
ish  awn  4  to  9  lines  long.  —  Colorado  and  southward,  thence  westward  into 
California. 

Var.  breviaristata,  Vasey.  Cespitose,  low,  often  growing  in  ring-like 
patches :  leaves  very  short  and  rigid :  panicle  short,  2  or  3  inches  long,  very 
close :  aivn  about  the  length  of  the  Jlowering  glume.  —  Rothrock,  in  Wheeler's  Rep. 
vi.  284.  Colorado  and  eastward. 

4.  M.  sylvatica,  Torr.  &  Gray,  var.  setiglumis,  Watson.     Stems  a 
foot  high,  nearly  erect :  panicle  contracted  into  a  glomerate  spike ;  the  branches 
solitary  and  densely  flowered,  mostly  to  the  base  :  outer  glumes  attenuate  into 
a  scabrous  bristle :  flowering  glume  with  its  awn  about  twice  longer.  —  Bot.  King 
Exped.  v.  378.     Colorado  and  Nevada.  . 

5.  M.  comata,  Benth.    Stems  1  to  3  feet  high,  smooth  except  at  the  nodes 
where  they  are  retrorsely  pubescent :  leaves  flat,  roughish  on  both  sides ;  lower 
sheaths  equalling  the  internodes,  the  upper  somewhat  shorter:  panicle  3  to 
4  inches  long,  pale  green,  lead-colored  or  purplish,  either  narrow  throughout 
or  lobed  below,  the  lower  rays  2  or  3  together,  the  upper  solitary,  all  very 
densely  many-flowered  :  outer  glumes  narrow,  very  acute,  the  lower  a  little  the 
longer,  serrulate  on  the  keel :  floret  with  an  oblique  callus  bearing  hairs  as  long  as 
the  floret:  Jlowering  glume  3-nerved,  with  a  long  (3  to  4  lines) ,  Jlexuose,  rough,  often 
purplish  awn.  —  Vaseya  comata,  Thurb.    From  Nebraska  to  Colorado,  Nevada, 
and  California. 


410  GBAMINE^I.    (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

*  *  Panicle  loose  and  open. 

6.  M.  pungens,  Thurb.    Stems  erect,  from  I  to  l£  feet  high :  leaves  very 
pale  green,  hard  and  rigid,  terminated  by  a  hardened  point:  panicle  very  open, 
its  solitary  rays  fasciculately  branched  just  above  the  base  into  long  1-flowered 
divisions :  outer  glumes  half  as  long  as  the  floret,  pointed  by  a  distinct  bristle : 
flowering  glume  acute,  the  awn  a  line  long  or  less :  palet  with  2  setose  teeth,  which, 
nearly  equalling  the  awn,  give  the   appearance  of  an  undeveloped  Aristida. — 
Proc.  Philad.  Acad.  1863,  78.     From  S.  California  to  Arizona,  Colorado,  and 
Nebraska. 

7.  M.  gracillima,  Torr.    Cespitose,^/a6rous.-  stem  simple,  6  to  12  inches 
high :  leaves  very  narrow,  involute,  short,  mostly  in  radical  tufts :  panicle  5  to 
6  inches  long,  pyramidal,  capillary ;  branches  sub-solitary,  widely  spreading : 
spikelets  lanceolate,  mostly  purplish :  outer  glumes  acute,  scarcely  twice  shorter 
than  the  palets  :  Jlowering  glume  glabrous,  3-nerved,  minutely  bifid,  with  a  straight 
awn  of  equal  length:  callus  naked.  —  Whipple,  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  155.    Colorado 
and  southward. 

8.  M,  Texana,  Thurb.     Stems  geniculalely  decumbent,  branching :  panicle 
few-flowered,  rays  solitary  or  in  pairs,  naked  below,  at  last  widely  spreading . 
outer  glumes  shorter  than  the  Jloret,  1 -nerved,  setaceously  mucronate:  Jlowering 
glume  and  palet  pilose,  the  former  terminated  by  an  awn  thrice  its  length  and 
equalled  or  exceeded  by  the  latter :   callus  conspicuous,  glabrous.  —  Gram. 
Mex.  Bound,  ined.     From  Colorado  to  Arizona  and  Texas. 

9.  M.  debilis,  Trin.     Stems  3  to  18  inches  high,  ascending  from  a  genicu- 
late  base,  branching  from  the  lower  nodes:  leaves  mostly  fiat,  acuminate,  puberu- 
lent  on  both  surfaces,  and  with  the  whole  plant  purple  tinged  or  dark  purple 
throughout:  panicle  2  to  6  inches  long,  the  few  mostly  solitary  rays  spreading, 
distant,  a  little  longer  than  the  interspaces,  included  below  by  the  upper 
sheath ;  floret  very  early  deciduous :  outer  glumes  £  to  |  its  length,  equal  or 
the  lower  slightly  shorter,  the  upper  or  both  eroded  at  the  obtuse  or  truncate  apex: 
Jlowering  glume  scabrous  throughout,  terminated  by  a  slender  awn  1  to  1^  inches  long. 
—  S.  California  to  Northern  Mexico  and  extending  into  S.  Colorado  and 
eastward. 

17.    PHLEUM,    L.        CAT'S-TAIL  GRASS.    TIMOTHY. 

Perennials,  with  spikes  very  dense  and  harsh.1 

1 .  P.  alpinum,  L.  Culms  1  to  2  feet  high :  sheaths  of  the  upper  leaves 
very  loose  or  inflated,  the  lower  ones  close ;  ligule  short :  spike  ovoid  or  ob- 
long, rarely  more  than  an  inch  long,  usually  purplish  :  outer  glumes  strongly 
fringed  on  the  back,  bearing  an  awn  about  their  own  length.  —  In  alpine 
regions  throughout  N.  America,  Europe,  and  Asia. 

18.    S  P  O  R  O  B  O  L  U  S,   R.  Rr.        DROP-SEED  GRASS.    RUSH  GRASS. 

Stems  wiry  or  rigid.  Leaves  usually  involute  and  bearded  at  the  throat, 
their  sheaths  often  enclosing  the  panicles.  Includes  Vilfa,  Beauv. 

1  P.  pratense,  L.,  the  cultivated  ''Timothy"  and  frequently  naturalized,  can  be  distin- 
guished from  P.  alpinum  by  it«  close  sheaths,  long  ligule,  much  longer  spike  (1  to  6  inches), 
and  glumes  with  scarious  margins  and  green  keel,  which  is  ciliate  with  stiff  hairs  and  pro- 
longed into  a  rigid  rough  awn  shorter  than  itself. 


GRAMINE^E.      (GKASS  FAMILY.)  411 

*  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp :  panicle  spiked  or  contracted.  —  VILFA. 

1.  S.  CUSpldatUS,  Torr.     Root  perennial:  stems  and  leaves  very  narrow, 
the  latter  awl-shaped:  panicle  exserted,  very  simple  and  narrow:  outer  glumes 
very  acute :  flowering  glume  cuspidate.  —  Vdfa   cuspidata,  Torr.      Colorado 
and  northward ;  eastward  through  northern  latitudes  to  Canada  and  Maine. 

2.  S.  depauperatus,  Torr.     Stems  tufted,  very  slender,  3  inches  to  2  feet 
long,  often  much  branched :   leaves  very  minutely  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface : 
panicle  ^  to  2  inches  long,  very  narrow,  of  few  solitary  distant  erect  rays,  which 
are  branched  and  flower-bearing  nearly  to  the  base :  outer  glumes  obtuse,  nearly 
equal:  flowering  glume  and  palet  nearly  equal,  the  former  obscurely  3-nerved, 
often  with  a  minute  mucro.  —  Vilfa  depauperata,  Torr.     Varying  greatly  with 
the  locality.     From  W.  Texas  and  Mexico  to  the  Saskatchewan,  Oregon,  and 
California. 

3.  S.  Wolfii,  Vasey.    Stems  erect,  1  to  l£  inches  high,  very  slender,  branched 
at  the  base :  leaves  mostly  radical,  short,  strongly  nerved :  spifces  simple,  few- 
flowered,  terminal  and  lateral,  the  lateral  ones  partly  enclosed  in  the  loose 
sheaths ;  flowers  alternate,  pointed  :  outer  glumes  membranaceous,  obtuse :  flow- 
ering glume  and  palet  nearly  equal  in  length.  —  Vilfa  minima,  Vasey,  Bot. 
Wheeler  Exped.  283.     About  T\yiu  Lakes,  Colorado. 

4.  S.  tricholepis,  Torr.     Stems  erect,  simple,  terete,  9  to  18  inches  high, 
tufted:  leaves  glabrous:  branches  of  the  oblong  rather  dense  panicle  alternate; 
pedicels  longer  than  the  spikelets  :  outer  glumes  nearly  equal,  acutish,  %  shorter 
than  the  nearly  equal  pilose  flowering   glume   and  palet:    flowering  glume 
3-nerved. — Vilfa  tricholepis,  Torr.     Colorado  and  southward. 

*  *  Seed  free  from  the  pericarp :  panicle  generally  open. 
•*-  Outer  glumes  very  unequal. 

5.  S.  cryptandrus,  Gr.     Sterns  2  or  3  feet  high,  usually  geniculate  and 
branched  below :  leaves  flat,  acuminate,  scabrous  especially  above ;  sheaths 
strongly  bearded  at  throat:  panicle  narrowly  pi/ramidal,  more  or  less  enclosed 
by  the  upper  sheath,  4  to  8  inches  long,  its  rays  mostly  in  pa.\rs,Jloiver-bearing 
to  the  base :   spikelets  lead-colored,  short-pedicelled :   outer  glumes  somewhat 
acute. — Vilfa  cryptandra,  Trin.     From  Texas  and  New  Mexico  to  Colorado 
and  Oregon,  and  eastward  to  New  England. 

6.  S.  airoidas,  Torr.     Stems  forming  large  tufts,  clothed  below  by  the 
dead  sheaths,  2  to  3  feet  high,  somewhat  rigid,  smooth :  leaves  very  pale,  con- 
volute and  tapering  to  a  filiform  apex ;  sheaths  with  a  few  long  hairs  at  the 
throat:  panicle  broadly  pyramidal,  soon  exserted,  6  to  12  inches  long,  its  rays 
solitary  or  in  pairs,  naked  below:  spikelets  brownish,  on  rather  long  pedicels: 
outer   glumes   rather    obtuse.  —  Marcy's    Rep.   300.     Vilfa  airoides,   Steud. 
California  to  Nebraska  and  southward  to  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

H_  H_  Outer  glumes  nearly  equal. 

7.  S.  ramulosus,  Kunth.     Stems  tufted,  3  to  8  inches  high,  very  slender 
and  branched  below  :  leaves  flat  or  involute,  scabrous  on  the  margins :  panicle  very 
long  for  the  size  of  the  plant,  constituting  f  of  its  height,  the  capillar  if  few-flowered 
mostly  solitary  rays  rather  distant  and  spreading,  the  secondary  branches  1  to 
^.-flowered :  spikelets  less  than  \  line  long:  outer  glumes  mostly  ciliate-f ringed  on 
the  margin.  — Vilfa  ramulosa,  HBK.    From  Colorado  to  Texas,  New  Mexico, 
and  California. 


412  GRAMINE^E.      (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

8.  S.  asperifolius,  Thurb.  Stems  6  to  15  inches  long,  branched,  de- 
cumbent at  base  and  forming  broad  matted  tufts :  leaves  flat,  scabrous,  espe- 
cially on  the  margins  and  upper  surface :  panicle  included  at  base,  3  to  5  inches 
long,  pyramidal  or  ovoid  in  outline,  the  scabrous  rays  solitary  or  in  pairs,  bearing 
3  to  ^-flowered  capillary  branches :  spikelets  less  than  a  line  long :  outer  glumes 
minutely  scabrous.  —  Bot.  Calif,  ii.  269.  Vilfa  asperifolia,  N.  &  M.  From 
Nebraska  to  Texas,  Mexico,  California,  and  Oregon. 

19.    AGROSTIS,    Linn.        BENT  GRASS. 

Mostly  perennials,  with  slender  low  culms  which  form  dense  tufts.  Ours 
are  strictly  one-flowered. 

#  Palet  present. 

1.  A.  alba,  L.    Stems  varying  from  a  few  inches  to  2  feet  high,  sometimes 
decumbent  at  base :  leaves  flat,  short,  smooth  or  roughened  ;  ligule  short  and  trun- 
cate or  long  and  acute :  panicle  slender,  usually  spreading  when  in  flower  and  more 
or  less  contracted  afterwards,  green,  purplish,  or  brownish :   flowering  glume 
very  thin,  3  or  5-nerved,  rarely  with  a  short  awn :  palet  $  to  \  the  length  of  the 
flowering  glume.  —  Includes  A.  vulgaris,  With.    Found  in  all  cultivated  regions. 
A.  vulgaris  differs  from  A.  alba  principally  in  the  ligule  of  the  former  being 
short  and  truncate  and  that  of  the  latter  elongated  and  acute,  hence  they  are 
both  here  included  under  the  older  name  of  A.  alba.     The  form  vulgaris  is 
often  called  "  Red-top." 

2.  A.  exarata,  Trin.     Stem  erect,  1  or  2  feet  high  or  more,  at  length 
naked  for  some  distance  below  the  panicle:    leaves  mostly  erect  and   flat, 
the  radical  2  to  4  and  those  of  the  stem  6  inches  long  or  more,  roughish  or  very 
rough ;  ligule  obtuse,  more  or  less  decurrent :  panicle  erect,  rather  narrow,  dense 
to  very  dense  and  crowded,  pale  greenish,  rarely  tinged  with  purple :  flowering 
glume  J  to  ^  shorter  than  the  outer  glume,  4  to  5-nerved,  and  marked  on  the 
back  by  a  longitudinal  furrow,  sometimes  awned  above  the  middle :  palet  usu- 
ally shorter  than  the  ovary,  sometimes  longer.  —  Common  west  of  the  Mississippi 
and  exceedingly  variable,  so  much  so  that  many  forms  described  as  distinct 
species  must  be  included  under  it. 

*  *  Palet  entirely  wanting  or  very  minute. 
H-  Spikelets  awnless  or  short-owned. 

3.  A.  perennans,  Tuckm.     Stems  slender,  1  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  flat: 
panicle  at  length  diffusely  spreading,  pale  green  ;  the  branches  short,  divided  and 
Jlower-bear  ing  from  or  below  the  middle.  —  In  Montana  and  Wyoming,  and  very 
common  eastward.     Called  "  Thin  Grass." 

4.  A.  SCabra,  Willd.     Stems  very  slender,  1  to  2  feet  high :  leaves  short 
and  narrow,  the  lower  soon  involute :  panicle  very  loose  and  divergent,  purplish, 
the  long  capillary  branches  flower-bearing  at  and  near  the  apex.  —  Common 
throughout  the  whole  continent.     Called  "  Hair  Grass  "  or  "  Fly-away  Grass." 

H-  •*-  Spikelets  awned. 

5.  A.  canina,  L.     Stems  £  to  2  feet  high :  root-leaves  involute  bristle- 
form,  those  of  the  stem  flat  and  broader :  panicle  2  to  6  inches  long,  spread- 
ing, the  unequal  rays  in  clusters  of  five  below,  in  pairs  or  solitary  above, 
roughened,  branching    above   the   middle  :    spikelets  purple  or  brownish : 


GRAMINE^E.      (GRASS   FAMILY.)  413 

flowering  glume  exsertly  awned  on  the  back  at  or  below  the  middle. — 
Found  everywhere,  and  very  variable,  the  mountain  forms  especially  bearing 
many  names.  Known  as  "Brown  Bent  Grass." 

20.    CINNA,    L.        WOOD  REED  GRASS. 

A  perennial  grass,  with  simple  and  upright  somewhat  reed-like  stems,  2  to 
7  feet  high,  bearing  an  ample  compound  terminal  panicle,  its  branches  in 
fours  or  fives ;  the  broadly  linear-lanceolate  flat  leaves  with  conspicuous 
ligules. 

1.  C.  arundinacea,  L.,  var.  pendula,  Gray.     Stem  smooth,  with 

conspicuous  brownish  nodes  :  leaves  rough  on  both  sides  and  margins :  pani- 
cle 8  to  12  inches  long,  drooping  at  apex,  the  capillary  rays  clustered,  distant, 
flexuose,  very  unequal,  the  longer  flower-bearing  above  the  middle,  very  sca- 
brous. —  California  and  northward,  thence  eastward  through  Montana  to  the 
northern  border  States. 

21.    AMMOPHILA,   Host. 

Perennials,  with  stout  stems  from  thick  running  rootstocks.  This  is  repre- 
sented in  Gray's  Manual  by  the  Calamovilfa  and  Ammophila  sections  of 
Calamagrostis. 

1.  A.  longifolia,  Benth.  Stems  1  to  4  feet  high:  leaves  rigid,  elon- 
gated, involute  above  and  tapering  into  a  long  thread-like  point :  branches 
of  the  pyramidal  panicle  smooth :  the  copious  hairs  more  than  half  the 
length  of  the  naked  flowering  glume  and  palet.  —  Calamagrostis  longifolia, 
Hook.  From  Colorado  northward,  thence  eastward  to  Michigan  and  Illinois. 

22.    DEYEUXIA,    Clarion.        REED  BENT  GRASS. 

Perennials  with  running  rootstocks  and  mostly  tall  erect  and  rigid  stems. 
This  genus  includes  all  the  species  of  Calamagrostis  in  the  section  Deyeuxia. 
*  Panicle  loose  and  open. 

1.  D.  Canadensis,  Beauv.     Stems  tall,  erect,  smooth,  3  to  5  feet  high: 
leaves  about  a  foot  long,  flat,  minutely  scabrous  :  panicle  4  to  6  inches  long, 
oblong,  the  common  axis  and  rays  scabrous:  spikelets  l£  to  If  lines  long: 
outer  glumes  lanceolate,  acute :  flowering  glume  nearly  as  long,  surrounded  by 
copious  white  hairs,  and  awned  on  the  back  from  near  the  middle  with  a  very 
delicate  bristle  not  muck  stouter  than  the  hairs,  and   usually  barely  equalling 
or  rarely  slightly  exceeding  the  palet.  —  Calamagrostis  Canadensis,  Beauv. 
From  New  Mexico  northward  and  across  the  continent. 

2.  D.  Langsdorffii,  Trin.      Closely   resembling  the   last,   but   distin- 
guished by  its  longer  spikelets  (2  to  3  lines),  attenuate-acuminate  outer  glumes, 
which  are  often  cinereously  strigose-pubescent,  and  its  stouter  and  usually 
exserted  awn. 

*  *  Panicle  narrow,  the  erect  branches  appressed  after  Jlowering. 

3.  D.  Lapponica,  Trin.     Stem  about  a  foot  high  :  radical  leaves  nearly 
as  long ;  stem  leaves  much  shorter  and  divergent,  all  convolute,  rigid  and  strongly 


414  GRAMINE^.      (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

striate,  rough  above  and  on  the  margins:  panicle  an  inch  or  two  long,  very 
dense :  outer  glumes  ovate,  acute :  flowering  glume  acute,  lacerate-fringed, 
with  numerous  delicate  basal  hairs  longer  than  in  the  next;  awn  very  slightly 
exceeding  the  glume,  attached  just  above  the  base,  straight.  —  Calamagrostis  Lap- 
ponica,  Trin.  Rocky  Mountains  of  Wyoming  and  northward  to  Alaska. 

4.  D.  Stricta,  Trin.     Stem  taller  :   leaves  mostly  setaceously  involute,  erect, 
scabrous  on  both  sides :  panicle  at  first  included  at  base,  at  length  exserted,  2  to 
5  inches  long,  narrow,  somewhat  lobed,  interrupted  below :  outer  glumes  ovate- 
oblong,  acute,  rough  upon  the  keel  and  minutely  scabrous  all  over :  flowering 
glume  bearing  the  straight  awn  at  or  below  the  middle  and  slightly  exceeding  it; 
the  hairs  at  the  base  about  two  thirds  the  length.  —  Calamagrostis  stricta,  Trin. 
From  the  mountains  of  Colorado  to  California,  and  eastward  along  the  north- 
ern border  to  Vermont  and  Canada. 

5.  D.  Sylvatica,  DC.     Stems  1  to  2  feet  high,  clothed  at  base  by  crowded 
dead  sheaths :    radical  leaves  reaching  nearly  to  the   panicle ;   stem  leaves 
gradually  becoming  shorter,  all  attenuate-pointed,  more  or  less  scabrous  and 
involute :  panicle  enclosed  at  base  when  young,  spike-like,  3  or  4  inches  long, 
very  dense ;  rays  mostly  in  fives,  appressed  and  like  the  rhachis  very  rough  : 
outer  glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  very  acute  :  flowering  glume  acute,  4-toothed, 
grooved  on  the  back,  its  awn  attached  very  near  the  base,  twisted  and  rough 
below,  bent  at  the  middle,  and  exserted  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  glumes ; 
hairs  unequal,  the  longest  at  the  sides  about  £  as  long  as  the  glume.  —  Calama- 
grostis sylvatica,  T)C.     Mountains  of  Colorado,  thence  northward  and  west- 
ward. 

23.    DESCHAMPSIA,    Beauv.        HAIR  GRASS. 

Perennials,  formerly  included  under  Aim  as  a  subgenus.     The  flowering 
glume  is  delicately  3  to  5-nerved,  and  the  grain  is  free. 

*  Outer  glumes  barely  equalling  and  mostly  shorter  than  the  florets. 

1.  D.  flexuosa,  Beauv.     Stem  slender,  1  to  2  feet  high,  nearly  naked 
above  the  small  tufts  of  involute  bristle-form  root-leaves  (1  to  6  inches  long) : 
panicle  small  and  spreading,  its  branches  capillary :  awn  longer  than  the  glume, 
at  length  bent  and  twisted.  —  Aira  flexuosa,  L.     Mountains  of  S.  W.  Colorado 
(Brandegee)  and  northward;  common  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

2.  D.  CSBSpitOSa,  Beauv.     Stem  tufted,  2  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  flat  and 
linear:  panicle  6  inches  long,  pyramidal  or  oblong  :  awn  straight,  barely  equal- 
ling the  glume.  —  Aira  ccespitosa,  L.     Across  the  continent  and  northward  to 
Alaska.     Very  variable,  especially  the  mountain  forms.     The  dwarf  moun- 
tain plant,  6  or  8  inches  high,  with  a  tuft  of  short  setaceous  leaves,  is  var. 

arctica. 

*  #  Outer  glumes  longer  than  the  florets. 

3.  D.  danthonioides,  Munro.     Stem  slender,  from  a  few  inches  to 
2  feet  high:  leaves  very  narrow:  panicle  very  loose  and  open:  outer  glumes 
linear-lanceolate :  flowering  glume  with  hairs  at  base  J  as  long,  shining  below ; 
awn  inserted  just  below  the  middle,  about  3  times  its  length,  light  brown, 
twisted  below  and  geniculate  near  the  middle.  —  Aira  danthonioides,  Trin. 
From  Texas  to  Colorado,  California,  and  Oregon. 


GRAMINE^J.     (GRASS  FAMILY.)  415 

4.  D.  latifolia,  Hook.  Stem  1  to  2  feet  high :  lower  haves  2  or  3  inches 
long,  about  3  lines  wide,  flat  and  smooth :  panicle  with  a  few  slender  rays, 
which  are  densely  flowered  above :  outer  glumes  ovate-lanceolate :  flowering 
glume  with  silky  hairs  ^  as  long  or  more;  aivn  stout,  attached  fust  above  the 
middle,  somewhat  divergent,  Exceeding  the  flowering  glume  hnt  included  by 
the  outer  ones. — Aira  latifolia,  Hook.  In  the  Northern  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  westward  into  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory. 

24.  TRISETUM,    Pers. 

Perennials,  resembling  the  next  genus  and  by  some  made  a  section  under 
it.  Ours  have  a  dense  and  spike-like  panicle,  and  a  smooth  ovary. 

1.  T.  subspicatum,  Beauv.  Stems  tufted,  4  inches  to  2  feet  high, 
smooth  or  downy :  leaves  flat  and  smooth,  or  with  the  loose  sheaths  pubes- 
cent :  panicle  2  to  6  inches  long,  dense  and  oblong-ovate,  or  elongated  and 
several  times  interrupted  below  :  lower  glume  shorter,  the  upper  about  equal- 
ling the  florets,  both  ciliate  on  the  keel :  flowering  glume  with  a  divergent 
awn  about  its  own  length.  —  In  the  mountains  from  Colorado  to  California 
and  northward ;  eastward  along  the  northern  border  to  New  England. 

Var.  molle,  Gray.  Stem  and  foliage  minutely  soft  downy. —  Man.  641. 
Same  range. 

25.  A  VENA,    L.        OAT. 

The  grain  is  oblong-linear,  grooved  on  one  side,  hairy  throughout  or  at  the 
tip  only,  free  but  closely  invested  by  the  palet. 

1.  A.  striata,  Michx.  Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout,  slender,  1  to 
2  feet  high  :  leaves  narrow :  panicle  simple,  loose,  with  spikelets  on  capillary 
pedicels:  lower  glume  1 -nerved;  the  upper  3-nerved  :  flowers  short-bearded 
at  base ;  the  soon  bent  or  divergent  awn  inserted  just  below  the  tapering  very 
sharply  cuspidate  2-cleft  tip  of  the  palet.  —  Colorado  (Hall  Sf  Harbour),  and 
in  the  mountains  of  New  York  and  New  England. 

26.    DA  NTH  ONI  A,   DC.        WILD  OAT  GRASS. 

Ours  are  perennials,  with  narrow  leaves,  hairy  sheaths,  and  a  small  simple 
panicle  or  raceme. 

1.  D.  Calif ornica,  Bolaud.  Stems  sometimes  decumbent  at  base, 
from  |  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves,  especially  the  lower,  convolute  and  setaceously 
pointed,  with  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat :  panicle  mostly  a  simple  raceme  : 
outer  glumes  mostly  purplish  with  scarious  margins,  pointed,  the  upper  5  to 
7-nerved  :  flowering  glume  broad,  its  teeth  about  half  its  own  length,  with  mar- 
ginal tufts  of  long  silky  hairs  at.  or  below  the  middle ;  awn  about  equalling  the 
glume.  —  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  182. 

Var.  unispicata,  Thurber.  Stems  6  inches  high  or  less,  from  dense  tufts 
of  somewhat  hairy  leaves,  the  sheaths  of  which  are  densely  villous  with  white  spread- 
ing hairs,  arising  in  small  clusters  from  white  minute  papilla :  spilcelet  solitary 
and  terminal  (rarely  2  or  3).— Bot.  Calif  ii.  294.  Both  forms  occur  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  the  Wahsatch,  and  westward  to  California  and  Oregon. 


416  GRAMINE.E.      (GRASS   FAMILY.) 

2.  D.  sericea,  Nutt.  Stems  not  tufted,  1  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  narrow, 
with  sheaths  silky-hairy  at  the  throat:  panicle  narrow,  the  lower  rays  some- 
times 2  to  3-flowered  and  spreading  :  outer  glumes  acuminate,  much  exceed- 
ing the  florets  :  flowering  glumes  with  very  long  teeth,  and  villous  with  long  silky 
hairs  all  over  or  only  below  and  on  the  margins.  — jSray,  Man.  640.  Colorado  to 
California ;  also  eastward  in  the  Atlantic  States. 


27.    SCHEDONNARDUS,    Steud. 

Low  and  branching,  often  procumbent,  chiefly  annuals,  with  narrow  leaves 
and  slender  spikes. 

1.  S.  TexamiS,  Steud.  Stems  £  to  2  feet  high,  leafy  below,  naked  and 
curved  above :  panicle  of  3  to  10  recurved  secund  distant  spikes,  3-angled 
and  rough  :  outer  glumes  suddenly  narrowing  to  awn-like  points  :  flowering 
glume  but  partly  covered  by  the  outer  ones.  —  Lepturus  paniculatus,  Nutt. 
From  Illinois  to  Texas,  Colorado,  and  California. 


28.    BOUTELOUA,    Lag.        GRAMA  GRASS. 

Very  slender  grasses,  often  geniculate  at  base,  with  short  leaves  less  than 
a  line  broad,  and  ligule  a  hairy  fringe.  —  Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xviii. 
178. 

§  1.  Spikes  two  or  more,  linear  or  oblong,  more  or  less  falcate,  the  usually  very 
numerous  spikelets  pectinately  crowded  on  one  side  of  the  rhachis:  terminal 
empty  glume  usually  3-awned. 

#  Lower  glumes  villous. 

1.  B.  hiTSUta,  Lag.      Tufted,  8  to  20  inches  high:   leaves  flat,  lance- 
linear,  papillose  hairy  or  glabrous :  spikes  1  to  4,  oblong-linear,  very  dense : 
upper  glume  hispid  with  strong  bristles  from  dark  warty  glands :  flowering 
glume  pubescent,  3-cleft :  sterile  glume  and  its  pedicel  glabrous,  the  3  awns 
longer  than  the  glumes  and  fertile  flower.  —  Colorado  to  Mexico,  and  east- 
ward to  Texas  and  Illinois. 

2.  B.  oligOStachya,  Torr.     Glabrous,  6  to  18  inches  high:  leaves  very 
narrow :  spikes  1  to  5,  oblong-linear,  very  dense  :  glumes  sparingly  soft-hairy : 
pedicel  of  the  sterile  glume  copiously  villous-tufted  at  the  summit ;  the  3  awns 
equalling  the  larger  glume.  —  Gray,  Man.  621.    From  the  Saskatchewan  to 
Texas,  Mexico,  and  S.  California. 

*  *  Lower  glumes  glabrous. 

3.  B.  polystachya,  Torr.     Stems  3  to  15  inches  long:  leaves  scabrous: 
spikes  3  to  6  or  more,  narrowly  linear,  dense,  the  scabrous  rhachis  hispid- 
ciliate:  flowering  and  sterile  glumes  3-awned,  with  usually  broad  lobes  be- 
tween the  awns.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  v.  366.     From  S.  Colorado  to  S.  California, 
Mexico,  and  Texas. 

4.  B.  eriopoda,  Torr.    Spikes  more  loose  and  slender :  flowering  and  sterile 
glumes  \-awned,  bearded  at  base:  peduncle  villous.  —  S.  Colorado  (Brandegee) 
to  New  Mexico  and  W.  Texas. 


GRAM1NE.E.      (GRASS  FAMILY.)  417 

§  2.    Spikes  numerous,  usually  short,  straight,  not  pectinate,  in  a  long  and  virgate 

one-sided  spike  or  raceme :  terminal  empty  glume  rudimentary. 
5.  B.  racemosa,  Lag.  Stems  tufted,  1  to  3  feet  high :  leaves  narrow : 
spikes  £  inch  long  or  shorter,  nearly  sessile,  30  to  60  in  number  in  a  loose 
general  spike  (8  to  15  inches  long) :  sterile  glume  reduced  to  a  single  small 
awn,  or  mostly  to  3  awns  shorter  than  the  flower.  — B.  curtipendula,  Torr- 
From  Colorado  and  Arizona  to  Texas  and  northeastward. 

29.    BITCH  LOB,    Engelm.        BUFFALO  GRASS. 

A  densely  tufted  grass,  forming  broad  mats  and  spreading  by  stolons: 
stems  of  the  female  plant  much  shorter  than  those  of  the  male.  The  two 
forms,  at  first  described  as  different  genera,  were  shown  to  be  related  by  Dr. 
Engelmaun. 

1.  B.  dactyloides,  Engelm.  Flowering  stems  of  the  male  plant  4  to 
6  inches  long,  glabrous  or  slightly  hairy :  leaves  2  to  4  inches  long :  spikelets 
alternate  in  2  rows,  uppermost  abortive,  bristle-form :  stems  of  the  female 
plant  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  l£  to  2  inches  high. —  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  i.  432.  On  the  elevated  plains  from  British  America  to  Texas  and 
New  Mexico.  One  of  the  many  "  Buffalo  Grasses,"  but  probably  one  of  the 
most  widely  distributed  and  valuable  grasses  of  the  plains. 

30.    TRIODIA,    R.Br. 

Stems  tufted :  leaves  very  narrow  and  taper-pointed ;  sheaths  bearded 
at  the  throat :  panicle  simple  or  compound  ;  spikelets  often  racemose, 
purplish. 

1.  T.  EQUtica,  Benth.     Stem  rigid,  erect,  very  simple,  a  foot  high :   leaves 
convolute-filiform,  3  to  6  inches  long:  panicle  much  exserted,  racemose,  with 
short  appressed  branches ;  spikelets  5  to  8  -flowered :  outer  glumes  rather  acute, 
scarcely  half  the  length  of  the  florets  :  flowering  glume  awnless,  entire  or  bifid, 
long-ciliate  on  the  margin  and  back.  —  Tricuspis  mutica,  Torr.     Bot.  Whipple, 
156.    From  Texas  to  Arizona,  and  extending  into  S.  Colorado. 

2.  T.  pulchella,  HBK.     Stems  crowded,  wiry,  2  to  6  inches  high,  fas- 
ciculately  branched  above :  leaves  setaceously  convolute,  rigid,  scabrous ;  radical 
leaves  crowded,  an  inch  long ;  upper  leaves  shorter,  the  uppermost  even  appear- 
ing like  large  awned  glumes:  panicle  of  about  3  spikelets,  6  to  T -flowered : 
outer  glumes  white,  acuminate  or  subulate-pointed,  the  upper  slightly  exceeding 
the  lower  and  the  florets :  flowering  glume  white,  densely  silky-villous  to  near 
the  middle,  deeply  bifid,  with  a  strong  awn  slightly  exceeding  the  obtuse  lobes. 
—  Tricuspis  pulchella,  Torr.  Pacif.  B.  Rep.  iv.  156.     From  W.  Texas  to 
S.  Colorado,  Utah,  Arizona,  and  S.  California. 

3.  T.  acuminata,  Benth.     Stems  simple,  6  inches  or  more  high,  usually 
with  but  a  single  node,  which  bears  a  very  short  leaf :  radical  leaves  an  inch 
or  two  long ;  those  of  the  stem  shorter :  panicle  dense,  ovoid,  1  to  2  inches 
long,  with  a  few  erect  branches;    spikelets  8  to  \Z-flowered:    outer  glumes 
acuminate,  the  upper  subaristate  :  flowering  glume  scarcely  bifid,  with  a  central 
seta  1  its  length,  densely  silky  below,  with  a  conspicuously  silky  tuft  near  the 

27 


418  GRAMINEJE.      (GRASS   FAMILY.) 

base.  —  Tricuspis  acuminata,  Munro.    From  Texas  to  Arizona,  and  extending 
into  S.  Colorado. 

31.    DIPLACHNE,    Beauv.        SLENDER  GRASS. 

Ours  are  annuals,  with  flat  leaves  and  geniculate-decumbent  and  branching 
stems. 

1.  D.  fascicularis,  Beauv.  Smooth  :  leaves  longer  than  the  stems,  the 
upper  sheathing  the  base  of  the  crowded  panicle-like  raceme,  which  is  com- 
posed of  many  strict  spikes:  spikelets  short-pedicelled,  7  to  11 -flowered: 
flowering  glume  hairy-margined  towards  the  base,  with  two  small  lateral  teeth 
as  well  as  the  short  awn.  —  Leptochloa  fascicularis,  Gray,  Man.  623.  From 
New  England  across  the  continent. 

32.    TRIPLASIS,    Beauv.        SVND  GRASS. 

A  tufted  grass,  with  numerous  bearded  joints,  and  short  involute-awl- 
shaped  leaves. 

1.  T.  purpurea,  Chap.  Stems  ascending,  6  to  12  inches  high  :  panicles 
very  simple,  of  few  spikelets,  the  terminal  one  usually  exserted,  the  axillary 
ones  included  in  the  commonly  hairy  sheaths :  awn  much  shorter  than  its 
glume,  seldom  exceeding  the  eroded-truncate  or  obtuse  lateral  lobes.  —  Tri- 
cuspis purpurea,  Gray.  Colorado  (Hall  $r  Harbour) ;  about  the  Great  Lakes 
and  along  the  Atlantic  coast. 

33.    PHRAGMITES,    Trin.        REED. 

Tall  and  stout  perennials,  with  numerous  broad  leaves  and  a  large  terminal 
panicle,  the  silky  hairs  of  the  rhachis  becoming  very  conspicuous  as  the  seed 
ripens. 

1.  P.  COmmunis,  Trin.  Stems  5  to  12  feet  high  :  panicle  loose,  nod- 
ding ;  spikelets  3  to  5-flowered ;  flowers  equalling  the  wool.  —  Found  every- 
where along  the  margins  of  streams  and  ponds.  Looks  like  Broom-Corn  at  a 
distance. 

34.    MUNRO  A,   Torr. 

Creeping  annuals,  very  much  branched  from  the  base,  with  fasciculate 
branches. 

1.  M.  squarrosa,  Torr.  Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  flat,  1  to  2  lines  wide, 
somewhat  pungent,  scabrous  on  the  margin  :  spikelets  mostly  3 :  glumes  al- 
most unilateral,  linear-lanceolate,  keeled.  —  Bot.  Whipple,  158.  On  the  plains. 

36.    KCELERIA,   Pers, 

Tufted  grasses,  with  simple  upright  stems :  the  sheaths  often  downy. 

1.  K.  cristata,  Pers.  Panicle  narrowly  spiked,  interrupted  or  lobed  at 
the  base :  spikelets  2  to  4-flowered :  flowering  glume  acute  or  mucronate : 
leaves  flat,  the  lower  sparingly  hairy  or  ciliate.  — From  California  and  Oregon 
eastward  to  Pennsylvania. 


GRAMINE.E.     (GRASS  FAMILY.)  419 

36.    EATONIA,   Raf. 

Perennial,  slender  grasses,  with  simple  and  tufted  stems,  and  often  sparsely 
downy  sheaths,  flat  lower  leaves,  and  small  greenish  (or  purplish)  spikelets. 

1.  E.  Obtusata,  Gray.  Panicle  dense  and  contracted,  somewhat  inter- 
rupted, rarely  slender :  spikelets  crowded  on  the  short  erect  branches :  upper 
glume  rounded-obovate,  truncate-obtuse,  rough  on  the  back.  —  Manual,  626. 
Across  the  continent,  occurring  most  abundantly  in  the  southern  part  of  our 
range. 

37.    CATABROSA,    Beauv. 

Glabrous  creeping  aquatics,  with  flat  leaves,  elongated  membranous  ligules, 
and  diffusely  branched  panicles  with  semi-verticillate  branches :  flowers  jointed 
at  base  and  deciduous. 

1.  C.  aquatica,  Beauv.  Stems  4  inches  to  2  feet  high,  rather  stout,  as- 
cending :  leaves  2  to  6  inches  long,  2  to  4  lines  wide,  scabrous  on  the  margin  : 
panicle  uniform,  branchlets  numerous,  divided  :  flowers  light-brown :  glumes 
purplish.  —  In  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

38.    ERAGROSTIS,   Beauv. 

Stems  often  branching :  leaves  linear,  frequently  involute,  and  the  ligule  or 
throat  of  the  sheath  bearded  with  long  villous  hairs.1 

1.  E.  Purshii,  Schrad.  Sparingly  branched  at  the  decumbent  base,  then 
erect,  ^  to  2  feet  high :  leaves  narrow,  flat  and  soft :  panicle  elongated,  the 
branches  widely  spreading,  very  loose ;  spikelets  5  to  1 8-flowered,  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, at  length  linear,  mostly  much  shorter  than  their  capillary  pedicels : 
glumes  ovate  and  acute,  the  flowering  glume  3-nerved.  —  From  Nevada, 
Colorado,  and  New  Mexico  eastward  to  New  Jersey. 

39.    ME LIC  A,    L.        MELIC  GRASS. 

Perennials  with  soft  and  flat  leaves :  panicle  simple  or  sparingly  branched  ; 
the  rather  large  spikelets  racemose-one-sided.  Ours  belong  to  §  EUMELICA,  in 
which  the  spikelets  are  4  to  8  lines  long,  with  2  to  8  perfect  florets;  flowering 
glume  apparently  many-nerved  below  (at  least  when  dry),  with  a  broad  scari- 
ous  margin  above.  —  Scribner,  Proc.  Philad.  Acad.,  1885,  p.  40. 
#  Stems  not  bulbous  at  base. 

1.  M.  Porteri,  Scribner.  Panicle  narrow,  the  slender  branches  erect,  or 
the  lower  slightly  divergent,  the  pedicels  flexuose  or  recurved,  densely  pubes- 
cent :  empty  glumes  very  unequal  and  decidedly  shorter  than  the  3  to  5-flow- 
ered  spikelets.  —  Rusby's  Arizona  Plants.  M.  miitica,  var.  parviflora,  Porter. 

1  E.  poceoides,  Beauv. ,  var.  megastachya,  Gray,  is  a  very  common  introduced  species,  and 
may  be  recognized  by  its  large,  short-pedieelled,  densely-flowered  (10  to  50),  flat,  lead-colored 
spikelets,  which  become  linear  and  whitish  when  old,  forming  a  narrow  crowded  panicle  ; 
its  diffusely  spreading  habit,  and  its  mostly  glabrous  sheaths.  It  is  said  to  emit  an  unpleas- 
ant odor. 

E.  pilosa,  Beauv.,  is  another  introduced  species,  like  E.  Purshii  in  general  habic;  but  may 
be  distinguished  by  its  spikeleta  about  equalling  their  pedicels,  its  obtuse  glumes,  and  the 
1 -nerved  flowering  glume. 


420  GRAMINE^.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

M.  stricta  of  Brandegee's  Fl.  S.  W.  Colorado.     From  Colorado  to  Arizona, 
New  Mexico,  and  Texas. 

*  *  Stems  usually  bulbous  at  base. 
•+-  Second  glume  decidedly  shorter  than  the  third. 

2.  M.  Spectabile,  Scribner.     Panicle  nodding,  loosely  few-flowered,  the 
slender  branches   erect  spreading :   terminal  floret  acute  :   flowering  glume 
very  broadly  acuminate,  obtuse  or  notched  at  the  tip.  —  Proc.  Philad.  Acad., 
1885,  p.  45.    M.  bulbosa  of  Bot.  King  Exped.,  and  Fl.  Colorado.     This  differs 
from  M.  bulbosa,  Geyer,  in  its  usually  taller  and  more  slender  stems,  more 
open  and  nodding  panicle,  more  slender  and  flexuose  pedicels,  shorter  empty 
glumes,  and  broader  flowering  glumes  which  taper  abruptly  to   a  rounded 
and  usually  two-lobed  summit.     In  the  mountains,  from  Colorado  and  Utah 
to  Montana  and  Idaho. 

•*-  •*-  Second  glume  as  long  as  the  third. 

3.  M.   Californica,    Scribner.      Panicle   erect,    densely   many-Jlowered, 
branched  below,  spicate  above ;  spikelets  about  4  lines  long,  with  about  three  perfect 
florets,  the  rudimentary  one  obtuse.  —  Loc.  cit.  p.  46.     M.  bulbosa  of  Bot.  Cali- 
fornia.   From  the  Upper  Yellowstone  ( T.  C.  Porter),  where  the  stem  may 
lack  the  bulbous  character,  to  California. 

4.  M.  bulbosa,  Geyer.     Stems  singly  or  densely  tufted,  usually  about 

2  feet  high,  simple :  sheaths  and  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  scabrous :  pani- 
cle erect,  the  branches  ^pressed,  few-flowered  ;  spikelets  5  to  6  lines  long,  with 
5  to  8  perfect  flowers,  the  terminal  floret  acute.  —  From  Utah  and  Montana  to 
Oregon  and  Washington  Territory. 

40.    DISTICHLIS,   Raf.        SPIKE  GRASS. 

Perennials  with  widely  creeping  rootstocks  and  short  stems  clothed  to  the 
top  with  crowded  sheaths :  leaves  rigid,  mostly  involute :  pistillate  spikelets 
much  more  rigid  than  the  staminate. 

1.  D.  maritima,  Raf.  Stems  6  to  18  inches  high,  sometimes  branched 
below :  leaves  about  4  inches  long,  usually  distichously  spreading,  long-acumi- 
nate :  spike  oblong,  1  to  3  inches  long;  spikelets  5  to  12-flowered.  —  Journ. 
Phys.  Ixxxix.  104.  Brizopyrum  spicatum,  Hook.  &  Am. 

Var.  stricta,  Thurber.  Leaves  setaceously-con volute  :  panicle  loose ; 
spikelets  few,  erect,  often  an  inch  long,  10  to  20-flowered.  —  Bot.  Calif,  ii. 
306.  From  Mexico  northward  throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  west- 
ward to  California. 

41.    POA,  L.        MEADOW  GRASS. 

Stems  tufted  from  mostly  perennial  roots  :  leaves  smooth,  usually  flat  and 

soft. 

§  1.    Flowering  glume  rounded  on  the  back,  obtuse. 

1.  P.  Californica,  Munro.  Densely  tufted  perennial,  its  somewhat  rigid 
stems  4  inches  to  2  feet  high  :  radical  leaves  about  half  as  long  as  the  stem,  mostly 
flat ;  stem-leaves  short,  the  uppermost  often  reduced  to  a  mucro  :  panicle  2  or 

3  inches  long,  narrow  or  linear,  or  with  the  rays  spreading;  spikelets  3  to 


GRAMINE^E.      (GRASS   FAMILY.)  421 

7-flowered :  outer  glumes  acute,  rough  on  the  back :  flowering  glume  with  a 
broadly  scarious  irregularly  erose  apex,  the  lower  half  of  the  middle  and  marginal 
nerves  usually  silky-pubescent.  —  P.  andina,  Nutt.,  not  of  Trin.  From  California 
to  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  southward. 

2.  P.  tenuifolia,  Nutt.     Stems  very  slender,  densely  tufted,  1  to  2  feet 
high,  the  foliage  glabrous  or  scabrous :  radical  tufts  3  or  4  inches  high,  of  ex- 
ceedingly narrowly  linear  mucronate-pointed  leaves ;  stem-leaves  scarcely  wider  : 
panicle  2  to  6  inches  long,  the  erect  rarely  spreading  distant  rays  mostly  in 
threes ;   spikelets  mostly  3-flowered :  outer  glumes  very  acute,  rouo-h  on  the 
midnerve  :  flowering  glume  narrowly  lanceolate,  often  erose  at  the  apex,  puberu- 
lent  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs  near  the  base.  —  From  Colorado  to  California 
and  Oregon.     One  of  the  most  valuable  of  the  "  Bunch  Grasses." 

§  2.    Flowering  glume  compressed -keeled,  acute. 

*  Low  and  spreading,  or  tufted  alpine  species,  flaccid  or  rigid. 

+-  Root  annual:   branches  of  the  short  panicle  single  or  in  pairs. 

3.  P.  annua,  L.     Stems  (3  to  6  inches  high)  flattened,  geniculate  below, 
weak:  leaves  bright  green,  short,  obtuse,  sometimes  wavy:  panicle  often 
1 -sided ;  spikelets  very  short-pedicelled,  3  to  7-flowered.  —  Everywhere  in  cul- 
tivated and  waste  grounds,  generally  introduced,  but  probably  indigenous  on 
our  southern  border  in  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  W.  Texas,  etc. 

•*-  •<-  Stems  geniculate-ascending  from  a  running  rootstock,  rigid,  very  much  flat- 
tened: panicle  simple  and  contracted. 

4.  P.  compressa,  L.     Pale,  as  if  glaucous  :  leaves  short :  panicle  dense 
aud  narrow,  somewhat  1-sided,  the  short  branches  mostly  in  pairs ;  spikelets 
almost  sessile,  3  to  10-flowered,  flat.  —  Indigenous  within  our  range  at  the 
northeast,  and  common  eastward  in  sterile  soil.     Known  as  "  Wire  Grass." 

H-  -t-  •«-  Low  mountain  or  alpine  species,  erect  in  perennial  tufts. 
•*-»-  Leaves  broadly  linear,  short  and  flat,  short-pointed;  ligule  elongated. 

5.  P.  alpina,  L.     Soft  and  flaccid,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  even  to  the 
branches  of  the  panicle  :  stems  rather  stout,  6  to  18  inches  high  :  stem-leaves 
l£  to  2  inches  long,  l£  to  3  lines  wide :  panicle  short  and  broad;  spikelets 
broadly  ovate,  3  to  9-flowered.  —  Frequent  in  the  mountains  and  extending 
northward  and  eastward.    Extremely  variable,  some  of  the  numerous  forms 
being  described  as  varieties. 

•w-  -I-*-  Leaves  narrowly  linear  or  setaceous. 

6.  P.  laxa,  Hoenke.     Soft  and  smooth  as  in  the  last :  stems  slender,  3  to 
10  inches  high:  leaves  narrowly  linear;  ligule  elongated:  panicle  somewhat 
raceme-like,  narrow,  often  1-sided  and  nodding;  spikelets  2  to  4-flowered. — 
In  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  eastward  in  the  mountains  of  New  York  and 
New  England. 

7.  P.  CSBSia,  Smith.    More  strict  and  rigid,  roughish,  especially  the  panicle : 
stems  6  to  20  inches  high  :  leaves  short,  soon  involute;  ligule  short:  branches 
of  the  panicle  2  to  5  together,  very  scabrous ;  spikelets  2  to  5-flowered :  outer 
glumes  ovate  lanceolate  and  taper-pointed.  —  In  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
eastward. 

Var.  strictior,  Gray,  is  6  to  12  inches  high,  with  a  contracted  grayish- 
purple  panicle  of  smaller  flowers.  —  Same  range  as  the  type. 


422  GRAMINE^E.      (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

#  #  Tall  perennials  (1  to  3  feet),  with  open  oblong  or  pyramidal  panicles,  the 

rather  short  and  rough  branches  mostly  in  Jives,  sometimes  in  twos  or  threes. 

8.  I*,  pratensis,  L.     Stems  with  running  rootstocks,  and  with  the  sheaths 
smooth :  leaves  dark  green,  the  radical  very  long,  those  of  the  stem  short, 
scabrous  on  the  margins ;  ligule  short  and  blunt :  panicle  pyramidal ;  spikelets 
3  to  5-flowered,  somewhat  crowded  and  almost  sessile :  outer  glumes  acuminate, 
scabrous  on  the  keel :  flowering  glume   distinctly  5-nerved,  silky-hairy  on  the 
margins  and  keel.  —  Across  the  continent,  and  one  of  the  most  valuable  of 
pasture  and  meadow  grasses.     Known  variously  as  "June  Grass,"  "Green 
Meadow-Grass,"  "Spear  Grass,"  and  "  Kentucky  Blue-Grass  " 

9.  P.   serotina,   Ehrh.      Stems   tufted,   without   distinct   running   root- 
stocks  :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  soft  and  smooth ;  ligule  elongated,  acute :  pan- 
icle 6  to  10  inches  long,  at  length  somewhat  nodding  at  apex,  often  purplish  ; 
spikelets  2  to  4-flowered,  all  short-pedicelled :  outer  glumes  narrow:  flowering 
glume  very  obscurely  nerved.  —  From  the  Rocky  Mountains  eastward  across  the 
continent.    Quite  variable,  some  Rocky  Mountain  forms  having  been  described 
as  varieties.    Known  as  "  False  Red-top  "  and  "  Fowl  Meadow-Grass." 

10.  P.  flexuosa,  Muhl.,  var.  occiden tails,  Vasey.    Stems  erect,  rather 
stout,  tufted  :  sheaths  mostly  smooth  ;  leaves  broadly  linear,  3  to  5  inches 
long,  gradually  tapering  to  a  point,  rather  scabrous :  panicle  more  diffuse,  4  to 
8  inches  long;  its  branches  mostly  in  twos  or  threes  (sometimes  fives),  long  and 
capillary,  smooth  or  scabrous,  diverging,  flower-bearing  mostly  for  the  upper 
third :  spikelets  4  to  6-flowered  :  outer  glumes  acute,  thin,  slightly  hispid  on 
the  keel :  flowering  glume  distinctly  3  to  5  nerved,  slightly  pubescent,  rather  more 
so  on  the  keel  and  margins.  —  Bot.  Wheeler  Exped.  290.     Includes  P.  flexu- 
osa (?)  of  Bot.  King  Exped.     Colorado  and  Utah. 

*  *  *  Perennials  not  so  tall  (1  to  2  feet)  :    branches  of  the  panicle  solitary  or 

in  pairs. 

11.  P.  Eatoni,  Watson.     Allied  to  the  last:  stems  smooth:  sheaths  and 
leaves  scabrous ;  leaves  mostly  radical  and  narrowly  linear,  3  to  6  inches  long, 
the  cauline  few  and  very  short :    panicle   loose   and  spreading,  with  short 
(an  inch  long  or  less)  branches;  spikelets  4  to  ^-flowered,  purplish  :  outer  glumes 
acutish :  flowering  glume  very  villous  on  back  and  margins,  obtuse  and  keeled. 
—  Bot.  King  Exped.  386.     In  the  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Utah,  Nevada,  and 
S.  W.  Wyoming. 

12.  P.  arctica,  R-  Br.     Stems  erect,  slender,  very  smooth,  as   are   the 
sheaths  and  leaves:  leaves  about  two  on  the  stem,  narrowly  linear,  2  to  3  inches 
long:  panicle  4  to  5  inches  long,  with  longer  (lower  2  to  3  inches)  capillary 
branches,  which  are  spreading  or  reflexed  with  age  :  spikelets  mostlij  3-flowered : 
outer  glumes  broadly  ovate,  rather  acute,  purple-margined  :  flowering  glume 
obscurely  3  to  5-nerved,  acute,  smooth,  except,  pubescent  on  the  keel  and  lateral 
nerves.  —  In  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  far  northward. 

42.    GRAPHEPHORUM,    Desv. 

Perennial  and  northern  or  alpine  grasses,  with  linear  flat  leaves,  their 
sheaths  closed  at  the  base,  and  spikelets  in  a  loose  panicle. 

1.  G.  flexuosum,  Thurber.  Stem  3  feet  high,  smooth:  leaves  1%  feet 
long,  setaceous-acuminate :  panicle  loosely  flowered ;  branches  scattered ;  spike- 


GRAMINE.E.      (GRASS  FAMILY.)  423 

lets  ovate,  3  to  ^-flowered,  much  shorter  than  the  pedicels:  outer  glumes 
1-nerved,  acute,  half  shorter  than  the  spikelet:  flowering  glume  keeled,  3-nerved 
(lateral  nerves  prominent),  scabrous-pubescent,  erose-denticulate  at  apex,  mucro- 
nate,  villous  at  base.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  1863,  78.  Plains  of  Colorado  and 
adjacent  regions. 

2.  G.  melicoides,  Beauv.     Stem  not  so  tall,  1  to  2  feet  high,  smooth 
above  :  leaves  somewhat  scabrous,  the  lower  4  to  6  inches  long,  the  upper  short: 
panicle  loosely  flowered,  open ;  spikelets  lanceolate,  2  to  ^-flowered,  with  the 
rhachis  unilaterally  bearded  between  the  flowers :  outer  glumes  quite  unequal, 
acuminate,  equalling  the   spikelet:    flowering   glume  convex,  scarcely  keeled, 
faintly  nerved,  entire,  pointless  and  awnless.  —  From  N.  E.  Utah  and  Wyoming 
northward ;  found  also  at  isolated  stations,  as  in  Michigan  and  Maine. 

3.  G.  Wolfli,  Vasey.     Closely  resembling  the  last ;  but  the  panicle  close, 
almost  spicate ;  the  spikelets  2-flowered  with  a  rudiment  of  a  third  :  outer 
glumes  not  so  unequal :  flowering  glume  obscurely  5-nerved,  slightly  split  or 
2-toothed  at  apex,  bearing  near  the  point  a  straight  oppressed  awn  equalling  or  a 
little  exceeding  the  glume.  — Bot.  Wheeler  Exped.  294,  as  Trisetum  Wolfli. 
Colorado. 

43.    G  L  Y  C  E  R I  A,    R.  Br.        MANNA  GRASS. 

Perennial,  smooth  marsh-grasses,  mostly  with  creeping  bases  or  rootstocks. 

*  Flowering  glume  faintlj  5-nerved,  truncate,  erose-toothed  or  subacute :  stigmas 

with  simple  hairs. 

1.  G.  distans,  Wahl.     Stems  tufted,  ^  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  short  and 
narrow,  mostly  convolute  and  glaucous :  panicle  very  variable,  erect,  narrow 
and  one-sided,  its  rays  in  fires  or  fewer;  spikelets  3  to  12-flowered:  outer 
glumes  from  narrow  and  acute  to  broad  and  obtuse,  3- nerved  or  the  lower 
1-nerved :   flowering  glume  oblong-linear,  minutely  pubescent  at  base,  with 
broadly  scarious  apex.  — Atropis  distans,  Griseb.     Includes  G.  airoides,  Thurb. 
Poa  airoides,  Nutt.     From  New  Mexico  to  Nebraska  and  westward  to  the 
coast;  also  on  the  Atlantic  coast.     This  species  is  very  variable,  and  has 
been  referred  to  so  many  genera  that  its  synonymy  is  quite  perplexing. 

*  *  Flowering  glume  prominently  5  to  1-nerved,  truncate-obtuse:  stigmas  with 

much  branched  hairs. 

2.  G.  nervata,  Trin.     Stems  2  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  variable,  some- 
times 12  to  15  inches  long,  usually  roughish  above,  as  are  the  closed  sheaths: 
panicle  4  to  8  inches  long,  its  flexuose  capillary  branches  in  twos  or  threes,  and  soon 
diffusely  spreading  and  pendulous ;  spikelets  1  or  2  lines  long,  5  to  7-flowered, 
sometimes  purplish  :  flower  iny  glume  1-nerved,  fine  scabrous,  strongly  convex 
near  the  apex.  —  In  moist  meadows  and  along  water-courses,  across  the  con- 
tinent. 

3.  G.  aquatica,  Smith.     Stems  stout,  erect,  3  to  5  feet  high  :  leaves 
large,  1  to  2  feet  long :  panicle  ample,  8  to  1 5  inches  long,  much  branched,  the 
numerous  branches  ascending,  spreading  with  age  :  spikelets  2  or  3  lines  long, 
5  to  9-flowered,  usually  purplish :  flowering  glume  7 -nerved,  entire.  —  In  wet 
grounds,  from  Colorado  to  California  and  Oregon,  thence  eastward  across  the 
continent.     Called  "  Reed  Meadow-Grass. " 


424  GRAMINE^.    (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

4.  G.  pauciflora,  Presl.  Stems  1  to  3£  feet  high  from  a  creeping  root: 
leaves  3  to  12  inches  long,  scabrous  on  the  margins;  sheaths  split:  panicle  6  to 
8  inches  long,  loose,  its  capillary  branches  in  threes  below,  in  pairs  above, 
flower-bearing  from  near  the  middle ;  spikelets  2  to  2^  lines  long,  4  to  6-flow- 
ered :  flowering  glume  5-nerved,  scabrous,  its  scarious  tip  serrulate  or  toothed, 
more  or  less  purplish.  —  From  Colorado  and  Utah  northward  and  westward. 

44.    PESTUCA,    L.        FESCUE  GRASS. 

Includes  both  slender-stemmed  annuals  and  perennials,  the  flowers,  and 
often  the  leaves,  being  rather  dry  and  harsh. 

*  Annuals  or  biennials  with  setaceous  leaves :  panicle  contracted  or  spike-like. 

1.  F.  tenella,  Willd.    Stems  often  filiform,  6  to  18  inches  high  :  the  erect 
leaves  1  to  3  inches  long ;  sheaths  sometimes  pubescent :  panicle  2  to  3  inches 
long,  simple,  often  secund ;  spikelets,  including  awns,  4  or  5  lines  long,  7  to 
\3-Jlowered:  outer  glumes  subulate,  very  acute,  the  lower  at  least  half  the 
length  of  the  upper :  flowering  glume  involute,  rough,  2  lines  long  exclusive 
of  its  awn,  which  is  mostly  shorter  than  the  palet  and  often  very  short.  —  Across 
the  continent. 

2.  F.  microstachys,  Nntt.     Stems  4  to  15  inches  high,  the  filiform 
leaves,  sheaths,  etc.  smooth  to  strongly  pubescent :  panicle  1  to  5  inches  long, 
simple  and  racemose  or  spike-like ;  spikelets  1  to  5-jloicered,  on  short  thickened 
pedicels,  from  scabrous  to  smooth :  outer  glumes  acute,  the  upper  little  ex- 
ceeding or  twice  as  long  as  the  lower :  flowering  glume  2  or  3  lines  long, 
with  an  awn  3  to  5  lines  in  length:  palet  with  2  long  setose  teeth.  —  From 
N.  E.  Utah  to  Nevada  and  westward  all  along  the  coast. 

*  *  Perennials :  the  mostly  short-owned  spikelets  in  loose,  or  more  or  less  open 

panicles. 

3.  F.  OVina,  L.     Stems  6  inches  to  2  feet  high,  glaucous :  leaves  all  seta- 
ceous or  the  upper  flat  ;  ligule  2-lobed  and  auriculate:  panicle  short,  more  or 
less  compound,  somewhat  one-sided,  the  branches  mostly  solitary ;  spikelets  3  to 
8-flowered  :   flowering  glume  about  3  lines  long,  ternate,  mucronate  or  ivith  an 
aivn  less  than  half  its  own  length.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  California  and 
northward,  thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 

Var.  duriuscula,  Gray.  Taller,  less  densely  tufted :  stem-leaves  often 
flat  and  sheaths  pubescent :  panicle  more  open  and  spikelets  larger.  —  Same 
range  as  the  type. 

Var.  rubra,  Gray.  Less  tufted,  with  running  rootstocks  :  leaves  some- 
times flat,  and  with  the  spikelets  often  reddish  or  purplish.  —  High  alpine 
form  in  the  Colorado  Mountains  and  far  northward. 

Var.  brevifolia,  Watson.  Stems  4  to  8  inches  high  :  leaves  all  seta- 
ceous and  sheaths  glabrous;  uppermost  leaves  often  very  short  and  the 
sheaths  rather  loose :  panicle  racemose  and  nearly  simple,  1  to  2  inches  long ; 
spikelets  1  to  4-flowered,  the  florets  terete  and  twice  the  length  of  the  awn.  — 
Bot.  King  Exped.  389.  Same  range  as  the  last. 

4.  F.  SCabrella,  Ton*.     Stems  1  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  crowded  below  with 
leafless  sheaths,  and  twice  longer  than  the  numerous  scabrous  radical  leaves : 
stem-leaves  rarely  more  than  2,  long-pointed ;  sheaths  scabrous  or  rough-pubes- 


GRAMINE.E.      (GRASS  FAMILY.)  425 

cent ;  ligule  a  ciliate  fringe :  panicle  3  to. 6  inches  long,  the  lower  rays  distant  t'n 
pairs ;  spikelet  4  to  6-flowered  :  flowering  glurne  5-nerved,  rough,  with  a  narrow 
scarious  margin,  pointed)  or  with  an  awn  a  line  long  or  less.  —  F.  Thurberi,  Vasey. 
Melica  Hallii,  Vasey,  is  an  alpine  form.  In  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
westward.  One  of  the  most  valuable  of  the  numerous  "  Bunch  Grasses." 

45.    B  ROM  US,    L.        BROME  GRASS. 

Coarse  grasses,  with  large  spikelets  at  length  drooping,  on  pedicels  thick- 
ened at  the  apex.  Our  indigenous  species  are  perennials. 

*  Flowering  glume  convex  or  keeled  on  the  back:  flowers  imbricated  over  one 
another  before  expansion :  lower  glume  3  to  5-nerved,  the  upper  3  to  9-nerved.1 

1.  B.  Kalmii,  Gray,  var.  Porteri.     Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  smooth: 
sheaths  and  leaves  minutely  scabrous :  panicle  6  inches  long,  compound,  branches 
minutely  downy ;  spikelets  an  inch  long,  canescent  with  short  oppressed  silki/ 
hairs,  7  to   9-flowered :    outer  glumes  each  3-nerved,   obtuse :  flowering  glume 
7 '-nerved;  its  awn  l£  lines  long .  —  Colorado,  at  Twin  Lakes  (Porter),  Buffalo 
Peaks,  and  Sierra  Madre  Range  (Coulter). 

2.  B.  breviaristatUS,  Thurb.     Stem  2  to  3  feet  high:  leaves  broadly  lin- 
ear, a  little  hairy ;  sheaths  hairy  to  vitlose-tomentose,  sometimes  even  naked : 
panicle  elongated,  3  to  8  inches  long,  nearly  simple,  loose ;  spikelets  about 
an  inch  long,  lanceolate,  compressed  and  sharply  2-edged,  minutely  scabrous,  6  to 
8-flowered  :  outer  glumes  acute,  lower  about  5-nerved,  upper  9-nerved :  flowering 
glume  acutely  keeled,  9-nerved,  with  an  awn  1  to  2  lines  long.  —  Ceratochloa  bre- 
viaristata,  Hook.     From  Colorado  northward  to  Montana  and  Washington 
Territory. 

*  #  Flowering  glume  somewhat  convex,  but  keeled  on  the  back:  flowers  soon  sepa- 

rating from  each  other:  lower  glume  1-nerved,  the  upper  3-nei~ved,  or  with  an 
obscure  additional  pair. 

3.  B.  ciliatus,  L.     Tall,  3  to  5  feet  high,  with  the  large  leaves  smooth 
or  somewhat  hairy ;  sheaths  often  hairy  or  densely  downy  near  the  top :  pani- 
cle compound,  very  loose,  the  elongated  branches  at  length  drooping ;  spikelets 
7  to   12-flowered  :   flowering  glume  tipped  with  an  awn  £  to  f  its  length, 
7-nerved,  silky  with  appressed  hairs  near  the  margins,  smooth  or  smoothish 
on  the  back. — Across  the  continent  and  far  northward. 

46.    AGROPYRUM,   Beauv. 

Perennials,  with  nearly  lanceolate  glumes,  and  2-ranked  spikes ;  thus  differ- 
ing from  Triticum  (Wheat),  although  formerly  included  under  that  genus. 

*  Multiplying  by  long  jointed  creeping  rootstocks:  awn,  when  present,  not  longer 

than  the  flowering  glume. 

1 .  A.  repens,  Beauv.  Stems  1  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  flat  or  convolute 
and  with  sheaths  very  variable,  from  smooth  to  scabrous  or  pubescent :  spike- 

1  The  too  common  "  Cheat"  or  "Chess,"  B.  secalinus,  L.,  belongs  to  this  section.  It  is 
an  annual,  with  spreading  panicle,  oblong-ovate  tnrgid  smooth  spikelets  of  8  to  10  rather 
distant  flowers,  flowering  glume  short-awned  or  awnless,  and  nearly  glabrous  sheaths.  — 
Introduced  wherever  grain  is  cultivated. 


426  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS   FAMILY.) 

lets  4  to  8-flowered,  in  an  erect  mostly  rigid  spike :  glumes  5  to  7-ncrved, 
obtuse  or  notched,  with  a  rigid  short  point  or  awn  of  variable  length  :  flowering 
glume  similar,  but  nerved  only  above,  with  an  awn  nearly  its  own  length  or 
awnless.  —  Triticum  repens,  L.  Immensely  variable ;  its  many  perplexing 
forms  yielding  numerous  but  confusing  varieties.  Across  the  continent,  and 
known  by  a  great  variety  of  names,  such  as  "  Couch,"  "  Quack,"  and  "  Quitch 
Grass,"  "Blue-joint,"  "Bunch  Grass,"  "Lagoon  Grass,"  etc. 

#  #  No  running  rootstock :  flowering  glume  and  sometimes  the  outer  glumes  long- 

awned. 

2.  A.  caninum,  Reich.    Stems  1  to  3  feet  high,  geniculate  below :  leaves 
flat  or  loosely  convolute,  pubescent  above  and  like  the  sheaths  smooth  below :  spike 
more  or  less  nodding,  at  least  not  strict ;  spikelets  3  to  6-flowered  :  outer  glumes 
5  to  7-nerved,  with  long  awns  or  merely  acuminate:  flowering  glume  5-nerved 
near  the  tip,  with  mostly  spreading  awns  twice  as  long. —  Triticum  caninum,  L. 
T.  cegilopoides,  Gray,  not  Turcz.    From  California  to  Colorado  and  Nevada, 
eastward  to  New  England.    Extremely  variable. 

3.  A.  Scribneri,  Vasey.    Stems  densely  tufted,  geniculate  and  usually 
prostrate,  1  to  \\feet  high:  leaves  very  short  (1  to  l£  inches  long),  smooth,  rigid, 
sometimes  glaucous :  outer  glumes  3  to  5-nerved,  extended  into  a  long  hispid 
point :  flowering  glume  with  a  strong,  spreading  or  recurved  hispid  awn  at 
least  twice  as  long:  otherwise  as  in  the  last.  —  Torr.  Bull.  x.  128.    Possibly 
only  a  variety  of  the  last.     In  the  Sierras  (Pringle),  and  Montana  (Scribner). 
High  on  the  mountains,  in  crevices  and  among  loose  rocks. 

4.  A.  Violaceum,  Beauv.     Stems  slender,  1  to  2  feet  high,  and  with  the 
short  mostly  convolutely-setaceous  leaves  and  sheaths  usually  smooth:  spike  1  to  3 
inches  long,  slender,  strict  and  rigid ;  spikelets  3  to  5-flowered,  usually  purple- 
tinged  :  outer  glumes  with  5  strong  rough  nerves,  short-pointed  or  short-awned: 
flowering  glume  strongly  5-nerved  and  rough  above,  with  an  awn  from  half  to 
fully  as  long.  —  Triticum  violaceum,  Hornem.      Rocky  Mountains  and  Sierra 
Nevada;  also  mountains  of  New  York  and  New  England. 

5.  A.  StrigOSUm,  Beauv.     Stems  slender,  1  to  2  feet  high,  very  densely 
tufted,  with  setaceous  radical  leaves  half  as  tall,  glaucous  throughout ;  stem-leaves 
3,  all  narrowly  setaceously-convolute,  strigose-pubescent  on  the  upper  surface, 
below  and  with  the  sheaths  smooth  or  pubescent :  spike  2  to  6  inches  long,  very 
slender ;  spikelets  3  to  6-flowered  :  outer  glumes  strongly  3  to  5-nerved,  some- 
what acute :  flowering  glume  5-nerved  near  the  apex  and  bearing  a  longer  strong 
rough  divergent  awn.  —  Triticum  strigosum,  Less.     T.  cegilopoides,  Turcz.     In 
the  mountains  of  Colorado,  Montana,  and  westward. 

47.    HOBDEUM,   L.        BARLEY. 

Rather  low  grasses,  with  flowers  in  spikes  and  more  or  less  prominent 
bristle-form  glumes. 

1.  H.  nodosum,  L.  Stems  £  to  3  feet  high,  often  geniculate  below: 
leaves  flat  or  convolute,  varying  from  nearly  smooth  to  hairy :  spike  1  to  3 
inches  long,  narrow  and  readily  separating  into  joints;  the  lateral  neutral 
spikelets  merely  awn-pointed:  glumes  all  setaceous:  perfect  floret  8  lines  long  in- 
cluding the  awn.  —  H.  pratense,  Huds.  H.  pusillum,  Nutt.  From  California 


GBAMINE^E.      (GRASS   FAMILY.)  427 

and  Oregon  eastward  into  the  Mississippi  Valley;  introduced  on  the  Atlantic 


coast. 


2.  H.  jubatum,  L.  Stems  1  to  2  feet  high,  usually  smooth  throughout, 
the  margins  of  the  leaves  sometimes  scabrous :  spike  very  pale  green  or  straw- 
color,  shining,  sometimes  purplish,  2  to  4  inches  long,  broader,  the  very  slender 
rhachis  readily  separating;  lateral  floret  short-awned:  glumes  vert)  long  and 
capillary :  perfect  floret  3  lines  long,  with  an  awn  2  inches  long,  longer  than  the 
glumes  and  spreading.  —  Common  westward  and  northward,  extending  east- 
ward through  the  Northern  States.  Known  as  "  Squirrel-tail  Grass." 


48.     ELYMUS,   L.        LYME  GRASS.    WILD  RYE. 

*  Outer  glumes  subulate-setaceous,  shorter  than  the  spikelet:  flowering  glume 

merely  cuspidate. 

1.  E.  COndensatus,  Presl.     Stems  2  to  6  feet  high  or  more,  with  ample 
mostly  flat  leaves,  smooth  except  on  the  margins:  spike  5  to  15  inches  long, 
dense  or  interrupted,  simple  or  frequently  made  up  of  fascicled  short  few- 
flowered  branches ;  spikelets  3  to  6-flowered  :  flowering  glume  5-nerved  above, 
mucronate-pointed  or  somewhat  3-toothed.  —  From  Colorado  and  Nevada  to 
California  and  Oregon. 

*  *  Outer  glumes  acuminate-pointed  or  aivned:  flowering  glume  with  an  awn  longer 

than  itself. 

2.  E.  Sibiricus,  L.     Stems  2  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  mostly  ample,  often 
6  lines  broad,  glabrous  or  partly  scabrous :  spike  virgate,  2  to  8  inches  long, 
often  somewhat  nodding  above ;   spikelets  in  pairs,  3  to  several-flowered : 
glumes  linear-lanceolate,  3  to  5-nerved,  pointed  or  short-awned:  flowering  glume 
5-nerved  and  rough  above,  with  an  awn  about  1^  times  its  own  length.  —  From 
California  and  Oregon  to  Lake  Superior. 

3.  E.  Canadensis,  L.     Like  the  last,  but  stouter  and  taller:   leaves 
rougher,  sometimes  glaucous  :   spikes  stouter,  somewhat  loose  and  more  nod- 
ding above :  outer  glumes  subulate,  3  or  perhaps  4-nerved,  tapering  into  an  awn 
shorter  than  itself:  flowering  glume  rough-hairy,  with  a  longer  usually  spreading 
awn.  —  Across  the  continent. 

*  *  *  Outer  glumes  very  long,  usually  2-parted   to  the  base,  the  divisions   un- 

equally 2-cleft  and  long-awned :  flowering  glumes  long-awned  and  2-toothed, 
or  3-awned. 

4.  E.  Sitanion,  Schult.     Stems  densely  tufted,  J  to  2  feet  high:  leaves 
and  sheaths  from  smooth  and  glaucous  to  roughly  hirsute ;  leaves  setaceously 
pungent  at  apex,  the  upper  one  an  inch  or  two  long,  its  sheath  often  loose  and 
including  the  base  of  the  spike :   spike  1  to  G  inches  long ;   spikelets  1  to 
5-flowered :  awns  of  the  outer  glumes  1  to  3  inches  long :  flowering  glume 
3  lines  long,  its  central  awn  equalling  those  of  the  glumes.  —  From  Minnesota 
to  Texas  and  westward  across  the  continent.     Exceedingly  variable,  so  much 
so  that  the  collector  is  apt  to  discover  at  least  a  "  new  variety  "  in  almost  every 
locality. 


428  GNETACE^I. 


CLASS  II.    GYMNOSPEK1VLE. 

Ovules  naked  upon  the  surface  of  a  scale  or  bract,  or 
within  a  more  or  less  open  perianth.  Flowers  monoecious  or 
dioecious.  Cotyledons  two  or  often  several  in  a  whorl. 

ORDER  89.     GNETACE.E. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  mostly  with  jointed  opposite  or  fascicled 
branches  and  foliaceous  or  scale-like  opposite  (or  ternate)  exstipulate 
leaves,  the  flowers  mostly  dioecious,  with  decussate  persistent  bracts; 
the  staminate  in  aments,  with  solitary  or  monadelphous  stamens  within 
a  membranous  bifid  calyx-like  perianth,  the  anther- cells  dehiscent  by  a 
pore  or  chink  at  the  apex ;  fertile  flowers  of  an  erect  sessile  ovule  termi- 
nated by  an  exserted  style-like  process,  included  within  a  perianth  which 
becomes  hardened  and  often  thickened  in  fruit. 

1.    EPHEDRA,    Tourn. 

Inflorescence  axillary :  the  3  to  8  filaments  united  into  a  clavate  stamineal 
column.  —  Shrubs  with  numerous  Equisetum-like  branches,  the  leaves  reduced 
to  sheathing  scales,  persistent  or  deciduous. 

1.  E.  Nevadensis,  Watson.     Erect,  2  feet  high  or  more  ;  branches  oppo- 
site: scales  sheathing,  2-lobed,  with  short  blunt  lobes  or  more  or  less  elon- 
gated tips :  bracts  opposite  and  evidently  connate :  staminate  aments  sessile  or 
shortly  pedunculate,  ovate,  of  4  to  6  pairs  of  bracts :  fertile  aments  pedun- 
culate. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiv.  298.     E.  antisyphilitica  of  Bot.  King  Exped. 
and  other  reports.     From  California  and  Nevada  to   Utah  and  the   Rio 
Grande. 

2.  E.  trifurca,  Torr.     Erect,  with  spinosely  tipped  ternate  branches  and 
conspicuous  persistent  sheathing  acuminate  scales  becoming  white  and  shreddy: 
bracts  in  threes  :  staminate  perianth  cuneate-oblong,  included  :  fertile  aments 
of  numerous  whorls  of  entire  bracts.  —  S.  W.  Colorado  (Brandegee),  New 
Mexico,  and  Arizona. 


ORDER  90.    CONIFERS.     (PiNE  FAMILY.) 

Resinous  and  mostly  evergreen  trees  or  shrubs,  with  awl-  or  needle- 
shaped  or  scale-like  mostly  rigid  leaves,  and  monoecious  or  rarely  dioe- 
cious flowers  ;  male  flowers  reduced  to  stamens  only,  which  are  indefinite 
in  number  upon  a  central  axis ;  fertile  aments  of  few  or  many  scales, 
becoming  in  fruit  a  dry  cone  or  berry-like  j  ovules  two  or  more;  at  or  on 
the  base  of  each  scale. 


CONIFERS.      (PINE    FAMILY.)  429 

»  Scales  of  the  fertile  aments  few,  decussately  opposite,  becoming  drape-like  in  fruit  with 
bony  seeds :  leaves  opposite  or  in  threes,  usually  scale-like :  flowers  dioecious :  leaf- 
buds  not  scaly. 

1.  Juniperus.    Ovules  in  pairs  or  solitary  at  the  base  of  the  fleshy  (4  to  6,  or  3  to  9) 

scales.    Seeds  1  to  5  or  more.     Berry  globose,  reddish,  blue,  or  blackish,  ripening 
the  second  year. 

*  *  Scales  of  the  fertile  aments  numerous,  spirally  imbricated,  becoming  a  dry  eorian eous 
cone  in  fruit :  male  flowers  also  spirally  arranged  :  leaves  scattered  or  fascicled,  from 
linear  to  needle-shaped :  flowers  monoecious :  leaf-buds  scaly.  —  ABIETJNE^S. 
•«-  Cones  maturing  the  first  year,  their  bracts  remaining  membranous :  leaves  solitary, 

mostly  entire. 
•H-  Branchlets  smooth,  the  leaf-scars  not  raised. 

2.  Abies.    Leaves  sessile,  leaving  circular  scars.     Cones  erect,  their  scales  deciduous 

from  the  axis.     Seeds  with  resin-vesicles. 

3.  Pseudotsuga.    Leaves  petioled,  the  scars  transversely  oval.     Cones  pendulous,  their 

scales  persistent  on  the  axis.     Seeds  without  resin-vesicles. 

•H-  -H-  Branchlets  rough  from  the  prominent  persistent  leaf-bases  :  cones  pendulous,  their 
scales  persistent  on  the  axis. 

4.  Picea.    Leaves  sessile,  keeled  on  both  sides,  with  two  lateral  ducts.    Seeds  without 

resin-vesicles. 
••-  «-  Cones  maturing  the  second  year,  their  bracts  becoming  corky  and  thickened :   leaves 

in  bundles  of  2  to  5,  their  base  surrounded  by  a  sheath  of  scarious  bud-scales  usually 

serrulate. 
6.  Pinus.    Resin-ducts  inconstant  in  number  and  variously  placed. 


1.    JUNIPERUS,   L.        JUNIPER. 

The  small  solitary  aments  axillary,  or  terminal  upon  short  lateral  branch- 
lets  :  in  staminate  flowers  the  anther-cells  are  4  to  8  under  each  shield-shaped 
scale :  cotyledons  mostly  2.  —  Low  shrubs  or  trees,  with  mostly  thin  shreddy 
bark. 

*  Aments  axillary:  leaves  ternate,  free  and  jointed  at  base,  linear- subulate, 

pungent,  channelled  and  white-glaucous  above,  not  glandular-pitted.  —  Oxr- 

CEDRUS. 

1.  J.  communis,  L.  With  spreading  or  pendulous  branches:  leaves 
rigid,  more  or  less  spreading,  5  to  9  lines  long :  fruit  dark  blue,  3  lines  in 
diameter  or  more,  1  to  3-seeded. 

Var.  alpina,  Gaud.  Low  and  decumbent  or  prostrate :  leaves  shorter, 
2  to  4  lines  long,  and  less  spreading.  —  The  species  is  found  in  the  moun- 
tains from  New  Mexico  and  northward  throughout  British  America,  while 
the  variety  has  a  range  not  quite  so  extensive. 

*  *  Aments  terminal:  leaves  ternate  (or  opposite),  of  two  forms,  mostly  adnate 

and  scale-like,  closely  appressed  and  crowded  upon  the  branches  and  often 
glandular-pitted,  occasionally  more  distant,  free  and  subulate.  —  SABINA. 
Ours  belong  to  the  group  with  bluish-black  pulpy  berries. 

-t-  Leaves  fringed  on  the  edges. 

2  J.  OCCidentalis,  Hook.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  shreddy  bark 
and  pale  reddish-yellow  wood :  leaves  closely  appressed,  obtuse  or  acutish  : 
berries  4  to  5  lines  in  diameter,  with  one  or  more  seeds.  —  Northwest  of  our 
range. 


430  CONIFERS.     (PINE  FAMILY.) 

Var.  monosperma,  Eng.  Often  with  eccentric  layers  of  wood,  of 
scraggy  growth,  with  short  branchlets  at  right  angles :  leaves  as  often  in 
twos  as  in  threes  :  berries  smaller,  often  copper-colored,  with  mostly  one 
(sometimes  2  or  more)  grooved  seed.  —  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis,  iii.  590. 
From  the  Pike's  Peak  region  of  Colorado  to  W.  Texas,  Arizona,  and 
California. 

•»-  •*-  Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  and  opposite. 

3.  J.  Sabina,  L.,  var.  procumbens,  Pursh.     A  prostrate  shrub  with 
appressed  or  slightly  squarrose  acute  leaves  in  pairs,  margin  slightly  or  indis- 
tinctly denticulate :  berries  on  short  recurved  peduncles,  3  to  4  lines  in  diameter, 
with  1  or  2,  rarely  3  rough  seeds.  —  From  British  Columbia  and  the  Pacific 
Coast  to  the  Yellowstone  River,  the  Great  Lakes,  and  eastward  to  Maine  and 
Hudson's  Bay. 

4.  J.  Virginiana,  L.     The  largest  of  our  Junipers,  sometimes  becoming  a 
tree  60  to  90  feet  high,  commonly  of  pyramidal  form,  sometimes  with  rounded 
spreading  top,  with  shreddy  bark  and  red  and  aromatic  heartwood :  branch- 
lets  slender,  4-angled,  with  obtuse  or  acutish  leaves  having  entire  margins : 
berries  on  straight  peduncles,  3  to  5  lines  in  diameter,  with  1  or  2  angled  mostly 
grooved  seeds.  —  Our  widest  spread  species,  with  almost  a  continental  distri- 
bution, the  region  from  Arizona  to  Utah,  California,  and  Oregon  alone  being 
excepted. 

2.    ABIES,    Link.       FIR. 

Trees  of  pyramidal  form  and  rapid  growth,  but  with  brittle  and  easily  decay- 
ing wood :  leaves  on  the  horizontal  branchlets  appearing  2-ranked  by  a  twist 
near  the  base,  in  ours  bearing  stomata  on  both  sides,  with  two  longitudinal 
resin-ducts. 

1.  A.  COncolor,  Lindl.     A  large  tree  80  to  150  feet  high  with  a  diameter 
of  2  to  4  feet  and  a  rough  grayish  bark:  leaves  mostly  obtuse,  pale  green,  with 
the  two  resin-ducts  close  to  the  epidermis  of  the  lower  surface :  cones  oblong-cylin- 
drical, 3  to  5  inches  long  and  1  to  If  inches  in  diameter,  pale  green  or  some- 
times dull  purplish;  scales  12  to  15  lines  wide,  nearly  twice  wider  than  high. — 
Has  been  mostly  called  A.  grandis,  which  is  much  taller  and  has  a  more 
northwestern  range.    A.  amabilis  (?)  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exped.     Pinus  con- 
color,  Eng.     From  Arizona  and  S.  Colorado  to  Utah  and  California.     Known 
as  "  White  Fir"  on  account  of  its  gray  bark. 

2.  A.  SUbalpina,  Eng.     Not  so  tall,  60  to  80  feet  hi^h,  with  very  pale 
and  thin,  smooth,  or  only  in  very  old  trees  cracked,  and  ashy-gray  bark:  leaves 
dark  green  above,  sharp-pointed,  with  the  two  resin-ducts  about  equidistant  from 
upper  and  lower  surface:  cones  oblong-cylindrical,  2^  to  3  inches  long  and  1  to 
1 J  inches  in  diameter,  purplish  brown ;   scales  nearly  orbicular  or  sometimes 
quadrangular,  6  to  10  lines  long  and  broad.  — Am.  Nat.  x.  555.     A.  grandis,  in 
part,  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  botanists.    On  the  higher  mountains  and  near 
to  timber  line,  from  Colorado  northwestward  to  Oregon. 

3.    PSEUDOTSITGA,    Carr.        DOUGLAS  SPRUCE. 

A  very  large  tree,  at  first  pyramidal  and  spruce-like,  often  at  last  more 
spreading :  leaves  somewhat  2-ranked  by  a  twist  at  the  base,  with  stomata 


CONIFERS.      (PINE  FAMILY.)  431 

only  on  the  lower  surface,  close  to  the  epidermis  of  which  are  the  two  lateral 
resin-ducts. 

1.  P.  Douglasii,  Carr.  A  large  tree,  150  to  over  300  feet  high,  6  to 
15  feet  in  diameter,  with  very  thick  brown  deeply  fissured  bark  :  leaves  flat, 
linear,  8  to  12  lines  or  more  long:  cones  2  to  4  inches  long,  subcylindrical ; 
bracts  more  or  less  exsert  and  spreading  or  reflexed,  giving  a  fringed  ap- 
pearance to  the  cones :  seeds  triangular,  on  the  upper  side  convex  and  red- 
dish brown,  on  the  lower  flat  and  white,  3  lines  long.  —  Abies  Douglasti, 
Lindl.  Throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  those  of  California,  reaching 
its  greatest  proportions  in  Oregon. 

4.    PICE  A,    Link.        SPRUCE. 

Tall  pyramidal  trees,  with  white  soft  tough  timber :  leaves  spirally  ar- 
ranged around  the  branchlets,  or  somewhat  2-ranked. 

1.  P.  Engelmanni,  Eng.    A  tail  pyramidal  tree,  60  to  100  feet  high, 
with  horizontal  branches ;  bark  thin,  scaly,  reddish  or  purplish-brown  ;  branchlels 
pubescent:  leaves  6  to  15  lines  long:  fertile  aments  9  to  10  lines  long,  dark  pur- 
ple:  cone  solitary,  ovate-cylindric,  about  2  lines  long,  reddish  brown;  scales 
obovate-rhombic,  subtruncate  or   emarginate,  erose.  —  Abies  Engelmanni,  Parry. 
In  the  mountains  from  New  Mexico  to  Montana  and  Oregon,  forming  exten- 
sive forests. 

2.  P.   pungens,  Eng.      Of    strictly  conical    growth,    with    spreading 
brandies ;  bark  thick,  smooth,  and  gray,  in  older  trees  becoming  very  thick, 
hard  and  ridged;  branchlets  smooth  and  shining:    leaves  6  to  12  lines  long, 
more  pungent:  fertile  aments  15  to  20  lines  long,  with  pale  shining  rounded  scales: 
cones  abundant,  solitary  or  clustered,  cylindrical,  drooping,  2|  to  5  inches  long, 
light  brown ;  scales  oval  or  subrhombic,  more  or  less  elongated  above,  undulate 
and  retuse.  —  The  form  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  heretofore  called  Abies  Men- 
ziesii,  which  latter  has  a  much  more  northwestward  range  and  now  bears  the 
name  Picea  Sitchensis,  Carr.     Commonly  called  "  Balsam." 

5.    PIN  US,   Tourn.,  Link.        PINE. 

Trees,  usually  not  so  large  as  in  the  preceding  genera,  nor  often  of  such 
pyramidal  habit,  with  wood  of  the  greatest  value :  primary  leaves  (only  on 
seedlings  and  young  shoots)  flat,  subulate  and  serrulate ;  the  secondary  in  bun- 
dles, needle-shaped,  terete,  semiterete,  or  triangular,  depending  on  the  number 
in  a  bundle. 

§  1.  Scales  slightly  if  at  all  thickened  at  the  end  and  wholly  destitute  of  prickle 
or  point :  leaves  in  fives,  with  resin-ducts  close  to  the  epidermis,  their  sheaths 
loose  and  deciduous :  cones  subterminal.  —  STROBUS.  In  ours  the  leaves  are 
entire  or  nearly  so,  and  the  cones  subsessile. 

1.  P.  flexilis,  James.  A  tree  about  60  feet  high  and  3  to  5  feet  thick, 
with  furrowed  gray  bark:  leaves  l£  to  2  inches  long:  cones  oval  to  subcylin- 
dric,  3  to  5  inches  long,  light  brown,  with  somewhat  squarrose  scales. — 
Long's  Exped.  ii.  27.  In  the  mountains  from  New  Mexico  to  Montana  and 
westward. 


432  CONIFERS.      (PINE  FAMILY.) 

Var.  albicaulis,  Eng.  A  tree  40  or  50  feet  high,  becoming  low  and 
shrubby  at  the  highest  elevations,  with  very  pale  bark ;  cones  oval  or  subglo- 
bose,  l£  to  3  inches  long,  l£  to  2£  inches  thick,  purple  brown;  scales  much 
thicker  and  somewhat  pointed.  —  Bot.  Calif,  ii  124.  P.  albicaulis,  Eug.  On 
alpine  peaks  in  Montana,  extending  from  the  mountainous  regions  of  Cali- 
fornia to  British  Columbia. 

§  2.    The  woody  scales  thickened  at  the  end,  and  usually  spiny-tipped  (sometimes 
blunt-pointed).  —  PINASTER. 

#  Resin-ducts  close  to  the  epidermis :  leaves  with  entire  margins  and  loose  decidu- 

ous sheaths. 

2.  P.  edulis,  Eng.     A  low  round-topped  tree,  branched  from  the  base  or 
near  it,  10  to  15  feet  high:  leaves  mostly  in  pairs  (rarely  in  threes),  I  to  1^ 
inches  long,  rigid,  curved  or  straightish,  spreading:  cones  sessile,  subgfobose, 

2  inches  long ;  tips  of  scales  thick,  truncate,  raised-pyramidal  but  without  aicns 
or  prickles :  seeds  brown,  wingless,  edible. — From  S.Colorado  and  southward. 
The  "  Pinon  "  or  "  Nut  Pine  "  of  the  Indians.     Westward  it  is  replaced  by 
P.  monophylla,  Torr.  &  Frem. 

3.  P.  Balfburiana,  Jeffrey.    A  medium-sized  tree,  seldom  over  50  feet 
high  and  sometimes  5  feet  in  diameter,  of  regular  pyramidal  growth:  bark  red- 
brown,  deeply  fissured:   leaves  in  Jives,  1  to  Ij  inches  long,  rigid,  curved, 
crowded  and  appressed  to  the  stem :  cones  pendulous  from  the  slender  branchlets, 
subcylindrical,  3%  to  5  inches  long,  dark  purple ;  tips  of  scales  thick,  ivith  short 
deciduous  prickles :  seeds  pale,  mottled,  and  winged.  —  West  of  our  range. 

Var.  aristata,  Eng.  Tree  50  to  100  feet  high  :  cones  ovate,  with  thinner 
scales,  and  with  shorter  recurved  or  slender  awn-like  prickles  ':  seeds  smaller  and 
wings  shorter.  — Bot.  Calif,  ii.  125.  P.  aristata,  Eng.  From  Colorado  through 
Nevada  and  Arizona  to  California. 

*  *  Resin-ducts  within  the  cellular  tissue:   leaves  serrulate  and  with  persistent 

sheaths :  cones  subterminal. 

4.  P.  ponderosa,  Dougl.     One  of  the  largest  pines  (200  to  300  feet  high 
and  12  to  15  feet  thick),  with  very  thick  red-brown  bark,  deeply  furrowed  and 
split  in  large  plates:  leaves  in  threes,  5  to  11   inches  long:  cones  oval,  3  to  5 
inches  long,  1£  to  2  inches  thick,  of  a  rich  brown  color,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  often 

3  to  5  together ;  tip  of  scales  with  a  stout  straight  or  incurved  prickle :  seeds  dark 
brown,  4  lines  long;  wings  10  to  12  lines  long,  widest  above  the  middle.  —  The 
most  magnificent  and  widely  spread  Western  pine.     Known  as  the  "  Yellow 
Pine."     The  following  form  is  found  throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Var.  SCOpulorum,  Eng.  A  smaller  tree  (80  to  100  feet  high) :  leaves  3 
to  6  inches  long,  often  in  pairs  :  cones  smaller,  2  or  3  inches  long,  grayish  brown, 
with  stout  prickles:  seeds  2£  to  3$  lines  long.  —  Bot.  Calif,  ii.  126.  Most  of  the 
P.  ponderosa  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  is  of  this  variety. 

5.  P.  contorta,  Dougl.     A  low  tree,  5  to  15  or  rarely  25  feet  high  and 
6  inches  in  diameter,  with  a  rounded  or  depressed  top  and  thin  smoothish  bark: 
leaves  in  pairs,  1  to  l£  inches  long:  cones  clustered,  oval  or  subcylindric,  very 
oblique  ;  tip  of  scales  with  strong  knobs  and  delicate  prickles :  seeds  black,  grooved, 
2  lines  long ;  wings  6  lines  long,  widest  above  the  base  and  tapering  upward.  —  A 
Pacific  Coast  species  from  California  to  Alaska. 


CONIFERS.      (PINE   FAMILY.)  433 

Var.  Murrayana,  Eng.  Much  taller  and  straighter,  80  to  120  feet  high 
and  4  to  6  feet  in  diameter,  with  a  conical  head  and  thin  scaly  light  grayish- 
brown  bark :  leaves  1  to  3  inches  long,  f  t o  1  line  wide,  light  green  :  cones  very 
rarely  lateral,  less  ohlique-  wings  of  seeds  longer.  —  Bot.  Calif,  ii.  126. 
P.  Murrai/ana,  Murr.  P.  cw'orta,  var.  i.atifolia,  Eng.  In  the  mountains  of 
Colorado  and  Utah,  and  extending  northward  and  westward. 


434  ISOET^E.    (QUILLWORT  FAMILY.) 


SERIES   !'. 

PTERIDOPHYTA  (VASCULAR  CRYPTOGAMS),  or 
FERNS  AND  THEIR  ALLIES. 

PLANTS  destitute  of  proper  flowers,  that  is,  having  no  sta- 
mens and  pistils,  and  not  producing  seeds.  A  distinct  axis 
containing  fibro-vascular  bundles,  as  does  the  foliage  when 
there  is  any.  Sexual  reproduction  by  means  of  antheridia 
and  archegonia,  one  or  both  of  which  is  formed  on  a  prothal- 
lus  which  is  developed  from  the  non -sexual  spore  and  upon 
which  the  conspicuous  but  non-sexual  plant  is  produced. 

CLASS  I.    LYCOPODINEvE. 

Plants  with  a  solid,  dichotomously  branched,  leafy  stem, 
the  leaves  imbricated  and  often  giving  to  the  lower  forms  a 
moss-like  appearance,  but  may  be  distinguished  from  moss 
leaves  by  their  midrib.  Sporangia  in  the  axils  of  simple 
leaves  or  bracts. 

SUBCLASS  I.    HETEROSPOMLE. 

Producing  spores  of  two  kinds,  the  larger  (macrospores) 
producing  a  prothallus  with  archegonia,  the  smaller  (micro- 
spores)  producing  a  prothallus  (rudimentary)  with  sperm-cells. 
Leaves  with  ligules. 

ORDER  91.     ISOET^E.     (QUILLWORT  FAMILY.) 

Mostly  aquatic  plants,  with  a  short  solid  conn-like  stem  (trunK)  and 
elongated  grass-like  leaves,  the  bases  of  which  are  expanded  and  have 
thin  stipule-like  infolded  margins  (the  velum),  which  enclose  large 
simple  ovoid  thin- walled  sporangia;  the  outer  ones  containing  large 
spherical  trivittate  macrospores;  those  of  the  inner  leaves  filled  with 
very  minute  grayish  triangular  microspores. 


SELAGINELL^E.  435 

1.    ISOETES,   L.        QUILLWORT. 

Characters  those  of  the  order.  For  an  elaboration  of  the  genus  see  Engel- 
mann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv.  358.  Our  species  (as  reported  at  present) 
belong  to  the  group  with  bilobed  trunks,  are  all  submerged,  with  quadrangu- 
lar leaves  and  an  incomplete  velum. 

1.  I.  lacustris,  L.     Leaves  stout,  rather  rigid,  acute  but  scarcely  tapering 
dark  or  olive-green,  10  to  25  in  number,  2  to  6  inches  long,  with  no  stomata: 
sporangium  orbicular  to  broadly  elliptical,  not  spotted,  with  a  rather  narrow 
velum ;  macrospores  0.50  to  0.80  mm.1  in  diameter,  marked  all  over  with  distinct 
or  somewhat  confluent  crests;  microspores  smooth,  0.035  to  0.046  mm.  in  the  longer 
diameter.  —  Generally  distributed   throughout  Northern  America  and  New 
England. 

Var.  paupercula,  Eng.  Leaves  fewer  (10  to  18),  thinner,  shorter  (2  to 
3  inches):  spores  smaller;  macrospores  0.50  to  0.66  mm.  in  diameter;  mi- 
crospores  somewhat  granulated,  0026  to  0.036  mm.  long.  —  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  iv.  377.  Grand  Lake,  Middle  Park,  Colorado  (Engelmann),  and  near 
Mt.  Shasta,  California  (Pringle}. 

2.  I.  echinospora,  Durieu,  var.  Braunii,  Engelm.     Leaves  soft  and 
tapering,  green  or  reddish  green,  erect  or  spreading,  13  to  15  in  number,  3  to 
6  inches  long,  generally  with  a  few  stomata  towards  the  tip :  sporangium  as  in 
the  last,  but  spotted  and  generally  \  or  even  £  covered  by  a  broad  velum ; 
macrospores  0.40  to  0.50  mm.  thick,  covered  with  broad  retuse  spinules,  sometimes 
somewhat  confluent  and  then  dentate  or  incised  at  tip ;  microspores  0.026  to 
0.030  mm.  long,  smooth.  —  Gray,  Manual,  676.    Lake  at  the  head  of  Bear  River, 
Uinta  Mountains  (  Watson).     The  most  common  species  eastward,  but  re- 
ported only  from  the  one  station  within  our  range.     Apparently  replaced 
with  us  by  the  following. 

3.  I.  Bolanderi,  Engelm.     Leaves  erect,  soft,  bright  green,  tapering  to  a 
fine  point,  5  to  25  in  number,  2  to  4^  inches  long,  generally  not  many  stomata : 
sporangium  broadly  oblong,  mostly  without  spots,  with  a  narrow  velum ;  macro- 
spores  0.30  to  0.40  mm.  thick,  marked  with  minute  low  tubercles  or  warts  ;  micro- 
spores  0.026  to  0.031  mm.  long,  generally  spinulose,  rarely  smooth.  —  Am.  Nat. 
viii.  214.     In  ponds  and  shallow  lakes  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Sierra  Nevada 
of  California,  and  Cascades. 


ORDER  92.     §ELAGINELL,£B. 

Moss-like  plants  with  slender  branching  stems  and  small  leaves  ar- 
ranged in  4  or  several  ranks :  sporangia  minute,  subglobose  ;  some 
containing  usually  4  globose  macrospores  ;  others  (smaller  and  more 
abundant)  filled  with  numerous  microspores. 

1.     SELAGINELLA,    Beauvois. 

Characters  those  of  the  order.  In  ours  the  leaves  are  all  alike  arranged  in 
many  ranks,  those  of  the  fruiting  spikes  4-ranked. 

i  The  millimeter  is  very  nearly  half  a  lino. 


436  KHIZOCAKPE.E.      (PEPPERWORT  FAMILY.) 

1.  S.  rupestris,  Spring.  Stems  prostrate  or  ascending,  rather  rigid, 
2  to  12  inches  long,  vaguely  or  subpinnately  branching:  leaves  glaucescent, 
closely  imbricated  and  appressed,  lanceolate,  scarcely  a  line  long,  convex  and 
grooved  on  the  back,  bristle-tipped  and  ciliate :  spikes  strongly  quadrangular  : 
macrosporangia  abundant,  intermixed  with  the  slightly  smaller  and  more 
numerous  microsporangia.  —  On  dry  rocks,  especially  in  the  mountains. 

SUBCLASS  II.     ISOSPOEE^. 
Producing  but  one  kind  of  spore.     Leaves  without  ligules. 

ORDER  93.    L,yCGPODIACE^E.     (CLus-Moss  FAMILY.) 

Moss-like  plants,  with  small  leaves  imhricated  in  4  to  many  rows 
on  the  pinnately  or  dichotornously  branching  steins,  and  (in  ours)  with 
reniform  1 -celled  sporangia  in  the  axils  of  bracts  formiug  stalked  or 
sessile  spikes. 

1.    LY  CO  PODIUM,    L.,  Spring.       CLUB-MOSS.    GROUND-PINE. 

Characters  those  of  the  order.  In  ours  the  leaves  (bracts)  of  the  spike  are 
yellowish,  ovate  or  heart-shaped,  very  different  from  the  other  leaves. 

1 .  L.  annotinum,  L.  Stems  prostrate  and  creeping,  1  to  4  feet  long ; 
the  ascending  branches  similar,  dichotomous,  4  to  6  inches  high  :  leaves  in 
several  ranks,  equal,  spreading,  rigid,  lanceolate,  pointed,  serrulate,  2  to 
4  lines  long :  spikes  solitary  at  the  ends  of  leafy  branches.  —  From  Colorado 
to  Washington  Territory,  eastward  and  northward  across  the  continent. 


CLASS  II    FILICIN^E. 

Plants  with  a  solid  stem,  which  (in  ours)  is  horizontal 
and  usually  underground,  bearing  broadly  expanded  mostly 
long-petioled  leaves  (fronds),  with  prominent  midrib  and 
veins.  Prothallus  monoecious. 


ORDER  94.    KH1ZOCABPEJE.     (PEPPERWORT  FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  plants,  with  a  horizontal  stern  floating  upon  the  water  or 
running  through  the  mud  at  the  bottom  of  shallow  water :  leaves  eir- 
cinately  developed,  simple  or  quadrifid:  spores  of  two  kinds:  the  fruits 
(conceptacles)  borne  on  peduncles  (in  fact  petioles),  or  sessile  beneath 
the  stem. 


OPHIOGLOSSACE.E.      (ADDElTs-TONGUE  FAMILY.)      437 

1.  Marsilia.    Conceptacles  somewhat  crustaeeous,  several-celled,  containing  both  macro- 

spores  and  microspores,  solitary  and  peduncled.  Leaves  peltately  quadrifoliolate, 
with  elongated  petioles. 

2.  Azolla.    Conceptacles  very  soft  and  thin-walled,  one-celled,  containing  either  macro- 

sporangia  with  solitary  macrospores  or  microsporangia  with  numerous  microspores, 
in  pairs  beneath  the  pinnately  branched  stems.  Leaves  minute,  imbricated,  and 
2-lobed,  apparently  distichous. 

1.  MARSILIA,   L. 

Conceptacles  ovoid  or  bean-shaped,  composed  of  2  vertical  valves  and 
several  transverse  compartments  in  each  valve  ;  their  peduncles  rising  either 
from  the  petiole  or  the  rhizome.  —  Plants  with  slender  creeping  rootstocks, 
growing  in  the  mud  under  shallow  water,  with  the  leaves  floating,  or  some- 
times terrestrial. 

1.  M.  vestita,  Hook.  &  Grev.  Leaflets  broadly  cuneate,  usually  hairy, 
entire,  2  to  7  lines  long  and  broad ;  petioles  1  to  4  inches  long :  peduncles 
free  from  the  petiole :  sporocarps  short-peduncled,  about  2  lines  long,  very 
hairy  when  young.  —  From  Texas  to  Oregon  and  California.  In  Yellowstone 
Park  (Coulter). 

2.  AZOLLA,    Lam. 

Small  moss-like  floating  plants,  the  pinnately  branched  stems  covered  with 
minute  imbricated  leaves  and  emitting  rootlets  on  the  under  side:  the 
paired  Conceptacles  either  both  containing  macrospores,  or  one  of  each  kind ; 
smaller  Conceptacles  acorn-shaped,  containing  a  single  macrospore ;  larger 
Conceptacles  globose,  and  having  a  basal  placenta  which  produces  many  pedi- 
celled  sporangia  containing  masses  of  microspores. 

1.  A.  Caroliniana,  Willd.  Plant  4  to  12  lines  broad,  much  branched: 
leaves  with  ovate  lobes,  inferior  lobe  reddish,  superior  one  green  with  a  red- 
dish border:  macrospores  with  a  minutely  granulate  surface:  masses  of 
microspores  glochidiate.  —  Floating  on  quiet  waters,  from  Oregon  to  Arizona 
and  eastward  to  the  Atlantic. 


ORDER  95.     OPHIOGL-OSSACE^E.     (ADDERS-TONGUE 
FAMILY.) 

Leafy  plants;  the  leaves  (fronds)  simple  or  branched,  erect  in 
vernation  :  spores  of  one  kind,  borne  in  special  spikes  or  panicles 
in  sporangia  (without  an  elastic  ring),  which  are  formed  by  groups 
of  cells  in  the  interior  of  the  fruiting  segments  of  the  frond :  prothallus 
underground,  destitute  of  chlorophyll. 

1.    BOTBYCHIUM,   Swartz.        GRAPE-FERN.    MOONWORT. 

Fronds  with  a  posterior  pinnatifid  or  compound  sterile  segment  and  an 
anterior  panicled  fertile  segment,  the  separate  sporangia  in  a  double  row  on 
the  branches  of  the  panicle :  bud  enclosed  in  the  base  of  the  stalk. 


438  FILICES.    (TRUE  FERNS.) 

*  Base  of  the  stalk  which  encloses  the  bud  closed  on  all  sides :  sterile  division 

more  or  less  fleshy,  the  cells  of  the  epidermis  straiglrt. 

H—  Sterile  division  usually  placed  at  or  above  the  middle  of  the  plant :  frond 

never  hairy. 

1.  B.  Lunaria,  L.    Plant  4  to  10  inches  high,  very  fleshy :  sterile  division 
sessile  near  the  middle  of  the  plant,  oblong  or  ovate,  once  pinnatifid ;   pinnae  or 
lobes   semilunar  from  a   broadly  cuneate  base,  the   sides  concave,  the  outer 
margin  crenate  or  even  incised.  —  From  Colorado  (Parry)  and  New  England 
northward. 

2.  B.  lanceolatum,  Angstr.     Plant  2  to  10  inches  high,  scarcely  fleshy : 
sterile  division  high  up  on  the  plant,  sessile,  deltoid,  once  or  twice  pinnatifid 
with  oblique  oblong-lanceolate  acute  segments.  —  From  Colorado  (Brandegee)  to 
New  England  and  in  the  far  North. 

•*-  •<-  Sterile  division  placed  low  down  on  the  plant. 

3.  B.  Simplex,  Hitchcock.     Plant  smooth,  fleshy,  2  to  6  inches  high: 
sterile  division  short-pet ioled,  varying  from  simple  and  round ish-obovate  and  2  to 
3  lines  long,  to  triangular-ovate  and  deeply  3  to  7-lobed,  or  even  to  fully  ternate 
with  incised  divisions ;  segments  broadly  obovate-cuneate  or  somewhat  lunate  : 
fertile  division  1  to  2-pinnate.  —  Yellowstone  Park   (Parry)  and  California; 
eastward  from  Lake  Superior  to  New  England.     Exceedingly  variable,  the 
true  form  thought  to  be  most  nearly  represented  by 

Var.  compositum,  Milde.     A  low  alpine  form  with  the  sterile  segment 
an  inch  or  less  long,  ternate,  or  composed  of  3  ovate  incised  segments. 

4.  B.  tematum,   Swartz.     Plant  sparsely  hairy,  fleshy,  4  to  12  inches 
high :  sterile  division  long-petioled  from  near  the  base  of  the  plant,  broadly 
deltoid,  ternate  and  variously  decompound;  ultimate  segments  from  roundish- 
reniform  and  subentire  to  ovate-lanceolate  and  doubly  incised :  fertile  division 
2  to  4-pinnate. — Throughout  North  America.     Exceedingly  variable,  with 
many  described  varieties  and  synonyms. 

*  *  Base  of  stalk  which  encloses  the  bud  open  along  one  side :  sterile  division 

membranaceous,  the  cells  of  the  epidermis  flexuous. 

5.  B.  Virginianum,  Swartz.    Plant  sparsely  hairy,  8  to  24  inches  high  : 
sterile  divisions  sessile  near  the  middle  of  the  plant,  broadly  triangular,  ternate ; 
primary  pinnae  short-stalked,  1  to  3  times  pinnatifid ;  secondary  pinnae  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  ultimate  segments  toothed  at  the  ends :  fertile  division  2  to  4-pin- 
nate.  —  From  Washington  Territory  to  Colorado  (Brandegee)  and  Texas,  and 
eastward  across  the  continent. 


ORDER  96.    FILICES.    (TRUE  FERNS.) 

Leafy  plants ;  the  leaves  (fronds)  often  much  branched,  circinate  in 
vernation,  rising  from  a  rootstock :  spores  of  one  kind,  borne  on  the 
under  surface  or  margins  of  the  leaves  in  sporangia  (with  an  elastic 
ring),  which  are  developed  from  a  single  epidermal  cell  (hence  modified 
trichomes)  :  prothallus  above  ground,  green.  —  The  sporangia  are  usu- 


FILICES.     (TRUE  FERNS.)  439 

ally  collected  in  little  masses  (fruit-dots  or  son),  which  are  often  covered 
by  a  scale  (indusium),  which  is  produced  by  a  cellular  outgrowth  from 
the  frond,  or  by  a  general  involucre  funned  from  the  infolded  margin  of 
the  frond.  — Eaton,  Ferns  of  North  America. 

Tribe  I.  Sori  round  or  oblong,  placed  on  the  veins  or  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  without 
indusium.  Stalk  articulated  to  the  rootstock.  Veins  free  or  reticulated.  —  POLYPODIES. 

1.  Polypodium.    Character  of  the  tribe. 

Tribe  II.  Sori  more  or  less  elongated,  without  indusium,  on  the  back  of  the  frond  or  its 
divisions,  and  usually  following  the  veins,  or  only  at  the  tips  of  the  latter.  Fronds  often 
scaly  or  tomentose,  or  covered  beneath  with  colored  powder.  —  GKAMMITIDE^E. 

2.  Notholaena.    Sori  but  little  elongated,  often  of  very  few  sporangia,  placed  below  the 

tips  of  the  veins  near  the  margin  of  the  lobes  of  the  frond. 

Tribe  III.  Sori  close  to  the  margin  of  the  frond  or  its  divisions,  sometimes  extending 
down  the  veins,  covered  (at  least  when  young)  by  an  involucre  opening  inward  and 
either  consisting  of  the  margin  or  produced  from  it.  —  PTERIDEJE. 

3.  Cheilanthes.    Sori  minute,  at  the  ends  of  the  unconnected  veins,  covered  by  a  usually 

interrupted  involucre.  — Small  ferns,  often  woolly,  chaffy,  or  pulverulent. 

4.  Pellaea.    Sori  near  the  ends  of  the  veins,  often  confluent.     Involucre  membranaceous, 

continuous  round  the  pinnules.    Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  much  alike  and  smooth  ; 
the  stalk  dark -colored. 

5.  Cryptogramme.    Sori  extending  down  the  free  veins.     Involucre  very  broad,  at 

length  flattened  out  and  exposing  the  now  confluent  sori.     Sterile  and  fertile  fronds 
unlike,  smooth  ;  the  stalk  light-colored. 

6.  Pteris.    Sporangia  borne  on  a  continuous  vein-like  marginal  receptacle,  which  connects 

the  ends  of  the  veins.     Involucre  continuous  round  the  pinnules.     Stalk  light- 
colored. 

7.  Adiantnm.    Sporangia  borne  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  on  the  under  side  of  the  re- 

flexed  margin  of  the  frond.    Midvein  of  the  pinnules  mostly  eccentric  or  dissipated 
into  forking  veinlets.     Stalk  dark-colored. 

Tribe  IV.  Sori  more  or  less  elongated,  borne  on  veins  oblique  to  the  midvein,  covered  by 
a  usually  flattened  indusium,  which  is  attached  to  the  fertile  veinlet  by  one  edge  and 
free  at  the  other.  —  ASPLENIE^E. 

8.  Asplenium.    Sori  on  the  upper  side  of  the  fertile  veinlet,  less  commonly  on  both  sides 

of  it.    Veins  free. 

Tribe  V.    Sori  round  or  roundish,  on  the  back  or  sometimes  at  the  tip  of  the  fertile  vein- 
lets,  naked  or  with  an  indusium.    Stalk  not  articulated  to  the  rootstock.  —  ASPIDIE^E. 
9.  Phegopteris*    Sori  dot-like,  minute,  borne  on  the  back  of  the  fruiting  veinlets  ;  indu- 
sium none. 

10.  Aspidium.    Sori  round,  borne  on  the  back  or  at  the  apex  of  the  veinlets  ;  indusium 

orbicular  or  round-reniform.  —  Mostly  large  ferns. 

11.  Cystopteris.    Indusium  convex,  delicate,  fixed  across  the  back  of  the  veinlet  by  a 

broad  base,  usually  turned  back  by  the  ripening   sporangia.  —  Delicate  ferns  with 
small  fronds. 

12.  Woodsia.    Indusium  placed  beneath  the  sorus,  and  partly  or  wholly  enclosing  it, 

divided  into  irregular  lobes  or  into  a  delicate  fringe.  —  Fronds  small. 

1.    POLYPODIUM,   L.       POLYPODY. 

In  ours  the  veins  are  uniformly  free. 

1.   P.  vulgar e,  L.    Fronds  evergreen,  subcoriaceous,  2  to  10  inches  long, 
ovate-oblong  to  oblong-linear,  pinnatifid  into  linear-oblong  obtuse  or  acute 


440  FILICES.     (TRUE  FERNS.) 

segments,  the  lowest  ones  rarely  diminished :  veins  branched  into  3  or  4  vein- 
lets,  the  lowest  ones  on  the  upper  side  of  the  vein  bearing  at  their  thickened 
ends  the  subglobose  sori  midway  between  the  midrib  and  the  margin  of  the 
segments.  —  From  the  Rocky  Mountains  eastward  to  the  Atlantic ;  also 
westward. 

2.    NOTHOLJSNA,    E.  Brown. 

In  ours  the  fronds  are  3  to  5-pinnate,  and  covered  beneath  with  a  white  or 
yellow  powder,  the  primary  and  secondary  pinnae  distinctly  stalked,  and  the 
ultimate  pinnules  very  small,  oval  or  2  to  3-lobed. 

1.  N.  Fendleri,  Kunze.  Frond  2  to  5  inches  long,  broadly  deltoid-ovate, 
4  to  5-pinnate ;  rhachis  and  all  its  branches  flexuous  and  zigzag,  the  piniise 
alternate ;  ultimate  pinnules  1  to  2  lines  long.  —  From  Colorado  to  Arizona 
and  Texas.  In  clefts  of  exposed  rocks. 

N.  DEALBATA,  Kunze,  reported  near  the  eastern  and  southern  limits  of  our 
range,  very  likely  occurs  within  it.  It  is  closely  allied  to  N.  Fendleri,  but 
may  be  distinguished  by  its  smaller  fronds,  which  are  triangular  ovate  and 
3  or  4-pinnate,  straight  rhachis  and  branches,  mostly  opposite  pinnae,  and 
ultimate  pinnules  hardly  a  line  long. 


3.    CHEILANTHES,   Swartz.        LIP-FERN. 

Small  ferns,  with  2  to  4-pinnate  fronds,  and  the  under  surface  either  smooth 
or  variously  covered  with  hair,  wool,  scales,  or  waxy  powder.  Ours  belong  to 
the  section  in  which  the  involucres  are  continuous  around  the  greater  part  of 
the  margin  of  the  very  minute  and  bead-like  ultimate  segments,  and  the 
lower  surface  of  the  fronds  tomentose  or  scaly. 

*  Fronds  tomentose  beneath,  but  not  scaly. 

1.  C.  lanuginosa,  Nutt.     Fronds  2  to  4  inches  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  tri- 
piunate  or  bipinnate  with  pinnatifid  pinnules ;  ultimate  segments  less  than  a 
line  long ;  upper  surface  scantily  tomentose,  the  lower  surface  matted  with  jointed 
woolly  hairs;  involucres  herbaceous,  very  narrow.  —  From  Arizona  and  Colorado 
to  British  America  and  eastward  to  Wisconsin  and  Illinois.     Grows  in  dense 
tufts  on  dry  exposed  rocks. 

2.  C.  Eatoni,  Baker.     Stalks  with  narrow  scales  as  well  as  hairs  :  fronds 
4  to  9  inches  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  above  woolly-pubescent,  beneath  matted-tomen- 
tose  and  partly  scaly,  tripinnate ;  ultimate  segments  £  line  long,  rounded  obo- 
vate ;  margin  continuously  recurved,  the  edge  membranaceous.  —  Colorado  and 
Arizona  to  Texas. 

*  *  Fronds  very  scaly  beneath,  tomentum  scanty  or  none. 

3.  C.  Fendleri,  Hook.     Rootstock  slender;  its  scales  loose  and  nerve- 
less: frond  3  to  6  inches  long,  tripinnate;  ultimate  pinnules  rounded  and 
entire  or  obovate  and  2  to  3-lobed,  covered  beneath  with  broadly  ovate,  acumi- 
nate scales,  which  are  sometimes  sparingly  ciliate  at  base. — From  Colorado 
to  Arizona  and  Texas.    In  crevices  of  rocks. 


FILICES.     (TRUE  FERNS.)  441 

4.     PELL  .S3  A,   Link.        CLIFF-BRAKE. 

Allied  to  Cheilanthes,  from  which  it  differs  chiefly  iu  the  continuous  invo- 
lucre and  smooth  fronds  (without  tomentum  or  scales). 

*  Fronds  herbaceous  or  sub-coriaceous ;  veins  clearly  visible ;  involucre  broad  and 

usually  covering  the  sporangia  till  they  are  fully  ripe. 

1.  P.  Breweri,  Eaton.     Rootstock  short,  densely  covered  with  narrow  ful- 
vous chaff':  fronds  membranaceous,  2  to  6  inches  long,  simply  pinnate  with 
mostly  unequally  2-lobed  pinnae.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  555.    From  Colorado  to 
Utah  and  California.     In  clefts  of  rocks. 

2.  P.   gracilis,   Hook.      Rootstock   very   slender,  creeping,   nearly   naked: 
fronds  very  delicate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  oblong-ovate,  pinnate  with  a  few  once 
or  twice  pinnatijid  pinnce  ;  segments  oblong  or  obovate ;  involucres  broad  and 
delicate.  —  From  Colorado  northward,  eastward  through  British  America,  and 
southward  again  into  Iowa,  Pennsylvania,  etc.     Crevices  of  damp  and  shaded 
limestone  rocks. 

*  #  Fronds  subcoriaceous  or  coriaceous;    veins  rather  obscure;    involucre   con- 

spicuous. 
•i-  Pinnules  obtuse,  at  least  not  mucronate:  fronds  1  to  2-pinnate. 

3.  P.  atropurpurea,  Fee.     Frond  6  to  12  inches  long,  evergreen,  nearly 
smooth,  ovate-lanceolate,  usually  bipinnate  below,  simpler  upwards;  pinnules 
oval  to  linear-oblong,  ^  to  2  inches   long.  —  From  Arizona   and  Alabama 
northward  to  British  America  and  Canada.     Crevices  of  shaded  limestone 
rocks. 

H-  •*—  Pinnules  decidedly  acute  or  mucronate. 

4.  P.  Wrightiana,  Hook.     Fronds  4  to  8  inches  long,  lanceolate  to  tri- 
angular-ovate, bipinnate;  pinna?  longer  than  broad,  having  3  to  13  oval  or 
oblong-oval  pinnules,  fertile  ones  with  the  margins  rolled  in  to  the  midvein.  — 
From  Colorado  and  Arizona  to  W.  Texas.     Mostly  in  exposed  rocky  places, 
especially  in  canons. 

5.  P.  densa,  Hook.     Fronds  l£  to  2  inches  long,  ovate,  closely  tripinnate  ; 
ultimate  segments  linear,  3  to  6  lines  long,  sessile,  sterile  ones  serrated.  —  In 
California  and  Oregon;  also  at  Jackson's  Lake,  Wyoming  (Coulter).    Clefts 
of  rocks. 


5.    CRYPTOGRAMME,   R.  Brown.        ROCK-BRAKE. 

Fronds  rather  small,  and  smooth,  2  to  4-pinnate,  the  fertile  ones  taller  than 
the  sterile:  stalks  stramineous  and  tufted  on  a  short  rootstock. 

1.  C.  acrostichoides,  H.  Br.  Fronds  2  to  4  inches  long,  chartaceous, 
ovate,  closely  2  to  4-pinnate;  pinnules  ovate  or  obovate,  adnate-decurrent, 
those  of  the  fertile  fronds  narrower  and  longer,  the  involucres  very  broad  :  sori 
extending  far  down  the  veinlets.  —  Allosorns  acrostichoides,  Spreng.  From 
California,  Colorado,  and  Lake  Superior,  northward  to  Arctic  America.  In 
dense  patches  among  rocks. 


442  FILICES.     (TRUE  FERNS.) 

6.    PTERIS,   L.        BRACKEN. 

In  ours  the  rootstock  is  cord-like,  and  the  fronds  scattered,  ternate,  with 
decompound  divisions. 

1.  P.  aquilina,  L.  Frond  often  very  large,  subcoriaceous,  broadly  tri- 
angular, primary  divisions  stalked ;  pinnae  mostly  pinnately  lobed  with  several 
to  many  rather  short  obtuse  lobes,  and  with  a  sometimes  very  long  subentire 
apex.  —  Common  everywhere,  being  the  most  widely  distributed  of  ferns. 


7.    AD  I  ANT  UM,    L.        MAIDENHAIR. 

Stalk  mostly  blackened  or  very  dark  purplish-brown  and  commonly  highly 
polished. 

1  -  A.  Capillus-Veneris,  L.  Fronds  pyramidal,  with  the  rhachis  continuous 
to  the  terminal  pinnule,  9  to  18  inches  long,  often  pendent,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, 2  to  3-pinnate  at  base ;  pinnules  wedge-obovate  or  rhomboid,  |  to  1  inch  long, 
deeply  and  irregularly  incised,  smooth;  involucres  lunulate  or  transversely 
oblong. — From  S.  California  to  Utah,  Arizona,  Texas,  and  eastward  to  Vir- 
ginia and  Florida.  In  moist  rocky  places,  especially  about  springs  and  along 
water-courses. 

2.  A.  pedatum,  L.  Frond  often  afoot  broad;  stalk  forked  at  the  top,  the 
branches  recurved,  and  bearing  several  pinnate  divisions  on  the  upper  side ;  pri- 
mary divisions  6  to  14,  bearing  numerous  oblong  or  triangular-oblong  pinnules, 
which  have  the  lower  margin  entire  and  the  upper  more  or  less  lobed ;  involucres 
oblong-lunate  or  transversely  linear.  —  Across  the  continent  and  far  north- 
ward, but  apparently  unreported  as  yet  from  our  immediate  range.  In  rich 
moist  woods,  especially  among  rocks. 


8.    ASPLENIUM,    L.        SPLEENWORT. 

Fronds  varying  from  simple  to  highly  decompound. 

*  Indusium  straight  or  nearly  so,  attached  to  the  upper  side  of  the  vein,  rarely 

double. 

H—  Fronds  once  pinnate,  the  pinna;  numerous  and  sometimes  toothed  but  not  again 
divided,  somewhat  rigid:  rhachis  dark  and  often  polished. 

1.  A.  TrichomaneS,  L.    Fronds  usually  4  to  6  inches  long,  narrowly  linear, 
pinnate ;  pinnae  subsessile,  roundish-oval  or  oval-oblong  from  an  obtusely  cuneate 
or  truncate  base,  entire  or  crenulate,  rarely  incised,  falling  separately  from  the 
persistent  rhachis.  -7-  Common  throughout  the  United  States  and  northward 
into  British  America.     Crevices  of  shaded  rocks. 

2.  A.  ebeneum,  Ait.     Fronds  9  to  18  inches  high,  linear-oblanceolate,  pin- 
nate; pinnae  6  to  18  lines  long,  firmly  membranaceous,  mostly  alternate,  sessile, 
spreading,  oblong  or  oblong-linear,  somewhat  auricled,  crenately  serrate  or  incised : 
sori  near  the  midvein.  —  Greenhorn  Mountains,  Colorado  (Greene),  Indian  Ter- 
ritory, and  eastward  to  Canada  and  Florida. 


FILICES.     (TRUE  FERNS.)  443 

•«-  t-  Fronds  more  than  once  pinnate  or  pinnatijid. 

3.  A.  septentrionale,  Hoffm.     Fronds  3  to  6  inches   high,  subcoria- 
ceous,  the  stalk  alternately  forked ;  branches  widening  into  a  few  (2  to  5)  very 
narrowly  cuneate  and  acuminate  entire  or  sparingly  toothed  segments  :  veins 
closely  parallel  and  forking  :  sori  elongated,  1  to  3  to  a  segment.  —  Colorado 
and  New  Mexico.     In  crevices  of  rocks. 

*  *  Indusia  variously  curved,  often  crossing  the  fertile  veinlet  and  continued  a 
short  distance  down  the  oilier  side  of  it. 

4.  A.  Filix-fcemina,  Bernh.     Fronds  1  to  3  feet  long,  softly  membra- 
naceous,  oblong-lanceolate,  2  to  3-piiinate ;  pinnules  adnate  to  the  secondary 
rhachis,  ovate  to  elongated-lanceolate,  variously  toothed  or  incised :  indusia 
lacerate-ciliate.  —  Common  almost  everywhere. 


9.    PHEGOPTERIS,   Fee. 

Sori  on  the  back  of  the  veins  below  their  attenuated  apices.  Differs  from 
Aspidium  only  in  having  no  imlusium.  In  our  species  the  fronds  are  trian- 
gular, ternate,  the  primary  divisions  stalked,  and  the  rhachis  is  not  winged. 

1.  P.  Dryopteris,  Fee.    Fronds  smooth  and  thin,  4  to  10  inches  wide  and 
long;  lateral  divisions  divergent;  all  triangular  and  pinnate,  the  pinna?  pin- 
natifid  into  oblong, obtuse,  entire  or  even   pinuately  lobed  segments;  lowest 
inferior  pinna  of  the  lateral  divisions  equal  to  the  second  pinna  of  the  middle  di- 
vision. —  From  the  mountains  of  Colorado  to  Oregon,  eastward  through  the 
Northern  United  States,  and  far  northward.     Open  rocky  woods. 

2.  P.  calcarea,  Fee.     Fronds  minntelij  glandular  and  somewhat  rigid,  4  to 
8  inches  wide  and  lonjj  ;  lateral  divisions  ascending ;  all  triangular  and  pinnate, 
the  pinnse  pinnatifid  into  oblong  obtuse  or  even  pinnately-lobed  segments; 
lowest  inferior  pinna  of  the  lateral  divisions  equal  to  the  third  pinna  of  the  middle 
division. — Collected  in  Minnesota  (Miss  Cathcart),  but,  according  to  Professor 
Eaton,  to  be  expected  from  Lake  Superior  to  Idaho. 


10.    ASPIDIUM,    Swartz.        SHIELD  FERX.    WOOD  FERN. 

The  round  indusia  attached  to  the  middle  of  the  sorus  by  a  short  central 
stalk,  or  roundish-reniform  and  attached  at  the  base  of  the  sinus. 

*  Indusium  roundish-reniform  or  orbicular  with  a  narrow  sinus:  in  ours  the  fronds 

are  larger,  subcoriaceous  or  nearly  so. 

1.  A.  Filix-mas,  Swartz.  Fronds  1  to  3  feet  long,  broadly  oblong- 
lanceolate,  somewhat  narrowed  and  twice  pinnate  towards  the  base ;  pinnae 
lanceolate-acuminate  from  a  broad  base ;  pinnules  or  segments  oblong  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  toothed  or  incised,  not  glandular  but  sometimes 
slightly  chaffy  beneath,  the  upper  confluent :  sori  near  the  midvein,  commonly 
only  on  the  lower  half  of  each  segment :  stalks  very  chaffy  with  large  scales. 
—  Occurs  generally  throughout  the  continent,  in  several  varieties.  In  Colo- 
rado and  Dakota  the  following  form  has  been  found  :  — 


444  FILICES.     (TRUE  FERNS.) 

Var.  incisum,  Mett.  Differs  from  the  type  in  the  rhachis  with  scanty 
chaff ;  the  pinnules  or  segments  rather  distant,  lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  sub- 
acute  point,  and  incised  on  the  margin  with  serrated  lobules. — Eaton,  Ferns 
N.  Am.  i.  312. 

A.  SPINULOSUM,  Swartz,  a  very  widely  distributed  and  variable  species, 
is  probably  to  be  found  within  our  range  to  the  north  and  east.  It  has  fronds 
1  to  3  feet  long,  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  fully  twice  pinnate  and  but  little  nar- 
rowed at  base;  pinnae  short-stalked,  the  lowest  ones  triangular-lanceolate, 
upper  ones  gradually  narrower ;  pinnules  oblong,  pinnate  or  pinnately  incised 
with  spinulose-serrate  lobes :  indusium  either  smooth  or  glandular. 

#  #  Indusium  orbicular  and  entire,  fixed  by  the  depressed  centre  to  the  middle  of 

the  sorus :  pinnae,  and  pinnules  often  auricled  on  the  upper  side  of  the  base. 
2.  A.  Lonchitis,  Swartz.  Fronds  simply  pinnate,  6  to  18  inches  long 
(stalks  only  1  to  3  inches),  linear-lanceolate  ;  pinnae  broadly  lanceolate,  falcr.te, 
sharply  spinulose-serrate,  tbe  lower  ones  symmetrically  triangular  and  shorter, 
the  upper  ones  strongly  auricled.  —  In  the  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Utah,  Mon- 
tana, northward  to  British  Columbia,  and  eastward  to  the  Great  Lakes. 


11.    CYSTOPTERIS,    Bernhardi. 

Tufted  ferns,  with  slender  and  delicate  twice  or  thrice  pinnate  fronds,  and 
cut-toothed  lobes. 

1.  C.  fragilis,  Bernh.  Fronds  6  to  12  inches  long,  broadly  lanceolate, 
usually  bipinnate ;  pinnae  oblong-ovate,  pointed ;  pinnules  ovate  or  oblong, 
variously  toothed  or  incised.  —  Throughout  North  America.  Usually  in  crev- 
ices of  shaded  rocks  and  among  stones. 


12.    WOOD  SI  A,    R.  Brown. 

Small  tufted  ferns  growing  on  exposed  rocks.     Ours  have  the  stalks  not 
articulated,  and  the  fronds  glandular-pubescent  or  smooth,  not  chaffy. 

1.  "W.  scopulina,  Eaton.     Fronds  4  to  8  inches  long,  puberulent  beneath 
with  minute  jointed  hairs  and  stalked  glands,  oblong-ovate,  pinnate  with  deeply 
pinnatifid  pinnae,  the  lobes  oblong-ovate  and  crenulate :   indusia  deeplij  clrft 
into  narrow  segments  terminating  in  jointed  hairs.  —  From  Colorado  westward  to 
California  and  Oregon,  and  eastward  to  Dakota  and  Minnesota.     In  dense 
masses  on  rocks  and  in  crevices. 

2.  W.  Oregana,  Eaton.    Very  similar,  but  with  smooth  fronds,  the  fertile 
taller  than  the  sterile :  the  indusium  reduced  to  a  few  moniliform  hairs.  —  From 
Arizona  and  Colorado  to  British  Columbia  and  Lake  Superior.     Habits  like 
the  last. 


EQUISETACE.E.       (HORSETAIL  FAMILY.)  445 


CLASS  III.    EQUISETIN^E. 

Plants  with  a  hollow,  elongated,  grooved  or  striate,  and 
jointed  stem,  bearing  at  each  node  a  whorl  of  narrow  united 
leaves  which  form  a  close  sheath.  The  branches,  arising  from 
the  axils  of  these  leaves,  are  therefore  in  whorls. 


ORDER  97.     EQUISETACE^E.     (HORSETAIL  FAMILY.) 

Stems  arising  from  subterranean  rootstocks.  Sterile  leaves  resem- 
bling a  toothed  sheath  at  the  joints;  the  fertile  ones  shield-shaped, 
bearing  sporangia  on  the  under  side,  and  forming  a  terminal  spike  or 
cone. 

1.    EQUISETUM,    L.        HORSETAIL.     SCOURING  RUSH. 

Stems  simple  or  branched,  the  joints  having  closed  ends  :  leaves  of  the 
fruiting  cone  5  to  7-angled,  and  sporangia  hood-like  :  spores  round,  furnished 
with  two  slender  filaments  attached  by  the  middle  and  clavate  at  the  free 
ends  :  prothallus  above  ground,  green,  usually  dioecious. 

*  Stems  of  two  kinds;  the  fertile  (in  spring)  soft,  pale,  or  brownish;  the  sterile 

appearing  later,  herbaceous  and  very  different;  neither  surviving  the  winter: 
stomata  scattered. 

1.  E.  arvense,  L.     Fertile  stems  4  to  10  inches  high,  with  loose  and 
usually  distant  about  8  to  12-toothed  sheaths,  remaining  simple  and  soon  perish- 
ing: sterile  stems  slender,  at  length  1  to  2  feet  high,  10  to  14-furrowed,  pro- 
ducing long  and  simple  or  sparingly  branched  4:-angular  branches;  their  teeth  4. 
—  Across  the  continent,  but  more  common  eastward ;  also  far  northward. 
The  "Common  Horsetail." 

2.  E.  pratense,  Ehrh.     Sterile  and  finally  also  fertile  stems  producing  sim- 
ple straight  3- angled  branches :  sheaths  of  the  stem  with  ovate-lanceolate  short 
teeth,  those  of  the  branches  3-toothed :  stems  more  slender  and  branches  shorter 
than  in  the  last.  —  Colorado  to  Michigan  and  northward. 

*  *  Stems  all  alike,  evergreen,  mostly  unbranched:  fruit  produced  in  summer: 

stomata  in  regular  rows, 

•i-  Stems  tall  and  stout  (l£  to  6  feet  high),  mostly  simple,  evenly  15  to  40-grooved: 
sheaths  appressed. 

3.  E.  Isevigatum,  Braun.     Stenis  l£  to  4  feet  high,  sometimes  with 
numerous  branches ;  the  ridges  convex,  obtuse,  smooth  or  minutely  roughish  with 
minute  tubercles  :  sheaths  elongated,  with  a  narrow  black  limb  and  about  22 
linear-awl-shaped  caducous  teeth,  \-keeled  below. —  From  Colorado  to  Oregon, 
and  eastward  to  Illinois  and  Louisiana. 


446          EQUISETACE^:.     (HORSETAIL  FAMILY.) 

4.  E.  robustum,  Braun.    Stems  3  to  6  feet  high ;  the  ridges  narrow,  rough 
with  one  line  of  tubercles:  sheaths  short,  with  a  black  girdle  above  the  base, 
rarely  with  a  black  limb,  and  about  40  deciduous  3-keeled  teeth  with  ovate-awl- 
shaped  points.  —  From  British  America  to  Mexico,  and  extending  eastward  to 
Louisiana  and  Ohio. 

5.  E.  hiemale,  L.     Stems  l£  to  4  feet  high ;  the  ridges  roughened  by  two 
more  or  less  distinct  lines  of  tubercles:  sheaths  elongated,  with  a  black  girdle 
above  the  base  and  a  black  limb,  of  about  20  (17  to  26)  narrowly  linear  teeth, 
l-keeled  at  the  base  and  with  awl-shaped  deciduous  points.  —  In  Utah  and  Wyo- 
ming, to  British  America  and  the  Atlantic  States.     The  "  Scouring  Rush,"  or 
'*  Shave  Grass." 

H-  H-  Stems  slender,  in  tujls,  5  to  10  grooved,  sheaths  looser. 

6.  E.  variegatum,  Schleicher.     Stems  ascending,  6  to  18  inches  long, 
usually  simple  from  a  branched  base,  5  to  1  Q-grooi'ed :  sheaths  green  variegated 
with  black  above;  the  5  to  10  teeth  tipped  with  a  deciduous  bristle.  —  Clear 
Creek,  Colorado  ( Coulter),  Utah,  and  Wyoming ;  also  in  the  Atlantic  States 
and  northward. 

7.  E.  SCirpoides,  Miclix.     Stems  very  numerous  in  a  tuft,  filiform,  3  to  6 
inches  \\ig\\,  flexuous  and  curving,  mostlt/  G-grooved,  with  acute  ridges:  sheaths 
3-toothed,  the  bristle-pointed  teeth  more  persistent.  —  Utah  and  Wyoming ; 
also  in  the  North  Atlantic  States  and  northward. 


INDEX. 


Abies                             420,  430 

Arabis 

15,19 

Bilberry                              227 

Abronia                         301,  302 

Aralia 

121,  122 

Bindweed                             265 

Abutilon                           41,  42 

Araliaceaj 

121 

Birch                                    332 

Acer                                  48,  49 

Arceuthobium 

322,323 

Biscutella                        16,  27 

Acerates                        238,  242 

Archangelica 

114,  118 

Bitter  Cress                            18 

Achillea                       139,  198 

Archemora 

114,  121 

Bitter-  weed                           181 

Acnida                           304,  305 

Arctium 

140,  212 

Blackberry                               79 

Aconite                                   11 

Arctostaphylos 

22*5,  228 

Black  Snakeroot                  114 

Aconitum                          2,  11 

Arenaria 

31,34 

Bladder-pod                             25 

Actzea                                 2,  11 

A  r  gem  one 

13 

Bladderwort                          290 

Actinella                       138,  105 
Adder's-Tongue  Family       437 

Argythamnia 
Aristida 

324 
399,  407 

Bladderwort  Family            290 
Blazing  Star                         144 

Adiantum                     439,  442 

Arnica 

140,  205 

Blueberry                               227 

Adoxa                                  123 

Aromatic  Wintergreen        228 

Blue  Cammas                        340 

Agrimonia                        76,  87 

Arrow  grass 

364 

Blue  eyed  Grass                   345 

Agrimony                               87 

Arrow-head 

361 

Blue  Grass                             422 

A^ropyrum                   402,  425 

Artemisia 

139,  199 

Blue-joint                             426 

Agrostis                         399,  412 

Aruncus 

75,78 

Bog-Rush                             357 

Aider                                     332 

AsclepiaJaceaa 

238 

Boneset                                  142 

Alfllaria                                   45 

Asclepias 

238,  239 

Borrage  Family                    257 

Alisma                                   361 

Asclepiodora 

238 

Borraginaceae                       257 

Alismacese                           361 

Ash 

236 

Botrychium                          437 

Allionia                        301,302 

Aspen 

339 

Bottle  Grasa                         404 

Allium                           346,  317 

Aspidium 

430,  443 

Bouteloua                     400,  416 

Alnus                            331,  332 

Asplenium 

430,  442 

Box-Elder                               49 

Alopecurus                  399,  40G 

Aster 

132,  158 

Boykinia                           90,  92 

Alum-root                              94 

Asteroiileae 

130,  131 

Bracken                                442 

Amarantacese                       304 

Astragalus 

51,60 

Brickellia                      131,  143 

Amarantli                               301 

A  triplex 

306,  300 

Bristly  Foxtail  Grass           404 

Amaranth  Family                304 

Avena 

400,415 

Brodisea                        346,  349 

Amarantus                             304 

Avens 

81 

Brome  Grasa                        425 

Amarylliilaceso                      345 

Awlwort 

25 

Bromus                         402,  425 

Ambrosia                      13i,  180 

Azolla 

437 

Brookline                              282 

Amelanchier*                    76,  88 

Brookweed                            235 

American  Cowslip                232 
American  Laurel                   220 

Baccharis 
Bahia 

132,  175 
137,  192 

Broom-Rape  Family            289 
Bryanthua                    227,  229 

American  Pennyroyal         293 

Balsam 

431 

BuchloS                        400,  417 

Ammannia                             KiO 

Balsamorrhiza 

135,  184 

Buckthorn                             46 

Ammophila                  400,  413 

Baneberry 

11 

Buckthorn  Family                46 

Amorpha                    50,  51,  59 

Barbarea 

16,23 

Buckwheat  Family              313 

Ampelopsis                             48 

Barberry 

12 

Buffalo  Berry                       322 

Anacardiacea5                          49 

Barben-y  Family 

12 

Buffalo  Grass                         417 

Anaphalis                     133.  177 

Barley 

426 

Bugle-  weed                           294 

Andropogon                  3  '8,  405 

Barn-yard  Grass 

404 

Bug-seed                                311 

And  rosace                     232,  234 

Basil 

295 

Bulrush                                366 

Androstephiuro            346,  340 

Bastard  Toad-Flax 

32:5 

Bunch  Grass                        426 

Anemone                               2,  3 

Bearberry 

228 

Bupleurum                   113,  116 

Angelica                         114,  118 

Beard  Grass 

405 

Burdock                                 212 

Angiospermae                             1 

Beard-tongue 

273 

Bur  Grass                             404 

Antennaria                    132,  175 

Bwkmannia 

398,  403 

Bur-Marigold                       180 

Anthemideae                 130,  138 

Bedstraw 

127 

Burnet                                     87 

Anthemis                       139,  198 

Bell-flower 

225 

Bur-reed 

Apetalje                                  301 

Bengal  Grass 

404 

Butter-bur                           203 

Aphyllon                               28  ) 

Bent  Grass 

412    Buttercup 

A  plectrum                      340,  312 

Berberidaceaa 

12    Butterfly-weed                     239 

Aplopappus                   131,  116 

Berberia 

12 

Apoeynaceaa                          237 

Berula 

113,  115 

Cactaceae                              109 

Apocynum                            237 

Betula 

3.31,  332 

Cactus  Family                       109 

Apple                                         89 

Bidens 

133,  189 

Caesalpineae 

Aquilegia                            2,  9 

Bigelovia 

131,  149 

Calamiut                              295 

448 


INDEX. 


Calamintha 

293,  295 

Clover 

54 

Dicotyledons 

1 

Calaudrinia 

37 

Club-Moss 

436 

Diplachue 

401,  418 

Callirrhoe 

41 

Club-Moss  Family 

436 

Distichlis 

402.  420 

Callitrichaceae 

328 

Club  Rush 

806 

Dock 

317 

Calochortus 

346,  352 

Cnicus 

140,  212 

Dodder 

265 

Caltha 

2,9 

Cockle 

32 

Dodecatheon 

232 

Calypso 

340,  341 

Cockle-bur 

182 

Dogbane 

237 

Calyptridium 
Camass 

37,39 
350 

Coldenia 
Coleogyne 

257,  258 
75,80 

Dogbane  Family 
Dog  Fennel 

237 
198 

Camassia 

346,  350 

Collinsia 

271,  273 

Dog's-tooth  Violet 

352 

Campanula 

225 

Columbine 

9 

Dogwood 

122 

Carnpanulaceaa 
Campanula  Family 

225 
225 

Comandra 
Cornmelyna 

323 

355 

Dogwood  Family 
Door-weed 

122 

318 

Canary  Grass 

406 

Commelynaceaa 

355 

Dougiasia 

232,  234 

Cancer-root 

289 

Compass  Plant 

178 

Douglas  Spruce 

430 

Cannabinacese 

329' 

Composite 

129 

Draba 

15,  16 

Caper  Family 

27 

Composite  Family 

129 

Dracocephal  urn 

293,  298 

Capparidaceae 

27 

Coneflower 

182 

Dragon-head 

Caprifoliaceaa 

123 

Coniferae 

428 

Drop-seed  Grass 

409,  410 

Capsella 

16,25 

Convolvulaceaa 

264 

Dry  as 

75,81 

Cardamine 

15,18 

Convolvulus 

265 

Duck's-meat 

360 

Cardinal  Flower 

224 

Convolvulus  Family 

264 

Duckweed 

360 

Carex 

365,  370 

Conyza 

132,  174 

Duckweed  Family 

360 

Carpet-weed 

112 

Corallorhiza 

340,  341 

Dysodia 

138,  197 

Carum 

113,  115 

Coral-root 

341 

Caryopbyllaceaa 

31 

Cord  Grass 

405 

Eatonia 

401,419 

Cashew  Family 

49 

Cordy  Ian  thus 

272,  286 

Echinacea 

135,  182 

Cassia 

51,73 

Coreopsis 

136,  189 

Echinocactus 

109,  no 

Castilleia 

272,  283 

Corispermum 

306,  311 

Echinocystis 

108 

Catabrosa 

401,  419 

Cornaceae 

122 

Echinospermum 

257,  258 

Catchfly 

31 

Cornel 

122 

ElEengnaceae 

321 

Cat's-tail  Grass 

410 

Corn  us 

122 

Elaeagnus 

321 

Cat-tail  Family 

359 

Corydalis 

13,14 

Eiatinaceae 

39 

Cat-tail  Flag 

359 

Cory  1  us 

331,  838 

Elatine 

40 

Caulanthus 

15,21 

Cotton  Grass 

368 

Elder 

124 

Ceanothus 

46,47 

Cottonwood 

339 

Eleocharis 

365,  368 

Celastraceaa 

46 

Couch  Grass 

426 

Ellisia 

254,  255 

Celtis 

329,  330 

Cowania 

75,81 

Elm 

329 

Cenchrus 

395,  404 

Cowbane 

121 

Elm  Family 

329 

Centaury 

243 

Cow  Parsnip 

121 

Elymus 

402,  427 

Centunculus 

232,  2:35 

Crab  Grass 

403 

Enchanter's  Nightsl 

lade     106 

Cerastium 

31,33 

Cranesbill 

44 

Endogens 

340 

Ceratophyllaceaa 

Cras^ulaceae 

98 

Ephedra 

428 

Cercocarpus 

75,80 

Crataegus 

76,88 

Epilobium 

101 

Cereus 

109,  110 

Creosote-bush 

43 

Epipactis 

341,  343 

Chaenactis 

138,  194 

Crepis 

141,  218 

Equisetaceao 

445 

ChafFweed 

Croton 

324,  325 

Equisetinae 

445 

Chamaebatiaria  " 

75,78 

Crowfoot 

6 

Equisetum 

445 

Chamaelirium 

347,  354 

Crowfoot  Family 

2 

Eragrostis 

401,  419 

Chamaerhodos 

76,86 

Cruciferae 

15 

Ericaceae 

226 

Chamaesaracha 

267,  269 

Cryptogramme 

439,  441 

EricinejB 

226 

Cheat 

425 

Cucurbita 

108 

Erigeron 

132,  108 

Cheilanthes 

439,  440 

Cucurbitaceae 

108 

Eriogonum 

313 

Chenopodiaceao 

316 

Cudweed 

177 

Eriophorum 

365,  368 

Chenopodium 

306,  307 

Cupuliferae 

331 

Eriophylluin 

137  1!»2 

Cherry 

76 

Currant 

96 

Erodium 

44 

Chess 

425 

Cuscuta 

265,  266 

Erysinium 

15,22 

Chick  weed 

33 

Cycloloma 

306,  307 

Erythraea 

242,  243 

Chionophila 

271,  279 

Cymopterus 

114,  118 

Erythronium 

346,  352 

Chrysanthemum 

139,  199 

Cyperaceae 

365 

Eupatoriaceae 

129,  130 

Chrysopogon 

395,  406 

Cy  penis 

365 

Eupatorium 

130,  142 

Chrysopsis 

131,  145 

Cypripedium 

341,  344 

Euphorbia 

324,  325 

Chrysosplenium 

90,94 

Cystopteris 

439,  444 

Euphorbiacea9 

324 

Cichoriaceui 

130,  140 

Eurotia 

306,  311 

Cicuta 

113,  116 

Dalea 

51,57 

Evax 

132,  175 

Cinna 

400,  413    Dandelion 

222 

Evening  Primrose 

103 

Circaea 

101,  106    Danthonia 

400,  415 

Evening  Primrose  Family  100 

Cladothrix 

304,  305 

Datura 

268 

Everlasting 

175,  177 

Clarkia 

101,105 

Daucus 

121 

Everlasting  Pea 

72 

Claytonia 

37,38 

Day-Flower 

355 

Evolvulus 

265,  266 

Cleavers 

127 

Death  Camass 

353 

Clematis 

2 

Delphinium 

2,  10 

Fallugia 

75,81 

Cleome 

27 

Deschampsia 

400,  414     False  Asphodel 

354 

'Cleomella 

27,28 

Devil's-Bit 

3o4  !  False  Dragon-Head 

299 

Cliff  Brake 

441 

Deyeuxia 

400,  413     False  Hellebore 

353 

Cliff  Rose 

81 

Dicentra 

13,  14     False  Indigo 

59 

Clot-bur 

182 

Dicoria 

134,  180     False  Mallow 

41 

INDEX. 


449 


False  Red-top 
False  Solomon's  Seal 

422  !  Goodyera 
350     Gooseberry 

341,  343 

Hosackia 
Humulus 

50,56 
329,  331 

Fntsia 
F  ,-ather  Grass 
Fendlera 
Ferns 
Ferula 

121,  122 
407 
90,  93 
438 
114,  121 

Goosetbot 
Goosetbot  Family 
Goose-grass 
Gourd  Family 
Grama  Grass 

307 
306 
318 
108 
416 

Hydrophyllaceae 
Hydrophyllum 
Hymenatheruni 
llymenopappus 
Ilypericaceae 

254 
254 
138,  197 
137,  193 
40 

Fescue  Grass 

424    Gramineae 

3i)7 

Hypericum 

40 

Festuca 

402,  424    Grape 

48 

llypoxys 

345 

Fetid  Marigold 

197  j  Grape  Fern 

437 

Ficoideae 

112    Graphephorum 

402,  422 

Illecebraceae 

303 

Fig  wort 

273 

Grass  Family 

397 

Indian  Currant 

125 

Figwort  Family 

271    Grass  of  Parnassus 

95 

Indian  Grass 

406 

Filices 

438    Gratiola 

272,  281 

Indian  Hemp 

23; 

Filicinae 

436 

Grayia 

306,  311 

Indian  Mallow 

42 

Fimbristylis 

365,  369 

Greasewood 

312 

Indian  Pipe 

231 

Finger  Grass 

403  |  Greek  Valerian 

2J2    Inuloideaf 

130 

Fir 

430  ]  Green  Brier 

355  1  lonidium 

28,  30 

Five  finger 

83    Green  Caimnas 

35;)  |  Ipomoaa 

265 

Flag 

344 

Green  Foxtail 

404 

Iridaceae 

344 

Flavoria 

138,  197 

Green  Meadow-Grass 

422 

Iris 

344 

Flax 

42 

Green  Milkweed 

242     Iris  Family 

344 

Flax  Family 

42 

Grindelia 

131,  145    Iron-weed 

141 

Fleabane 

168 

Gromwell 

2G3 

Isoetae 

434 

Flower-do-  Luce 

344 

Ground  Cherry 

269 

Isoetes 

435 

Flowering  Plants 

1 

Ground  Pine 

436 

Iva 

134,  179 

Forestiera 

236 

Groundsel 

206 

Ivesia 

76,86 

Forget-me-not 

263 

Gum  Plant 

145 

Four-o'clock 

301 

Gutierrezia 

131,144 

Jacob's  Ladder 

252 

Four-o'clock  Family 

301  !  Gymnolomia 

136,  185 

Jamesia 

90,95 

Fowl  Meadow-Grass 

422  ;  Gymnospermae 

428 

Jamestown  Weed 

268 

Foxtail 

404     Gypsy-  wort 

294 

Jerusalem  Artichoke 

187 

Foxtail  Grass 

4<)6 

Joe-Pye  Weed 

142 

Fragaria 

75,82 

Ilabenaria 

340,  342 

Juncaceae 

356 

Frankenia 

31 

Hackborry 

330 

Juncus 

356,  357 

Frankeniaceae 

31 

Hair  Grass 

412.  414 

June-berry 

89 

Franseria 

131,  181 

Ha'.orageae 

'    99 

June  Grass 

422 

Frasera 

243,  246 

Haploesthes 

133,  204 

Juniper 

429 

Fraxiuus 

23! 

Harebell 

225 

Juniperus 

429 

Fringed  Gentians 

2^3 

Hawkweed 

216 

Fritillaria 

346,  351 

Hazel-nut 

333 

Kalmia 

227,229 

Froelichia 

304,  305 

Heath  Family 

226 

Kel  loggia 

126 

Fumariaceae 

13 

Hedeoma 

293,  296 

Kinnikihnick 

228 

Fumitory  Family 

13 

Hedgehog  Grass 

404 

Knot  weed 

318 

HerJge  Hyssop 

281 

Kobresia 

365,  370 

Gaillardia 

138,  197 

Heilge  Mustard 

23 

Kochia 

306,  307 

Galingile 

365 

Hedysarum 

51,72 

Koeleria 

401,  418 

Galiuin 

126,  127 

Helenioideae 

130,  137 

Krigia 

140,  215 

G  imopetalae 

123 

Helenium 

138,  196 

Krynitzkia 

257,  260 

Gaultheria 

227,  228 

Helianthella 

136,  187 

Kuhnia 

131,  143 

Gaura 

101,  106 

Heliantboideae 

130,  133 

Gayophytmn 

101,  103 

Helianthus 

136,  185 

Labiatae 

292 

Gentian 

243 

Heliopsis 

135,  182 

Labrador  Tea 

229 

Gentiana 

243 

Heliotrope 

258 

Lactnca 

141,  223 

Gentianaceae 

242 

Heliotropium 

257,  258 

Lady's  Tresses 

343 

Gentiauella 

243 

Hemicarpha 

365,  368 

Lady's  Slipper 

344 

Gentian  Family 

242 

Hemp  Family 

329 

Lagoon  Grass 

426 

Geraniaceae 

43 

Heracleum 

114,  121 

l^iportea 

329,330 

Geranium 

44 

Heucbera 

90,94 

Larkspur 

10 

Geranium  Family 

43 

Hieracium 

140,  216 

Larrea 

43 

Goran  lia 

272,  283 

Hierochloa 

399,  406 

Lathyrns 

51,72 

Germander 

294 

Hilaria 

398,  405     Lauren  tia 

224 

Gen  in 

75,81 

Hippuris 

99     Layia 

136,  191 

Gilia 

247,  248 

Hott'manseggia 

51,  73 

Lead  Plant 

59 

Ginseng  Family 

121 

Hogs'  Potato 

353 

Ledum 

227,229 

Glasswort 

312 

Holodiscus 

75,78 

Leguminosae 

50 

Glaux 

232,  233 

Holy  Grass 

406 

Lemna 

360 

Globe-flower 

9 

Honeysuckle 

125 

Lemnaceae 

360 

Glyceria 
Glycosma 
Glycyrrhiza 
Gnaphalium 

402,  423 
113,  117 
51,  59 
133,  177 

Honeysuckle  Family 
Hop 
Hop-tree 
Hordeum 

123 
331 
45 
402,  426 

Lentibulariacese 
Lepachys 
Lepidium 
Lettuce 

290 
135,183 
16,26 
223 

Gnetaceae 

428 

Horned  Pondwer'd 

362 

Leucocampyx 

138,  198 

Goafs-Beard 

78 

Horn  wort  Family 

328 

Leucocrinum 

346,  &50 

Golden  Aster 

145 

Horse  Mint 

297 

Lrwisia 

37,  39 

Golden-rod 

152 

Horsetail 

445 

Liatris 

131,  144 

Golden  Saxifrage 

94    Horsetail  Family 

445 

Ligusticum 

114,  117 

29 

450 


INDEX. 


LiliacesD 

345 

Mint 

294 

Oxybaphus 

301,  302 

Lilium 

346,351 

Mint  Family 

292 

Oxytenia 

134,  180 

Lily 

351 

Mirabilis 

301 

Oxytbeca 

313,  316 

Lily  Family 

345 

Mistletoe 

322 

Oxytropis 

51,69 

Limosella 

272,281    Mitella 

90,  93 

Oxyria 

313,  317 

Linacese 

42 

Mitre-wort 

93 

Linaria 

271,  273 

Mock  Orange 

95 

Pachystima 

46 

Linnaea 

123,  124 

Mollugo 

112 

Painted  Cup 

283 

Linum 

42 

Monarda 

293,  297 

Panic  Grass 

403 

Lip  Fern 

440 

Monardella 

292,  295 

Panicum 

398,  403 

Lippia 

290,  291 

Moneses 

227,  25s9 

Papaver 

13 

Liquorice 

59 

Monkey  -flower 

279 

Papaveraceae 

13 

Listera 

341,  343 

Monkshood 

11 

Papilionaceae 

50 

Lithospermum 

257,  263 

Monocotyledons 

340 

Parietaria 

329,  331 

Lloydia 

346,  352 

Monolepis 

306,  309 

Parnassia 

90,95 

Loasaceae 

106 

Monotropa 

227,  231 

Paronychia 

303 

Lobelia 

224 

Monotropeae 

227 

Parrya 

15,19 

Lobeliaceae 

224 

Moouwort 

437 

Parsley  Family 

112 

Lobelia  Family 

224  1  Morning-Glory 

265 

Parthenice 

133,  179 

Locust 

59    Moschatel 

123 

Parthenium 

133,  179 

Lonicera 
Loosestrife 

123,  125    Mountain  Mahogany 
100    Mountain  Mint 

80 
295 

Paspaluui 
Pear 

398,  403 
89 

Loosestrife  Family 

100    Mountain  Rice 

408 

Pearlwort 

36 

Lophanthus 

293,  297 

Mountain  Sorrel 

317 

Pectis 

138,  198 

Loranthaceas 

322 

Mouse-ear  Chick  weed 

33 

Pedicularis 

273,  287 

Louse  wort 

287 

Mouse-tail 

5 

Pellsea 

439,  441 

Lovage 

117 

Mudwort 

281 

Pellitory 

331 

Lungwort 

262 

Muulenbergia 

399,409 

Pennycress 

26 

Lupine 

52 

Munroa 

401,  418 

Pentstemon 

271,  273 

Lupinus 

50,52 

Musenium 

113,  114 

Peppergrass 

26 

Luzula 

356 

Musk  Plant 

280 

I'epperwort  Family 

436 

Lychnis 

31,32 

Mustard  Family 

15 

Peraphyllum 

76,89 

Lycopodiaceaa 

436 

Myosotis 

257,  263 

Pericome 

137,  If  (2 

Lycopodineae 

434 

Myosurus 

2,5 

Petalostemon 

51,58 

Lycopodium 

436 

Myriophyllum 

99 

Petasites 

13!),  203 

Lycopus 

292,  294 

Peteria 

51,  59 

Lygodesmia 

141,  220 

Naiadaceae 

361 

Peucedanum 

114,  119 

Lyme  Grass 

427 

Nam  a 

254,  257 

Phaselia 

254,  255 

Lythraceae 

100 

Nasturtium 

16,24 

Phacnogamia 

1 

Lythrum 

100 

Negundo 

48,49 

Phalaris 

399,  406 

Nettle 

330 

Phegopteris 

439,  443 

Madder  Family 

126 

Nettle  Family 

329 

Philadelphus 

90,95 

Madia 

136,  191 

New  Jersey  Tea 

47 

Phleum 

399,  410 

Maidenhair 

442 

Nicotiana 

268,  270 

Phlox 

247 

Malacothrix 

140,  216 

Nightshade 

268 

Phoradendron 

322 

Mallow  Family 
Malvaceae 

40 
40 

Nightshade  Family 
Nine-Bark 

267 

78 

Phragmites 
Physalis 

401,  418 

268,  269 

Malvastrum 

41 

Notholama 

439,  440 

Physaria 

16,  26 

Mamillaria 

109 

Nothoscordum 

346,  349 

Physocarpus 

75,78 

Manna  Grass 

423 

Nuphar 

12 

Physostegia 

293,  298 

Manzanita 

228 

Nut  Pine 

432 

Picea 

429,  431 

Maple 
Mark's-  tail 

49 
99 

Nyctaginaceaa 
Nymphaeaceae 

301 
12 

Pigweed 
Pin-clover 

307 
45 

Marsh  Grass 

405 

Pine 

431 

Marsh  Marigold 
Marsilia 

9 
437 

Oak 

Oak  Family 

333 

331 

Pine-drops 
Pine  Family 

231 

428 

Matricaria 

139,  199 

Oat 

415 

Pine-sap 

231 

Mayweed 

198 

(Enothera 

101,  103 

Pin-grass 

45 

Meadow  Grass 

420 

Oleaceae 

236 

Pink  Family 

31 

Meadow  Parsnip 

117 

Olive  Family 

236 

Pinon 

432 

Meadow  Rue 

5 

Omphalodes 

257,  259 

Pi  11  us 

429,  431 

Meadow  Sweet 

77 

Onagraceae 

100 

Plantaginaceas 

299 

Melampodium 

133,  178 

Onion 

347 

Plantago 

299 

Melica 

402,  419 

Onosmodium 

257,  264 

Plantain 

299 

Melic  Grass 

'419 

Ophioglossacese 

437 

Plantain  Family 

299 

Menodora 

236,  237 

Opuntia 

109,  111 

Pleurisy-root 

239 

Mentha 

292,  294 

Orchidaceae 

340 

Pleurogyne 

243,  246 

Mentzelia 

'107 

Orchis  Family 

340 

Plum 

76 

Mertensia 

257,  262 

Orobanchaceae 

289 

Pneumonanthe 

244 

Microseris 

140,  216 

Orogenia 

113,  115 

Poa 

402,  420 

Milkweed 

239 

Orpine  Family 

98 

Polanisia 

27 

Milkweed  Family 
Milk  wort 

238 
30 

Orthocarpus 
Oryzopsis 

272,  285 
399,  408 

Polemoniacese 
Polemonium 

247 
247,  252 

Milkwort  Family 

30 

Osier 

344 

Polemonium  Family 

247 

Millet 

404 

Osmorrhiza 

113,  116 

Polygala 

20 

Mimoseae 

51 

Oxalis 

44,45 

Polygalaceae 

30 

Mimulus 

272,  279 

Ox-eye  Daisy 

199 

Polygoiiaceae 

313 

INDEX. 


451 


Polygonatum 
Polygonum 

346,  350  I  Rosaceae 
313,  318    Rose 

74  '  Smelowskia 
87  i  Sinilaceae 

16,24 

354 

Polypetalae 
Polypodium 

1 

439 

Rose  Family 
Rosin-weed 

74  !  Smilacina 
178    Smilax 

346,350 
355 

Polypody 

439 

Rubiaceae 

126 

Smilax  Family 

354 

Polypteris 

137,  19i 

Rubus 

75,79 

Sneeze-weed 

196 

Polytaenia 

114,  121 

Rudbeckia 

133,  182 

Snowberry 

Pondweed 
Pondweed  Family 

362 
381 

Rue  Family 
Rumex 

45 
313,  317 

Soapberry  Family 
Solanaceae 

48 
267 

Poplar 

339 

Rush 

357 

Solan  urn 

267,  208 

Poppy 
Poppy  Family 

13    Rush  Family 
13    Rush  Grass 

356 

410 

Solidago 
Solomon's  Seal 

132,  152 
3(30 

Populus 

334,  339 

Rutaceae 

45 

Sonchus 

141,  223 

Portulaca 

37 

Sophora 

50,  52 

Portulacaceae 

37 

Sage 

296 

Sorrel 

317 

Potamogeton 

332 

Sage  brush 

199 

Sow  Thistle 

223 

Potentilla 

75,  83 

Sai^ina 

31,36 

Spanish  Bayonet 

351 

Poterium 

76,87 

Sagittaria 

361 

Spanish  Needles 

190 

Prairie  Clover 

58 

Salicineae 

334 

Sparganiuin 

359 

Prenanthes 

141,  220 

Salicornia 

306,  312 

Spartina 

398,  405 

Prickly  Poppy 

13 

Salix 

334 

Spatter-Dock 

12 

Primula 

232,  233 

Salmon-berry 

79 

Spear  Grass 

422 

Primulaceae 

232 

Salvia 

293,296 

Specularia 

225 

Primrose   *"" 

~233 

Sambucus 

123,  124 

Speedwell 

282 

Primrose  Family 

232 

Samolus 

232,  235 

Speirodela 

360 

Prosartes 

347,  353 

Samphire 

312 

Sphaeralcea 

41,42 

Prunus 

74,76 

Sand  Grass 

418 

Spiderwort 

355 

Pseudotsuga 
Psoralea 

429,  430 
50,56 

Sandwort 
Sanicle 

34 
114 

Spiderwort  Family 
Spike  Grass 

355 
420 

Ptelea 

45 

Sanicula 

113,  114 

Spikenard 

122 

Pceridophyta 

434 

Santalaceae 

323 

Spike  Rush 

368 

Pteris 

432,  442 

Sapindaceae 

48 

Spiraea 

75,77 

Pterospora 

227,  231 

Sarcobatus 

306,312 

Spiranthes 

340,343 

Puccoon 

263 

Saxifraga 

90 

Spleen  wort 

442 

Pulse  Family 

50 

Saxifragaceae 

89 

Sporobolus 

399,  410 

Pumpkin 

108 

Saxifrage 

90 

Spraguea 

87,  H9 

Purshia 

75,80 

Saxifrage  Family 

89 

Spring  Beauty 

3-J 

Purslane 

37 

Schedonnardus 

400,  416 

Spruce 

431 

Purslane  Family 

37 

Scheuchzeria 

362,  364 

Spurge  Family 

324 

Putty-root 

342 

Schrankia 

51,74 

Squirrel-tail  Grass 

427 

Pycnanthemum 

292,  295 

Scirpus 

365,  366 

Stachys 

293,  299 

Pyrola 

227,  230 

Scrophularia 

271,  273 

Staff-  tree  Family 

46 

Pyrolineae 

227 

Scrophulariaceae 

271 

Stanleya 

15,22 

Pyrrhopappus 
Pyrus 

141,  223 

76,80 

Scouring  Rush 
Scutellaria 

445 
293,  298 

Star-grass 
Starwort 

.  345 

158 

Sea  Blite 

312 

Steironema 

232,  235 

Quack  Grass 

426 

Sea  Milkwort 

235 

Stellaria 

31,33 

Quaking  Asp 

339 

Sea  Purslane 

112 

Stenosiphon 

101,  105 

Quercus 

331,  333 

Sedge 

370 

Stephanomeria 

140,  215 

Quill  wort 

435 

Sed.^e  Family 

365 

Stickseed 

258 

Quillwort  Family 

434 

Sedum 

98 

Stick-tight 

189 

Quitch  Grass 

426 

Selaginella 

435 

Stipa 

399,407 

Selaginellaj 

435    St.  John's-wort 

40 

Ragweed 

180 

Senecio 

140,  206 

St.  John's-wort  Family         40 

RanunculaceaB 

2 

Seneciouideae 

130,  139    Stonecrop 

98 

Rinunculus 

2,6 

Senna 

73 

Storksbill 

44 

Raspberry 

79 

Sensitive  Briar 

74 

Strawberry 

82 

Rattlesnake  Plantain 

343 

Service-berry 

89    Strawberry  Blite 

309 

Rattle-weed 

60 

Sesuvium 

112  i  Streptanthus 

15,20 

Ray  less  Golden-rod 

149 

Setaria 

398,  404    Streptopus 

347,  352 

Red-top 

412 

Shave  Grass 

446    Suaeda 

306,  312 

Reed 

418 

Shepherdia 

321,  322    Subularia 

16,25 

Reed  Bent-Grass 

413 

Shepherd's  Purse 

25  ;  Suckleya 

306,  311 

Reed  Meadow-Grass 

423 

Shield  Fern 

443  i  Sumach 

49 

Rhamnaceae 

46 

Shin  -leaf 

230 

Sunflower 

185 

Rhamnus 

46 

Shooting-Star 

232 

Sweet  Cicely 

116 

Rliinanthus 

273,  288 

Shrubbv  Trefoil 

45     Sweet  Coltsfoot 

203 

Rhizocarpeaa 
Rhus 

436 
49 

Sibbaldia 
Sidalcea 

75,  81    Swertia 
41    Symphoricarpos 

243,  246 
123,  125 

Kibes 

90,96 

Silene 

31 

Synthyria 

272,  281 

Ribwort 

299 

Silkweed 

239 

Syriuga 

95 

Riddellia 

137,  191 

Silphium 

133,  178 

Robinia 
Rock  Brake 

61,59 
441 

Sisymbriinn 
Sisyrinchium 

16,23    Talinum 
344,  345    Tanacetuni 

37 
139,  199 

inn 

Rock  Cress 

19 

Sium 

113,  116 

Tansy 

199 

Roman  Wormwood 

181 

Skullcap 

298  .  Taraxacum 

141,222 

TO 

Rosa 

76,87 

Slender  Grass 

418    Tare 

71 

452 


INDEX. 


Tarweed                                191 

Urticacese                            328 

Water-wort                              40 

Telliuia                             90,  93 

Urticew                                 329 

Water-wort  Family                39 

Tetradymia                   139,  204 

Utricularia                            290 

White  Fir                              430 

Teucrium                      292,  294 

White  Sage                             311 

Thalictrum                          2,  6 

Vaccinieee                              226 

Whiteweed                              199 

Tiia.iniio.snia                             45 

Vaccinium                    226,  227 

Whitlow-Grass                        16 

Thaspium                      114,  117 

Valeriaua                               128 

Whitlow-wort                       303 

Thelesperma                 130,  190 

Valerianaceae                        128 

Whortleberry                        228 

Thelypodium                    15,  21 

Valerian  Family                   128 

Wild  Balsam-Apple              108 

Thermopsis                       50,  52 

Vanilla  Grass                        406 

Wild  Oat  Grass                     415 

Thimbleberry                         80 
Thin  Grass                            412 

Venus's  Looking-glass         225 
Veratrum                      347,  353 

Wild  Rye                               427 
Willow                                  334 

Thistle                                   212 

Verbena                         2CO,  291 

Willow  Family                      334 

Thlaspi                             16,  2(5 

Verbeuacese                          290 

Willow-Herb                       101 

Thorn                                      88 

Verbesina                      136,  188 

Wind  flower                              3 

Thorn  Apple                         268 

Vernonia                       130,  141 

Winged  Pigweed                   307 

Thorough-wax                      116 

Vernoniaceae                 129,  130 

Winter  Cress                            23 

1  horoughwort                      142 

Veronica                        272,  282 

Winter  Fat                            311 

Tiarella                             90,  93 

Vervain                                   291 

Wintergreen                           230 

Tickseed                                189 

Vervain  Family                    290 

Wire  Grass                            357 

Tillsea                                      98 

Vesicaria                           16,  25 

Wolf-berry                            125 

Timothy                                410 

Vetch                                       72 

Wolfsbane                              11 

Toad-Flax                             273 

Viburnum                     123,  124 

Woodbine                              125 

Tobacco                                 270 

Vicia                                 61,  72 

Wood  Fern                            443 

Tofieldia                        347,  354 

Vine  Family                            48 

Wood  Grass                            406 

Townsendia                   132,  156 

Viola                                        28 

Wood  Nettle                          330 

Tradescantia                         355 

Violaoeze                                28 

Wood  Reed  Grass                 413 

Tragia                                    324 

Violet                                       28 

Wood  Rush                          356 

Tribulus                                43 

Violet  Family                         28 

Woodsia                        439,  444 

Tritblium                         50,  54 

Virginia  Creeper                     48 

Wormwood                            199 

Triglochin                     362,  364 

Virgin's-Bower                         2 

Woundwort                          299 

Triodiii                         401,  417 

Vitacese                                  48 

Wjethia                        135184 

Triplasis                        401,  418 

Vitis                                       48 

Triple-awned  Grass              407 

Xanthium                    134,  182 

Trist-tum                       400,  415 

Water-Cress                            24 

Xerophyllum                347,  354 

Trollius                                 2,  9 

Water  Hemlock                    116 

Trumpet  Weed                     142 

Water  Hemp                          305 

Yamp                                    115 

Tubuliflorae                         129 

Water  Horehound                294 

Yarrow                                   l!« 

Tule                                       367 

Waterleaf                                254 

Yellow  Pine                         432 

Tumble-weed                        305 

Waterleaf  Family                254 

Yellow  Pond-Lily                   12 

T  way  blade                             343 

Water-Lily  Family                 12 

Yellow  Rattle                       288 

Twin-flower                           124 

Water-Milfoil                           99 

Yucca                           346,  351 

Typha                                  359 

Water-Milfoil  Family             99 

Typhaceae                            359 

Water  Parsnip                       116 

Zanichellia                            362 

Water  Pimpernel                  235 

Zauschneria                          101 

Ulmaeeae                              329 

Water-Plantain                    361 

Zinnia                            135,  182 

Ulmus                                    329 

Water-Plantain  Family       361 

Z}  gadenus                     347,  353 

Umbelliferae                         112 

Water-Starworts                   328 

Zygophyllaceae                      43 

Urtica                           329,  330 

ADDENDUM. 


On  page  380,  after  C.  frigida,  All.,  insert :  — 

28  a.  C.  misandra,  R.  Br.  Slender,  3  to  8  inches  high :  leaves  many, 
narrow,  1  to  3  inches  long :  sheaths  purplish,  leafless,  usually  tipped  by  a  short 
setaceous  bract :  terminal  spike  pistillate  above :  spikes  all  ovate  (£  inch  or 
less  long),  dull  brown,  hanging  on  slender  peduncles  from  a  half-inch  to  an 
inch  long :  perigynium  lanceolate,  rough  or  serrate  on  the  two  margins,  the 
lower  half  occupied  by  the  nearly  flat  3-ribbed  obovate  akene,  longer  than  the 
obtuse  brown  scale. —  C.  fuliginosa,  St.  &  Hoppe.  In  dense  sod  on  Gray's 
Peak,  Colorado  (//.  N.  Patterson,  1885);  also  in  Arctic  America.  (Eu.) 
C.  misandra  is  the  more  recent  name,  but  Sternberg  and  Hoppe  applied  the 
name  C.  fuliginosa  to  this  species,  thinking  it  to  be  the  C.  fuliginosa  of 
Schkuhr,  which  is  C.  frigida,  All.  The  species  was  first  distinguished  by 
Robert  Brown. 


GLOSSARY 


DICTIONARY  OF  TERMS  USED  IN  DESCRIBING 

PLANTS. 


A,  at  the  beginning  of  words  of  Greek  derivation,  commonly  signifies  a 

negative,  or  the  absence  of  something;  as,  apetalous,  without  petals; 

aphyllous,  leafless,  &c.     If  the  word  begins  with  a  vowel,  the  prefix  is 

arc,  as,  arcantherous,  destitute  of  anther. 
Abnormal :  contrary  to  the  usual  or  the  natural  structure. 
Abortive:  imperfectly  formed,  or  rudimentary. 
Abrupt :  suddenly  terminating  ;  as,  for  instance, 
Abruptly  pinnate :  pinnate  without  an  odd  leaflet  at  the  end. 
Acaulescent  (acaulis)  :   apparently  stemless ;    the  proper  stem,  bearing  the 

leaves  and  flowers,  being  very  short  or  subterranean. 
Accessory:  something  additional;  as  Accessory  buds. 
Accrescent :  growing  larger  after  flowering,  as  the  calyx  of  Physalis. 
Accumbent:  lying  against  a  thing.     The  cotyledons  are  accumbent  when 

they  lie  with  their  edges  against  the  radicle. 
Acerose:  needle-shaped,  as  the  leaves  of  Pines. 
Achenium  (plural  achenia) :  a  one-seeded,  seed-like  fruit. 
Achlamydeous  (flower)  :  without  floral  envelopes. 
Acicular:  needle-shaped;  more  slender  than  acerose. 
Acorn :  the  nut  of  the  Oak. 

Acotijledonous :  destitute  of  cotyledons  or  seed-leaves. 
Acrtigenous:  growing  from  the  apex,  as  the  stems  of  Ferns  and  Mosses. 
Acrocjens,  or  Acrogenous  Plants:  the  higher  Cryptogamous  plants,  such  as 

Ferns,  &c. 

Aculeate:  armed  with  prickles,  i  e.  aculei ;  as  the  Rose  and  Brier. 
Aculeolate :  armed  with  small  prickles,  or  slightly  prickly. 
Acuminate :  taper-pointed. 

Acute:  merely  sharp-pointed,  or  ending  in  a  point  less  than  a  right  angle. 
Adelphous  (stamens):  joined  in  a  fraternity  (adelphia) :    see  monadelphous 

and  diadelphous. 

Adherent:  sticking  to,  or,  more  commonly,  growing  fast  to  another  body. 
Adnate:  growing  fast  to;  it  means  born  adherent.     The  anther  is  adnate 

when  fixed  by  its  whole  length  to  the  filament  or  its  prolongation. 
Adpressed,  or  appressed :  brought  into  contact,  but  not  united. 

1 


GLOSSARY. 

Adscendent,  ascendent,  or  ascending :  rising  gradually  upwards. 

Adsurgent,  or  assurgent :  same  as  ascending. 

Adventitious :  out  of  the  proper  or  usual  place. 

Adventive:  applied  to  foreign  plants  accidentally  or  sparingly  spontaneous 

in  a  country,  but  hardly  to  be  called  naturalized. 
^Equilateral:  equal-sided;  opposed  to  oblique. 
^Estivation:  the  arrangement  of  parts  in  a  flower-bud. 
Air-cells,  or  Air-passages:  spaces  in  the  tissue  of  leaves  and  some  stems. 
Ake'nium,  or  akene.     See  achenium. 

A/a  (plural  a/ce) :  a  wing;  the  side-petals  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla. 
Albescent :  whitish,  or  turning  white. 
Albumen  of  the  seed :   nourishing  matter  stored  up  with  the  embryo,  but 

not  within  it. 

Albuminous  (seeds) :  furnished  with  albumen. 
Alpine :  belonging  to  high  mountains  above  the  limit  of  forests. 
Alternate  (leaves)  :  one  after  another.     Petals  are  alternate  with  the  sepals, 

or  stamens  with  the  petals,  when  they  stand  over  the  intervals  between 

them. 

Alveolate:  honeycomb-like,  as  the  receptacle  of  the  Cotton-Thistle. 
Ament:  a  catkin.     Amentaceous:  catkin-like,  or  catkin-bearing. 
Amorphous:  shapeless  ;  without  any  definite  form. 
Amphitropous  (ovules  or  seeds) :  half  inverted,  the  micropyle  and  chalaza 

being  at  opposite  ends,  and  the  hilum  about  half  way  betwe.en. 
Amplectant:    embracing.      Amplexicaul  (leaves):  clasping  the  stem  by  the 

base. 

Ampulldceous :  swelling  out  like  a  bottle  or  bladder. 

Andntherous:  without  anthers.     Andnthous:  destitute  of  flowers  ;  flowerless. 
Anastomosing:  forming  a  net-work  (anastomosis),  as  the  veins  of  leaves. 
Andtropous :  (ovules  or  seeds):  inverted,  the  micropyle  and  chalaza  being 

at  opposite  ends,  and  the  hilum  near  the  micropyle. 
Ancipital  (anceps)  ;  two-edged. 

Androecium:  a  name  for  the  stamens  taken  together. 
Andrdg i/nous :  having  both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  cluster 

or  inflorescence. 
Angiospermce,  Angiospe'rmous  Plants :  with  their  seeds  formed  in  an  ovary  or 

pericarp. 
Annual  (plant) :  flowering  and  fruiting  the  year  it  is  raised  from  the  seed, 

and  then  dying. 

Annular :  in  the  form  of  a  ring,  or  forming  a  circle. 
Annulate  :  marked  by  rings  ;  or  furnished  with  an 
Annulus,  or  ring,  like  that  of  the  spore-case  of  most  Ferns. 
Anterior,  in  the  blossom,  is  the  part  next  the  bract,  i.  e.  external :  —  while 

the  posterior  side  is  that  next  the  axis  of  inflorescence.     Thus,  in  the 

Pea,  &c.  the  keel  is  anterior,  and  the  standard  posterior. 
Anther:  the  essential  part  of  the  stamen,  which  contains  the  pollen. 
Antherfferous :   anther-bearing. 

Anthesis:  the  period  or  the  act  of  the  expansion  of  a  flower. 
Anthocdrpous  (fruits) :  same  as  multiple  fruits. 
Antrdrse:  directed  upwards  or  forwards. 

2 


GLOSSARY. 

Apetalous :  destitute  of  petals. 

Aphyllous :  destitute  of  leaves,  at  least  of  foliage. 

Apical :  belonging  to  the  apex  or  point. 

Apiculate :  pointletted ;  tipped  with  a  short  and  abrupt  point. 

Apocarpous  (pistils) :  when  the  several  pistils  of  the  same  flower  are  sep- 
arate. 

Appendage:  any  superadded  part. 

Appendiculate :  provided  with  appendages. 

Appressed:  where  branches  are  close  pressed  to  the  stem,  or  leaves  to  the 
branch,  &c. 

Aquatic  :  living  or  growing  in  water ;  applied  to  plants  whether  growing 
under  water,  or  with  all  but  the  base  raised  out  of  it. 

Arachnoid  :  cobwebby  ;  clothed  with,  or  consisting  of,  soft  downy  fibres. 

Arboreous,  Arborescent :  tree-like,  in  size  or  form. 

Arcuate  :  bent  or  curved  like  a  bow. 

Areolate  :  marked  out  into  little  spaces  or  areolce. 

Arillate  (seeds) :  furnished  with  an 

Aril  or  Aril/us:  a  fleshy  growth  forming  a  false  coat  or  appendage  to  a 
seed. 

Anstate :  awned,  i.  e  furnished  with  an  arista,  like  the  beard  of  Barley,  &c. 

Anstulate:  diminutive  of  the  last;  short-awned. 

Arrow-shaped  or  Arrow-headed  :  same  as  sagittate. 

Articulated:  jointed  ;  furnished  with  joints  or  articulations,  where  it  separates 
or  inclines  to  do  so. 

Ascending  (seeds  or  ovules),  directed  obliquely  upward. 

Assurgent:  same  as  ascending, 

Auriculate:  furnished  with  auricles  or  ear-like  appendages. 

Awl-shaped  :  sharp-pointed  from  a  broader  base. 

Awn:  the  bristle  or  beard  of  Barley,  Oats,  &c. ;  or  any  similar  bristle-like 
appendage. 

Awned  :  furnished  with  an  awn  or  long  bristle-shaped  tip. 

Axil:  the  angle  on  the  upper  side  between  a  leaf  and  the  stem. 

Axile:  belonging  to  the  axis  ;  &c. 

Axillary  (buds,  &c.)  :  occurring  in  an  axil. 

Axis:  the  central  line  of  any  body  ;  the  organ  round  which  others  are  at- 
tached ;  the  root  and  stem. 

Baccate:  berry-like,  of  a  pulpy  nature  like  a  berry  (in  Latin  bacca). 

Barbate:  bearded;  bearing  tufts,  spots,  or  lines  of  hairs. 

Barbed :  furnished  with  a  barb  or  double  hook  ;  as  the  apex  of  the  bristle  on 
the  fruit  of  Kchinospermum  (Stickseed),  &c. 

Bdrbellate:  said  of  the  bristles  of  the  pappus  of  some  Composite  (species  of 
Liatris,  &c.),  when  beset  with  short,  stiff  hairs,  longer  than  when  dentic- 
ulate, but  shorter  than  when  plumose. 

Barbellulate :  diminutive  of  barbellate. 

Bark :  the  covering  of  a  stem  outside  of  the  wood. 

Basal:  belonging  or  attached  to  the 

Base :  that  extremity  of  any  organ  by  which  it  is  attached  to  its  support. 

Beaked:  ending  in  a  prolonged  narrow  tip. 

3 


GLOSSARY. 

Bearded:  see  barbate.     Beard  is  sometimes  used  popularly  for  awn,  more 
commonly  for  long  or  stiff  hairs  of  any  sort. 

Bell-shaped :  of  the  shape  of  a  bell,  as  the  corolla  of  Harebell. 

Berry  :  a  fruit  pulpy  or  juicy  throughout,  as  a  grape. 

Bi-  (or  Bis),  in  compound  words  :  twice  ;  as 

Biart iculate :  twice  jointed,  or  two-jointed;  separating  into  two  pieces. 

Biaurtculate :  having  two  ears. 

Bicallose:  having  two  callosities  or  harder  spots. 

Bicdrinate:  two-keeled,  as  the  upper  palea  of  Grasses. 

Bictpital  (Biceps)  :  two-headed ;  dividing  into  two  parts  at  the  top  or 
bottom. 

Bicdnjugate  :  twice  paired,  as  when  a  petiole  forks  twice. 

Bide'ntate:  having  two  teeth  (not  twice  or  doubly  dentate). 

Biennial:  of  two  years' continuance;  springing  from  the  seed  one  season, 
flowering  and  dying  the  next. 

Bifid :  two-cleft  to  about  the  middle. 

Bifo'liolate :  a  compound  leaf  of  two  leaflets. 

Bifurcate :  twice  forked ;  or,  more  commonly,  forked  into  two  branches. 

Bilabiate :  two-lipped,  as  the  corolla  of  sage,  &c. 

Bildmellate:  of  two  plates  (lamella),  as  the  stigma  of  Mimulus. 

Bildbed  :  the  same  as  two-lobed. 

Bildcular  :  two-celled ;  as  most  anthers,  the  pod  of  Foxglove,  most  Saxi- 
frages, &c. 

Binate :  in  couples,  two  together. 

Bipartite :  the  Latin  form  of  two-parted. 

Bipinnate  (leaf) :  twice  pinnate. 

Bipinndtifid :  twice  pinnatifid,  that  is,  pinnatifid  with  the  lobes  again 
pinnatifid. 

Biplicate :  twice  folded  together. 

Bise"rial,  or  Bise'riate :  occupying  two  rows,  one  within  the  other. 

Biserrate :  doubly  serrate,  as  when  the  teeth  of  a  leaf,  &c.  are  themselves 
serrate. 

Biternate :  twice  ternate ;  i.  e.  principal  divisions  3,  each  bearing  3  leaflets, 
&c. 

Bladdery :  thin  and  inflated. 

Blade  of  a  leaf :  its  expanded  portion. 

Boat-shaped :  concave  within  and  keeled  without,  in  shape  like  a  small  boat. 

Bract  (Latin,  bractea).  Bracts,  in  general,  are  the  leaves  of  an  inflorescence, 
more  or  less  different  from  ordinary  leaves.  Specially,  the  bract  is  the 
small  leaf  or  scale  from  the  axil  of  which  a  flower  or  its  pedicel  pro- 
ceeds ;  and  a 

Bractlet  (bracteola)  is  a  bract  seated  on  the  pedicel  or  flower-stalk. 

Bristles:  stiff,  sharp  hairs,  or  any  very  slender  bodies  of  similar  appear- 
ance. 

Bristli/  :  beset  with  bristles. 

Bud:  a  branch  in  its  earliest  or  undeveloped  state. 

Bud-scales :  the  modified  leaves  of  the  bud. 

Bulb :  a  leaf-bud  with  fleshy  scales,  usually  subterranean. 

Bulbiferous  :  bearing  or  producing  bulbs. 
4 


GLOSSARY. 

Bulbose,  or  bulbous :  bulb-like  in  shape,  &c. 

Bulblets  :  small  bulbs,  borne  above  ground,  as  on  the  stems  of  the  bulb- 
bearing  Lily. 

Bulb-scales :  the  modified  leaves  of  bulbs. 
Bullate :  appearing  as  if  blistered  or  bladdery  (from  bulla,  a  bubble). 

Caducous :  dropping  off  very  early,  compared  with  other  parts ;  as  the  calyx 

in  the  Poppy  family,  falling  when  the  flower  opens. 
Ccespitose,  or  Ce'spitose :  growing  in  turf-like  patches  or  tufts,  like  most 

sedges,  &c. 
Cdlcarate :  furnished  with  a  spur  (calcar),  as  the  flower  of  Larkspur  and 

Violet. 
Calculate  or  Cdlceiform :    slipper-shaped,  like    one    petal  of    the    Lady's 

Slipper. 

Cdllose :  hardened  ;  or  furnished  with  callosities  or  thickened  spots. 
Calculate :  furnished  with  an  outer  accessory  calyx  (calyculus)  or  set  of 

bracts  looking  like  a  calyx. 

Ca/yptriform :  shaped  like  a  calyptra  or  candle-extinguisher. 
Calyx:  the  outer  set  of  the  floral  envelopes  or  leaves  of  the  flower. 
Campdnulate :  bell-shaped. 
Campyltftropous :  curved  ovules  and  seeds,  the  chalaza  and  hilum  being  near 

together,  and  the  micropyle  at  the  other  end  of  the  curved  axis. 
Canaliculate:  channelled,  or  with  a  deep  longitudinal  groove. 
Cdncellate:  latticed,  resembling  lattice-work. 
Canescent :  grayish-white ;  hoary,  usually  because  the  surface  is  covered 

with  fine  white  hairs.     Inc.anous  is  whiter  still. 
Capilldceoiis,  Capillary:   hair-like  in   shape;    as  fine  as  hair  or    slender 

bristles. 
Capitate :  having  a  globular  apex,  like  the  head  on  a  pin ;  as  the  stigma  of 

Cherry ;  or  forming  a  head,  like  the  flower-cluster  of  Button-bush. 
Capiteliate  :  diminutive  of  capitate. 
Capitulum  (a  little  head) :  a  close  rounded  dense  cluster  or  head  of  sessile 

flowers. 

Capreolate :  bearing  tendrils  (from  capreolus,  a  tendril). 
Capsule:  a  pod,  any  dry  dehiscent  seed-vessel. 
Cdpsular :  relating  to,  or  like  a  capsule. 
Carina  :  a  keel ;  the  two  anterior  petals  of  a  papilionaceous  flower,  which 

are  combined  to  form  a  body  shaped  somewhat  like  the  keel  (or  ratiier 

the  prow)  of  a  vessel. 
Cdnnate ;  keeled;  furnished  with  a  sharp  ridge  or  projection  on  the  lower 

side. 

Cartipsis,  or  Carytipsis:  the  one-seeded  fruit  or  grain  of  Grasses,  &c. 
Corneous :  flesh-colored ;  pale  red. 
Cdrnose :  fleshy  in  texture. 
Carpel,  or  Carpidium:  a  simple  pistil,  or  one  of  the  parts  or  leaves  of  which 

a  compound  pistil  is  composed. 
Cdrpellary:  pertaining  to  a  carpel. 

Carpophore:  the  stalk  or  support  of  a  fruit  or  pistil  within  the  flower. 
Cartilaginous,  or  Cartilagineous  :  firm  and  tough,  like  cartilage,  in  texture. 

5 


GLOSSARY. 

Caruncle  :  an  excrescence  at  the  scar  of  some  seeds ;  as  those  of  Polygala. 

Carunculate  :  furnished  with  a  caruncle. 

Caryophijlldceous :  pink-like  :  applied  to  a  corolla  of  5  long-clawed  petals. 

Catkin:  a  scaly  deciduous  spike  of  flowers,  an  ament. 

Caudate  :  tailed,  or  tail  pointed. 

Caudex  :  a  sort  of  trunk,  such  as  that  of  Palms  ;  an  upright  rootstock. 

Caulescent :  having  an  obvious  stem. 

Caulicle:  a  little  stem,  or  rudimentary  stem. 

Cauline:  of  or  belonging  to  a  stem  (caulis,  in  Latin). 

Cell  (diminutive  Cellule)  :  the  cavity  of  an  anther,  ovary,  &c.,  one  of  the 

elements  or  vesicles  of  which  plants  are  composed. 
Centrifugal  (inflorescence)  :  produced  or  expanding  in  succession  from  the 

centre  outwards.    The  radicle  is  centrifugal,  when  it  points  away  from 

the  centre  of  the  fruit. 
Centripetal :  the  opposite  of  centrifugal. 
Cereal :  belonging  to  corn,  or  corn-plants. 
Cernuous:  nodding;  the  summit  more  or  less  inclining. 
Chaff:  small  membranous  scales  or  bracts  on  the  receptacle  of  Composite; 

the  glumes,  &c.  of  Grasses. 

Chaffy :  furnished  with  chaff,  or  of  the  texture  of  chaff. 
C/ialdza :  that  part  of  the  ovule  where  all  the  parts  grow  together. 
Channelled:  hollowed  out  like  a  gutter;  same  as  canaliculate. 
Character :  a  phrase  expressing  the  essential  marks  of  a  species,  genus,  &c. 

which  distinguish  it  from  all  others. 
Chartdceous :  of  the  texture  of  paper  or  parchment. 

Chlorophyll :  the  green  grains  in  the  ceils  of  the  leaf,  and  of  other  parts  ex- 
posed to  the  light,  which  give  to  herbage  its  green  color. 
Ciliate  :  beset  on  the  margin  with  a  fringe  of  cilia,  i.  e.  of  hairs  or  bristles, 

like  the  eyelashes  fringing  the  eyelids,  whence  the  name. 
Cinfreous,  or  Ctnerdceous  :  ash-grayish  ;  of  the  color  of  ashes. 
Circinate:   rolled  inwards  from  the  top,  like  a  crosier,  as   the  shoots  of 

Ferns. 
Circumscissile,  or  Circumcissile :  divided  by  a  circular  line  round  the  sides,  as 

the  pods  of  Purslane,  Plantain,  &c. 
Circumscription  :  the  general  outline  of  a  thing. 
Cirrhiferous,  or  Cirrhose :  furnished  with  a  tendril  (Latin,  cirrhus);  as  the 

Grape-vine.     Cirrhose  also  means  resembling  or  coiling  like  tendrils,  as 

the  leaf -stalks  of  Virgin's-bower. 
C/dthrate :  latticed ;  same  as  cancellate. 

Cldcate  :  club-shaped  ;  slender  below  and  thickened  upwards. 
Claw:  the  narrow  or  stalk-like  base  of  some  petals,  as  of  Pinks. 
Climbing :  ris'ng  by  clinging  to  other  objects. 
Club-shaped :  see  clavate. 

Clustered:  leaves,  flowers,  &c.  aggregated  or  collected  into  a  bunch. 
Clypeate :  buckler-shaped. 
Coalescent :  growing  together. 
Coarctate :  contracted  or  brought  close  together. 

Cobwebby :  same  as  arachnoid ;  bearing  hairs  like  cobwebs  or  gossamer. 
Cdccus  (plural  cocci)  :  anciently  a  berry ;    now  mostly  used  to  denote  the 
6 


GLOSSARY. 

carpels  of  a  dry  fruit  which  are  separable  from  each  other,  as  of  Eu- 
phorbia. 

Cochledriform :  spoon-shaped. 

Cdchleate :  coiled  or  shaped  like  a  snail-shell. 

Coherent,  in  Botany,  is  usually  the  same  as  connate. 

Collum  or  Collar:  the  neck  or  line  of  junction  between  the  stem  and  the 
root. 

Columella:  the  axis  to  which  the  carpels  of  a  compound  pistil  are  often  at- 
tached, as  in  Geranium,  or  which  is  left  when  a  pod  opens,  as  in  Azalea 
and  Rhododendron. 

Column :  the  united  stamens,  as  in  Mallow,  or  the  stamens  and  pistils  united 
into  one  body,  as  in  the  Orchis  family. 

Columnar :  shaped  like  a  column  or  pillar. 

Coma  :  a  tuft  of  any  sort  (literally,  a  head  of  hair). 

Ctfinose  :  tufted  ;  bearing  a  tuft  of  hairs,  as  the  seeds  of  Milkweed. 

Commissure:  the  line  of  junction  of  two  carpels,  as  in  the  fruit  of  Umbellif- 
era,  such  as  Parsnip,  Caraway,  &c. 

Common:  used  as  "  general,"  in  contradistinction  to  "  partial"  ;  e.  g.  "  com- 
mon involucre." 

Complanate  :  flattened. 

Complete  (flower),  with  the  four  floral  organs. 

Complicate  :  folded  upon  itself. 

Compressed  :  flattened  on  two  opposite  sides. 

Conduplicate:  folded  upon  itself  lengthwise,  as  are  the  leaves  of  Magnolia  in 
the  bud. 

Cone  :  the  fruit  of  the  Pine  family. 

Confluent :  blended  together  :  or  the  sa,me  as  coherent. 

Confirmed :  similar  to  another  tiling  it  is  associated  with  or  compared  to  ;  or 
closely  fitted  to  it,  as  the  skin  to  the  kernel  of  a  seed. 

Congested,  Conglomerate :  crowded  together. 

Conjugate :  coupled  ;  in  single  pairs. 

Connate :  united  or  grown  together  from  the  first. 

Connective,  Connectiuum :  the  part  of  the  anther  connecting  its  two  cells. 

Connwent :  converging,  or  brought  close  together. 

Continuous:  the  reverse  of  interrupted  or  articulated. 

Contorted :  twisted  together.     Contorted  aestivation  :  same  as  convolute. 

Contracted :  either  narrowed  or  shortened. 

Contrary:  turned  in  an  opposite  direction  to  another  organ  or  part  with 
which  it  is  compared. 

Cdnvolute  :  rolled  up  lengthwise,  as  the  leaves  of  the  Plum  in  vernation.  In 
estivation,  same  as  contorted. 

Cordate :  heart-shaped. 

Coriaceous :  resembling  leather  in  texture. 

Corky :  of  the  texture  of  cork.     Corky  layer  of  bark. 

Corm,  Cormus :  a  solid  bulb,  like  that  of  Crocus. 

Corneous :  of  the  consistence  or  appearance  of  horn,  as  the  albumen  of  the 
seed  of  the  Date,  Coffee,  &c. 

Corniculate  :  furnished  with  a  small  horn  or  spur. 

Cordlla :  the  leaves  of  the  flower  within  the  calyx. 

7 


GLOSSARY. 

Corolldceous,  Coralline :  like  or  belonging  to  a  corolla. 

Cortina:  a  coronet  or  crown ;  an  appendage  at  the  top  of  the  claw  of  some 

petals,  as  Silene  and  Soapwort,  or  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla  of  Hound's- 

Tongue,  &c. 

Cortfnate :  crowned  ;  furnished  with  a  crown. 
Cortical:  belonging  to  the  bark  (cortex). 
Corymb :  a  sort  of  flat  or  convex  flower-cluster. 
Corymbose :  approaching  the  form  of  a  corymb,  or  branched  in  that  way  ; 

arranged  in  corymbs. 

Costa  :  a  rib  ;  the  midrib  of  a  leaf,  &c.     Costate :  ribbed. 
Cotyledons  :  the  first  leaves  of  the  embryo. 
Crateriform  :  goblet-shaped  ;  broadly  cup-shaped. 
Creeping  (stems)  :  growing  flat  on  or  beneath  the  ground  and  rooting. 
Cremocarp :  a  half-fruit,  or  one  of  the  two  carpels  of  Umbelliferae. 
Crenate,  or  Crenelled :  the  edge  scalloped  into  rounded  teeth. 
Crested,  or  Cristate :  bearing  any  elevated  appendage  like  a  crest. 
Cribrose :  pierced  like  a  sieve  with  small  apertures. 
Crown :  see  corona. 

Crowning:  borne  on  the  apex  of  anything. 
Cruciate,  or  Cruciform :  cross-shaped,  as  the  four  spreading  petals  of  the 

Mustard,  and  all  the  flowers  of  that  family. 
Crustaceous:  hard,  and  brittle  in  texture  ;  crust-like. 
Cryptdgamous,  or  Cryptogamic  :  relating  to  Cryptogamia. 
CucuRate:  hooded,  or  hood-shaped,  rolled  up  like  a  cornet  of  paper,  or  a 

hood  (cucidlus),  as  the  spathe  of  Indian  Turnip. 
Culm :  a  straw  ;  the  stem  of  Grasses  and  Sedges. 
Cuneate,  Cuneiform:  wedge-shaped. 
Cup-shaped:  same  as  cyathiform,  or  near  it. 
Cupule :  a  little  cup  ;  the  cup  to  the  acorn  of  the  Oak. 
Cupnlate :  provided  with  a  cupule. 
Cuspidate :  tipped  with  a  sharp  and  stiff  point. 

Cut :  same  as  incised,  or  applied  generally  to  any  sharp  and  deep  division. 
Cuticle :  the  skin  of  plants,  or  more  strictly  its  external  pellicle. 
Cydthiform :  in  the  shape  of  a  cup,  or  particularly  of  a  wine-glass. 
Cycle :  one  complete  turn  of  a  spire,  or  a  circle. 
Cyclical:  rolled  up  circularly,  or  coiled  into  a  complete  circle. 
Cylindraceous :  approaching  to  the 
Cylindrical  form ;  as  that  of  stems,  &c.,  which  are  round,  and  gradually  if  at 

all  tapering. 

Cymbceform,  or  Ci/mbiform :  same  as  boat-shaped. 
Cyme:  a  somewhat  flat-topped  cluster  of  centrifugal  inflorescence. 
Cymose :  furnished  with  cymes,  or  like  a  cyme. 

Deca-  (in  composition  of  words  of  Greek  derivation) :  ten  ;  as 
Decdgynous :  with  10  pistils  or  styles.     Decandrous:  with  10  stamens. 
Deciduous:  falling  off,  or  subject  to  fall,  said  of  leaves  which  fall  in  autumn, 

and  of  a  calyx  and  corolla  which  fall  before  the  fruit  forms. 
Declined :  turned  to  one  side,  or  downwards. 
Decompound :  several  times  compounded  or  divided. 
8 


GLOSSARY. 

Decumbent :  reclined  on  the  ground,  the  summit  tending  to  rise. 
Decurrent  (leaves)  :  prolonged  on  the  stem  beneath  the  insertion. 
Decussate:  arranged  in  pairs  which  successively  cross  each  other. 
Definite:  when  of  a  uniform  number,  and  not  above  twelve  or  so. 
Deflexed':  bent  downwards. 
Dehiscence:  the  mode  in  which  an  anther  or  a  pod  regularly  bursts  or  splits 

open. 

Dehiscent :  opening  by  regular  dehiscence. 

Deliquescent :  branching  off  so  that  the  stem  is  lost  in  the  branches. 
Deltoid :  of  a  triangular  shape,  like  the  Greek  capital  A. 
Demerged:  growing  below  the  surface  of  water. 
Dendroid,  Dendritic :  tree-like  in  form  or  appearance. 
Dentate:  toothed  (from  the  Latin  dens,  a  tooth). 
Denticulate :  furnished  with  denticulations,  or  very  small  teeth :  diminutive 

of  the  last. 

Depauperate  (impoverished  or  starved) :  below  the  natural  size. 
Depressed:  flattened,  or  as  if  pressed  down  from  above;  flattened  vertically. 
Descending:  tending  gradually  downwards. 
Dextrorse :  turned  to  the  right  hand. 
Di-  (in  Greek  compounds)  :  two,  as 

Diddelphous  (stamens) :  united  by  their  filaments  in  two  sets. 
Didndrous:  having  two  stamens. 
Diaphanous:  transparent  or  translucent. 
Dichlamydeous  (flower)  :  having  both  calyx  and  corolla. 
Dich6tomous :  two-forked. 

Diclinous :  having  the  stamens  in  one  flower,  the  pistils  in  another. 
Dictfccous  (fruit) :  splitting  into  two  cocci,  or  closed  carpels. 
Dicotyledonous  (embryo)  :  having  a  pair  of  cotyledons. 
Didt/mous:  twin. 
Didynamous  (stamens) :  having  four  stamens  in  two  pairs,  one  pair  shorter 

than  the  other. 

Diffuse:  spreading  widely  and  irregularly. 
Dijitate  (fingered) :  where  the  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf  are  all  borne  on 

the  apex  of  the  petiole. 

Diyynous  (flower) :  having  two  pistils  or  styles. 
Dimerous:  made  up  of  two  parts,  or  its  organs  in  twos. 
Dimidiate :  halved ;  as  where  a  leaf  or  leaflet  has  only  one  side  developed, 

or  a  stamen  has  only  one  lobe  or  cell. 
Dimorphous :  of  two  forms. 
Dioecious,  or  Dioicous:  where  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  in  separate  flowers 

on  different  plants. 

Dipetahus:  of  two  petals.    Diphyllous:  two-leaved.    Dipterous:  two-winged. 
Disciform  or  Disk-shaped:  flat  and  circular,  like  a  disk  or  quoit. 
Disk:  the  face  of  any  flat  body;  the  central  part  of  a  head  of  flowers,  like 

the  Sunflower,  or  Coreopsis,  as  opposed  to  the  ray  or  margin  ;  a  fleshy 

expansion  of  the  receptacle  of  a  flower. 
Dissected:  cut  deeply  into  many  lobes  or  divisions. 
Dissepiments:  the  partitions  of  an  ovary  or  a  fruit. 
Distichous :  two-ranked. 

9 


GLOSSARY. 

Distinct:  uncombined  with  each  other. 

Divaricate:  straddling;  very  widely  divergent. 

Divided  (leaves,  &c.) :  cut  into  divisions  extending  about  to  the  base  or  the 

midrib. 

Dodeca-  (in  Greek  compounds)  :  twelve;  as 
Dodecdrj  ijnous :  with  twelve  pistils  or  styles. 
Dodecandrous  :  with  twelve  stamens. 
Dolabriform:  axe-shaped. 

Dorsal:  pertaining  to  the  back  (dorsum)  of  an  organ. 
Double  Flowers,  so  called :  where  the  petals  are  multiplied  unduly. 
Downy :  clothed  with  a  coat  of  soft  and  short  hairs. 
Drupe:  a  stone-fruit. 

Drupaceous :  like  or  pertaining  to  a  drupe. 
Dwarf:  remarkably  low  in  stature. 
E-,  or  Ex-,  at  the  beginning  of  compound  words,  means  destitute  of ;  as 

ecostate,  without  a  rib  or  midrib  ;  exalbuminous,  without  albumen,  &c. 
Eared :  see  auriculate. 
Ebrdcteate  :  destitute  of  bracts. 
Echinate  :  armed  with  prickles  (like  a  hedgehog).    Echinulate :  a  diminutive 

of  it. 

Edentate :  toothless. 
Eglandulose  :  destitute  of  glands. 
Ellipsoidal :  approaching  an  elliptical  figure. 
Elliptical :  oval  or  oblong,  with  the  ends  regularly  rounded. 
Emdrginate :  notched  at  the  summit. 

Embryo:  the  rudimentary  undeveloped  plantlet  in  a  seed. 
Emersed :  raised  out  of  water. 
iZndocarp :  the  inner  layer  of  a  pericarp  or  fruit. 
Endosperm  :  another  name  for  the  albumen  of  a  seed. 
Ensiform :  sword-shaped  ;  as  the  leaves  of  Iris. 

Entire :  the  margins  not  at  all  toothed,  notched,  or  divided,  but  even. 
Ephemeral :  lasting  for  a  day  or  less,  as  the  corolla  of  Purslane,  &c. 
Epi-t  in  composition  :  upon  ;  as 
Epicarp :  the  outermost  layer  of  a  fruit. 
Epidermal :  relating  to  the  Epidermis,  or  the  skin  of  a  plant. 
Epiqceous :  growing  on  the  earth,  or  close  to  the  ground. 
Epfyynous :  upon  the  ovary. 
Epiptfalous :  borne  on  the  petals  or  the  corolla. 
Epiphyllous :  borne  on  a  leaf. 

Epiphyte  :  a  plant  growing  on  another  plant,  but  not  nourished  by  it. 
Episperm :  the  skin  or  coat  of  a  seed,  especially  the  outer  coat. 
Equal:  same  as  regular;  or  of  the  same  number  or  length,  as  the  case  may 

be,  of  the  body  it  is  compared  with. 
Equally  pinnate :  same  as  abruptly  pinnate. 
fiquitant  (riding  straddle). 
Erose:  eroded,  as  if  gnawed. 
Erdstrate :  not  beaked. 
Estivation :  see  (estivation. 

Etiolated:  blanched  by  excluding  the  light,  as  the  stalks  of  Celery. 
10 


GLOSSARY. 

Evergreen:  holding  the  leaves  over  winter  and  until  new  ones  appear,  or 
longer. 

Exalbuminous  (seed)  :  destitute  of  albumen. 

Excurrent:  running  out,  as  when  a  midrib  projects  beyond  the  apex  of  a 
leaf,  or  a  trunk  is  continued  to  the  very  top  of  a  tree. 

Explanate :  spread  or  flattened  out. 

Exserted:  protruding  out  of. 

Exstipulate:  destitute  of  stipules. 

Extra-axillary :  said  of  a  branch  or  bud  a  little  out  of  the  axil. 

Extrdrse:  turned  outwards ;  the  anther  is  extrorse  when  fastened  to  the  fila- 
ment on  the  side  next  the  pistil,  and  opening  on  the  outer  side. 

Falcate:  scythe-shaped;  a  flat  body  curved,  its  edges  parallel. 

Farinaceous:  mealy  in  texture.     Farinose:  covered  with  a  mealy  powder. 

Fdsciate:  banded;  also  applied  to  monstrous  stems  which  grow  flat. 

Fascicle:  a  close  cluster. 

Fascicled,  Fasciculated:  growing  in  a  bundle  or  tuft,  as  the  leaves  of  Pine 
and  Larch. 

Fastiy/'ate:  close,  parallel,  and  upright,  as  the  branches  of  Lombardy  Poplar. 

Faveolate,  Fdvose :  honeycombed  ;  same  as  alveolate. 

Feather-veined :  where  the  veins  of  a  leaf  spring  from  along  the  sides  of  a 
midrib. 

Female  (flowers)  :  with  pistils  and  no  stamens. 

Fene'strate :  pierced  with  one  or  more  large  holes,  like  windows. 

Ferrugineous,  or  Ferruginous :  resembling  iron-rust ;  red-grayish. 

Fertile :  fruit-bearing,  or  capable  of  producing  fruit ;  also  said  of  anthers 
when  they  produce  good  pollen. 

Fertilization:  the  process  by  which  pollen  causes  the  embryo  to  be  formed. 

Fiddle-shaped :  obovate  with  a  deep  recess  on  each  side. 

Filament:  the  stalk  of  a  stamen;  also  any  slender  thread-shaped  appen- 
dage. 

Filame'ntose,  or  Filamentous :  bearing  or  formed  of  slender  threads. 

Filiform :  thread-shaped ;  long,  slender,  and  cylindrical. 

Finibfiate :  fringed;  furnished  with  fringes  (fimbrUe). 

Fislular  or  Fistulose:  hollow  and  cylindrical,  as  the  leaves  of  the  Onion. 

Flabelliform  or  Flabellate:  fan-shaped;  broad,  rounded  at  the  summit,  and 
narrowed  at  the  base. 

Flagellate,  or  Flage'lliform:  long,  narrow,  and  flexible,  like  the  thong  of  a 
whip ;  or  like  the  runners  (flagellat]  of  the  Strawberry. 

Flavescent :  yellowish,  or  turning  yellow. 

Fleshy :  composed  of  firm  pulp  or  flesh. 

Flexuose,  or  Flexuous:  bending  gently  in  opposite  directions,  in  a  zigzag 
way. 

Floating:  swimming  on  the  surface  of  water. 

F/dccose :  composed,  or  bearing  tufts,  of  woolly  or  long  and  soft  hairs. 

Flora  (the  goddess  of  flowers) :  the  plants  of  a  country  or  district,  taken  to- 
gether, or  a  work  systematically  describing  them. 

Floral:  relating  to  the  blossom. 

Floral  Envelopes :  the  leaves  of  the  flower. 

11 


GLOSSARY. 

Floret :  a  diminutive  flower ;  one  of  the  flowers  of  a  head  (or  of  the  so-called 

compound  flower)  of  Compositse. 

Flower:  the  whole  organs  of  reproduction  of  Phaenogamous  plants. 
Flower-bud :  an  unopened  flower. 

Folidceous:  belonging  to,  or  of  the  texture  or  nature  of,  a  leaf  (folium}. 
Ftfliose  :  leafy  ;  abounding  in  leaves. 
Fdliolate:  relating  to  or  bearing  leaflets  (foliola). 
Follicle  :  a  simple  pod,  opening  down  the  inner  suture. 
Follfcular  :  resembling  or  belonging  to  a  follicle. 
Foramen :  a  hole  or  orifice,  as  that  of  the  ovule. 

Fornix :  little  arched  scales  in  the  throat  of  some  corollas,  as  of  Comf rey. 
Ftirnicate :  over-arched,  or  arching  over. 
Foveate:  deeply  pitted.     Fove'olate:  diminutive  of  foveate. 
Free :  not  united  with  any  other  parts  of  a  different  sort. 
Fringed :  the  margin  beset  with  slender  appendages,  bristles,  &c. 
Frond:  what  answers  to  leaves  in  Ferns  ;  the  stem  and  leaves  fused  into 

one  body,  as  in  Duckweed  and  many  Liverworts,  &c. 
Frtfndose  :  frond-bearing ;  like  a  frond :  or  sometimes  used  for  leafy. 
Fructification  :  the  state  of  fruiting. 

Fruit :  the  matured  ovary  and  all  it  contains  or  is  connected  with. 
Frutescent:  somewhat  shrubby ;  becoming  a  shrub  (frutex). 
Fruticulose:  like  a  small  shrub.     Fruticose.-  shrubby. 
Fugacious :  soon  falling  off  or  perishing. 
Fulvous  :  tawny  ;  dull  yellow  with  gray. 
Funfculus :  the  stalk  of  a  seed  or  ovule. 
Funnel-form,  or  Funnel-shaped:  expanding  gradually  upwards,  like  a  funnel 

or  tunnel. 
Furcate:  forked. 

Furfurdceous :  covered  with  bran-like  fine  scurf. 
Furrowed :  marked  by  longitudinal  channels  or  grooves. 
Fuscous :  deep  gray-brown. 
Fusiform :  spindle-shaped. 

Gdleate :  shaped  like  a  helmet  (galea) ;  as  the  upper  sepal  of  the  Monkshood, 

and  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  of  Dead-Nettie. 

Gamopetalous :  of  united  petals  ;  same  as  monopetaJous,  and  a  better  word. 
Gamophyllous :  formed  of  united  leaves.     Gamosepalous :  formed  of  united 


Geminate  :  twin ;  in  pairs ;  as  the  flowers  cf  Linnsea. 
Gemma :  a  bud. 

Gemmation :  the  state  of  budding,  or  the  arrangement  of  parts  in  the  bud. 
GeniculaU:  bent  abruptly,  like  a  knee  (genu),  as  many  stems. 
Genus  :  a  kind  ;  a  rank  above  species. 

Germ :  a  growing  point ;  a  young  bud  ;  sometimes  the  same  as  embryo. 
Germination  :  the  development  of  a  plantlet  from  the  seed. 
Gibbous :  more  tumid  at  one  place  or  on  one  side  than  the  other. 
Glabrate:  becoming  glabrous  with  age,  or  almost  glabrous. 
Glabrous :  smooth,  i.  e.  having  no  hairs,  bristles,  or  other  pubescence. 
Gladiate :  sword-shaped,  as  the  leaves  of  Iris. 
12 


GLOSSARY. 

Glands:  small  cellular  organs  which  secrete  oily  or  aromatic  or  other  pro- 
ducts :  they  are  sometimes  sunk  in  the  leaves  or  rind,  as  in  the  Orange, 
Prickly  Ash,  &c. ;  sometimes  on  the  surface  as  small  projections ;  some- 
times raised  on  hairs  or  bristles  (glandular  hairs,  $*c.),  as  in  the  Sweet- 
brier  and  Sundew.  The  name  is  also  given  to  any  small  swellings,  &c., 
whether  they  secrete  anything  or  not. 

Glandular,  Glandulose :  furnished  with  glands,  or  gland-like. 

Glans  ( Gland)  :  the  acorn  or  mast  of  Oak  and  similar  fruits. 

Glaucescent :  slightly  glaucous,  or  bluish-gray. 

Glaucous :  covered  with  a  bloom,  viz.  with  a  fine  white  powder  that  rubs  off 
like  that  on  a  fresh  plum,  or  a  cabbage-leaf. 

Globose:  spherical  in  form,  or  nearly  so.     Gldbular:  nearly  globose. 

Glochidiate  (hairs  or  bristles)  ;  barbed ;  tipped  with  barbs,  or  with  a  double 
hooked  point. 

Gldmerate  :  closely  aggregated  into  a  dense  cluster. 

Gldmerule :  a  dense  head  like  cluster. 

Glumaceous  :  glume-like,  or  glume  bearing. 

Glume:  Glumes  are  the  husks  or  floral  coverings  of  Grasses,  or,  particularly, 
the  outer  husks  or  bracts  of  each  spikelet. 

Granular:  composed  of  grains.     Granule:  a  small  grain. 

Grumous  or  Grumose  :  formed  of  coarse  clustered  grains. 

Guttate :  spotted,  as  if  by  drops  of  something  colored. 

Gyrnnocdrpous :  naked-fruited. 

Gymnospermous :  naked-seeded. 

Gyndndrous  :  with  stamens  borne  on,  i.  e.  united  with,  the  pistil. 

Gyncecium  :  a  name  for  the  pistils  of  a  flower  taken  altogether. 

Gynobase  ;  a  particular  receptacle  or  support  of  the  pistils,  or  of  the  carpels 
of  a  compound  ovary,  as  in  Geranium. 

Gynophore :  a  stalk  raising  a  pistil  above  the  stamens,  as  in  the  Cleome 
Family. 

Habit :  the  general  aspect  of  a  plant,  or  its  mode  of  growth. 

Habitat :  the  situation  in  which  a  plant  grows  in  a  wild  state. 

Hairs  :  hair-like  projections  or  appendages  of  the  surface  of  plants. 

Hairy:  beset  with  hairs,  especially  longish  ones. 

Halberd-shaped  or  Halberd-headed :  see  hastate. 

Halved :  when  appearing  as  if  one  half  of  the  body  were  cut  away. 

Hamate  or  Hamose:  hooked  ;  the  end  of  a  slender  body  bent  round. 

Hdmulose :  bearing  a  small  hook;  a  diminutive  of  the  last. 

Hastate  or  Hasti/e  :  shaped  like  a  halberd ;  furnished  with  a  spreading  lobe 
on  each  side  at  the  base. 

Heart-shaped :  of  the  shape  of  a  heart  as  commonly  painted. 

Helicoid:  coiled  like  a  helix  or  snail-shell. 

Helmet :  the  upper  sepal  of  Monkshood  in  this  shape. 

Herni-  (in  compounds  from  the  Greek) :  half ;  e.  g.  Hemispherical,  &c. 

Hemicarp :  half-fruit,  or  one  carpel  of  an  Umbelliferous  plant. 

Herbaceous :  of  the  texture  of  common  herbage ;  not  woody. 

Hermaphrodite  (flower) :  having  both  stamens  and  pistils  in  the  same  blos- 
som ;  same  as  perfect. 

13 


GLOSSARY. 

Heterdgamous :  bearing  two  or  more  sorts  of  flowers  as  to  their  stamens  and 

pistils  ;  as  in  Aster,  Daisy,  and  Coreopsis. 
Heteromdrphous  :  of  two  or  more  shapes. 
Hexagonal :  six-angled. 

Hilum :  the  scar  of  the  seed ;  its  place  of  attachment. 
Hirsute :  hairy  with  stiffish  or  beard-like  hairs. 

Hispid:  bristly  :  beset  with  stiff  hairs.     Hispidulous  is  a  diminutive  of  it. 
Hoary :  grayish-white;  see  canescent,  &c. 
Homo'gamous :  a  head  or  cluster  with  flowers  all  of  one  kind,  as  in  Eupa- 

torium. 

Homogeneous :  uniform  in  nature  ;  all  of  one  kind. 
Hood :  same  as  helmet  or  galea.     Hooded :  hood-shaped  ;  see  cucullate. 
Hooked:  same  as  hamate. 

Horn :  a  spur  or  some  similar  appendage.     Horny :  of  the  texture  of  horn. 
Humifuse:  spread  over  the  surface  of  the  ground. 
Hyaline  :  transparent,  or  partly  so. 
Hybrid:  a  cross-breed  between  two  allied  species. 
Hypocrateriform :  salver-shaped. 
Hypogoean:  produced  under  ground. 
Hyptigynous:  inserted  under  the  pistil. 

Imbricate,  Imbricated,  Imbricative:  overlapping  one  another,  like  tiles  or 
shingles  on  a  roof,  as  the  scales  of  the  involucre  of  Zinnia,  &c.,  or  the 
bud-scales  of  Horsechestnut  and  Hickory.  In  aestivation,  where  some 
leaves  of  the  calyx  or  corolla  are  overlapped  on  both  sides  by  others. 

Immarginate :  destitute  of  a  rim  or  border. 

Immersed:  growing  wholly  under  water. 

Impari-pinnate :  pinnate  with  a  single  leaflet  at  the  apex. 

Imperfect  /lowers :  wanting  either  stamens  or  pistils. 

Inequilateral :  unequal-sided,  as  the  leaf  of  a  Begonia. 

Incanous:  hoary  with  white  pubescence. 

Incised:  cut  rather  deeply  and  irregularly. 

Included:  enclosed;  when  the  part  in  question  does  not  project  beyond 
another. 

Incomplete  Flower :  wanting  calyx  or  corolla. 

Incrassated:  thickened. 

Incumbent:  leaning  or  resting  upon  :  the  cotyledons  are  incumbent  when  the 
back  of  one  of  them  lies  against  the  radicle ;  the  anthers  are  incum- 
bent when  turned  or  looking  inwards. 

Incurved:  gradually  curving  inwards. 

Indefinite:  not  uniform  in  number,  or  too  numerous  to  mention  (over  12). 

Indehiscent:  not  splitting  open  ;  i.  e.  not  dehiscent. 

Indigenous:  native  to  the  country. 

Induplicate:  with  the  edges  turned  inwards. 

Indusium :  the  shield  or  covering  of  a  fruit-dot  of  a  Fern. 

Inferior:  growing  below  some  other  organ. 

Inflated:  turgid  and  bladdery. 

Inflexed :  bent  inwards. 

Inflorescence :  the  arrangement  of  flowers  on  the  stem. 
14 


GLOSSARY. 

Infra-axillary :  situated  beneath  the  axil. 

Infundibuliform  or  Infundibular :  funnel-shaped. 

Innate  (anther) :  attached  by  its  base  to  the  very  apex  of  the  filament. 

Insertion:  the  place  or  the  mode  of  attachment  of  an  organ  to  its  sup- 
port. 

Internode:  the  part  of  a  stem  between  two  nodes. 

Interruptedly  pinnate:  pinnate  with  small  leaflets  intermixed  with  larger 
ones,  as  in  Water  Avens. 

Intrafollaceous  (stipules,  &c.) :  placed  between  the  leaf  or  petiole  and  the 
stem. 

Introrse :  turned  or  facing  inwards,  i.  e.  towards  the  axis  of  the  flower. 

Inverse  or  Inverted :  where  the  apex  is  in  the  direction  opposite  to  that  of 
the  organ  it  is  compared  with. 

fnvolucel:  a  partial  or  small  involucre. 

Inrolucellate :  furnished  with  an  involucel. 

Involucrate:  furnished  with  an  involucre. 

Involucre :  a  whorl  or  set  of  bracts  around  a  flower,  umbel,  or  head. 

Involute,  in  vernation  :  rolled  inwards  from  the  edges. 

Jointed :  separate  or  separable  at  one  or  more  places  into  pieces. 

Keel:  a  projecting  ridge  on  a  surface,  like  the  keel  of  a  boat;  the  two  ante- 
rior petals  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla. 
Keeled :  furnished  with  a  keel  or  sharp  longitudinal  ridge. 
Kidney-shaped:  resembling  the  outline  of  a  kidney. 

Labellum:  the  odd  petal  in  the  Orchis  Family. 

Labiate:  same  as  bilabiate  or  two-lipped. 

Lacmiate:  slashed  ;  cut  into  deep  narrow  lobes  (called  lacinice). 

Lactescent:  producing  milky  juice,  as  does  the  Milkweed,  &c. 

Lcevigater  smooth  as  if  polished. 

Lamellar  or  Lamellate:  consisting  of  flat  plates  (lamellae). 

Lamina  :  a  plate  or  blade :  the  blade  of  a  leaf,  &c. 

Lanate:  woolly;  clothed  with  long  and  soft  entangled  hairs. 

Lanceolate :  lance-shaped. 

Lanuginons :  cottony  or  woolly. 

Latent  buds :  concealed  or  undeveloped  buds. 

Lateral:  belonging  to  the  side. 

Latex:  the  milky  juice,  &c.  of  plants. 

Lax:  loose  in  texture,  or  sparse  ;  the  opposite  of  crowded. 

Leaflet :  one  of  the  divisions  or  blades  of  a  compound  k-af. 

Leaf-like:  same  as foliaceoits. 

Leather >/ :  of  about  the  consistence  of  leather;  coriaceous. 

Legume :  a  simple  pod,  dehiscent  into  two  pieces,  like  that  of  the  Pea,  the 

fruit  of  the  Tea  Family  (Leguminous),  of  whatever  shape. 
Lenticular:  lens-shaped;  i.  e.  flattish  and  convex  on  both  sides. 
Lepidote  :  leprous  ;  covered  with  scurfy  scales. 
Ligneous,  or  Liynose  :  woody  in  texture. 
Ligulate :  furnished  with  a  ligule. 

15 


GLOSSARY. 

Ligule :  the  strap-shaped  corolla  in  many  Composite,  the  little  membranous 

appendage  at  the  summit  of  the  leaf -sheaths  of  most  Grasses. 
Limb,;  the  blade  of  a  leaf  petal,  &c. 
Linear  :  narrow  and  flat,  the  margins  parallel. 
Lingulate,  Linguiform  :  tongue-shaped. 
Lip  :  the  principal  lobes  of  a  bilabiate  corolla  or  calyx,  the  odd  and  peculiar 

petal  in  the  Orchis  Family. 

Lobe:  any  projection  or  division  (especially  a  rounded  one)  of  a  leaf,  &c. 
Locellus  (plural  locelli)  :  a  small  cell,  or  compartment  of  a  cell,  of  an  ovary 

or  anther. 

Ldcular :  relating  to  the  cell  or  compartment  (loculus)  of  an  ovary,  &c. 
Loculicidal  (dehiscence)  :  splitting  down  through  the  middle  of  the  back  of 

each  cell. 

Lament:  a  pod  which  separates  transversely  into  joints. 
Lorate :  thong-shaped. 

Lunate:  crescent-shaped.     Lunulate:  diminutive  of  lunate. 
Lyrate:  lyre-shaped  ;  a  pinnatifid  leaf  of  an  obovate  or  spatulatc  outline,  the 

end-lobe  large  and  roundish,  and  the  lower  lobes  small,  as  in  Winter 

Cress  and  Radish. 

Maculate  :  spotted  or  blotched. 

Male  (flowers)  :  having  stamens  but  no  pistil. 

Marcescent:  withering  without  falling  off. 

Marginal:  belonging  to  the  edge  or  margin. 

Marginate:  margined,  with  an  edge  different  from  the  rest. 

Masked :  see  personate. 

Median  :  belonging  to  the  middle. 

Medullary  :  belonging  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  pith  (medulla) ;  pithy. 

Membranaceous  or  Membranous  :  of  the  texture  of  membrane  ;  thin  and  more 

or  less  translucent. 

Mericarp :  one  carpel  of  the  fruit  of  an  Umbelliferous  plant. 
Mesocarp:  the  m'ddle  part  of  a  pericarp,  when  that  is  distinguishable  into 

three  layers 

Micropyle  :  the  orifice  of  the  ovule  or  seed. 
Midrib  :  the  middle  or  main  rib  of  a  leaf. 
Mitriform  :  mitre-shaped  ;  in  the  form  of  a  peaked  cap. 
Monadelphous  :  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  one  set. 
Mondndrous  (flower) :  having  only  one  stamen. 

Momfiform  :  necklace-shaped ;  a  cylindrical  body  contracted  at  intervals. 
Monochlamydeous  :  having  only  one  floral  envelope,  i.  e.  calyx  but  no  corolla, 

as  Anemone  and  Castor-oil  Plant. 
Monocotyle-donous  (embryo)  :  with  only  one  cotyledon. 
Moncecious,  or  Monoicous  (flower)  :  having  stamens  or  pistils  only. 
Mondgt/nous  (flower) :  having  only  one  pistil,  or  one  style. 
Monoptialous  (flower)  :  with  the  corolla  of  one  piece. 
Monophyllous  :  one  leaved,  or  of  one  piece. 
Monosepalous  :  a  calyx  of  one  piece;  i.  e.  with  the  sepals  united  into  one 

body. 
16 


GLOSSAEY. 

Monospermous :  one-seeded. 

Monstrosity  :  an  unnatural  deviation  from  the  usual  structure  or  form. 

Mucronate  :  tipped  with  an  abrupt  short  point  (macro). 

Mucrtinulate :  tipped  with  a  minute  abrupt  point ;  a  diminutive  of  the  last. 

Midti-,  in  composition  :  many  ;  as 

Multangular:  many-angled.     Mu/ticipital :  many-headed,  &c. 

Multifarious  ;  in  many  rows  or  ranks.     Multifid:  many-cleft. 

Multilticular  :  many -celled.     Multiserial :  in  many  rows. 

Mdricate  :  beset  with  short  and  hard  points. 

Mdrifonn  :  wall-like ;  resembling  courses  of  bricks  in  a  wall. 

Muticous  :  pointless ;  beardless  ;  unarmed. 

Ndpiform  :  turnip-shaped. 

Naturalized :  introduced  from  a  foreign  country,  but  growing  perfectly  wild 
and  propagating  freely  by  seed. 

Namcular  :  boat-shaped,  like  the  glumes  of  most  Grasses. 

Necklace-shaped :  looking  like  a  string  of  beads  ;  see  moniliform. 

Nectar  :  the  honey,  &c.  secreted  by  glands,  or  by  any  part  of  the  corolla. 

Nectariferous  :  honey-bearing  ;  or  having  a  nectary. 

Nectary :  old  name  for  petals  and  other  parts  of  the  flower  when  of  unusual 
shape,  especially  whc'n  honey-bearing.  So  the  hollow  spur-shaped  petals 
of  Columbine  were  called  nectaries;  also  the  curious  long-clawed  petals 
of  Monkshood. 

Needle-shaped:  long,  slender,  and  rigid,  like  the  leaves  of  Pines. 

Nerve:  a  name  for  the  ribs  or  veins  of  leaves,  when  simple  and  parallel. 

Nerved :  furnished  with  nerves,  or  simple  and  parallel  ribs  or  veins. 

Netted-veined :  furnished  with  branching  veins  forming  network. 

Nodding  (in  Latin  form,  Nutant)  :  bending  so  that  the  summit  hangs  down- 
ward. 

Node :  a  knot ;  the  "  joints  "  of  a  stem,  or  the  part  whence  a  leaf  or  a  pair 
of  leaves  springs. 

Ndlose:  knotty  or  knobby.     Ntidulose:  furnished  with  little  knobs  or  knots. 

Normal:  according  to  rule;  the  pattern  or  natural  way  according  to  some 
law. 

Nut :  a  hard,  mostly  one-seeded  indehiscent  fruit ;  as  a  chestnut,  butternut, 
acorn. 

Nutlet :  a  little  nut ;  or  the  stone  of  a  drupe. 

Ob-  (meaning  over  against) :  when  prefixed  to  words,  signifies  inversion  ;  as, 

Obcompressed :  flattened  the  opposite  of  the  usual  way. 

Obcdrdale  :  heart-shaped  with  the  broad  and  notched  end  at  the  apex  instead 

of  the  base. 

Obldnceolate ;  lance-shaped  with  the  tapering  point  downwards. 
Oblique:  applied  to  leaves,  &c.  means  unequal-sided. 
Oblona:  from  two  to  four  times  as  long  as  broad,  and  more  or  less  elliptical 

in  outline. 

Obduate  :  inversely  ovate,  the  broad  end  upward. 
Obtuse :  blunt,  or  round  at  the  end. 
Obverse :  same  as  inverse. 

17 


GLOSSARY. 

Obvolute  (in  the  bud) :  when  the  margins  of  one  leaf  alternately  overlap 

those  of  the  opposite  one. 
Cchreate:  furnished  with  ochrece  (boots),  or  stipules  in  the  form  of  sheaths; 

as  in  Polygon  urn. 

Ochroleucous :  yellowish-white  ;  dull  cream-color. 
Offset:  short  branches  next  the  ground  which  take  root. 
One-ribbed,  One-nerved,  &c. :  furnished  with  only  a  single  rib,  &c.,  &c. 
Opaque,  applied  to  a  surface,  means  dull,  not  shining. 
Operculate:  furnished  with  a  lid  or  cover  (operculum),  as  the  capsules  of 

Mosses. 
Opposite :  said  of  leaves  and  branches  when  on  opposite  sides  of  the  stem 

from  each  other  (i.e.  in  pairs).     Stamens  are  opposite  the  petals,  &c. 

when  they  stand  before  them. 

Orbfcular,  Orbiculnte:  circular  in  outline  or  nearly  so. 
Organ :  any  member  of  the  plant,  as  a  leaf,  a  stamen,  &c. 
Ortfuttropous  (ovule  or  seed) :  straight,  the  chalaza  and  hilum  being  at  one 

end,  the  micropyle  at  the  other. 
Osseous:  of  a  bony  texture. 
Oval:  broadly  elliptical. 

Ovary :  that  part  of  the  pistil  containing  the  ovules  or  future  seeds. 
Ovate:  shaped  like  an  egg  witli  the  broader  end  downwards,  or,  in  plane  sur- 
faces, such  as  leaves,  like  the  section  of  an  egg  lengthwise. 
Ovoid :  ovate  or  oval  in  a  solid  form. 
(Jvule:  the  body  which  is  destined  to  become  a  seed. 


Palea  (plural  palece) :  chaff;  the  inner  husks  of  Grasses  ;  the  chaff  or  bracts 
on  the  receptacle  of  many  Composite,  as  Coreopsis,  and  Sunflower. 

Paleaceous:  furnished  with  chaff,  or  chaffy  in  texture. 

Palmate:  when  leaflets  or  the  divisions  of  a  leaf  all  spread  from  the  apex 
of  the  petiole,  like  the  hand  with  the  outspread  fingers. 

Palmately  (veined,  lobed,  &c.) :  in  a  palmate  manner. 

Panicle:  an  open  cluster;  like  a  raceme,  but  more  or  less  compound. 

Panicled,  Paniculate:  arranged  in  panicles,  or  like  a  panicle. 

Papery :  of  about  the  consistence  of  letter-paper. 

Papilionaceous:  butterfly-shaped;  applied  to  such  a  corolla  as  that  of  the 
Pea  and  the  Locust-tree. 

Papilla  (plural  papillce) :  little  nipple-shaped  protuberances. 

Papillate,  Papillose:  covered  with  papilla?. 

Pappus:  thistle-down.  The  down  crowning  the  achenium  of  the  Thistle, 
and  other  Composite,  represents  the  calyx;  so  the  scales,  teeth,  chaff, 
as  well  as  bristles,  or  whatever  takes  the  place  of  the  calyx  in  this  fam- 
ily, are  called  the  pappus. 

Parallel-veined,  or  nerved  (leaves). 

Parenchyma :  soft  cellular  tissue  of  plants,  like  the  green  pulp  of  leaves. 

Parietal  (placentae,  &c.):  attached  to  the  walls  (parieles)  of  the  ovary  or 
pericarp. 

Parted :  separated  or  cleft  into  parts  almost  to  the  base. 

Partial  involucre,  same  as  an  involuccl:  partial  petiole,  a  division  of  a  main 
18 


GLOSSARY. 

leaf-stalk  or  the  stalk  of  a  leaflet :  partial  peduncle,  a  branch  of  a  ped- 
uncle :  partial  umbel,  an  umbellet. 

Patent :  spreading ;  open.     Patulous :  moderately  spreading. 

Panel-,  in  composition:  few;  as pauciflorous,  few-floweied,  &c. 

Pear-shaped :  solid  obovate,  the  sliape  of  a  pear. 

Pectinate:  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  divided  into  narrow  and  close  divisions, 
like  the  teeth  of  a  comb. 

Pedate  :  like  a  bird's  foot ;  palmate  or  palmately  cleft,  with  the  side  divis- 
ions again  cleft,  as  in  Viola  pedata,  &c. 

Pedately  cleft,  lobcd,  &c. :  cut  in  a  pedate  way. 

Pedicel:  the  stalk  of  each  particular  flower  of  a  cluster. 

Police/late,  Pe'dicelled  :  furnished  with  a  pedicel. 

Peduncle  :  a  flower-stalk,  whether  of  a  single  flower  or  of  a  flower-cluster. 

Peduncled,  Pedunculate :  furnished  with  a  peduncle. 

Peltate :  shield-shaped :  said  of  a  leaf,  whatever  its  sliape,  when  the  petiole 
is  attached  to  the  lower  side,  somewhere  within  the  margin. 

Pendent:  hanging.     Pendulous:  somewhat  hanging  or  drooping. 

Penicillate  :  tipped  with  a  tuft  of  fine  hairs,  like  a  painter's  pencil ;  as  the 
stigmas  of  some  Grasses. 

Pepo  :  a  fruit  like  the  Melon  and  Cucumber. 

Perennial :  lasting  from  year  to  year. 

Perfect  (flower) :  having  both  stamens  and  pistils. 

Perforate :  passing  through  the  leaf,  in  appearance. 

Perforate :  pierced  with  holes,  or  with  transparent  dots  resembling  holes,  as 
an  Orange-leaf. 

Perianth:  the  leaves  of  the  flower  generally,  especially  when  we  cannot 
readily  distinguish  them  into  calyx  and  corolla. 

Pericarp  :  the  ripened  ovary  ;  the  walls  of  the  fruit. 

Perigynium :  bodies  around  the  pistil ;  applied  to  the  closed  cup  or  bottle- 
shaped  body  which  encloses  the  ovary  of  Sedges,  and  to  the  bristles, 
little  scales,  &c.  of  the  flowers  of  some  other  Oyperaceae. 

Perlgi/nous :  the  petals  and  stamens  borne  on  the  calyx. 

Persistent :  remaining  beyond  the  period  when  such  parts  commonly  fall,  as 
the  leaves  of  evergreens,  and  the  calyx,  &c.  of  such  flowers  as  remain 
during  the  growth  of  the  fruit. 

Personate :  masked ;  a  bilabiate  corolla  with  a  projection,  or  palate  in  the 
throat,  as  of  the  Snapdragon. 

Petal :  a  leaf  of  the  corolla. 

Peta/oid :  petal-like;  resembling  or  colored  like  petals. 

Petiole :  a  footstalk  of  a  leaf  ;  a  leaf-stalk. 

Petioled,  Petiofate :  furnished  with  a  petiole. 

Petiolnlate :  said  of  a  leaflet  when  raised  on  its  own  partial  leaf-stalk. 

Phcendjamous,  or  Phanerdyamo'ts :  plants  bearing  flowers  and  producing 
seeds  ;  same  s  Flowering  Plants. 

Piliferons  :  bearing  a  slender  bristle  or  hair  (pilum),  or  beset  with  hairs. 

Pilose:  hairy;  clothed  with  soft  slender  hairs. 

Pinna  :  a  primary  branch  of  the  petiole  of  a  bipinnate  or  tripinnato  leaf. 

Pinnule:  a  secondary  branch  of  the  petiole  of  a  bipinnate  or  tripinnate 
leaf. 

19 


GLOSSARY. 

Pinnate  (leaf) :  when  the  leaflets  are  arranged  along  the  sides  of  a  common 

petiole. 

Pinndtifid :  same  as  pinnately  cleft. 
Pistil :  the  seed-bearing  organ  of  the  flower. 
Pith :  the  cellular  centre  of  an  exogenous  stem. 

Pitted :  having  small  depressions  or  pits  on  the  surface,  as  many  seeds. 
Placenta :  the  surface  or  part  of  the  ovary  to  which  the  ovules  are  attached. 
Plane:  flat,  outspread. 
Plumose :  feathery  ;  when  any  slender  body  (such  as  a  bristle  of  a  pappus)  is 

beset  with  hairs  along  its  sides,  like  the  plumes   or  the  beard  on  a 

feather. 
Plumule :  the  little  bud  or  first  shoot  of  a  germinating  plantlet  above  the 

cotyledons. 

Pod :  specially  a  legume,  also  applied  to  any  sort  of  capsule. 
Pointless:  destitute  of  any  pointed  tip,  such  as  a  mucro,aum,  acumination,  &c. 
Pollen :  the  fertilizing  powder  of  the  anther. 
Pollen-mass :  applied  to  the  pollen  when  the  grains  all  cohere  into  a  mass, 

as  in  Milkweed  and  Orchis. 
Poll/-  (in  compound  words  of  Greek  origin)  :  same  as  multi-  in  those  of  Latin 

origin,  viz.  many  ;  as 
Polyadelphous:  having  the  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  several 

bundles. 

Polt/dndrous :  with  numerous  (more  than  20)  stamens  (inserted  on  the  recep- 
tacle). 

Poli/cotijledonous :  ha. ing  many  (more  than  two)  cotyledons,  as  Pines. 
Polygamous :  having  some  perfect  and  some  separated  flowers,  on  the  same 

or  on  different  individuals,  as  the  lied  Maple. 
Polygonal:  many-angled. 
Polygynous :  with  many  pistils  or  styles. 
Polymorphous:  of  several  or  varying  forms. 
Polypetalous :  when    the  petals    are   distinct   or   separate  (whether   few  or 

many). 

Pome :  the  apple,  pear,  and  similar  fleshy  fruits. 
Porous  :  full  of  holes  or  pores. 

Pouch:  the  silicic  or  short  pod,  as  of  Shepherd's  Purse. 
Prcemdrse  :  ending  abruptly,  as  if  bitten  off. 

Prickles:  sharp  elevations  of  the  bark,  coming  off  with  it,  as  of  the  Rose. 
Prickly :  bearing  prickles,  or  sharp  projections  like  them. 
Prismatic:  prism-shaped;    having  three    or  more  angles  bounding  flat  or 

hollowed  sides. 

Process:  any  projection  from  the  surface  or  edge  of  a  body. 
Procumbent:  trailing  on  the  ground. 
Produced:   extended  or  projecting,  as  the  upper  sepal  of  a  Larkspur  is 

produced  above  into  a  spur. 
Proliferous  (literally,  bearing  offspring) :  where  a  new  branch  rises  from  an 

older  one,  or  one  head  or  cluster  of  flowers  out  of  another,  as  in  Filago 

Germanica,  &c. 

Prostrate :  lying  flat  on  the  ground. 

Prwnose,  Pruinate:  frosted;  covered  with  a  powder  like  hoar-frost. 
20 


GLOSSARY. 

Pubtfrulent :  covered  with  fine  and  short,  almost  imperceptible  down. 
Pubescent :  hairy  or  downy,  especially  with  fine  and  soft  hairs  or  pubescence. 
Pulverulent,  or  Pulveraceous:   dusted;   covered  with  fine  powder,  or  what 

looks  like  such. 

Pulvinate :  cushioned,  or  shaped  like  a  cushion. 
Punctate :  dotted,  either  with  minute  holes  or  what  look  as  such  (as  the 

leaves  of  St.  John's-wort  and  the  Orange),  or  with  minute  projecting 

dots. 

Pungent:  very  hard,  and  sharp-pointed  ;  prickly-pointed. 
Pyramidal :  shaped  like  a  pyramid. 
Pyxis,  Pi/ocidium  :  a  pod  opening  round  horizontally  by  a  lid. 

Quadri-,  in  words  of  Latin  origin  :  four ;  as 
QuadrdngiUar :  four-angled.     Quadrifuliate :  four-leaved. 
Quadrifid:  four-cleft. 

Raceme :   a  flower-cluster,  with  one-flowered  pedicels  arranged  along  the 

sides  of  a  general  peduncle. 
Racemose :  bearing  racemes,  or  raceme-like. 
Rachls :  see  rhackis. 
Radial:  belonging  to  the  ray. 
Radiate,  or  Radiant :  furnished  with  ray-flowers. 
Radical :  belonging  to  the  root,  or  apparently  coming  from  the  root. 
Rddic.ant :  rooting,  taking  root  on  or  above  the  ground,  like  the  stems  of 

Trumpet-Creeper  and  Poison-Ivy. 
Radicle :  the  stem-part  of  the  embryo,  the  lower  end  of  which  forms  the 

root. 

Rameal:  belonging  to  a  branch.     Ramose:  full  of  branches  (rami). 
Rdmulose  :  full  of  branchlets  (ramuli). 
Raphe :  see  rhaphe, 
Raij :  the  marginal  flowers  of  a  head  (as  of  Coreopsis),  or  cluster  (as  of 

Hydrangea),  when  different  from  the  rest,  especially  when  ligulate,  and 

diverging  (like  rays  or  sunbeams) ;  the  branches  of  an  umbel,  which 

diverge  from  a  centre. 
Receptacle:  the  axis  or  support  of  a  flower;  the  common  axis  or  support  of 

a  head  of  flowers. 

Reclined :  turned  or  curved  downwards  ;  nearly  recumbent. 
Recurved :  curved  outwards  or  backwards. 

Reduplicate  (in  aestivation) :  valvate  with  the  margins  turned  outwards. 
Re/fexed:  bent  outwards  or  backwards. 

Refracted :  bent  suddenly,  so  as  to  appear  broken  at  the  bend. 
Rcaular :  all  the  parts  similar. 
Reniform:  kidney-shaped. 
Repdnd:  wavy-margined. 

Repent :  creeping,  i.  e.  prostrate  and  rooting  underneath. 
Replum:   the  persistent  frame  of  some  pods  (as  of  Prickly  Poppy  and 

Cress),  after  the  valves  fall  away. 

Reproduction:  organs  of:  all  that  pertains  to  the  flower  and  fruit. 
Resupinate:  inverted,  or  appearing  as  if  upside  down,  or  reversed. 

21 


GLOSSARY. 

Reticulated :  the  veins  forming  network. 

Retroflexed :  bent  backwards;  same  as  reflexed. 

Refuse :  blunted;  the  apex  not  only  obtuse,  but  somewhat  indented. 

Revolute :  rolled  backwards,  as  the  margins  of  many  leaves. 

Rhachis  (the  backbone) :  the  axis  of  a  spike,  or  other  body. 

Rhaphe:  the  continuation  of  the  seed-stalk  along  the  side  of  an  anatropous 
ovule  or  seed. 

Rhdphides :  crystals,  especially  needle-shaped  ones,  in  the  tissues  of  plants. 

Rhizdma :  a  rootstock. 

Rhombic:  in  the  shape  of  a  rhomb.    Rhomboidal :  approaching  that  shape. 

Rib:  the  principal  piece,  or  one  of  the  principal  pieces,  of  the  framework  of 
a  leaf,  or  any  similar  elevated  line  along  a  body. 

Rmgent :  grinning  ;  gaping  open. 

Rootlets:  small  roots,  or  root-branches. 

Rootstock :  root-like  trunks  or  portions  of  stems  on  or  under  ground. 

Rosaceous :  arranged  like  the  petals  of  a  rose. 

Rostellate:  bearing  a  small  beak  (rostelhim). 

Rostrate:  bearing  a  beak  (rostrum)  or  a  prolonged  appendage. 

Rdsulate:  in  a  regular  cluster  of  spreading  leaves,  resembling  a  full  or  dou- 
ble rose,  as  the  leaves  of  Houseleek,  &c. 

Rotate:  wheel-shaped. 

Rotund:  rounded  or  roundish  in  outline. 

Rudimentary :  imperfectly  developed,  or  in  an  early  state  of  develop- 
ment. 

Rugose :  wrinkled,  roughened  with  wrinkles. 

Ruminated  (albumen)  :  penetrated  with  irregular  channels  or  portions  filled 
with  softer  matter,  as  a  nutmeg. 

Runcinatc:  coarsely  saw-toothed  or  cut,  the  pointed  teeth  turned  towards 
the  base  of  the  leaf,  as  the  leaf  of  a  Dandelion. 

Runner:  a  slender  and  prostrate  branch,  rooting  at  the  end,  or  at  the  joints, 
as  of  a  Strawberry. 

Sac:  any  closed  membrane,  or  a  deep  purse-shaped  cavity. 

Sagittate :  arrowhead-si inped. 

Salver-shaped,  or  Salver-form :  with  a  border  spreading  at  right  angles  to  a 

slender  tube,  as  the  corolla  of  Phlox. 

Samara:  a  wing-fruit,  or  key,  as  of  Maple,  Ash,  and  Elm. 
Sdmaroid :  like  a  samara  or  kev -fruit. 
Sap:  the  juices  of  plants  generally.     Ascending  or  crude  sap.     Elaborated 

sap,  that  which  has  been  digested  or  assimilated  by  the  plant. 
Sdrcocarp:  the  fleshy  part  of  a  stone-fruit. 
Sarmentdceous :  bearing  long  and  flexible  twigs  (sarments),  either  spreading 

or  procumbent. 
Saw-toothed:  see  serrate. 
Scabrous :  rough  or  harsh  to  the  touch. 

Scaldriform :  with  cross-bands,  resembling  the  steps  of  a  ladder. 
Scales:  of  buds,  of  bulbs,  &c. 

Scaly:  furnished  with  scales,  or  scale-like  in  texture. 
Scandcnt :  climbing. 
22 


GLOSSARY. 

Scape :  a  peduncle  rising  from  the  ground,  or  near  it,  as  of  the  stemless 

Violets,  the  Bloodroot,  &c. 
Scdpiform :  scape-like. 

Scdrious,  or  Scariose:  thin,  dry,  and  membranous. 

ScOrpioid,  or  Scorpioidal :  curved  or  circinate  at  the  end,  like  the  tail  of  a 
scorpion,  as  the  inflorescence  of  Heliotrope. 

Scrobfculate :  pitted;  excavated  into  shallow  pits. 

Scurf,  Scurjiness:  minute  scales  on  the  surface  of  many  leaves,  as  of  Goose- 
foot,  Buffalo-berry,  &c. 

Scutate:  buckler-shaped. 

Scute/ late,  or  Scute  liform :  saucer-shaped  or  platter-shaped. 

Secund:  one-sided;  i.  e.   where  flowers,  leaves,  &c.  are  all  turned  to  one 
side. 

Segment:  a  subdivision  or  lobe  of  any  cleft  body. 

Segregate :  separated  from  each  other. 

Semi-  (in  compound  words  of  Latin  origin)  :  half;  as 

Semi-adherent,  as  the  calyx  or  ovary  of  Purslane.     Semi-cordate:  half-heart- 
shaped.     Semilunar:  like  a  half-moon.    Semi-ovate:  half-ovate,  &c. 

Sepal:  a  leaf  or  division  of  the  calyx. 

Sepaloid :  sepal-like. 

Separated  Flowers:  those  having  stamens  or  pistils  only. 

Septate:  divided  by  partitions  (septa). 

Septicidal:  where  a  pod  in  dehiscence  splits  through  the  partitions,  dividing 
each  into  two  layers. 

Septtfragal :  where  the  valves  of  a  pod  in  dehiscence  break  away  from  the 
partitions. 

Septum  (plural  septa) :  a  partition,  as  of  a  pod,  &c. 

Serial  or  Seriate:  in  rows;  as  biserial,  in  two  rows,  &c. 

Sericeous:  silky  ;  clothed  with  satiny  pubescence. 

Serotinous:  happening  late  in  the  season. 

Serrate,  or  Serrated:  the  margin  cut  into  teeth  (serratures)  pointing  forwards. 

Serrulate :  same  as  the  last,  but  with  fine  teeth. 

Sessile  :  sitting  ;  without  any  stalk,  as  a  leaf  destitute  of  petiole,  or  an  anther 
destitute  of  filament. 

Seta:  a  bristle,  or  a  slender  body  or  appendage  resembling  a  bristle. 

Setaceous  :  bristle-like.     Setlform  :  bristle-shaped. 

Setigerous  ;  bearing  bristles.     Setose  :  beset  with  bristles  or  bristly  hairs. 

Sheath :  the  base  of  such  leaves  as  those  of  Grasses,  which  are 

Sheathing:  wrapped  round  the  stem. 

Shield-shaped :  same  as  scutate,  or  as  peltate. 

Siymoid :  curved  in  two  directions,  like  the  letter  S,  or  the  Greek  siytna. 

Silicle:  a  pouch,  or  short  pod  of  the  Cress  Family. 

Sil&ulose:  bearing  a  silicle,  or  a  fruit  resembling  it. 

Siliqne  :  a  longer  pod  of  the  Cress  Family. 

Sil/quose:  bearing  siliques  or  pods  which  resemble  siliques. 

Silky :  glossy  with  a  coat  of  fine  and  soft,  close-pressed,  straight  hairs. 

Silver)/:  shining  white  or  bluish-gray,  usually  from  a  silky  pubescence. 

Simple :  of  one  piece  ;  opposed  to  compound. 

Sinistrorse:  turned  to  the  left. 

23 


GLOSSARY. 

Sinuate:  strongly  wavy;  with  the  margin  alternately  bowed  inwards  and 

outwards. 
Sinus:  a  recess  or  bay ;  the  re-entering  angle  or  space  between  two  lobes  or 

projections. 

Soboltferous :  bearing  shoots  from  near  the  ground. 
Solitary :  single  ;  not  associated  with  others. 
Sorus  (plural  sort) :  the  proper  name  of  a  fruit-dot  of  Ferns. 
Spadix:  a  fleshy  spike  of  flowers. 
Spathaceoas:  resembling  or  furnished  with  a 
Spathe:  a  bract  which  inwraps  an  inflorescence. 
Spdtulate,  or  Spathulate:  shaped  like  a  spatula. 
Spicate:  belonging  to  or  disposed  in  a  spike. 
Spidform:  in  shape  resembling  a  spike. 

Spike :  an  inflorescence  like  a  raceme,  only  the  flowers  are  sessile. 
Spikelet:  a  small  or  a  secondary  spike;  the  inflorescence  of  Grasses. 
Spine :  a  thorn. 

Spindle-shaped :  tapering  to  each  end,  like  a  radish. 
Spinescent:  tipped  by  or  degenerating  into  a  thorn. 
Spinose,  or  Spiniferous :  thorny. 

Sporangia,  or  Spdrocar/>s :  spore-cases  of  Ferns,  Mosses,  &c. 
/Spore:  a  body  resulting  from  the  fructification  of  Cryptogamous  plants,  in 

them  taking  the  place  of  a  seed. 
Spur:  any  projecting  appendage  of  the  flower,  looking  like  a  spur,  as  that 

of  Larkspur. 

Squamate,  Squamose,  or  Squamaccons:  furnished  with  scales  (squamw). 
Squamellate,  or  Squdmulose:  furnished  with  little  scales  (squamellce  or  squamu- 

fo). 

Squdmiform  :  shaped  like  a  scale. 
Squat-rose:  where  scales,  leaves,  or  any  appendages,  are  spreading  widely 

from  the  axis  on  which  they  are  thickly  set. 
Squdrrulose :  diminutive  of  squarrose :  slightly  squarrose. 
Stalk:  the  stem,  petiole,  peduncle,  &c.,  as  the  case  may  be. 
Stain/note:  furnished  with  stamens.     Stamineal:  relating  to  the  stamens. 
Staminddittm :    an    abortive   stamen,   or   other    body   resembling   a   sterile 

stamen. 

Standard:  the  upper  petal  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla. 

Station :  the  particular  place,  or  kind  of  situation,  in  which  a  plant  natu- 
rally occurs. 
Stellate,   Stellular :  starry  or  starlike ;  where  several  similar  parts  spread 

out  from  a  common  centre,  like  a  star. 
Stemless :  destitute  or  apparently  destitute  of  stem. 
Sterile:  barren  or  imperfect. 

Stigma:  the  part  of  the  pistil  which  receives  the  pollen. 
Stigmdtic,  or  Sli<jmatose:  belonging  to  the  stigma. 
Stipe  (Latin  stipes)  :  the  stalk  of  a  pistil,  &c.,  when  it  has  any;  the  stem  of 

a  Mushroom. 

Stipel:  a  stipule  of  a  leaflet,  as  of  the  Bean,  &c. 
Stipe/late :  furnished  with  stipels,  as  the  Bean  and  some  other  Leguminous 

plants. 
24 


GLOSSARY. 

Stfpitate :  f urnislied  with  a  stipe,  as  the  pistil  of  Clcoine. 

Stipulate :  furnished  with  stipules. 

Stipules :  the  appendages  on  each  side  of  the  base  of  certain  leaves. 

Stolons :  trailing  or  reclined  and  rooting  shoots. 

Stoloniferous :  producing  stolons. 

Stomate  (Latin  stoma,  plural  stomata) :  the  breatliing-pores  of  leaves,  &c. 

Strap-shaped :  long,  flat,  and  narrow. 

Striate,  or  Striated :  marked  with  slender  longitudinal  grooves  or  channels 

(Latin  striae]. 

Strict:  close  and  narrow;  straight  and  narrow. 

StrigCttose,  Strv/ose:  beset  with  stout  and  appressed,  scale-like  or  rigid  bristles. 
Strobi/dceous :  relating  to,  or  resembling  a 
Strobile  :  a  multiple  fruit  in  the  form  of  a  cone  or  head,  as  that  of  the  Hop 

and  of  the  Pine. 

Strophiole :  same  as  caruncle.     Strophiolate  :  furnished  with  a  strophiole. 
Struma:  a  wen  ;  a  swelling  or  protuberance  of  any  organ. 
Stifle:  a  part  of  the  pistil  which  bears  the  stigma. 
Stylopddium :  an  epigynous  disk,  or  an  enlargement  at  the  base  of  the  style, 

found  in  Umbelliferous  and  some  other  plants. 
Sub-,  as  a  prefix  ;  about,  nearly,  somewhat ;  as  sabcordate,  slightly  cordate  : 

subserrate,  slightly  serrate  :  subaxillary,  just  beneath  the  axil,  &c.,  &c. 
Suberose:  corky  or  cork-like  in  texture. 
Subulate:  awl-shaped ;  tapering  from  a  broadish  or  thickish  base  to  a  sharp 

point. 

Succulent:  juicy  or  pulpy. 
Suckers :  shoots  from  subterranean  branches. 
Suffrutescent :  slightly  shrubby  or  woody  at  the  base  only. 
Sulcate:  grooved  longitudinally  with  deep  furrows. 
Supe'rvolute :  plaited  and  convolute  in  bud. 
Supra-axillary :  borne  above  the  axil,  as  some  buds: 
Surculose  :  producing  suckers,  or  shoots  resembling  them. 
Suspended:  hanging  down.     Suspended  ovules  or  seeds  hang  from  the  very 

summit  of  the  cell  which  contains  them. 

Suture  :  the  line  of  junction  of  contiguous  parts  grown  together. 
Sword-shaped :  vertical  leaves  with  acute  parallel  edges,  tapering  above  to  a 

point ;  as  those  of  Iris. 

S i/mmetrical  Flower:  similar  in  the  number  of  parts  of  each  set. 
Syndntherous,  or  S ynaenexious :  where  stamens  are  united  by  their  anthers. 
Syncdrpous  (fruit  or  pistil) :  composed  of  several  carpels  consolidated  into 


Taper-pointed:  same  as  acuminate. 

Tap-root :  a  root  with  a  stout  tapering  bofy . 

Tawny :  dull  yellowish,  with  a  tinge  of  brown. 

Tendri  :  a  thread-shaped  body  used  for  climbing;  it  is  either  a  branch,  as  in 

Virginia  Creeper,  or  a  part  of  a  leaf,  as  in  Pea  and  Vetch. 
Terete :  long  and  round  ;  same  as  cylindrical,  only  it  may  taper. 
Terminal:  borne  at.  or  belonging  to,  the  extremity  or  summit. 
Ternate:  in  threes  ;  Ternateli) :  in  a  ternate  way. 

25 


GLOSSAEY. 

Testa  :  the  outer  (and  usually  the  harder)  coat  or  shell  of  the  seed. 

Tetra-  (in  words  of  Greek  composition) :  four;  as, 

Tetracdccous :  of  four  cocci  or  carpels. 

Tetradynamous :  where  a  flower  has  six  stamens,  two  of  them  shorter  than 

the  other  four,  as  in  Mustard. 

Tetragonal:  four-angled.     Tetrdyynous :  with  four  pistils  or  styles. 
Tetrdmerous :  with  its  parts  or  sets  in  fours. 
Tet  -androus :  with  four  stamens. 
Theca :  a  case  ;  the  cells  or  lobes  of  the  anther. 
Thorn :  see  spine. 
Thread-shaped:  slender  and  round,  or  roundish  like  a  thread;  as  the  filament 

of  stamens  generally. 

Throat:  the  opening  or  gorge  of  a  monopetalous  corolla,  &c.,  where  the  bor- 
der and  the  tube  join,  and  a  little  below. 
Thyrse,  or  Thyrsus :  a  compact  and  pyramidal  panicle. 
Tdmentose :  clothed  with  matted  woolly  hairs  (tomentum). 
Tongue-shaped:  long,  flat,  but  thickish,  and  blunt. 
Toothed:  furnished  with  teeth  or  short  projections  of  any  sort  on  the  margin 

used  especially  when  these  are  sharp,  like  saw-teeth,  and  do  not  point 

forwards. 

Top-shaped:  shaped  like  a  top,  or  a  cone  with  its  apex  downwards. 
Tdrose,  T6rulose:  knobby  ;  where  a  cylindrical  body  is  swollen  at  intervals. 
Torus:  the  receptacle  of  the  flower. 
Tri-,  in  composition  :  three  ;  as 

Triadelphous :  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  three  bundles. 
Tridndrous:  where  the  flower  has  three  stamens. 

Trichdtomous :  three-forked.     Tricdccous :  of  three  cocci  or  roundish  carpels. 
Tricolor:  having  three  colors.     Tricdstate:  having  three  ribs. 
Tricuspidate :  three-pointed.     Tridentate:  three-toothed. 
Triennial:  lasting  for  three  years. 
Trijld:  three-cleft. 

Trifoliate:  three-leaved.     Trifdliolate :  of  three  leaflets. 
Triforcate:  three  forked.      Trigonous:  three-angled,  or  triangular. 
Trifjijnous:  with  three  pistils  or  styles.     Trijugate:  in  three  pairs  (jugi). 
Tn'ldbed,  or  Trilobate :  three-lobed. 
Trildr.ular :  three-celled. 

Trimerous :  with  its  parts  in  threes,  as  Trillium. 
Trinervate :  three-nerved,  or  with  three  slender  ribs. 
Triozcious :  where  there  are  three  sorts  of  flowers  on  the  same  or  different 

individuals  ;  as  in  Red  Maple. 

Triphyllous :  three-leaved ;  composed  of  three  pieces. 
Triptnnate:  thrice  p'nnate ;   Tripinndtifid :  thrice  pinnately  cleft. 
Triple-ribbed,  Triple-nerved,  &c.  :  where  a  midrib   branches  into   three  near 

the  base  of  the  leaf,  as  in  Sunflower. 
Triquetrous :  sharply  three-angled ;  and  especially  with  the  sides  concave,  like 

a  bayonet. 

Trise'riaf,  or  Triseriate:  in  three  rows,  under  each  other. 
Tristichous:  in  three  longitudinal  or  perpendicular  ranks. 
Trisulcate :  three-grooved. 
26 


GLOSSARY. 

Tritcrnate :  three  times  ternate. 

Trumpet-shaped :  tubular,  enlarged  at  or  towards  the  summit,  as  the  corolla 

of  Trumpet-Creeper. 
Truncate:  as  if  cut  off  at  the  top. 

Trunk:  the  main  stem  or  general  body  of  a  stem  or  tree. 
Tuber:  a  thickened  portion  of  a  subterranean  stem  or  branch,  provided  with 

eyes  (buds)  on  the  sides  ;  as  a  potato. 
Tubercle :  a  small  excrescence. 

Tuberded,  or  Tuberculate:  bearing  excrescences  or  pimples. 
Tuberous:  resembling  a  tuber.     Tuberiferous :  bearing  tubers. 
Tubular :  hollow  and  of  an  elongated  form;  hollowed  like  a  pipe. 
Tumid:  swollen;  somewhat  inflated. 
Tunicate :  coated ;  invested  with  layers,  as  an  onion. 
Turbinate:  top-shaped.     Turgid:  thick  as  if  swollen. 
Turnip-shaped :  broader  than  high,  abruptly  narrowed  below. 
Twin  :  in  pairs  (see  geminate). 

Twining:  ascending  by  coiling  round  a  support,  like  the  Hop. 
Typical :  well  expressing  the  characteristics  of  a  species,  genus,  &c. 

Umbel :  the  umbrella-like  form  of  inflorescence. 

Umbellate :  in  umbels.     Umbelliferous :  bearing  umbels. 

tfmbellet:  a  secondary  or  partial  umbel. 

Umbilicate :  depressed  in  the  centre,  like  the  ends  of  an  apple. 

Umbonate:  bossed;  furnished   with  a  low,  rounded  projection  like  a  boss 

(umbo). 

Unarmed:  destitute  of  spines,  prickles,  and  the  like. 
Uncinate:  hook-shaped  ;  hooked  over  at  the  end. 
Under-shrub :  partially  shrubby,  or  a  very  low  shrub. 
tJndulate:  wavy,  or  wavy-margined. 

Unequally  pinnate :  pinnate  with  an  odd  number  of  leaflets. 
Unguiculate :  fnrnished  with  a  claw   (unguis)  ;  i.   e.  a  narrow  base,  as  the 

petals  of  a  Rose,  where  the  claw  is  very  short,  and  those  of  Pinks, 

where  the  claw  is  very  long. 
Uni-t  in  compound  words :  one ;  as 
Unijlorons :  one-flowered.     Uniftiliate:  one-leaved. 
Unifoliolate :  of  one  leaflet.     Unijugate :  of  one  pair. 
Unildbiate:  one-lipped.     Unilateral:  one-sided. 
Unil6cular :  one-celled. 
Uniouulate :  having  only  one  ovule. 
Uniserial:  in  one  horizontal  row. 

Unisexual :  having  stamens  or  pistils  only,  as  in  Moonseed. 
ffnwalved:  a  pod  of  only  one  piece  after  dehiscence. 
Urceolate :  urn-shaped. 

Utricle:  a  small,  thin-walled,  one-seeded  fruit,  as  of  Goosefoot. 
Utricular :  like  a  small  bladder. 

Vdginate:  sheathed,  surrounded  by  a  sheath  (vagina). 

Valve:  one  of  the  pieces  (or  doors)  into  which  a  dehiscent  pod,  or  any  simi- 
lar body,  splits. 

27 


GLOSSARY. 

Valvate,  Valvular:  opening  by  valves.     Valvate  in  aestivation. 

Vascular :  containing  vessels,  or  consisting  of  vessels,  such  as  ducts. 

Vaulted:  arched;  same  as  fornicate. 

Veins:  the  small  ribs  or  branches  of  the  framework  of  leaves,  &c. 

Veined,  Veiny :  furnished  with  evident  veins.     Veinless:  destitute  of  veins. 

Veinlets :  the  smaller  ramifications  of  veins. 

Velutinous:  velvety  to  the  touch. 

Venation :  the  veining  of  leaves,  &c. 

Venose:  veiny  ;  furnished  with  conspicuous  veins. 

Ventral :  belonging  to  that  side  of  a  simple  pistil,  or  other  organ,  which 

looks  towards  the  axis  or  centre  of  the  flower;  the  opposite  of  dorsal ; 

as  the 

Ventricose:  inflated  or  swelled  out  on  one  side. 
Vermicular:  shaped  like  worms. 
Vernation  :  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  in  the  bud. 
Verrucose :  warty  ;  beset  with  little  projections  like  warts. 
Versatile :  attached  by  one  point,  so  that  it  may  swing  to  and  fro,  as  the 

anthers  of  the  Lily  and  Evening  Primrose. 
Vertex :  same  as  the  apex. 

Vertical :  upright ;  perpendicular  to  the  horizon,  lengthwise. 
Verticil:  a  whorl.      Verticillate :  whorled. 
Vesicle :  a  little  bladder.     Vesicular :  bladdery. 
Vexillary,  Vexillar:  relating  to  the 
Vexillum :  the  standard  of  a  papilionaceous  flower. 
Villose:  shaggy  witli  long  and  soft  hairs  (villositi/). 

Vimineous :  producing  slender  twigs,  such  as  those  used  for  wicker-work. 
Vine:  any  trailing  or  climbing  stem  ;  as  a  Grape-vine. 
Virescent,  Vir /descent:  greenish  ;  turning  green. 
Virgate:  wand-shaped,  as  a  long,  straight,  and  slender  twig. 
Viscous,  Viscid:  having  a  glutinous  surface. 
Vitta  (plural  vittce) :  the  oil-tubes  of  the  fruit  of  Umbelliferse. 
Vdfuble :  twining,  as  the  stem  of  Hops  and  Beans 

Wavy:  the  surface  or  margin  alternately  convex  and  concave. 
Waxy:  resembling  beeswax  in  texture  or  appearance. 

Wedge-shaped:  broad  above,  and  tapering  by  straight  lines  to  a  narrow  base. 
Wheel-shaped:  see  rotate. 

Whorl,  Whorled :  when  leaves,  &c.  are  arranged  in  a  circle  round  the  stem. 
Wing:  any  membranous  expansion.      Wings  of  papilionaceous  flowers. 
Winged:  furnished  with  a  wing;  as  the  fruit  of  Ash  and  Elm. 
Woolly :  clothed  with  long  and  entangled  soft  hairs ;  as  the  leaves  of  Mullein. 
28 


THE   END. 


GRAY'S 

BOTANIST'S  MICROSCOPE. 


This  Convenient  Instrument,  devised  and  rnanu- 
factored  first  for  the  use  of  the  Students  in 

HARVARD  UNIVERSITY, 

has  given  so  great  satisfaction  there,  and  else" 
where,  that  we  deem  it  a  duty  to  make  it  better 
known,  and  offer  it  at  a  price  within  the  reach 
of  all  Students. 


//  ts  attached  to  a  box,  one  and  a  half  inches 
high  and  less  than  four  inches  long,  into  which 
it  is  neatly  folded  when  not  in  use.  The  needles 
are  used  for  dissecting  flowers,  or  other  objects^ 
too  small  to  be  otherwise  handled  for  analysis* 
The  lenses  magnify  about  fifteen  diameters ;  or 
with  three  lenses,  about  one-third  more. 

A  thousand  things  about  forest,  field  or  garden^ 
afford  objscts  of  intense  interest  for  daily  study* 

Prof.  ASA  GRA  Y,  of  Harvard  University, 
our  popular  American  Botanist,  says  of  it :  "You 
are  at  liberty  to  call  it  the  'GRAY'S  MICROSCOPE, 
/  do  not  think  anything  better  can  be  made  fof 

money. 


Price  of  Microscope,  with  two  Lenses,    -     $2  00 
"  "  "   three    "        -       2  50 


i  jy  Sale  by 

IVISON,  BLAKEMAN,  TAYLOR  &  Co., 

Publishers  of  GRAY'S    BOTANIES. 


A  VALUABLE  AID  to  the 

STUDY  OF  BOTANY 


PLAIT  ANALYSIS. 

By  Hon.  E.  A.  APGAR,  Sup't  Public  Instruction  of 
New  Jersey;   and  Prof.  A.  C,  APGAR,  of  the  New 

Jersey  State  Normal  School.  Handsomely  printed, 
and  substantially  bound  in  flexible  cloth.  Single  copies 
will  be  sent  by  mail,  on  receipt  of  70  cents. 


flHHE  PLANT  ANALYSIS  will  be  found  a 
valuable  companion  for  students  in  the 
Science  of  Botany,  and  well  adapted  for  use  in  con- 
nection with  Gray's  or  any  other  series  of  Text- 
books on  the  subject.  By  using  this  system  of 
analysis  in  classes,  pupils  will  become  familiar  with 
the  meaning  of  botanical  terms,  and  will  learn  how 
to  apply  these  terms  in  botanical  descriptions. 
They  will  also  distinguish  those  characteristic 
features  of  a  plant  which  are  necessary  to  be  known 
in  making  the  analysis.  The  book  will  be  founo 
useful  to  teachers,  as  its  written  exercises  afford  at* 
evidence  of  the  work  done  by  the  pupils. 

IVISON,  BLAKEMAN,  TAYLOR  &  Co., 

PUBLISHERS, 

New  York 


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